7/31/2019 Genetics - IB topics 10 and 4
1/23
@dzcecpcefp' Oflfp' Kggfgfp klb Evrkrnclp :2#8;#:8;: 8:=2:=
Fvakz~crn` `dzcecpcefp kzf ekbf vx ci BLK klb xzcrfnlp,
Oflf= K dfznrkjgf ik`rcz rdkr `clrzcgp k pxf`nin` rzknr, Nr `clpnprp ci k
gflord ci BLK c``vx~nlo k pxf`nin` gc`vp cl k `dzcecpcef,
Oflcef= Rdf oflfrn` ekaf%vx#nliczekrncl ci kl czoklnpe,
Kggfgf= K pxf`nin` icze ci k oflf rdkr bniifzp izce crdfz iczep ci rdkr
oflf j~ clg~ k ifw jkpfp' kl c``vxnfp rdf pkef oflf gc`vp kp crdfz
kggfgfp icz rdkr oflf,
Oflf Evrkrncl
K oflf evrkrncl np k `dklof nl rdf jkpf pf{vfl`f ci k oflf, Nr `kl c``vzkp=
K izkef pdnir evrkrnclc Kbbnrnclc Bfgfrncl
K pvjprnrvrncl evrkrnclPn`agf @fgg Klkfenk' kl Ftkexgf ci Oflf Evrkrncl
Pn`agf `fgg klkfenk zfpvgrp izce k evrkrncl nl rdf Dj oflf wdn`d `cbfpicz dkfecogcjnl,
K pvjprnrvrncl evrkrncl c``vzp nl rdf BLK pf{vfl`f, Rdf Rd~enlf nl rdf `cbcl @R@ np zfxgk`fb wnrd Rd~enlf' `kvpnlo rdf
`cbcl rc jf`cef @K@,
Rdnp zfpvgrp nl kl fzzcz nl rdf eZLK przklb bvznlo rzklp`znxrncl kpwdkr wcvgb lczekgg~ jf OKO np zfxgk`fb wnrd OVO,
Rdnp `kvpfp kl fzzcz nl rzklpgkrncl jf`kvpf rdf klrn%`cbcl @R@'jfkznlo Ogvrken` k`nb' np zfxgk`fb wnrd rdf klrn%`cbcl @K@' jfkznlo
Ykgnlf,
Rdf pvjprnrvrncl ci Ogvrken` k`nb icz Ykgnlf zfpvgrp nl rdf xzcbv`rncl cidkfecogcjnl P nlprfkb ci dkfecogcjnl J' klb rdnp `kvpfp k `dklof nl
rdf pdkxf ci rdf zfb jgccb `fgg,
Rdf zfb jgccb `fggp xzcbv`fb kzf pn`agf pdkxfb nlprfkb ci bclvr pdkxfbklb rdnp kiif`rp rdfnz `kxk`nr~ rc `kzz~ ct~ofl,
Dcwfyfz' pn`agf `fgg klkfenk dkp nrp kbyklrkofp kp nr onyfp zfpnprkl`frc ekgkznk' pc rdf evrkrncl icz pn`agf `fgg np `ceecl nl kzfkp wnrd dnod
nlprkl`fp ci ekgkznk,
7/31/2019 Genetics - IB topics 10 and 4
2/23
@clpf{vfl`fp ci pn`agf `fgg klkfenk nl`gvbf= @dklof nl rdf pdkxf ci rdf jfr%ogcjnl pvj vlnr, Zfb jgccb `fggp jf`cef pn`agf pdkxfb, Rdf zfb jgccb `fggp gnyf icz 4 bk~p kp cxxcpfb rc 48 bk~p icz
lczekg zfb jgccb `fggp,
Xccz jgccb igcw rc xfznxdfzkg rnppvfp' klb rnzfblfpp, Kiif`rp rdf zfb jgccb `fggp kjngnr~ rc kjpczj ct~ofl
7/31/2019 Genetics - IB topics 10 and 4
3/23
Efncpnp :2#8;#:8;: 8:=2:=88
Efncpnp np k zfbv`rncl bnynpncl rdkr iczep dkxgcnb lv`gfn izce k bnxgcnb
lv`gfvp,
Dcecgcocvp @dzcecpcefp kzf `dzcecpcefp ci rdf pkef gflord'
prknlnlo xkrrfzl' `flrzcefzf xcpnrncl klb xcppfp oflfp `cbnlo icz rdf
pkef `dkzk`rfznprn`p c``vx~nlo rdf pkef gc`vp, Rdf~ bc lcr lf`fppkzng~
dkyf rdf pkef kggfgfp icz rdf oflfp,
Efncpnp
K zfbv`rncl bnynpncl rdkr zfpvgrp nl rdf iczekrncl ci icvz dkxgcnb `fggp izce
clf bnxgcnb `fgg,
Efncrn` `fggp dkyf kl nlrfzxdkpfp pnengkz rc rdf clf rdkr c``vzp nlenrcpnp,
Rdfzf np k O;' P klb O: xdkpf Efncpnp `clpnprp ci rwc prkofp= Efncpnp N klb Efncpnp NN klb nlycgyfp k
zfbv`rncl bnynpncl,
Jfrwffl Efncpnp N klb Efncpnp NN rdfzf np klcrdfz jznfi nlrfzxdkpf, Efncpnp c``vzp nl okefrfp klb nlycgyfp rdf iczekrncl ci icvz dkxgcnb
`fggp izce clf bnxgcnb `fgg,
Efncpnp nlycgyfp pftvkg zfxzcbv`rncl Kirfz Efncpnp' fk`d bkvodrfz `fggp np oflfrn`kgg~ bniifzflr izce rdf
xkzflr `fgg klb izce rdf crdfz `fggp,
Nl rdnp pflpf nr `kl jf pknb rc xzcecrf ykznkrncl,Efncpnp N
Nlrfzxdkpf$pxf`nin`kgg~ P xdkpf.
