Genetic Engineering Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology.

Genetic Engineering

Genetics and Biotechnology

13.2 DNA Technology

Genetic Engineering

Technology that involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert the DNA of another organism

Genetics and Biotechnology

13.2 DNA Technology

Genetics and Biotechnology

An electric current is used to separate DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments in a process called gel electrophoresis.

When an electric current is applied, the DNA fragments move toward the positive end of the gel.

The smaller fragments move farther faster than the larger ones.

13.2 DNA Technology

Gel Electrophoresis

Gel Electrophoresis

Genetics and Biotechnology

The unique pattern created based on the size of the DNA fragment can be compared to known DNA fragments for identification.

13.2 DNA Technology

Gel electrophoresis

DNA fingerprinting

• Gel Electrophoresis is an example of how this is done.

• Every person is genetically different, so DNA fingerprints are different except for identical twins.

DNA fingerprinting applications

• used to identify or eliminate suspects

• determine paternity of a child, or establish other family relationships

• identify a deceased person

Genetically engineered organisms are used

Genetics and Biotechnology

to study the expression of a particular gene.

to select traits that might be beneficial to humans.

13.2 DNA Technology

Genetically engineered bollworm

DNA Tools

Genetics and Biotechnology

Genome total DNA in the nucleus of each cell.

13.2 DNA Technology

Transgenic Tobacco Plant with Firefly gene

Genetics and Biotechnology

Isolate specific genes of the genome.

13.2 DNA Technology

Restriction enzymes recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cuts the DNA within the sequence.

Used for recombinant DNA or gene cloning.

Genetics and Biotechnology

The ends of the DNA fragments, called sticky ends

13.2 DNA Technology

EcoRI specifically cuts DNA containing the sequence GAATTC.

Restriction Enzyme Ends• Some ends are considered blunt also

because it does not leave “open” nucleotides

Genetics and Biotechnology

The newly generated DNA molecule with DNA from different sources is called recombinant DNA.

13.2 DNA Technology

Genetic EngineeringAKA: Recombinant DNA or transgenic

organisms

• DNA is split(restriction enzymes) /new inserted

Applications of recombinant DNA

• Bacteria: used to produce hormones and antibiotics

• Plants: made to be resistant to herbicides

• Animals: cloning, replacement of genes which cause disorders

Genetics and Biotechnology

Some of the bacterial cells take up the recombinant plasmid DNA through a process called transformation.

13.2 DNA Technology

Genetics and Biotechnology

Large numbers of identical bacteria, each containing the inserted DNA molecules, can be produced through a process called cloning.

13.2 DNA Technology

Cloning

Cloning is an asexual form of reproduction. All the child's genes would come from a body cell of a single individual:

Dolly –1st clone

Genetics and Biotechnology

13.2 DNA Technology

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) a technique for copying a piece of DNA a billion-fold.

The process creates a chain of many nucleotides, and the chain is a strand of DNA.

Used in genetic fingerprinting

Genetics and Biotechnology

Biotechnology

Organisms, genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism, are called transgenic organisms.

13.2 DNA Technology

Genetics and Biotechnology

Transgenic Animals

Scientists produce most transgenic animals in laboratories for biological research.

Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans

13.2 DNA Technology

Genetics and Biotechnology

Transgenic Plants

Genetically engineered cotton resists insect infestation of the bolls.

Sweet-potato plants are resistant to a virus that could kill most of the African harvest.

Rice plants with increased iron and vitamins could decrease malnutrition.

13.2 DNA Technology

The Human Genome Project

The goal of the Human Genome Project (HGP) was to determine the sequence of the approximately three billion nucleotides that make up human DNA and to identify all of the approximately 20,000–25,000 human genes.

Genetics and Biotechnology

13.3 The Human Genome

Genetics and Biotechnology

Decoding the sequence of the human genome can be compared toreading a book that was printed in code.

13.3 The Human Genome

Genomics is the study of an organism’s genome.

A technique aimed at correcting mutated genes that cause humandiseases is called genetherapy.

Genetics and Biotechnology

Scientists insert a normal gene into a chromosome to replace a dysfunctional gene.

13.3 The Human Genome

Genetics and Biotechnology13.2 DNA Technology