GEODESY IN AVIATION, Implementation of the WGS 84 Datum for the Global Navigation Satellite System GEODESY IN AVIATION, Implementation of the WGS 84 Datum for the Global Navigation Satellite System 2001 International Symposium on GPS/GNSS Fred Henstridge November 8, 2001 Jeju Island, Korea 2001 International Symposium on GPS/GNSS Fred Henstridge November 8, 2001 Jeju Island, Korea
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GEODESY IN AVIATION, Implementation of the WGS 84
Datum for the Global Navigation Satellite System
GEODESY IN AVIATION, Implementation of the WGS 84
Datum for the Global Navigation Satellite System
2001 International Symposium on GPS/GNSS
Fred HenstridgeNovember 8, 2001Jeju Island, Korea
2001 International Symposium on GPS/GNSS
Fred HenstridgeNovember 8, 2001Jeju Island, Korea
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 2
P S O M A S
PRESENTATION AGENDAPRESENTATION AGENDA
What is CFITThe Importance of GNSSDatumsPurpose of WGS 84 SurveysTypical Airfield SurveyQuality AssuranceGIS for AirportsDiscussions
What is CFITThe Importance of GNSSDatumsPurpose of WGS 84 SurveysTypical Airfield SurveyQuality AssuranceGIS for AirportsDiscussions
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 3
P S O M A S
CFIT- It Does Not Have to BeCFIT- It Does Not Have to Be
Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)?33% of all Fatalities since 1985
Guam, Aug. 6, 1997 228 Fatalities Van, Turkey, December 29, 1994 54 FatalitiesPhilippines, Feb. 2, 1998 104 FatalitiesEl Salvador, Aug. 8, 1995 65 FatalitiesBuga, Colombia, Dec. 20, 1995 160 FatalitiesArequipa, Peru, Feb. 29, 1996 123 FatalitiesIndonesia, Dec 19, 1997 97 Fatalities
The List Goes On ...........................
Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)?33% of all Fatalities since 1985
Guam, Aug. 6, 1997 228 Fatalities Van, Turkey, December 29, 1994 54 FatalitiesPhilippines, Feb. 2, 1998 104 FatalitiesEl Salvador, Aug. 8, 1995 65 FatalitiesBuga, Colombia, Dec. 20, 1995 160 FatalitiesArequipa, Peru, Feb. 29, 1996 123 FatalitiesIndonesia, Dec 19, 1997 97 Fatalities
The List Goes On ...........................
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 4
P S O M A S
The Importance of GNSSThe Importance of GNSS
Satellite-based Navigation Offers Substantial Safety and Operating Benefits Vs. The Existing Ground-based Navigation SystemA Boeing Study Covering 1986 to 1996 Determined That Large Commercial Jets Have Crashed in Latin America at a Rate of 4.5 Per Million Flights, Three Times the World Average and Nine Times the U.S. AverageThe Majority of CFIT Accidents Occur During the Final Descent, on Course but Short of the Runway
Satellite-based Navigation Offers Substantial Safety and Operating Benefits Vs. The Existing Ground-based Navigation SystemA Boeing Study Covering 1986 to 1996 Determined That Large Commercial Jets Have Crashed in Latin America at a Rate of 4.5 Per Million Flights, Three Times the World Average and Nine Times the U.S. AverageThe Majority of CFIT Accidents Occur During the Final Descent, on Course but Short of the Runway
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 5
P S O M A S
Advantages to GNSSAdvantages to GNSS
SaferAll Weather Functional• Can Land Aircraft in All Weather
Human Element MinimizedCollision And Flight Into Terrain AvoidanceMore Accurate Instrument Approach Procedures
More Efficient Air Traffic ManagementSaves Time• Increased Airport Acceptance Rates
Saves Fuel• Increases Pay Loads• Less Costly
Increased Use of Airspace
SaferAll Weather Functional• Can Land Aircraft in All Weather
Human Element MinimizedCollision And Flight Into Terrain AvoidanceMore Accurate Instrument Approach Procedures
More Efficient Air Traffic ManagementSaves Time• Increased Airport Acceptance Rates
Saves Fuel• Increases Pay Loads• Less Costly
Increased Use of Airspace
Saves
Lives
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 6
P S O M A S
GPS NavigationGPS NavigationGlobal Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
Ground Controlled Route
GNSS Route
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 7
P S O M A S
GeodesyGeodesy
Describing the Earth Shape of Earth (Big Potato)
DefinitionsSpheroid or Ellipsoid DatumGeoid • Gravity Field • Mean Sea Level (MSL)
Visual Presentation (Maps and Charts)• Coordinates• Projections
Describing the Earth Shape of Earth (Big Potato)
DefinitionsSpheroid or Ellipsoid DatumGeoid • Gravity Field • Mean Sea Level (MSL)
Visual Presentation (Maps and Charts)• Coordinates• Projections
100 Years OldBest Fit for a Local Area (Country)Used Mainly for MappingNot Suited for Global Data Interchange
Numerous World-Wide Datums
280+
100 Years OldBest Fit for a Local Area (Country)Used Mainly for MappingNot Suited for Global Data Interchange
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 9
P S O M A S
Local Geodetic DatumsLocal Geodetic Datums
>200 Datums in the World In Use TodayScientific and Political Reasons
Much DisagreementScientific and Political Reasons
GPS Navigation Requires AgreementCommon Ellipsoid and Height Reference (Horizontal and Vertical Datum)An Aircraft Leaving Point “A” and Flying to Point “B”, With the Assistance of GNSS, Needs to Have Both Points “A” and “B” Related to the Same Datum If a Safe Arrival Is Expected.
