genetic improvement in chilli

WELCOME

Anilkumar, C.PALB 5062

1. Introduction2. Breeding objectives3. Case studies

DiversityBitotic and abiotic stress resistanceQualityYieldMolecular breeding

4. Achievements 5.conclusion 6. Future thrust

• Important vegetable cum spice crop grown through out the world.

• Cultivated for green or dry fruit.

• ‘Capsicum’ = Greek word ‘kapto’, meaning "to bite" or "to swallow."

• Common names : hot pepper, sweet pepper, bellpepper, ಮೆಣಸಿನಕಾಯಿ (in Kannada), paprika.

• Almost 400 types of chillis are grown through out the world.

• It comprises numerous chemicals including steam volatile oils, fatty oils, capsaicinoids, carotenoids, vitamins, proteins, fibres and mineral elements (Bosland and Votava, 2000).

• An important part of daily diet.• Key Element in many regional cuisines,

pickles, soups, sauce, Salads, curries etc. due to its unique flavor, aroma and colour.

• Increase the taste and palatability.

• Fresh green capsicum contain more vitamin C than citrus fruits and fresh red chilli has more vitamin A than carrot. (Than et al. 2008).

• Chillies are low in sodium and cholesterol free.

• medicinal Properties are found…• stimulate blood

circulation• improves the digestion

process• rich source of

antioxidants• source of natural

bactericidal agents• Apart from medicinal uses chilli

also used in cosmetic , liquor industries and as a weapon for self defense (chilli spray).

Domesticated around 5000 BC

Carried by Columbus to Spain, 1493

Brought by Portuguese from Brazil to India, 1584

Evolved as a wild crop 7500 BC

origin

•Kingdom •Class •Order • Family •Genus • Species•Scientific name

•Chromosome no.

: Plantae: Angiosperm: Solanales: Solanaceae: Capsicum: annum: Capsicum annum L.,

var. annumvar. paprika

: 2n=24 & 2n=26

Scientific Classification

Floral morphology Flower: actinomorphic, bisexual, pedicellate, hypogynous Gynoecium: Bicarpellary, syncarpous, bilocular or tetralocular

due to pseudoseptum. Many ovules on axile placentation, ovary superior.

Androecium: Stamens 5, epipetalous Self pollinated crop. Flowers open at 5 a.m. Receptivity of stigma : from a day earlier to anthesis and up to 2

days after anthesis. Fertility of pollen : a day before anthesis with maximum fertility

on the day of anthesis. Emasculation and Pollination on the same day. Percent fruit set : 20% of the flowers produced. Isolation distance : 500 m. Hand emasculation and pollination is most common

methodused for hybrid seed production in chilli.

Crossing techniqueA bud one day prior to anthesis should be selected

for emasculation

Emasculation should be carried out without

damaging female reproductive parts and bagged it

At a same time pollen should be collectedfrom the fully opened male flower

Gently transfer the pollen to the stigma , bagging

and tagging should be done simultaneously

Breeding objectives in Capsicum spp.Major1.Higher yield2.More pungency (capsaicin) and oleoresin in hot

chilli3.Zero pungency (capsaicin) and more antioxidant in

sweet pepper4.Resistance to anthracnose, virus complex, fruit

rot and bacterialwilt etc.

5.More dry powder from green fruit

Minor6.More number of fruits per plant7.Higher fruit weight and larger size8.Uniform fruit shape, size and color in sweet pepper9.Earliness10.Wider adaptability11.Improved nutritional quality12.Longer shelf life

1)Introduction2)Pure line

selection3)Pedigree method4)Backcross method5)Heterosis

breeding6)Distance

hybridization

1)Marker assisted breeding

2)Tissue culture3)Mutation

breeding

Conventional Non conventional

Breeding strategy / methods

DIVERSITY, CONSERVATION, AND ENHANCEMENT OF GENETIC RESOURCES

non-hierarchical clustering based on Mahalanobis D2 values among 30 chilli genotypes and grouped them into six clustersAnalysis of variance, cluster analysis based on Tocher’s method was performed using the statistical software Indostat and statistical package for agricultural research (SPAR) version 2.0 programme.

The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi facilitates collection, regeneration, characterization, conservation and distribution of chilli germplasm to researchers in India. However, at NBPGR indigenous collections constitute only 18% of the total Capsicum collections, while the majority of theaccessions are exotics (Kalloo et al., 2005).

Material used:

Long chilli

Small chilli

Piment blanc

Piment carri

Piment petard

RAPD markers were used

BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC STRESSESBREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC STRESSES Causal Organism : Tobacco Mosaic Virus Transmitted by : whitefly Mosaic patterns consisting of bands of

light green or yellow alternating with dark green.

Sometimes the leaves are crinkled or distortion. Plant growth is stunted.

Causal Organism : Colletotrichum spp.

Infection occurs during periods of excess irrigation or rain

Small, watersoaked lesions that expand rapidly. Fully expanded lesions are sunken and range in color from dark red to black in concentric rings

C. O. : Alternaria spp.• Dusty black spot on

fruit and leaves• Fruit rot

C. O. : Phytopthera capsici•Dark lesions of the stem• Blighting of plant•Water soaked gray spot

on fruit & it mummifies57

Bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv.

vesicatoria is causing a significant damage on chilli pepper

New sources of resistance to bacterial spot found in

Vietnam, Laos and Nepal collections were crossed to a

cytoplasmic male sterile line (Srfrf), Chilbok-A, which has

been bred by incorporation of Phytophthora resistance of

CM334 into a local cultivar

evaluated the types of gene action governing the inheritance of resistance to Phytophthora nicotianae necrosis in populations derived from two crosses

Phytophthora capsici is a soilborne fungal pathogen that can

cause four different disease syndromes in Capsicum known as root

rot, foliar blight, stem blight, and pod rot.