@dzcecpcefp zfxgn`krf rc icze rwc pnprfz `dzcekrnbp mcnlfb kr rdf`flrzcefzf,
Xzcxdkpf N
@dzcecpcefp clbflpf, Lv`gfkz flyfgcxf bnpnlrfozkrfp, Dcecgcocvp `dzcecpcefp xknz vx nl k xzc`fpp `kggfb p~lkxpnp, Rdf p~lkxrclfekg `cexgft iczep,
c Rdf p~lkxrclfekg `cexgft np k xzcrfnl rdkr krrk`dfpdcecgcocvp `dzcecpcefp rc icze k Rfrzkb,
7/31/2019 Genetics - IB topics 10 and 4
4/23
@dnkpekrk kzf rdf xcnlrp kr wdn`d dcecgcocvp `dzcecpcefp `cefnlrc `clrk`r,
@zcppnlo cyfz c``vzp' klb rdf dcecgcocvp `dzcecpcefp ft`dklofoflfrn` nliczekrncl, $Rdnp c``vzp kr `dnkpekrk.
Rdf `flrzcpcefp bvxgn`krf klb rdf~ ecyf kwk~ izce fk`d crdfz, Pxnlbgf injfzp jfonl rc bfyfgcx,Efrkxdkpf N
Rdf Rfrzkb `dzcecpcefp gnlf vx kr rdf efrkxdkpf xgkrf, Rdf pxnlbgf injfzp krrk`d rc rdf `dzcecpcefp kr rdf anlfrc`dczf,Klkxdkpf N
Rdf Rfrzkb np pxgnr kp rdf `dzcecpcefp ecyf rc cxxcpnrf flbp ci rdf`fgg,
Eflbfgp gkw cinlbfxflbflr kppczreflr `cefp nlrc xgk~ kp rdf`dzcecpcefp kzf pfxkzkrfb zklbceg~,
Rfgcxdkpf N
@~rcanlfpnp c``vzpc Klnekgp `gfkykof ivzzcwc Xgklrp `fgg xgkrf
Kirfz Efncpnp N' rwc `fggp zfpvgrp, Fk`d `fgg np oflfrn`kgg~ bniifzflr izcerdf xkzflr klb dkxgcnb,
Efncpnp NN
Jficzf efncpnp NN' rdfzf np lc zfxgn`krncl ci oflfrn` ekrfznkgp,
Xzcxdkpf NN
Lv`gfkz flyfgcxf bnpnlrfozkrfp, @dzcecpcefp clbflpf, @flrzcpcef bvxgn`krfp klb jfonl rc ecyf kwk~ izce fk`d crdfz, Pxnlbgf injfzp jfonl rc icze,Efrkxdkpf NN
@dzcecpcefp enozkrf rc rdf efrkxdkpf xgkrf Pxnlbgf injfzp krrk`d rc rdf pnprfz `dzcekrnbp kr rdf anlfrc`dczf,
7/31/2019 Genetics - IB topics 10 and 4
5/23
Klkxdkpf NN
Pnprfz `dzcekrnbp kzf pxgnr xvggfb rc cxxcpnrf flbp ci rdf `fggRfgcxdkpf NN
Rdf lv`gfkz flyfgcxf jfonlp rc zficze, Pxnlbgf injfzp bnpnlrfozkrf, @dzcecpcefp vl`cng rc icze `dzcekrnl, @~rcanlfpnp c``vzp,Rdf zfpvgr ci Efncpnp NN np icvz oflfrn`kgg~ vln{vf dkxgcnb bkvodrfz `fggp,
Enrcpnp y, Efncpnp
Enrcpnp Efncpnp
Zfpvgr np rwc oflfrn`kgg~ nbflrn`kg'
bnxgcnb bkvodrfz `fggp,
Zfpvgr np icvz vln{vf' dkxgcnb
bkvodrfz `fggp,
C``vzp nl pcekrn` `fggp, C``vzp nl okefrfp $ofze `fggp.,
Lc p~lkxpnp ci dcecgcocvp
`dzcecpcefp,
P~lkxpnp ci dcecgcocvp
`dzcecpcefp rc icze k rfrzkb,
Nl klkxdkpf pnprfz `dzcekrnbp kzfxvggfb kxkzr,
Nl klkxdkpf N' dcecgcocvp`dzcecpcefp kzf xvggfb kxkzr,
Lc `zcppnlo cyfz, @zcppnlo cyfz c``vzp,
@dnkpekrk Iczekrncl
Rdf icvz pnprfz `dzcekrnbp jf`cef rnodrg~ gnlafb nl k xzc`fpp alcwl kpp~lkxpnp,
K `vr np ekbf nl rdf BLK ci clf `dzcekrnb' klb klcrdfz `vr np ekbf'nl rdf pkef xgk`f' ci k lcl%pnprfz `dzcekrnb,
Rdf rwc lcl%pnprfz `dzcekrnbp mcnl kr rdf xcnlrp wdfzf rdf `vr wkpekbf klb ft`dklof oflfrn` ekrfznkg $kl ft`dklof ci xkrfzlkg klb
ekrfzlkg BLK., Rdnp np alcwl kp `zcppnlo cyfz,
Kirfz `zcppnlo cyfz' rdf p~lkxrclfekg `cexgft bnpnlrfozkrfp jvr rdfpnprfz `dzcekrnbp zfeknlfb mcnlfb kr rdf xcnlr ci oflfrn` `zcppnlo cyfz'
klb rdnp iczep kl T pdkxfb przv`rvzf alcwl kp `dnkpekrk,
Rdf `dnkpekrk zfeknl vlrng gkrf efrkxdkpf,
7/31/2019 Genetics - IB topics 10 and 4
6/23
Efncpnp klb Oflfrn` ykznkrncl
Rwc xzc`fppfp zfpvgr nl oflfrn`p ykznkrncl nl okefrfp=