• WGS-84 Is The Specified Datum by ICAO, The United Sates FAA and the DoD.
>200 Datums in the World In Use TodayScientific and Political Reasons
Much DisagreementScientific and Political Reasons
GPS Navigation Requires AgreementCommon Ellipsoid and Height Reference (Horizontal and Vertical Datum)An Aircraft Leaving Point “A” and Flying to Point “B”, With the Assistance of GNSS, Needs to Have Both Points “A” and “B” Related to the Same Datum If a Safe Arrival Is Expected.
• WGS-84 Is The Specified Datum by ICAO, The United Sates FAA and the DoD.
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 10
P S O M A S
EllipsoidEllipsoid
Mathematical Model of the EarthHave Become More Accurate Great VarietyMathematically Described by
Semi Major axis (a)Semi Minor axis (b)flattening (f), f=(a-b)/aEccentricity (e), e2 = f * (2-f)
Mathematical Model of the EarthHave Become More Accurate Great VarietyMathematically Described by
Semi Major axis (a)Semi Minor axis (b)flattening (f), f=(a-b)/aEccentricity (e), e2 = f * (2-f)
Flattening = f = (a-b)/a(WGS- 84 value = 1/298.257223563)
First Eccentricity Squared = e ∧ 2 = 2f-f ∧ 2(WGS- 84 value = 0.00669437999013)
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 15
P S O M A S
Example of Datum ShiftsExample of Datum Shifts
500 Meters
97° 44’25.19” West WGS 84
30° 16' 28.82” North WGS 84
1000 Meters
Australian Geodetic System 1984
British Ordinance Survey 1936
Tokyo
South American 1969
European Datum 1950
Indian
Cape
There Are Over 280
Active Mapping Datums
In The World Today
There Are Over 280
Active Mapping Datums
In The World Today
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 16
P S O M A S
Effect of Datum on AviationEffect of Datum on Aviation
462 m
245 m
Where the aircraft is at the end of the GPS approach procedure
using WGS-84 Datum
The Position of the Runway Must Be Moved to Comply with WGS-84 Datum
36
Where the end of the runway is located based on Local Datum
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 17
P S O M A S
Since 1985 40% of all Aviation Fatalities Have Resulted from Controlled Flight Into Terrain.
Philip M. ConditChairman-CEO, Boeing Corp.
Since 1985 40% of all Aviation Fatalities Have Resulted from Controlled Flight Into Terrain.
Philip M. ConditChairman-CEO, Boeing Corp.
Effect of Datum on AviationEffect of Datum on Aviation
462 m
Where the aircraft is at the end of the GPS approach procedure
using WGS-84 Datum
The Position of the Runway Now Conforms to WGS-84
Where the end of the runway
is located AFTER WGS-84
Survey 36
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 18
P S O M A S
HeightsHeights
Present a Major Problem for Global NavigationWhere Is Height (Elevation) Measured From?
Center of the EarthSurface of the EarthSomewhere Else?
Where is Mean Sea Level (MSL)?
Present a Major Problem for Global NavigationWhere Is Height (Elevation) Measured From?
Center of the EarthSurface of the EarthSomewhere Else?
Where is Mean Sea Level (MSL)?
