Genetics 320 Understanding Genetics for Life Sciences Mohsen Mohammadi, Assistant Professor of Wheat Breeding and Quantitative Genetics Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA Email: [email protected] Introduction Quantitative genetics Contemporary genetics - Reverse genetics Genetics is fun and plays role in almost every discipline. Along with physiology of production, genetics is the foundation of modern agricultural economy. Which one? or or Which one? Which one? or or or or 25% AB 25% Ab 25% aB 25% ab 25% AB AABB AABb AaBB AaBb 25% Ab AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb 25% aB AaBB AaBb aaBB aaBb 25% ab AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb Hypostatic gene EE Ee ee HH Hh hh HH Hh hh HH Hh hh EEHH EEHh EEhh EeHH EeHh Eehh eeHH eeHh eehh Progeny genotypes 1/16 Epistatic gene Hypostatic gene EE Ee ee HH Hh hh HH Hh hh HH Hh hh EEHH EEHh EEhh EeHH EeHh Eehh eeHH eeHh eehh Progeny genotypes Frequency Epistatic gene 2/16 1/16 2/16 4/16 2/16 1/16 2/16 1/16 1/16 2/16 1/16 2/16 4/16 2/16 1/16 2/16 1/16 12/16 – 3/16 – 1/16 | 12:3:1 9/16 – 3/16 – 4/16 | 9:3:4 3E 1 e (3H : 1h) 3E (3H : 1h 1 e Dominant E does not let H to play a role Recessive e does not let H to play a role Dominant epistasis Recessive epistasis 2200 bp 796 bp 702 bp DNA ladder 120 bp 1 2 3 4 4 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 Relationship: Additive Allele A2 is dominant P = G + E V P = V G + V E p= ? q = ? Classical genetics Transmission genetics Punnett square Chi-squared procedure Determination of sex Pedigree analysis Mitosis and Meiosis Molecular genetics Epistasis Griffith Hershey-Chase Meselson–Stahl Watson-Crick Franklin DNA structure DNA replication DNA packing PCR The Central Dogma Prokaryotic control of transcription Eukaryotic gene model The genetic code Genetics of linked genes Haldane correction Kosambi correction Population genetics Crossing over and recombination fraction Gene ordering Map distance Gene pool Migration Mutation Genetic drift Bottlenecking Selection Founder effect Inbreeding q1q1q2q2q3q3 x q1q1Q2Q2Q3Q3 μ, σ 2 Offspring-parent regression poor x poor good x poor good x good Progeny performance Heritability Transgressive segregation Change of genetic material Contemporary genetics Forward genetics QTL mapping GWAS Mutants Contemporary genetics Sequencing Sanger sequencing Chromosome walking Next-generation sequencing Sequence homology Cloning site directed mutagenesis TALEN Zinc Finger Nucleases CRISPR-Cas Contemporary genetics – Gene expression Microarrays RNA seq qRT-PCR Final Notes: Mutation at partial chromosome levels Nondisjunction in meiosis Genetic syndromes Polyploidy Expression patterns Gene and sample clustering Read alignment and quantification Comparison of relative expression