GENETIC TECHNOLOGIES Mrs. Stewart Honors Biology
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- Slide 1
- GENETIC TECHNOLOGIES Mrs. Stewart Honors Biology
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- STANDARDS: TSW evaluate the scientific and ethical concerns surrounding DNA/genetic technologies Evaluate DNA fingerprinting, recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering. Objectives :
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- PURPOSE OF GENETIC TECHNOLOGIES Processing DNA from the scene of a crime Improve food crops Determine if a person carries the gene for a particular disorder Determine if a person has the gene that will cause a particular disorder before symptoms begin Identify the father of a child Research treatments and cures for genetic diseases
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- DNA TECHNOLOGIES
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- DNA IDENTIFICATION Every person shares 99.9% of the same DNA. .01% variations can be used to identify an individual
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- TWO KINDS OF FINGERPRINTS
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- WHAT IS DNA FINGERPRINTING? A technique used by scientists to distinguish between individuals by using the.01% variations in their DNA Non-coding regions of DNA contain repetitive sequences. Each person has a different number of these varying sequences. (VNTR = Variable Number Tandem Repeats)
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- STEPS IN DNA IDENTIFICATION Copy the DNA billions of times = PCR Cut it with restriction enzymes Sort the DNA using gel electrophoresis PCR animation Gel Electrophoresis Virtual Labs
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- USING FRAGMENTS TO IDENTIFY Was the suspect at the crime scene?
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- PATERNITY TESTING By comparing the DNA profile of a mother and her child, it is possible to identify the biological father.
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- PATERNITY TEST
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- USING DNA FINGERPRINTING FOR IDENTIFICATION
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- ACCURACY OF DNA PROFILING 13 different locations for VNTR are analyzed The probability that 2 individuals (not identical twins) all the same VNTR is 1 in 100 billion There are only ~6.5 billion people on the planet
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- RECOMBINANT DNA
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- WHAT GOOD ARE BACTERIA?
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- Protein Factories!! All they do is produce their proteins, each and every day! BACTERIAL CELL
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- HOW COULD WE UTILIZE THIS? If we give the bacteria the gene sequence we desire, it will make the proteins we wish!
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- RECOMBINANT DNA When DNA from two different organisms are joined
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- OTHER APPLICATIONS FOR RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY Vaccines! We can inject the protein from a virus without giving you the actual virus. Example: The newest flu vaccines!
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- HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
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- Began in early 90s. By 2003, the sequencing was complete Coded the entire human genome onto computers for analysis and study
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- WHAT DID WE LEARN? Only about 2% of our genome codes for proteins The genome is smaller than we thought! Estimated that we have 100,000 protein-coding genes We actually have about 20-25,000 protein coding genes
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- HOW DO WE USE THE INFO? Carrier screenings Genetic diagnostic testing Cancer and other genetic disorders research
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- GENETIC ENGINEERING
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- Gene therapy Cloning Reproductive Therapeutic GM crops
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- GENE THERAPY
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- CLONING
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- REPRODUCTIVE CLONING Creates an entire copy of an organism
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- THERAPEUTIC CLONING Creates only a part of an organism like an organ for transplantation
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- GM CROPS Adding genes to plants to: Make resistant to wee-controlling chemicals Resistant to plants Yield more crops because they are better protected
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- CONTROVERSY Pros Higher crop yields Help alleviate world hunger problems Cons What if resistance transfers to weeds? Safe to eat? Increase population size
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