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 19
P S O M A S
Common Basis For HeightCommon Basis For Height
Topographic SurfaceThe Surface We Stand Upon
GeoidEquipotential Surface Based on Gravity• Approximates Mean Sea Level
Ellipsoid SurfaceMathematical Model for MappingUsually Local in Nature• Based On Local Datum
Topographic SurfaceThe Surface We Stand Upon
GeoidEquipotential Surface Based on Gravity• Approximates Mean Sea Level
Ellipsoid SurfaceMathematical Model for MappingUsually Local in Nature• Based On Local Datum
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 20
P S O M A S
Geoid InfluencesGeoid InfluencesThe Geoid is an Irregular Surface Defined by Gravity PotentialIf Whole Planet Covered With Water, It Would Equal the Geoid Surface (MSL)
The Geoid is an Irregular Surface Defined by Gravity PotentialIf Whole Planet Covered With Water, It Would Equal the Geoid Surface (MSL)
EFFECT OF MASS DISTRIBUTION(extremely exaggerated)
EGM96EGM96EGM96 Is a Spherical Harmonic Model of the Earth's Gravitational Potential The NIMA/NASA Geoid Height File Consists of a 0.25 Degree Grid of Point Values in the Tide-free SystemBased on Gravity MeasurementsNIMA Will Assist in Making Gravity Measurements
Fiducial StationsLoan EquipmentTraining
Note that EGM96 applies only to the WGS 84 reference ellipsoid
• Least Squares Network Adjustments RequiredReal Time Kinematic Possible
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 29
P S O M A S
The GPS Vector:
Station 1
Station 2
X
Y
Z
Geodesic
GroundDistance
Ellipsoid
VECTORDirect measurement from Station 1 to Station 2
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 30
P S O M A S
Purpose of WGS 84 SurveysPurpose of WGS 84 Surveys
Provide Accurate WGS-84 Survey Data at Airfield
Certify Runway & NAVAID Positions
Locate and Map ObstructionsCritical for GNSS Systems Such as LAASNeed for GPS Approach Design
TERPS and PAN-OPS
Support the Use of Satellite-Based Navigation (GNSS) in the Region
Provide Accurate WGS-84 Survey Data at Airfield
Certify Runway & NAVAID Positions
Locate and Map ObstructionsCritical for GNSS Systems Such as LAASNeed for GPS Approach Design
TERPS and PAN-OPS
Support the Use of Satellite-Based Navigation (GNSS) in the Region
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 31
P S O M A S
Project ApproachProject Approach
Develop Work Plan and ScheduleNotify Airport and Aviation Officials
Airport ReconnaissanceConsult with Airport Engineers & Security Officials
Conduct Field SurveysSet Required MonumentsGPS and Conventional SurveysQuality Assurance
Prepare Final Reports and ChartsFinal Briefing
Develop Work Plan and ScheduleNotify Airport and Aviation Officials
Airport ReconnaissanceConsult with Airport Engineers & Security Officials
Conduct Field SurveysSet Required MonumentsGPS and Conventional SurveysQuality Assurance
Prepare Final Reports and ChartsFinal Briefing
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 32
P S O M A S
Typical Airfield SurveyTypical Airfield Survey
Site/Area ReconnaissanceGather Existing Maps, Charts and Control DataLocate or Set Monuments (PACS, SACS & Control)
GPS Positioning of PACSGPS Positioning of SACSSurvey Runway FeaturesProfile Runway & TaxiwaysLocate NAVAIDSLocate Obstructions
Site/Area ReconnaissanceGather Existing Maps, Charts and Control DataLocate or Set Monuments (PACS, SACS & Control)
GPS Positioning of PACSGPS Positioning of SACSSurvey Runway FeaturesProfile Runway & TaxiwaysLocate NAVAIDSLocate Obstructions
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 33
P S O M A S
Surveying ProceduresSurveying Procedures
PACS and SACSAssistance from NIMA with GPS Post Processing
Runway FeaturesRunway EndsTouch Down Zone
Navigation Aids (Visual and Electronic)Vertical Obstructions (Obstacles)Photo Control
PACS and SACSAssistance from NIMA with GPS Post Processing
Runway FeaturesRunway EndsTouch Down Zone
Navigation Aids (Visual and Electronic)Vertical Obstructions (Obstacles)Photo Control
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 34
P S O M A S
PACS and SACS?PACS and SACS?
Airfield Permanent Reference Monumentation
Primary Airport Control Station (PACS)Secondary Airport Control Station (SACS)WGS-84 PositionedStable, Permanent MonumentsVisibility, • 1000 Meters Apart with Intervisibility for use with
Primary Airport Control Station (PACS)Secondary Airport Control Station (SACS)WGS-84 PositionedStable, Permanent MonumentsVisibility, • 1000 Meters Apart with Intervisibility for use with
Name Date Name of Checker Date of CheckPREPARED BY: DATE PREPARED: CHECKED BY: DATE CHECKED:
Ref.: 2TDA0104
DESCRIPTION OF GEODETIC STATIONSTATION NAME: AIRPORT CODE:
ESTABLISHED BY: DESCRIBED BY:
LOCATION: DATE:
DESCRIPTION:
Station Name ICAO/IATA
PSOMAS Name
1999Brief location description
The station is a 50mmØ bronze disk stamped "ICAO/MAR PAC 3 1999" set flush with concrete on top of alarge concrete mound.