The accession “Criollo de Morelos 334” (Capsicum annuum) is

the most stable resistance source

incorporated P. capsici root rot resistance from “CM 334” to the

“Orange Habanero” accession (C. chinense) with the backcross

breeding method.

Variety% Disease suseptibilityDate after Inoculation Field Resistant Evaluation

7 14 21 61

Wonkyo 306 0 0 0 0.03 R RShinhong 5 23 32 75 M M

Cheonan jaelae 10 70 70 95 S MS

Table : Reaction of Wonkyo 306 To Phytophthora capsici.

Table : Reaction of Wonkyo 306 to Virus, Anthracnose and Bacterial Leaf Spot.

Variety Virus Anthracnose Bacterial Leaf SpotWonkyo 306 R MR MR

Shinhong S MS MSCheonan S M S

Kwan et al. (2014)Korea

Three way F1 'wonkyo 306' with the multi resistance in Capsicum annuum

Taen jaelae (F1) Gimjanggochu

three way F1

WONKYO 306 (F6)

Selfed & subsequent selection

X(local selection)

Resistance to TMV, AnthracnoseGood yielding,

Susceptible to Bacterial LS

Disease/insect /stress Resistant/tolerant source

Fruit rot (Colletotrichum sp.) C. chinense, Accr 1555, 1554, 906, Chinese Giant,Hungarian Yellow Wax, Spartan

Cercospora leaf spot California Wonder, Hungarian Wax

Bacterial leaf spot PI 163192, PI 260435, PI 163189, PI 163192, PI271322, PI 32219

Phytophthora root rot PI 201234

Phytophthora nicotianae PBG 631, UHF-1

Root knot nematode Santaba

TMV Sonnette, Keystone Resistant Giant, YW, Yolo Y

Tolerant to drought Arka Lohit

Tolerant to salinity PLR 1

Resistant / Tolerant sources

BREEDING FOR QUALITY

assess the stability of quality traits in stored chilli powder.The red ripe fruits of eight chilli genotypes (Capsicum annuum L) were evaluated for quality parameters viz. capsaicin, extractable colour and colour value in freshly grinded powder as well as in powder stored at ambient temperature for six months.

presence or absent of pungency in pepper is inherited as a monogenic trait controlled by the dominant Pun1 gene, variation in capsaicinoids content among pungent cultivars is inherited as a quantitative trait.a major quantitativetrait locus (QTL) identified to present in chromosome 7, termed cap, that controls capsaicinoids contentdetected a second more minor QTL in chromosome 8

BREEDING FOR YIELD

Molecular markers of the Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) for yield-related traits and for model parameters are needed for phenotype prediction.To improve the estimation of allelic values at QTLs, functional markers (sequence polymorphism controlling the phenotypic variation) are expected instead of QTL flanking markers. The microarray technology is widely used ingene expression studies.

The prediction of phenotypic responses from genetic and environmental information is an area of active research in genetics, physiology and statistics. A wide array of -omics data can be generated linking genotype and phenotype.

Ten chilli varieties including checks (PC-2062, ACS-06-01, ACS-06-02,

CCH-05-01, AKC-406, BCC-1, VR-378, LCA-206, JCA-283, Byadagi Kaddi)

were used.

Observations on days to 50% flowering, plant height, branches per

plant, number of fruits and yield per plant, fruit length, fruit

width/diameter, fruit weight, green fruit yield per hectare based on

plot yield was recorded and statistically analyzed.

These ten varieties differed significantly for all the traits except plant

height.

DEVELOPMENT OF MOLECULAR AND OTHERBIOTECHNOLOGICAL TOOLS

Nuclear ms8 gene is a single recessive gene which can be used to develop the male sterility system, applicable in sweet pepper hybrid seed production. Such a nuclear male sterility system would be more effective if molecular markers of ms8 gene were available. RAPD and DArT technologies combined with BSA (Bulked Segregant Analysis) were used to identify molecular markers of ms8 gene. DArT BSA analysis resulted in the identification of seven DArT markers potentially linked to ms8 locus.

Achievement

Pusa Jwala Arka Lohit Arka Meghna

Resham patto Arka Gaurav Arka Mohini

GAVCH 1

Pusa Meghdoot

High variability present in nature for quality and yieldcontributing characters.

Characters like fruits per plant, pricarp thickness, fruit size, fruitweight and oleoresin content can be used for selection.

Heterosis can be manifested using diverse germplasm. Easy and more hybrid seed production can be possible through

proper exploitation of male sterility system. Mutation can be employed to create new useful mutant

for crop improvement. In vitro cloning is more successful when cotyledon leaf

wasused as an explants.

Abiotic stress tolerant germplasm present in nature. Disease resistant cultivar can be developed through

crossingand backcrossing with resistance germplasm.

Genesis of varieties with less pungency and consumer preference.

Exploitation of male sterility and chemical hybridizing agents indeveloping new hybrids.

Introduction of heat and drought tolerance germplasm as a strategy for

climate change.

Development of location specific varieties.

To develop a varieties which can maintain as such capsaicin content

even after a longer storage period.

Developments of varieties with higher antioxident and

oleoresin content.

Breeding for ornamental plant type.