Genetically Modified Soybean-new

8/2/2019 Genetically Modified Soybean-new

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Geneticallymodified

soybeanSubmitted by :

Apoorva GuptaM.Tech Food

Biotechnology (I)


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Introduction

Soybean - Glycine max - species of legume nativeto East Asia

Classified as an oilseed rather than a pulse by the Foodand Agricultural Organization (FAO).

Main producers of soy are the United States (35%), Brazil(27%), Argentina (19%) , China (6%) and India (4%).

The beans contain significant amounts of phytic

acid, alpha-linolenic acid, andthe isoflavones genistein and daidzein.

Soya beans provide the raw material and basis forcountless forms of foodstuffs, food ingredients and

supplements such as:


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- Soya flour, soya grits , different soya protein products, inparticular for convenience foods

- Traditional soya products such as tofu, soya sauce, misoand tempeh

- Substitutes for meat and milk: soya milk, soyapuddings, textured soya protein

- Animal feed

- Renewable primary products, energy crops:

- Biofuels from soya oil (particularly in the USA)

- Soya oil: basis for varnish, paints, washing and cleaningagents, lubricants, softener

-


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Obstacles in the production of conventional soybean :- Weeds

- Insects

- Fungi

- Nematodes

- Viruses

GM soybean Has foreign DNA inserted introduced in away other than combination of male and female gametes

confers a desirable trait

Main commercial GM soybean Roundup Ready soybean marketed by Monsanto resistant to herbicide glyphosate

Problems with conventionalsoybean


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Need for GM soybean For incorporation of several different traits : Agronomic &

quality

1) Agronomic traits

- Weed control i.e. herbicide tolerant

- Adaptation to climate and location factors

- Tolerance to drought and salinity

- Resistance to pathogens, fungi and nematodes

- Resistance against pests

- Insect resistance against the larvae of different types of


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2) Quality traits

- Increased content of oleic acid (86% instead of 23%), and less

linoleic acid

- GM-soya beans with a higher content of oleic acid are grownin the USA

- Modified protein and amino acid content: e.g. enrichmentwith methionine

- Reduced content of the polysaccharides stachyose andraffinose

- Enrichment with health-promoting ingredients, such as :sterols and stanols, secondary plant compounds that have acholesterol lowering effect, vitamin E

- emoval o harm ul substances such as aller ens


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Different GM soybean varieties

1. Roundup Ready soybean - Monsanto- Resistant to glyphosate herbicide

- Major GM soyabean planted in different countries

2. Genuity Roundup Ready 2 Yield soybeans Monsanto(Brand : Genuity)

- Higher yield, expanded herbicide tolerance and enhancedoil products

3. Plenisha Pioneer brand soybean

- Suppresses FATB and FAD2 genes - reduces the levels oflinoleic acid, stearic acid and palmitic acid present in seeds

- trans fat free and reduced saturated fat soybean oil -provides increased stability for food manufacturers fryingand baking applications.


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4. Optimum GAT soybean DuPont (Pioneer Hi-bredinternational )

- Outstanding glyphosate and ALS herbicide toleranceefficacy and strong multi-year yield results

5. Dow Herbicide Tolerant Soybean

- Allows for the use of 2,4-D in soybean with excellent crop

safety in either pre-plant or post-emergence applications

5. Dicamba Tolerant Soybean Monsanto

6. HPPD Tolerant Soybean (hydroxyphenylpyruvate

dioxygenase) Bayer CropScience

7. LibertyLink soybean - Soybeans resistant to glufosinateherbicide

8. In the pipeline : Soymega by Monsanto - has stearidonic


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Fig.: Figure showing the trends in development of new soybean varieties


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In research

Transgenic soybean with low phytate content constructedby Agrobacterium transformation expression of amicrobial phytase (Yang S. et al., 2010)

Transgenic soybean plants containing an Arabidopsis P5 CRgene protection against heat and drought stress (DeRonde J A et al., 2004)

Anti-hypertensive activity of genetically modified soybean

seeds accumulating novokinin ( Yamada Y. et al., 2007)