La Chinita International Airport, Maracaibo, Venezuela
Concrete
Runway
20
Asphalt Area
20m
15m
PAC3
Photo
Sample Reference DrawingInclude All Pertinent Information
• Date, Location, Airport Code, Monument Type, etc.
• Include a Verbal Description of Location
Draw Sketch• Show Relative Location of Monument
to Features• Include Measured Reference Ties,
Minimum of 3 Ties• CAD Drawing is Preferred for Clarity,
Digital File and Inclusion with GISInclude Photo of Monument
Sample Reference DrawingInclude All Pertinent Information
• Date, Location, Airport Code, Monument Type, etc.
• Include a Verbal Description of Location
Draw Sketch• Show Relative Location of Monument
to Features• Include Measured Reference Ties,
Minimum of 3 Ties• CAD Drawing is Preferred for Clarity,
Digital File and Inclusion with GISInclude Photo of Monument
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 36
P S O M A S
36
Runway FeaturesRunway Features
Why?Needed for GPS Approach and LAAS
What?Ends• Should be Monumented
CornersThresholds & StopwaysVertical Profile of the Centerline
How?Conventional or GPS Surveys• Total Station or Stop and Go GPS
Why?Needed for GPS Approach and LAAS
What?Ends• Should be Monumented
CornersThresholds & StopwaysVertical Profile of the Centerline
How?Conventional or GPS Surveys• Total Station or Stop and Go GPS
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 37
P S O M A S
NAVAIDSNAVAIDS
A Position, and Sometimes an Elevation, Shall Be Determined for the Selected Electronic NAVAIDS Associated With the Airport or Adjacent Airspace.Why?
Transition, Needed to Compute and Prepare Flight Charts
What?Electronic Devices such as VOR, RADAR and ILS
How?GPS or Conventional Surveying
A Position, and Sometimes an Elevation, Shall Be Determined for the Selected Electronic NAVAIDS Associated With the Airport or Adjacent Airspace.Why?
Transition, Needed to Compute and Prepare Flight Charts
What?Electronic Devices such as VOR, RADAR and ILS
How?GPS or Conventional Surveying
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 38
P S O M A S
Location TechniquesLocation Techniques
= GPS Positioned Control Point
Location byTheodolite Angles
Control Points Must Be Close.Complex TrigonometricComputations Needed.
Location By Reflectorless (LIDAR)Total Station.One Point Needed, Back Sight to
Any Known Point. Record Positions(X,Y,Z) Directly Into Data Collector.
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 39
P S O M A S
Vertical ObstructionsVertical Obstructions
An Obstruction, for This Section, Is Any Object That Penetrates an Obstruction Identification Surface (OIS). It Shall Be the Highest Object Within the AreaWhat?
Physical FeaturesTopographic FeaturesMan-made Features
How?Surveys vs. ImageryEconomy vs. Utility
An Obstruction, for This Section, Is Any Object That Penetrates an Obstruction Identification Surface (OIS). It Shall Be the Highest Object Within the AreaWhat?
Physical FeaturesTopographic FeaturesMan-made Features
How?Surveys vs. ImageryEconomy vs. Utility
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 40
P S O M A S
Approach Surface 1Approach Surface 1
Side View of Approach Surface
Runway
60 m7.620 m ft 5,300 m
12,980m (7NM)
50:1ApproachSlope Surface
End of Runway
152 m
Horizontal Surface152 meters above lowest runway end
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 41
P S O M A S
Approach Surface-2Approach Surface-2
Top View of Approach Surface
13,899 ft 60 m
98°
60 m98°
98°
98°
Runway
PrimarySurface
PrimarySurface
Center Line of Runway
300 m
300 m12,980 m (7nm)
12,980 m (7nm)
4,23
3 m
4,23
3 m
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 42
P S O M A S
Approach Surface-3Approach Surface-3End View of Runway, Showing the Primary/Approach
Transitional Surface
Runway End
Primary Surface
Primary SurfaceRunway
Centerline
300 m 300 m
625 m 625 m
320 m 320 m
45 m above lowest runway
end
Primary Transitional Surface 7:1 Slope
Primary Transitional Surface 7:1 Slope 45 m above lowest
runway end
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 43
P S O M A S
Approach Surface-4Approach Surface-4Top View of Conical/Outer Horizontal Transitional
Surface Obstructions
Primary/Approach Transitional Surface
Inner Horizontal Surface
Inner Horizontal Surface
Conical Surface, 20:1 Slope
Conical Surface, 20:1 Slope
Outer Horizontal Surface
Primary/Approach Transitional Surface
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 44
P S O M A S
Collection Model 3-DCollection Model 3-D
Not to Scale
Obstruction Identification Surface (OIS)
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 45
P S O M A S
It All Comes TogetherIt All Comes Together
RUNWAY
TAXIWAY
AirportBldg.