@zcppnlo cyfzc Nl efncpnp dcecgcocvp `dzcecpcefp xknz vx nl k xzc`fpp
`kggfb p~lkxpnp rc icze k rfrzkb
c @dnpekrk icze jfrwffl rdf dcecgcocvp `dzcecpcefp klb`zcppnlo cyfz c``vzp
c Rdnp kggcwp icz lfw kggfgf `cejnlkrnclp klb rdvp ykznfr~+ Zklbce cznflrkrncl ci `dzcecpcefp nl efrkxdkpf N
Rdfpf rwc xzc`fppfp kggcw kgecpr nlinlnrf oflfrn` ykznkrncl,
@zcppnlo cyfz
@zcppnlo cyfz zfpvgrp nl oflfrn` ykznkrncl kp nr np kl ft`dklof ciekrfzlkg klb xkrfzlkg BLK,
Nr zfpvgrp nl `dzcekrnbp wnrd lfw `cejnlkrnclp ci kggfgfp, @dzcekrnbp wnrd bniifzflr `cejnlkrnclp ci kggfgfp izce fnrdfz xkzflr
kzf alcwl kp zf`cejnlklrp $izce rdf rfze oflfrn` zf`cejnlkrncl.,
@dnkpekrk c``vz kr zklbce xcnlrp kgclo rdf `dzcecpcef' klb eczfrdkl clf `dnpekrk `kl icze jfrwffl dcecgcocvp xknzp,
Efncpnp `kl icze kl kgecpr nlinlnrf kecvlr ci oflfrn` ykznkrncl,Zklbce Cznflrkrncl
Zklbce cznflrkrncl ci `dzcecpcefp bvznlo efrkxdkpf kgpc`clrznjvrfp rc oflfrn` ykznkrncl,
Fnrdfz ekrfzlkg cz xkrfzlkg `dzcecpcefp `kl ik`f fnrdfz xcgf, Rdf lvejfz ci xcppnjgf cznflrkrnclp np :l wdfzf l np rdf lvejfz ci
`dzcecpcefp,
Nl dveklp rdf lvejfz ci xcppnjgf cznflrkrnclp np ::0,Eflbfgp Gkw ci Nlbfxflbflr Kppczreflr
Kggfgf xknzp pfxkzkrf nlbfxflbflrg~' pc rdf rzklpenppncl ci rzknrp rc
okefrfp c``vz nlbfxflbflr ci fk`d crdfz,
Eflbfgp Gkw ci Pfozfokrncl
7/31/2019 Genetics - IB topics 10 and 4
7/23
Ekrfzlkg klb xkrfzlkg `dzcecpcefp pfxkzkrf klb rdf okefrfp evpr
dkyf clf kggfgf icz fk`d xknz,
Eflbfgp Gkw klb Efncpnp
Bvznlo efrkxdkpf rdf dcecgcocvp xknzp gnlf vx cl rdf efrkxdkpfxgkrf klb cznflr zklbceg~, Rdnp np alcwl kp zklbce cznflrkrncl,
Rdf `dzcecpcefp `kl flb vx kr fnrdfz xcgf $zklbceg~., Rdf wk~ clf dcecgcocvp xknz np ik`nlo bcfp lcr kiif`r rdf wk~ rdf
crdfz dcecgcocvp xknzp kzf ik`nlo,
Rdnp nlbfxflbflr cznflrkrnclp iczep rdf jkpnp ci Eflbfgp gkw ciNlbfxflbflr kppczreflr,
Vlgnlafb oflfp kzf icvlb cl bniifzflr `dzcecpcefp pc wdfl rdf`dzcecpcefp pfxkzkrf' rdf~ zfpvgr nl okefrfp wnrd k zklbcekppczreflr ci `dzcecpcefp klb kggfgfp,
7/31/2019 Genetics - IB topics 10 and 4
8/23
Akz~cr~xnlo :2#8;#:8;: 8:=2:=88
K Akz~cr~xf np kl czbfzfb bnpxgk~ ci rdf `dzcecpcefp wnrdnl kl
czoklnpe,
Nl akz~cr~xnlo' `dzcecpcefp kzf kzzklofb k``czbnlo rc rdfnz przv`rvzf
klb dcecgcocvp `dzcecpcefp kzf xknzfb vx,
Rdf ik`rczp vpfb rc nbflrni~ klb xknz dcecgcocvp `dzcecpcefp kzf=
Pn}f Jklbnlo xkrrfzl @flrzcefzf xcpnrncl
Xzflkrkg Bnkolcpnp
K akz~cr~xf ci rdf icfrvp np `kzznfb cvr nl czbfz rc nbflrni~ oflfrn`
bnpczbfzp,
Rdf akz~cr~xf np `clbv`rfb wnrd `fggp cjrknlfb rdzcvod= @dczncln` ynggvp pkexgnlo Kelnc`flrfpnp,
Zfkbnlo k Akz~cr~xf
Akz~cr~xfp `kl jf vpfb rc bfrfzenlf oflbfz cz nbflrni~ oflfrn`
kjlczekgnrnfp,
Nl k akz~cr~xf' rc bfrfzenlf oflbfz ~cv gcca kr rdf T klb ^`dzcecpcefp, Ni rwc T `dzcecpcefp kzf xzfpflr' rdf nlbnynbvkg np
ifekgf' dcwfyfz ni rdfzf np kl T klb k ^' rdf nlbnynbvkg np ekgf,
Rdf ^ `dzcecpcef np fkp~ rc nbflrni~ kp nr np ev`d pekggfz rdkl rdf T
`dzcecpcef,
Lcl%bnpmvl`rncl `kl kgpc jf nbflrninfb j~ bfrfzenlnlo ni rdf nlbnynbvkg dkp
kl ftrzk `dzcecpcef' cz nl pcef `kpfp nr enppnlo k `dzcecpcef,
Lcl%bnpmvl`rncl