Modification of isoflavones in soybean seeds via expressionof multiple phenolic biosynthetic genes (Zernova O. V. etal., 2009)


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How Roundup Ready soybean ismade

Roundup Ready soybean resistant to glyphosate herbicide

Glyphosate kills plants by interfering in the synthesis ofaromatic amino acids PheAla, Trp, Tyr

Inhibits the enzyme EPSPS (enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase)

C4 strain ofAgrobacterium sp. - a species of bacteria thatwas found growing in the waste-fed column at a factory thatmade glyphosate

The C4 EPSP bacterial gene was cloned and inserted into abacterial plant vector in order to prepare for cloning intoplants.


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Ori-322 is an origin ofreplication from plasmidpBr322.

Ori-V is an origin fromplasmid RK2, a plasmid thatcan propagate inAgrobacteriumtumefaciens.

SPC/STR encodes a proteinconferring spectinomycin /streptomycin resistance

AAC(3)-III encodes bacterialgentamycin-3-N-acetyltransferase type III allowingselection for gentamycinresistance in plants.

The bacterial C4 EPSP genewas modified to have astrong plant promoter (P-e35S) and a polyadenylation

'

Fig.: A modified vector used in the genetic

engineering of soybean plant


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The complete process begins withthe isolation of small bits of planttissue

They are grown on nutrient platesbefore being exposed to the bacteriacarying the recombinant DNAplasmid

Transformed cells will start to growand they can eventually be isolatedand transferred to a liquid thatpromotes shoot growth

After a few weeks, an entire plantcarrying the recombinant DNA isobtained

This plant is then propagated toroduce thousands of eneticall


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Fig.: Figure showing the complete process of transformation


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Benefits of using RR-soybean

Some reasons for adoption of RR soybeans other thansoybean yields and weed control costs given by variousauthors are :

(a)allowing post emergence use of the inexpensive herbicide

glyphosate,

(b)saving on management costs because of its simple use,

(c)using less herbicides, and

(d)the additional advantage of reducing risk by widening thetime window for post emergence spraying.

(e)They allow for more use of reduced and no-tillage systems -

bl i h d d


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Problems with Roundup Readysoybean

The Terminator gene - to sterilize seeds produced by theplant

Allergenicity

Increased use of glyphosate

- Rapidly absorbed by foliar parts of the plant - Harm towildlife

- Glyphosate herbicides are endocrine disruptors (substancesthat interfere with hormone functioning) in human cells

- Glyphosate and Roundup damage human embryonic cells

and placental cell- Glyphosate reduces nutrient uptake in plants

Glyphosate-resistant weeds (superweeds) - transgeneescape - major problem for farmers who grow GM RR soy


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Fig.: Figure showing a resistant grass weed growing in the

field of Roundup Ready soybean


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Global status of GM-soybean

Only four crops beingmarketed commercially i.e.,corn, cotton, soybean andcanola

India : only Non GM soybean

The Instituto ColombianoAgropecuario (ICA), theregulatory body responsible

for approving GMOs foragriculture and livestock inColumbia , recently approvedthe commercial planting ofRoundup Ready soybeans

(MON-04032-6) developed byMonsanto


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Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation Embrapalaunched a program to support non-GM soy

Market trends - Concerns about genetically engineeredfoods have caused the market demand for non GMOsoybeans to rise.


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References

http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/plants/67.soybean.htm

www.isaaa.org (The International Service for the Acquisition ofAgri-biotech Applications )

www.pioneer.com

www.monsanto.com www.agbioforum.org

www.dupont.com
http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/plants/67.soybean.htmlhttp://www.isaaa.org/http://www.pioneer.com/http://www.monsanto.com/http://www.agbioforum.org/http://www.dupont.com/http://www.dupont.com/http://www.agbioforum.org/http://www.monsanto.com/http://www.pioneer.com/http://www.isaaa.org/http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/plants/67.soybean.html


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Genetically Modified Soybean-new

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