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Genetics Unit Genetic Materials Terms to know: - DNA - genome - RNA - double helix - Chromosome - karyotype - Chromatin - Sister chromatid - Gene - Bases - Nucleotide - Proteins
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Genetics Unit Genetic Materials Terms to know: - DNA- genome - RNA- double helix - Chromosome- karyotype - Chromatin - Sister chromatid - Gene - Bases.

Dec 24, 2015

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Page 1: Genetics Unit Genetic Materials Terms to know: - DNA- genome - RNA- double helix - Chromosome- karyotype - Chromatin - Sister chromatid - Gene - Bases.

Genetics UnitGenetic Materials

• Terms to know:- DNA - genome- RNA - double helix- Chromosome - karyotype- Chromatin- Sister chromatid- Gene- Bases- Nucleotide- Proteins

Page 2: Genetics Unit Genetic Materials Terms to know: - DNA- genome - RNA- double helix - Chromosome- karyotype - Chromatin - Sister chromatid - Gene - Bases.

Watson and Crick- Discovered structure of DNAin 1953- Nobel prize 1962

Watson’s book

Page 3: Genetics Unit Genetic Materials Terms to know: - DNA- genome - RNA- double helix - Chromosome- karyotype - Chromatin - Sister chromatid - Gene - Bases.

Rosalind Franklin (1920 - 1958)

X-ray diffraction patterns of DNA

Her essential work was not recognized by the Nobel Committee in 1962

Page 4: Genetics Unit Genetic Materials Terms to know: - DNA- genome - RNA- double helix - Chromosome- karyotype - Chromatin - Sister chromatid - Gene - Bases.

DNA structure

- DNA is made up of two strands arranged in a double helix structure

- The 2 strands of DNA run anti-parallel to one another

DNA = deoxyribosenucleic acid

Page 5: Genetics Unit Genetic Materials Terms to know: - DNA- genome - RNA- double helix - Chromosome- karyotype - Chromatin - Sister chromatid - Gene - Bases.

DNA structure (cont.)The building block of

DNA is called a nucleotide which is made of 3 parts:

- A phosphate group

- A 5-carbon deoxyribose sugar

- A nitrogen- containing base (A,T,G,and C)

http://www.dnalc.org/resources/3d/

Page 6: Genetics Unit Genetic Materials Terms to know: - DNA- genome - RNA- double helix - Chromosome- karyotype - Chromatin - Sister chromatid - Gene - Bases.

Nitrogen-containing bases of DNA- All organisms have the same 4 bases: Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine - A connects with T via 2 hydrogen bonds (A=T)- G connects with C via 3 hydrogen bonds

(G≡C)- Only 4 bases but unlimited ways to code for

proteins (proteins are products of genes)

http://www.dnalc.org/resources/3d/25-basepairing.html

Page 7: Genetics Unit Genetic Materials Terms to know: - DNA- genome - RNA- double helix - Chromosome- karyotype - Chromatin - Sister chromatid - Gene - Bases.
Page 8: Genetics Unit Genetic Materials Terms to know: - DNA- genome - RNA- double helix - Chromosome- karyotype - Chromatin - Sister chromatid - Gene - Bases.

The double helix staircase in Vatican, Italy

Visualizing the double helix structure of DNA

Page 9: Genetics Unit Genetic Materials Terms to know: - DNA- genome - RNA- double helix - Chromosome- karyotype - Chromatin - Sister chromatid - Gene - Bases.

Where is DNA? In the nucleus

Human cell: 23 pairs of chromosomes in every non-sex cell

http://www.dnalc.org/resources/3d/07-how-dna-is-packaged-basic.html

Page 10: Genetics Unit Genetic Materials Terms to know: - DNA- genome - RNA- double helix - Chromosome- karyotype - Chromatin - Sister chromatid - Gene - Bases.