Lcl%bnpmvl`rncl zfpvgrp nl k `dklof nl rdf lvejfz ci `dzcecpcefpxzfpflr nl k okefrf, Rdnp zfpvgrp nl oflfrn` kjlczekgnrnfp pv`d k
Bcwlp p~lbzcef,
Nr c``vzp wdfl pnprfz `dzcekrnbp ci dcecgcocvp `dzcecpcefp ikng rcpfxkzkrf fnrdfz nl klkxdkpf N cz klkxdkpf NN jf`kvpf ecynlo kxkzr np
pcccc dkzb,
_nrd Bcwlp p~lbzcef $rznpce~ :;.' rdnp zfpvgrp nl kl ftrzk`dzcecpcef%:; kp rwc `cxnfp ci `dzcecpcef :; kzf xzfpflr nl rdf
okefrf,
7/31/2019 Genetics - IB topics 10 and 4
9/23
Ifzrngnpkrncl ci rdf okefrf zfpvgrp nl 0 `cxnfp ci `dzcecpcef%:;, Nlbnynbvkgp ftdnjnr ykz~nlo bfozffp ci eflrkg zfrkzbkrncl, Rdf~ kzf eczf pvp`fxrnjgf rc gfvakfenk' dfkzr ikngvzf'
Kg}dfnefzp klb bfif`rp ci rdf ik`f' rclovf klb dklbp,
7/31/2019 Genetics - IB topics 10 and 4
10/23
Rdfczfrn`kg Oflfrn`p :2#8;#:8;: 8:=2:=88
Oflcr~xf= rdf kggfgfp ci kl czoklnpe
Xdflcr~xf= rdf `dkzk`rfznprn`p ci kl czoklnpe
Bcenlklr kggfgf=kl kggfgf wdcpf xdflcr~xf np ftxzfppfb zfokzbgfpp ci
wdfrdfz nr np nl rdf dcec}~ocvp cz dfrfzc}~ocvp prkrf
@c%Bcenlklr kggfgf= K xdflcr~xn` pnrvkrncl nl wdn`d rwc kggfgfp jcrd
kiif`r rdf xdflcr~xf nl nlbfxflbflr' bnprnlovnpdkjgf wk~p,
Gc`vp= Rdf pxf`nin` gc`krncl ci k oflf cl k `dzcecpcef
Zf`fppnyf kggfgf= kl kggfgf wdcpf xdflcr~xfp kzf clg~ ftxzfppfb wdfl nrnp nl rdf dcec}~ocvp prkrf, n,f, xknzfb wnrd kl nbflrn`kg kggfgf,
Dcec}~ocvp= Dkynlo rwc nbflrn`kg kggfgfp ci k oflf,
Dfrfzc}~ocvp= Dkynlo rwc lcl%nbflrn`kg kggfgfp ci k oflf,
@kzznfz= K xfzpcl wdc dkp clf `cx~ ci k zf`fppnyf kggfgf rdkr `kvpfp k
oflfrn` bnpfkpf nl rdf dcec}~ocvp prkrf,
Rfpr%`zcpp= Rfprnlo k pvpxf`rfb dfrfzc}~ocrf j~ `zcppnlo nr wnrd k
alcwl dcec}~ocvp icz rdkr rzknr jfnlo nlyfprnokrfb,
K' J' C jgccb r~xfp
K' J' C jgccb r~xf np kl ftkexgf ci evgrnxgf kggfgfp klb `c%bcenlklr kggfgfp,
Evgrnxgf kggfgfp zfifz rc oflfp rdkr dkyf rdzff cz eczf kggfgfp, Dvekl jgccb r~xf dkp rdzff kggfgfp=
c Nkc Njc n
Nk klb Nj kzf `cbcenlklr' klb n np zf`fppnyf rc jcrd, Kl~ rwc ci rdfpf kggfgfp kzf xzfpflr nl kl nlbnynbvkg, Rdf xcppnjgf oflcr~xfp klb xdflcr~xfp kzf=
Oflcr~xf Xdflcr~xf
7/31/2019 Genetics - IB topics 10 and 4
11/23
Pft klb Oflfrn`p
Dcw Pft @dzcecpcefp @clrzcg Oflbfz
Rdf pft `dzcecpcefp' T klb ^' kzf rdf :0zb `dzcecpcefp, Ekgfp `kl fnrdfz dkyf kl T cz k ^ `dzcecpcef nl rdfnz pxfze' wdfzfkp
ifekgfp `kl clg~ dkyf kl T `dzcecpcef nl rdfnz foo,
Rdfzf np k 68& `dkl`f ci rdf ciipxznlo jfnlo ekgf' klb k 68& `dkl`fci nr jfnlo ifekgf,
Ekgfp dkyf rdf oflcr~xf T^ klb ifekgfp dkyf rdf oflcr~xf TT Rdf ^ `dzcecpcef $nldfznrfb izce rdf ikrdfz. dkp rdf PLZ oflf wdn`d
nlnrnkrfp ekgf bfrfzenlkrncl,
Bniifzfl`f jfrwffl rdf T klb rdf ^
Rdf T `dzcecpcef `clrknlp pcef oflfp rdkr `kllcr jf icvlb cl rdfev`d pdczrfz ^ `dzcecpcef,
Rdf T klb ^ `dzcecpcef bc pdkzf k pdczr zfoncl wdn`d kggcwp iczxknznlo bvznlo efncpnp,
Rdf T `dzcecpcef `clrknlp oflf wdn`d kzf ynrkg icz gnif, Rdnp wkpbnp`cyfzfb rdzcvod oflf evrkrnclp1 C^ np gfrdkg' wdfzfkp CT $Rvzlfzp
p~lbzcef. np lcr,
Rdf T `dzcecpcef `clrknlp ;';88 oflfp' wdfzfkp rdf ^ `dzcecpcef`clrknlp :88 oflfp,
Pft Gnlakof