Thresholds& Corners
Profile Runway
NAVAIDS
Should BeIntervisible
PACS
SACS SACS
SACS
SACS
Survey Obstructions as Specified
San Jose InternationalSan Jose International
Juan Santamaria International Airport, San Jose Costa Rica
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 47
P S O M A S
Photogrammetric MappingPhotogrammetric Mapping
Location of ObstaclesAirfield DEM
Photo ControlSharply Defined CornersBigger Is BetterHigh ContrastIdeal DistributionGPS Locations Relative to Airfield Control Stations
Location of ObstaclesAirfield DEM
Photo ControlSharply Defined CornersBigger Is BetterHigh ContrastIdeal DistributionGPS Locations Relative to Airfield Control Stations
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 48
P S O M A S
Satellite ImagingSatellite ImagingThe Use of Satellite Imaging Will Be of Great Value in Near Future
1-Meter Resolution Image of Taipai Airport Approachfrom IKONOS 2 Satellite
Space Imaging Corp
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 49
P S O M A S
Survey Work FlowSurvey Work Flow
Research Reconnaissance
Logistics
PACS
SACS
Features &Profiles
Photo Control NAVAIDS Obstructions
DocumentationCheck Plots & Q.C.
Deliver toClient
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 50
P S O M A S
Project DeliverablesProject Deliverables1 Primary & 3-4 Secondary WGS-84 Control StationsX,Y,Z Positions on Runway Thresholds & CenterlineLocation of NAVAIDS & ObstructionsPhoto ControlICAO (Type “A”) Obstacle ChartICAO Aerodrome ChartFinal Report
1 Primary & 3-4 Secondary WGS-84 Control StationsX,Y,Z Positions on Runway Thresholds & CenterlineLocation of NAVAIDS & ObstructionsPhoto ControlICAO (Type “A”) Obstacle ChartICAO Aerodrome ChartFinal Report
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 51
P S O M A S
Accuracy & PrecisionAccuracy & Precision
The Precision Requirements Are Expressed (Root Sum Square of the Accumulated Process Errors Less the Absolute Accuracy Estimate of the PACS) Per Component (Latitude, Longitude, and Ellipsoid Height), 90% Confidence Region, With Respect to the PACS.
The Precision Requirements Are Expressed (Root Sum Square of the Accumulated Process Errors Less the Absolute Accuracy Estimate of the PACS) Per Component (Latitude, Longitude, and Ellipsoid Height), 90% Confidence Region, With Respect to the PACS.
The Accuracy Requirements Are Expressed (Root Sum Square of the Accumulated Process Errors), Per Component (Latitude, Longitude, and Ellipsoid Height), 90% Confidence Region, to Include the Accuracy of the Recognized WGS 84 Fiducial Station.
The Accuracy Requirements Are Expressed (Root Sum Square of the Accumulated Process Errors), Per Component (Latitude, Longitude, and Ellipsoid Height), 90% Confidence Region, to Include the Accuracy of the Recognized WGS 84 Fiducial Station.
Accuracy Precision
November 8, 2001 Geodesy In Aviation Slide No. 52
P S O M A S
Specifications (ICAO)Specifications (ICAO)
11Overrun (stopway) Ends
11Threshold Ends
11Touch Down Zone Elevation (TDZE)
N/R30Airport Reference Point (ARP)
11Runway Ends
0.050.05Secondary Airport Control Station (SACS)
0.6*0.6*Primary Airport Control Station (PACS)
Rel. (h)Rel. (φ/λ)Points Of Interest
Precision Requirements (expressed in meters) Relative to PACS
Runway Profile: At least 4 surveyed points along the runway surface are required in all cases. The points should include the runway ends and 2 other points located as to divide the runway into 3 approximately equal sections. Additionally, if the gradient between any two surveyed points departs the actual runway surface by more than 0.3 meter, supplemental points shall be established until the standard is met.
Rel. (h)Rel. (φ/λ)Points Of Interest
Precision Requirements (expressed in meters) Relative to PACS