Chromosomes= super-coiled DNA

- Male 46 chromosomes = 23 pairs- Karyotype = a picture of chromosomes arranged in pairs

Page 11: Genetics Unit Genetic Materials Terms to know: - DNA- genome - RNA- double helix - Chromosome- karyotype - Chromatin - Sister chromatid - Gene - Bases.

DNA vs. RNA (ribose nucleic acid)

RNA: single strandedThe nitrogenous bases in DNA are: A, T, C, GThe nitrogenous bases in RNA are: A, U, C, G

Page 12: Genetics Unit Genetic Materials Terms to know: - DNA- genome - RNA- double helix - Chromosome- karyotype - Chromatin - Sister chromatid - Gene - Bases.

Molecular Visualizations of DNA

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1ZvsYDTxc8&feature=related (Part 1)

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S8DMoDJ8FWA&feature=related (Part 2)

Page 13: Genetics Unit Genetic Materials Terms to know: - DNA- genome - RNA- double helix - Chromosome- karyotype - Chromatin - Sister chromatid - Gene - Bases.

Gene- Genes are small segments on DNA that code for proteins

-Proteins are the products of genes

- A gene can range from 1,000 bases to 1 million bases in humans.

- DNA can have thousands of genes.

- Genes can overlap each other

Page 14: Genetics Unit Genetic Materials Terms to know: - DNA- genome - RNA- double helix - Chromosome- karyotype - Chromatin - Sister chromatid - Gene - Bases.
Page 15: Genetics Unit Genetic Materials Terms to know: - DNA- genome - RNA- double helix - Chromosome- karyotype - Chromatin - Sister chromatid - Gene - Bases.

Examples of Proteins

Proteins Functions

Insulin Enzyme for sugar metabolism

Hemoglobin Oxygen transport in blood

Keratin Forms hair, nails and skin

Actin, myosin Movement

Antibodies Body immune system

Page 16: Genetics Unit Genetic Materials Terms to know: - DNA- genome - RNA- double helix - Chromosome- karyotype - Chromatin - Sister chromatid - Gene - Bases.

Genome = is an organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes

Numbers of Pairs of Chromosomes in Different Species of Plants and Animals

Common name Species Number of chromosome pairs

Mosquito Culex pipiens 3

Housefly Musca domestica 6

Garden onion Allium cepa 8

Rice Oryza sativa 12

Frog Rana pipiens 13

Alligator Alligator mississipiensis 16

Cat Felis domesticus 19

House mouse Mus musculus 20

Human Homo sapiens 23

Potato Solanum tuberosum 24

Donkey Equus asinus 31

Horse Equus caballus 32

Dog Canis familiaris 39

Chicken Gallus domesticus 39

Carp Cyprinus carpio 52

Page 17: Genetics Unit Genetic Materials Terms to know: - DNA- genome - RNA- double helix - Chromosome- karyotype - Chromatin - Sister chromatid - Gene - Bases.

Recall cell cycle and cell division

Mitosis (PMAT)

Page 18: Genetics Unit Genetic Materials Terms to know: - DNA- genome - RNA- double helix - Chromosome- karyotype - Chromatin - Sister chromatid - Gene - Bases.

Before a cell can divide • It must duplicate its chromosome number (i.e. making 2

copies of each)e.g. if the cell has 2 chromosomes, after DNA duplication it

should have 4 chromosomes  Diploid cells: have 2 sets of

chromosomes; often are non-sex or somatic cells; represented as 2n 

e.g. Human skin cells contain 2n=46 chromosomes --> they are diploid cells

Haploid cells: have 1 set of chromosomes; are sperm & egg cells; represented as n 

e.g. Human sperm and egg cells contain n= 23 chromosomes --> they are haploid cells  

Page 19: Genetics Unit Genetic Materials Terms to know: - DNA- genome - RNA- double helix - Chromosome- karyotype - Chromatin - Sister chromatid - Gene - Bases.

2n = 46e.g. Skin, heart cells

n = 23e.g. sperms, eggs