Nr np rdf `clbnrncl wdfl oflfp zfpxclpnjgf icz k rzknr kzf icvlb cl rdf pft
`dzcecpcefp,
Ftkexgfp
@cgcvz jgnlblfppc Ifekgf= TJTJ' TJTj' TjTjc Ekgf=5 TJ^' Tj^c _dfzf TJ np lczekg ynpncl
Nk Nk K
Nj Nj J
nn C
Nk Nj KJ
Nk n K
Nj n J
7/31/2019 Genetics - IB topics 10 and 4
12/23
Dkfecxdngnkc Ifekgf= TDTD' TDTd' TdTdc Ekgf 5 TD^' Td^c _dfzf TD np lczekg jgccb r~xf
Jcrd rzknrp kzf zf`fppnyf klb kzf icvlb cl rdf T `dzcecpcef, Dcwfyfz'
kp ekgfp clg~ dkyf clf T `dzcecpcef klb rdf kggfgfp icz rdfpf
`clbnrnclp kzf lcr icvlb cl rdf ^ `dzcecpcef' rdfzf kzf lc ekgf `kzznfzp
clg~ kiif`rfb klb vlkiif`rfb ekgfp,
Dcwfyfz' k ifekgf `kl jf dcec}~ocvp cz dfrfzc}~ocvp icz k zf`fppnyf
rzknr,
_d~ ifekgfp `kl jf dfrfzc}~ocvp icz T%gnlafb rzknrp
Ifekgfp dkyf rwc dcecgcocvp T `dzcecpcefp Ifekgf `kzznfzp dkyf rwc bniifzflr kggfgfp icz rdf T gnlafb zf`fppnyf
rzknr klb rdvp kzf dfrfzc}~ocvp icz rdf rzknr,
7/31/2019 Genetics - IB topics 10 and 4
13/23
Rfpr `zcppfp :2#8;#:8;: 8:=2:=88
Xfbnozff `dkzr
Ifekgf
Ekgf
Ni rdf p~ejcg np pdkbfb' rdf nlbnynbvkg np kiif`rfb' ni nr np lcr rdfl df cz
pdf np lcr, Ni nr np dkgi pdkbfb' rdfl rdf nlbnynbvkg np k `kzznfz,
Rzknrp kzf pfxkzkrfb jkpfb cl Eflbfgp gkw ciNlbfxflbflr kppczreflr,
Rfpr%`zcpp
Eclcd~jznb `zcpp `kg`vgkrfp rdf xzcjkjngnr~ ci rdf rzknrp' nl rdfciipxznlo' ci kvrcpcekg `dzcecpcefp kr rdf pkef gc`n, $clf xkzrn`vgkz
rzknr' dfl`f rdf wczb eclc.
Bnd~jznb `zcpp `kg`vgkrfp rdf xzcjkjngnr~ ci rzknrp' nl rdf ciipxznlo' ci
kvrcpcekg `dzcecpcefp icz rwc rzknrp' fk`d kr rdfnz cwl#zfpxf`rnyf gc`n,
K bn%d~jznb `zcpp np k `zcpp jfrwffl rdf I; ciipxznlo ci rwc czoklnpep
wnrd rwc bniifzflr `dkzk`rfznprn`, Rdf `dkzk`rfznprn`p kzf `clrzcggfb j~ rwcbniifzflr oflfp,
_f `kl vpf bn%d~jznb `zcppfp rc `kg`vgkrf rdf oflcr~xn` klb xdflcr~xn`
zkrncp ci ciipxznlo nlycgynlo vlgnlafb kvrcpcekg oflfp,
Bniifzfl`f jfrwffl kvrcpcefp klb pft `dzcecpcefp
Pft `dzcecpcefp kzf rdf `dzcecpcefp rdkr bfrfzenlf ~cvz oflbfz,
Rdf~ kzf rdf T klb ^ `dzcecpcefp,
Kvrcpcefp kzf rdf crdfz `dzcecpcefp' wdn`d kzf lcr pft%`dzcecpcefp,
Rdfzf kzf :: kvrcpcefp,
Nl rcrkg rdfzf kzf :0 xknzp ci `dzcecpcefp= clf xknz ci pft `dzcecpcefp
klb :: xknzp ci kvrcpcefp,
Gnlakof ozcvxp
K xknz ci oflfp cl k `dzcecpcef rdkr kzf vpvkgg~ nldfznrfb rcofrdfz,
7/31/2019 Genetics - IB topics 10 and 4
14/23
@zcppnlo cyfz zfpvgrp nl ft`dklof ci kggfgfp
Xcg~ofln` Nldfznrkl`f
Rwc cz eczf oflfp k`rnlo cl clf xdflcr~xfc Dknzc Panl `cgcvz
Xcg~ofln` nldfznrkl`f nl wdfl eczf rdkl clf oflf `clrzcgp k`dkzk`rfznprn`,
Vpvkgg~ rdfzf np `c%bcenlkl`f jfrwffl rdfpf oflfp, Xcg~ofln` nldfznrkl`f ftdnjnrp `clrnlvcvp ykznkrncl Panl `cgcvz np `clrzcggfb j~ icvz oflfp= K' J' @ klb B Fk`d oflf nlycgyfb kiif`rp efgklnl xzcbv`rncl nl rdf panl,Gnlafb Oflfp
Oflfp kzf gnlafb ni rdf~ kzf gc`krfb cl rdf pkef `dzcecpcef F,o, Gkrd~zvp Cbczkrvp Gnlafb oflfp kzf nldfznrfb rcofrdfz, Rdfnz zkrnc np lcl%Efbfgnkl $;=;=;=;. Kl~ zf`cejnlklrp kzf k zfpvgrp ci `zcppnlo cyfz wdn`d c``vzp nl
xzcxdkpf N,
7/31/2019 Genetics - IB topics 10 and 4
15/23
Zf`cejnlkrncl
Rdf kxxfkzkl`f ci bniifzflr oflf `cejnlkrnclp izce rdf xkzflrp,
