PhD project: Spatial Expansion of the Oil Amazon Frontier and Environmental Conflicts in Ecuador Università degli Studi di Padova Università degli Studi di Padova PhD Student: Eugenio Pappalardo Supervisor: Dr. Massimo de Marchi rtimento di Geografia “G. Morandini” Dottorato in Geografia Umana e Geografia Fisica Laboratorio Geografia Applic contacts: [email protected]Skype: biorebel pagina dottorandi: www.geogr.unipd.it
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PhD project: Spatial Expansion of the Oil Amazon Frontier and Environmental Conflicts in Ecuador
Università degli Studi di PadovaUniversità degli Studi di Padova
PhD Student: Eugenio Pappalardo Supervisor: Dr. Massimo de Marchi
Dipartimento di Geografia “G. Morandini”Dottorato in Geografia Umana e Geografia Fisica
Questione ambientale: una lettura in chiave (eco)sistemica
- modello di sviluppo- sistema produttivo- sistema economico
separazioneUomo – Ambiente(paradigma cartesiano)
Approccio corrente: ambiente come una risorsa da essere utilizzata nel modo più efficiente possibile nell’attuazione dei programmi di produzione e consumo.
economia ecologia
Approccio (eco)sistemico:ambiente non è un luogo amorfo nel quale l’uomo si trova collocatoma è un sistema complesso. Tale sistema è la Biosfera (o ecosistema globale).
(Pignatti, 2000)ambiguità del concetto di ambiente
ECOSYSTEMS – PRODUCTION SYSTEMS – ECONOMICAL SYSTEMS
An ecosystem is a dynamic complex of plant, animal, and microorganism communities and the nonliving environment, interacting as a functional unit.
Ecosystems
Humans are an integral part of ecosystems.
ECOSYSTEM APPROCH
CBD (UNCED, Rio de Janeiro, 1992) COP, SBSTTA (Montreal, 2000)
ambiguità del concetto di ambiente
Limite ai programmi di espansione della base produttiva e livelli di consumo (ecologia: capacità di carico):
- Superamento dei limiti- Crisi energetica e crisi ambientale
globale
l’ambiente non è il luogo in cui l’uomo vive, ma il sistema a cui appartiene, di cui ne fa parte e di cui condivide le sorti (Pignatti, 2000)
Questione ambientale: una lettura in chiave (eco)sistemica
The Ecosystem Approach: a bridge between the environment and human well-being
- a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way.
- reach the 3 objectives of CBD: conservation; sustainable use; and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources.
- it is based on the application of appropriate scientific methodologies focused on levels of biological organization, which encompass the essential structure, processes, functions and interactions among organisms and their environment.
It recognizes that humans, with their cultural diversity, are an integral component of many ecosystems.
Climate change
(IPCC, 2007)
ANTROPOCENE (Krutzen, 2005) (IPCC, 2007)
(IPCC, 2009)
(IPCC, 2007)
(UNEP, 2010)
Le attività antropiche stanno alterando la copertura del suolo a tassi e scale senza precedenti nella storia umana, competendo in magnitudo solamente con le transizioni glaciali/interglaciali (NAS, 2000)
Land Cover/Land Use change (LCLUC)
Effetti degli impatti antropici sulla superficie terrestre:- Deforestazione- conversione di paesaggi- agricoltura intensiva a “grande” scala- consumo di suolo
GW: Land cover/land use change è superato solamente dalla trasformazione di Energie Non Rinnovabili (Sistema Produttivo)35% human-induced CO2 equivalents in ATM
LCLUC ha il ruolo più importante nel ciclo del carbonio (source+sink)
What?? Why??
Land Cover/Land Use change (LCLUC)
• 50% della superficie terrestre è stata trasformata
• 40% land surface è agricoltura (85% del consumo/anno di H2O dolce)
• La prima sorgente di N organico (supera la produzione della Biosfera)
• LCLUC influisce dal 20-50% sulla produzione primaria
• Impatti sugli ecosistemi• Impatti sui cicli bio-geochimici ad ogni scala
(Tuner et al., 2007)
Land Cover/Land Use change (LCLUC)
Land Cover/Land Use change (LCLUC)
FISHBONE deforestation pattern
Land Cover/Land Use change (LCLUC)
Google Earth
La Via Auca
• estensione strade (1985-1986): da 1830 a 7250 (400%)
• ogni km lineare = 120 ha
deforestati
Uno tra 14 fronti di deforestazione maggiori a livello mondiale (Myers, 2000)
(Sierra, 2006)
AR
EA
DI
ST
UD
IO
Regione AmazzonicaEcuadoriana:
(Sierra, 2006)
Landsat ETM+ 2002
Land Cover/Land Use change (LCLUC)
Analisi quantitativa “Via Occidental Petroleum”
Area Campione: 140 Km2
:
Area campione
Buffer zone RBY
Lunghezza tracciato stradale
36.9 Km 14.4 Km
Larghezza media del tracciato stradale
23 metri 21 metri
Larghezza minima 10 metri 13 metri
Larghezza massima 38 metri 38 metri
Superficie deforestata 162 ha 60 ha
Superficie strutture petrolifere
110 ha 30 ha
Totale infrastrutture petrolifere
44 6
(Pappalardo, Tesi di laurea 2009)
Analisi quantitativa “Via Occidental Petroleum” – Area campione 140 km2
Individuazione delle vasche di raccolta dei reflui dell’industria petrolifera
San Carlos, attività di campo 12/01/2008
QuickBird MS Channel 08/05/2003
Area campione
Buffer Zone RBY
Vasche di raccolta
27 7 (Pappalardo, Tesi di laurea 2009)
(Dayuma, attività di campo, 2006)
Ecosystems services
ecosystems are not just a passive support, they are active agents that permanently play crucial roles in functions and services
Ecosystem Services: the benefits people obtain from
ecosystems
Ecosystem services are the conditions and processes through which natural ecosystems, and the species that make them up, sustain and fulfill human life. They maintain biodiversity and the production of ecosystem goods, such as seafood, forage timber, biomass fuels, natural fiber, and many pharmaceuticals, industrial products, and their precursors (MA, 2005).