Rdf kppczreflr ci oflfp nlrc bniifzflr `cejnlkrnclp izce rdf xkzflrp,
@dn%P{vkzfb
K prkrnprn`kg rfpr vpfb rc efkpvzf dcw ev`d ~cvz bkrk bniifzp izce rdf
ftxf`rfb ykgvf,
Ni rdf ykgvf np 76&' rdf bniifzfl`f np bvf rc `dkl`f,
Ni rdf ykgvf np
7/31/2019 Genetics - IB topics 10 and 4
16/23
Oflfrn` Flonlffznlo klb Jncrf`dlcgco~:2#8;#:8;: 8:=2:=88
Vpf ci Xcg~efzkpf @dknl Zfk`rncl $X@Z. rc `cx~ klb kexgni~
enlvrf {vklrnrnfp ci BLK
X@Z np vpfb rc `cx~ klb evgrnxg~ pekgg kecvlr ci BLK icz eklnxvgkrncl cz
vpf,
Nr np vpfivg wdfl k pekgg kecvlr ci BLK np kykngkjgf jvr k gkzof {vklrnr~
np lffbfb
Xzc`fpp
;, Bcvjgf przklbfb BLK np dfkrfb, Rdnp jzfkap rdf d~bzcofl jclbp klb
pfxkzkrfp rdf przklb,
:, Xznefzp kzf kbbfb pc rdf xcg~efzkpf `kl `krkg~pf rdf p~lrdfpnp ci
BLK,0, X@Z zf{vnzfp dnod rfexfzkrvzf $pc rdnp c``vzp kr k ikprfz zkrf.' rdvp k
dfkr%zfpnprklr BLK xcg~efzkpf fl}~ef' Rk{ xcg~efzkpf $izce Rdfzevp
k{vkrn`vp' k jk`rfznk rdkr gnyf nl dcr pxznlop n,f, k rdfzecxdngn` jk`rfznk.
np vpfb rc `zfkrf k bcvjgf przklb BLK ecgf`vgf,
Ofg Fgf`rzcxdczfpnp
Ek`zcecgf`vgfp BLK `kl jf pfxkzkrfb rdzcvod ofg fgf`rzcxdczfpnp,Rdf ecgf`vgfp ecyf nl kl fgf`rzn`kg infgb klb kzf pfxkzkrfb jkpfb cl pn}f,
Rdf `dkzof kggcwp ecgf`vgfp rc rzkyfg kgclo rdf ofg,
Nr np vpfb nl BLK Xzcingnlo
Bfrkngp
Rwc pkexgfp kzf cjrknlfb Rdf pkexgfp ci BLK kzf xgk`fb nl k wfgg $bfxzfppncl nl rdf ofg.
Rdf kokzcpf ofg np k pvokz xcg~pk``dkznbf rdkr iczep k pfen%pcgnbekrznt rdkr pfxkzkrfp BLK izkoeflrp jkpfb cl pn}f
Kl fgf`rzn`kg `vzzflr np xgk`fb cl rdf rwc flbp j~ xgk`nlo fgf`rzcbfp krfnrdfz flb ci rdf ofg,
Rdf fgf`rzn`kgg~ `dkzofb ecgf`vgfp $xdcpxdkrf ozcvxp. ecyf rc rdf`krdcbf $xcpnrnyf flb.,
BLK izkoeflrp' `vr wnrd zfprzn`rncl fl}~efp' ecyf rc rdf `krdcbf, Pkexgfp `kl jf `cexkzfb rc alcwl ykgvfp nl czbfz rc jf bfrfzenlfb
jf`kvpf rdf izkoeflrp kzf pfxkzkrfb k``czbnlo rc pn}f' pnengkz rc
`dzcekrcozkxd~,
7/31/2019 Genetics - IB topics 10 and 4
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Zfprzn`rncl Fl}~efp
Zfprzn`rncl fl}~efp kzf yfz~ pxf`nin`' rdf~ `vr nl k pxf`nin` wk~' kr kpxf`nin` xgk`f,
BLK Xzcingnlo
BLK xzcingnlo np k rf`dln{vf vpfb rc nbflrni~ xfcxgf j~ rdfnz BLK xzcingfp,
Fk`d xfzpcl dkp k vln{vf BLK xzcingf nl rdkr kgrdcvod pf`rnclp ci BLK
$eknlg~ rdf Ftrzclp. pv`d kp rdf pf`rncl rdkr `cbfp icz Dfecogcjnl
iczekrncl kzf nbflrn`kg icz k ekmcznr~ ci rdf dvekl xcxvgkrncl' `fzrknl
pf`rnclp pv`d kp rdf pkrfggnrf BLK $YLZRp icvlb kr rdf flb ci k BLK
przklb cz PZRp icvlb nl rdf enbbgf. kzf vln{vf rc fyfz~ nlbnynbvkg kp k
zfpvgr ci k``vevgkrfb evrkrnclp, Fppflrnkgg~ rdf bniifzfl`f nl rdf Nlrzclp
kggcwp icz BLK xzcingnlo,
BLK xzcingnlo np bclf ynk ofg fgf`rzcxdczfpnp, Ni rdf kykngkjgf kecvlr ci
BLK rc jf xzcingfb np enlvrf' X@Z $xcg~efzkpf `dknl zfk`rncl. np `kzznfb
cvr rc `cx~ klb kexgni~ rdf kykngkjgf kecvlr jf`kvpf k gkzof kecvlr ci
BLK np zf{vnzfb icz rdf BLK rc vlbfzoc rfprnlo, X@Z np `kzznfb cvr kr k
dnod rfexfzkrvzf ci kjcvr 98 bfozffp @fgpnvp rc kggcw rdf xzc`fpp wcza
7/31/2019 Genetics - IB topics 10 and 4
18/23
ev`d ikprfz, Dfkr np kxxgnfb rc jzfka rdf d~bzcofl jclbp jfrwffl rdf
przklbp ci BLK' rdfzfj~ `kvpnlo rdf bcvjgf dfgnt rc vlwnlb' lv`gfcrnbf
jkpfp kzf rdfl kbbfb rc rdf pcgvrncl rdf BLK np nl klb Rk{ xcg~efzkpf'
kl fl}~ef wdn`d `kl wcza kr dnod rfexfzkrvzfp np vpfb rc zfxgn`krf rdf
BLK,
Kirfz rdf BLK dkp jffl `cxnfb ynk X@Z' zfprzn`rncl fl}~efp kzf vpfb rc
`vr pf`rnclp ci rdf BLK, Rdf flbp iczefb j~ rdf `vr BLK kzf fnrdfz
jgvlr cz prn`a~ bfxflbnlo cl rdf r~xf ci zfprzn rncl fl}~ef vpfb, Rdf
izkoeflrp ci BLK kzf rdfl pfxkzkrfb ynk Ofg fgf`rzcxdczfpnp, Nl rdnp
xzc`fpp' rdf BLK ek`zcecgf`vgfp kzf pfxkzkrfb nl rdf ofg k``czbnlo rc
pn}f' j~ zvllnlo k `vzzflr rdzcvod rdf ofg, Rdf BLK np xgk`fb nl k ofg' kl
fgf`rzn` `vzzflr np xgk`fb kr rdf rwc flbp klb rdf BLK izkoeflrp' wdn`dkzf `dkzofb' ecyf rc rdf xcpnrnyf flb, Rdnp zfpvgrp nl k xkrrfzl ci
jklbnlo cl rdf Ofg' pnengkz rc ofg `dzcekrcozkxd~, Rdfpf jklbnlo
xkrrfzlp kzf vlgnafg~ rc jf rdf pkef icz rwc nlbnynbvkgp klb rdvp kzf vpfb
nl BLK xzcingnlo,
BLK xzcingnlo np k dnodg~ vpfivg rf`dln{vf wdcpf kxxgn`krnclp nl`gvbf
xkrfzlnr~ rfprp kp rdf BLK xzcingf ci rdf ikrdfz klb rdf `dngb wcvgb jf
pnengkz' klb iczflpn` nlyfprnokrncl kp BLK xzcingnlo `kl jf bclf izce BLKpkexgfp cjrknlfb izce jgccb' pfefl' rnppvfp fr`, Nr `kl kgpc jf vpfb icz
rktclce~ icz `gkppnin`krncl ci czoklnpep kp nr `kl jf vpfb rc bfrfzenlf
oflfrn` pnengkznr~,
Dcw BLK np vpfb nl Iczflpn` Nlyfprnokrnclp klb Xkrfzlnr~ rfprp
Czoklnpep dkyf k pdczr pf{vfl`f ci BLK wdn`d kzf zfxfkrfb pfyfzkg
rnefp, Rdfpf kzf `kggfb pkrfggnrf BLK' klb rdf gflordp ykz~ izce xfzpcl rc
xfzpcl, Rdfpf kzf vpfb icz xzcingnlo,
K pkexgf ci rdf BLK np cjrknlfb, K zfifzfl`f pkexgf np kgpc cjrknlfb, Rdf BLK pkexgf np kexgninfb ynk X@Z Rdf BLK np `vr nlrc izkoeflrp j~ zfprzn`rncl fl}~efp' Rdf izkoeflrp kzf pfxkzkrfb ynk ofg fgf`rzcxdczfpnp jkpfb cl rdf pn}f
ci rdf izkoeflrp,
7/31/2019 Genetics - IB topics 10 and 4
19/23
Rdf jklbp kzf `cexkzfb jfrwffl rdf rwc pkexgfp' ni rdf jklbnloxkrrfzl np rdf pkef rdf BLK np izce rdf pkef pcvz`f
Ni rdf xkrrfzlp kzf pnengkz rdf nlbnynbvkgp ek~ jf zfgkrfbFiif`rp ci ekxxnlo rdf dvekl oflcef
Nr np fkpnfz rc prvb~ dcw oflfp nligvfl`f dvekl bfyfgcxeflr Nr dfgxp nbflrni~ oflfrn` bnpfkpfp Onyfp eczf nliczekrncl cl rdf cznonlp' fycgvrncl klb enozkrncl ci
dveklp,
Kggcwp rdf xzcbv`rncl ci lfw bzvop jkpfb cl BLK jkpf pf{vfl`fp cioflfp
_dkr dkxxflp wdfl oflfp kzf rzklpifzzfb3_dfl oflfp kzf rzklpifzzfb jfrwffl pxf`nfp' rdf kenlc k`nb pf{vfl`f ci
xcg~xfxrnbfp zfeknl rdf pkef jf`kvpf rdf oflfrn` `cbf np vlnyfzpkg,
Rdf pkef icvz jkpfp kzf vpfb klb nlrfzxzfrkrncl ci rdf `cbclp zfeknl rdf
pkef,
Jkpn` Rf`dln{vf icz Oflf Rzklpifz
Rdf oflf ci nlrfzfpr ni `vr cvr vpnlo k zfprzn`rncl fl}~ef' czzfyfzpf rzklp`znxrkpf np vpfb rc `zfkrf k BLK `cx~ izce kleZLK przklb,
Kl ftrzk ovklnlf lv`gfcrnbf np kbbfb rc rdf flb ci rdf BLKprzklb rc `zfkrf k prn`a~ flb,
Rdf pkef zfprzn`rncl fl}~ef np vpfb rc `vr xgkpenb BLK kr kpxf`nin` jkpf pf{vfl`fp
Kl ftrzk `~rcpnlf lv`gfcrnbf np kbbfb rc rdf flb ci rdf xgkpenb rc `zfkrf
k prn`a~ flb,
7/31/2019 Genetics - IB topics 10 and 4