G. Marsh 1864: Man and NatureMillennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005
Ecosystems services
E.S. include provisioning, regulating, and cultural services that directly affect people and supporting services needed to maintain the other services.
E.S. is a multiscale concept: from local scale to the global one
E.S. include both natural and human-modified ecosystems as sources of ecosystem services (i.e. agrosystems).
E.S. encompass both the tangible and the intangible benefits humans obtain from ecosystems, which are sometimes separated into “goods” and “services” respectively.
(MA, 2005)
Ecosystems services
supporting servicesservices necessary for the production of all the ecosystem services
soil formation nutrient cycling primary production
They differ from provisioning, regulating, and cultural services in that their impacts on people are either indirect or occur over a very long time, whereas changes in the other categories have relatively direct and short-term impacts on people.
Ecosystems services
provisioning services(products obtained from ecosystems)
regulating services(benefits obtained from regulationof ecosystem processes)
cultural services(nonmaterial services)
• Food
• Freshwater
• Fuelwood
• Fibers
• Biochemicals
• Genetic resources
• climate regulation
• diseases regulation
• water regulation
• water purification
• pollination
• spiritual and religious
• recreational and ecoturism
• sense of place
• educational
• cultural heritage
Ecosystems services
• Combatir el cambio climático, evitando la explotación de
combustibles fósiles en áreas de alta sensibilidad biológica y cultural
en los países en desarrollo.
• La protección de la biodiversidad en el Ecuador y el apoyo al
aislamiento voluntario de las culturas indígenas no
contactadas que habitan el Parque Yasuní (Tagaeri y Taromenane).
• El desarrollo social, la conservación de la naturaleza y la
implementación de fuentes renovables de energía, en una
estrategia encaminada a consolidar un nuevo modelo de desarrollo
equitativo y sustentable en el país.
Ecosystem services: Yasuni-ITT initiative
COLLECT 4.6 billion dollars
Ecosystems services: stime, misure e valutazioni economicheInVEST: Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs
Developed by: Nature Conservancy – WWF – Stanford University
a family of tools to map and value the goods and services from nature which are essential for sustaining and fulfilling human life.
It currently runs in ArcGIS 9.3 (service packs 1 or 2) and ArcGIS 10 (service pack 1) with the Spatial Analyst extension installed and activated.
Ecosystems services: stime, misure e valutazioni economiche
Ecosystems services: GIS ANALISYS – INVEST for ARCGIS
Elaborazione di modelli per:
- carbon sequestration
- crop pollination
- timber production
- water purification
- sediment retention
- biological diversity
- flood mitigation
- ….
Ecosystems services: GIS ANALISYS – INVEST for ARCGIS
Carbon storage and sequestration
Model:- Map of land use/land cover- types and data on wood harvest rate- stocks in carbon pool: (aboveground and belowground biomass, soil, dead organic matter
Evaluate the amount of carbon currently stored in a landscape or the amount over the time.
Data on the market for economical evaluation
GIScience – linking people, places, policy
GI Science: the basic research field that seeks to redefine geographic concepts and their use in the context of geographic information systems (GIS).
Examines the impacts of GIS on individuals and society, and the influences of society on GIS. GIScience re-examines some of the most fundamental themes in traditional spatially-oriented fields such as geography, cartography, and geodesy, while incorporating more recent developments in cognitive and information science.
GI Science also overlaps with and draws from more specialized research fields such as computer science, statistics, mathematics, and psychology, political science and anthropology
2 components: scientific thery – information system
Data spatially explicit?
GIScience – linking people, places, policy
GISc approach: assess the complex interactions among people, place and policy
Human – Environment interactions
Emphasis on LCLU dynamics
Not multidisciplinary approach but interdisciplinary
1973 progetto (NAVigation Satellite Timing And Ranging Global Positioning System ( DOD, USA)1991 uso civile con Selected Availability (errori intenzionali 150 mt in x e y)2000 eliminazione degli errori