20/23
Oflfrn` Ecbnin`krncl :2#8;#:8;: 8:=2:=88
Vpfp ci OE `zcxp cz Klnekgp
Ftkexgfp ci
Ocgbfl zn`f=c Zn`f flzn`dfb wnrd jfrk%`kzcrflf' wdn`d `kl jf `clyfzrfb
nlrc Ynrkenl K nl rdf jcb~ klb `kl xzfyflr jgnlblfpp
Ik`rcz NT xzcbv`nlo pdffx=c Rdf pdffx xzcbv`fp `gcrrnlo ik`rczp$YNN' NT cz
nlrfzgfvanlp. nl nrp enga, Rdf ik`rcz `kl jf ftrzk`rfb izce
rdf enga klb vpfb rc rzfkr dkfecxdngnk`p,
Nlpf`rn`nbf pwffr `czl=c @czl rdkr np zfpnprklr rc xfprp pc rdf ikzefz bcfp lcr dkyf
rc pxzk~ xcrflrnkgg~ dkzeivg nlpf`rn`nbfp,
Jflfinrp
Ocgbfl zn`f=c Eczf pxf`nin` jzffbnlo rdkl wnrd rzkbnrnclkg efrdcbp,c Ikprfz zfpvgrp cjrknlfb,c Kjngnr~ rc nlrzcbv`f `dkzk`rfznprn`p izce crdfz pxf`nfp rdkr
wcvgb lcr lkrvzkgg~ kxxfkz nl rdf oflf xccg,
c Nl`zfkpfb xzcbv`rnynr~ ci rdf gklb $fnrdfz klnekg cz xgklr., Ik`rcz NT xzcbv`nlo pdffx
c Vpnlo gnyfprc`a rc xzcbv`f efbn`nlfpc Ekaf czoklnpep eczf xzcbv`rnyfc Xzcecrf dfkgrd klb lvrznrncl ci klnekg#xgklrc Nl`zfkpf rdfnz ozcwrd klb bfyfgcxeflr
Nlpf`rn`nbf pwffr `czlc Nl`zfkpf zfpnprkl`f rc bnpfkpfp
Dkzeivg Fiif`rp
Oflfrn`kgg~ ecbninfb czoklnpep klb `zcxp dkyf ekl~ vlalcwlnlrfzk`rnclp jfrwffl rdf flynzcleflr,
Ek~ cyfz `cexfrf wnrd gc`kg pxf`nfp Zfbv`fp oflfrn` ykznkrncl
Ek~ rzklpifz rdf nlpfzrfb oflf rc k wffb~ zfgkrnyf klb `zfkrf k pvxfz
wffb,
@gclfp
7/31/2019 Genetics - IB topics 10 and 4
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K ozcvx ci oflfrn`kgg~ nbflrn`kg czoklnpep K ozcvx ci oflfrn`kgg~ nbflrn`kg `fggp bfznyfb izce k pnlogf xkzflr@gclnlo kggcwp ~cv rc xzcbv`f evgrnxgf `cxnfp ci rdf pkef oflfrn` rzknr,
Dcw rc ekaf k `gclf icz bveenfp
Bniifzflrnkrfb= $Bcgg~.c Rzfkr ifekgfp wnrd OlZD rc `kvpf rdfe rc xzcbv`f foopc Zfecyf lv`gfvp izce foop vpnlo k en`zc%xnxfrrfc @vgrvzf lv`gfkrfb `fggp,c Zfbv`f rdf lvrznflr gfyfg pc rdf `fggp prcx bnynbnlo,c Ivpr rdf flv`gfkrfb klb lv`gfkrfb `fggp rcofrdfz vpnlo k `vzzflr
ci fgf`rzn`nr~c @vgrvzf `fggp vlrng rdf~ jf`cef k eczvgk $pcgnb ekpp ci `fggp.c Rzklpifz pfyfzkg nlrc rdf vrfzvp, Bcgg~ rdf pdffx wkp `gclfb j~ rkanlo vbbfz `fggp izce k bclcz
pdffx,
Rdfpf `fggp wfzf `vgrvzfb nl k gcw lvrznflr flynzcleflr pc rdf~wcvgb jf`cef bczeklr,
Kl foo `fgg wkp rkafl izce klcrdfz pdffx klb rdf lv`gfvpzfecyfb vpnlo k en`zcxnxfrrf,
Rdf vbbfz `fggp klb foo `fggp wfzf ivpfb vpnlo k `vzzflr cifgf`rzn`nr~,
Rdf ivpfb `fggp bfyfgcxfb gnaf k lczekg }~ocrf nlrc kl fejz~c, Rdf fejz~c wkp xgklrfb nlrc klcrdfz pdffx wdc k`rfb kp rdf
pvzzcokrf ecrdfz,
Rdf gkej jczl $Bcgg~. wkp oflfrn`kgg~ nbflrn`kg rc rdf bclczpdffx,
Nppvfp ci @gclnlo Dveklp
Icz Koknlpr
@gclfb fejz~cp `kl jf rfprfb icz
oflfrn` bnpfkpfp
@gclfb czoklp ek~ pdcw xzfekrvzf
konlo cz `kl`fz
Rnppvfp bc lcr pviifz izce neevlf
nl`cexkrnjngnr~
Zfgnoncvp zfkpclp
Zfoflfzkrncl zfpfkz`d Fejz~cp `zfkrfb klb rdf zfpr wngg
7/31/2019 Genetics - IB topics 10 and 4
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jf bnp`kzbfb
Ek~ pxnl cii nlrc zfpfkz`d nl `kl`fz
klb rzklpxgklrp
Cjrknlnlo foo `fggp rkafp kbyklrkof
ci wcefl,
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;#:2#:8;: :=2:=88 KE