Genes and Protein Synthesis Chapter 7
Feb 23, 2016
Genes and Protein Synthesis
Chapter 7
One Gene-One Polypeptide Hypothesis• DNA contains all of
our hereditary information
• Genes are located in our DNA
• ~25,000 genes in our DNA (46 chromosomes)
• Each Gene codes for a specific polypeptide
Main Idea• Central Dogma– Francis Crick (1956)
Overall Process• Transcription – DNA to RNA– Takes place
inside nucleus• Translation – Assembly of
amino acids into polypeptide
– Takes place in cytoplasm
DNA molecule
Gene 1
Gene 2
Gene 3
DNA strand
TRANSCRIPTION
RNA
Polypeptide
TRANSLATIONCodon
Amino acid
Key Terms • RNA transcription– Initiation,
Elongation, Termination
• TATA box • Introns, Exons• mRNA, tRNA, rRNA• Translation • Ribosome• Codon• Amino Acids• Polypeptide
DNA RNA
Double stranded Single stranded
Adenine pairs with Thymine Adenine pairs with Uracil (A with U)
Guanine pairs with Cytosine Guanine pairs with Cytosine (C with G)
Deoxyribose sugar Ribose sugar
Remember!! When transcribing DNA to RNA, T from DNA pairs with A for RNA and A from DNA pairs with U for RNA
DNA to Protein • Protein is
made of amino acid sequences
• 20 amino acids
• How does DNA code for amino acid?
DNA molecule
Gene 1
Gene 2
Gene 3
DNA strand
TRANSCRIPTION
RNA
Polypeptide
TRANSLATIONCodon
Amino acid
Genetic Code• Codon
– Three letter code– 5’ to 3’ order– Start codon
(AUG/methionine)– 3 Stop codons
• AA are represented by more than one codon
• 61 codons that specify AA
• 4³ = 64 minus 3 stop codons = 61
Amino acids
Transcription • DNA to RNA• Occurs in nucleus • Three process– Initiation – Elongation – Termination
RNA polymerase
DNA of gene
PromoterDNA Terminator
DNAInitiation
Elongation
TerminationGrowingRNA
RNApolymerase
Completed RNA
Initiation• RNA polymerase binds to DNA• Binds at promoter region
– TATA box• RNA polymerase unwinds DNA• Transcription unit
– Part of gene that is transcribed• Transcription factors bind to
specific regions of promoter • Provide a substrate for RNA
polymerase to bind beginning transcription
• Forms transcription initiation complex
Elongation • RNA molecule is
built– RNA polymerase
• Primer not needed• 5’ to 3’ direction • Template strand is
copied– 3’ to 5’ DNA
• Coding strand– DNA strand that is
not copied• Produces mRNA
– Messenger RNA • DNA double helix
reforms
Termination • RNA polymerase recognizes a termination sequence
– AAAAAAA (polyadenylation)• Nuclear proteins bind to string of UUUUUU on RNA• mRNA molecule releases from template strand
Post-Transcriptional Modifications• Pre-mRNA
undergoes modifications before it leaves the nucleus
• Poly(A) tail– Poly-A polymerase– Protects from RNA
digesting enzymes in cytosol
• 5’ cap– 7 G’s– Initial attachment
site for mRNA’s to ribosomes
• Removal of introns
Splicing the pre-mRNA• DNA comprised of – Exons
• sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a gene
– Introns • non-coding sequence
of DNA or RNA• Being researched for
code responsible for different splicing arrangements
• Spliceosome– Enzyme that removes
introns from mRNA
Splicing Process• Spliceosome contains a handful of small
ribonucleoproteins– snRNP’s (snurps)
• snRNP’s bind to specific regions on introns
Alternative Splicing• Increases number and variety of proteins
encoded by a single gene• ~25,000 genes produce ~100,000 proteins
Translation• Takes place in
cytoplasm• mRNA to protein • Ribosomes read
codons • tRNA assists
ribosome to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chain
tRNA• Contains – triplet anticodon – amino acid
attachment site • Are there 61
tRNA’s to read 61 codons?
tRNA: Wobble Hypothesis • First two nucleotides of
codon for a specific AA is always precise
• Flexibility with third nucleotide
• Aminoacylation– process of adding an AA
to a tRNA – Forming aminoacyl-
tRNA molecule – Catalyzed by 20
different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes
Ribosomes• Translate mRNA chains into amino acids• Made up of two different sized parts – Ribosomal subunits (rRNA)
• Ribosomes bring together mRNA with aminoacyl-tRNAs
• Three sites– A site - aminoacyl– P site – peptidyl– E site - exit
1 Codon recognition
Amino acid
Anticodon
AsiteP site
Polypeptide
2 Peptide bond formation
3 Translocation
Newpeptidebond
mRNAmovement
mRNA
Stopcodon
Translation process • Three stages– Initiation – Elongation – Termination
Initiation• Ribosomal subunits associate with mRNA • Met-tRNA (methionine)
– Forms complex with ribosomal subunits• Complex binds to 5’cap and scans for start codon (AUG) (scanning)• Large ribosomal subunit binds to complete ribosome • Met-tRNA is in P-site
Reading frame is established to correctly read codons
Elongation
• Amino acids are added to grow a polypeptide chain
• A, P, and E sites operate
• 4 Steps
Termination• A site arrives at a stop codon on mRNA – UAA, UAG, UGA
• Protein release factor binds to A site releasing polypeptide chain
• Ribosomal subunits, tRNA release and detach from mRNA
ba
Red object = ?
What molecules are present in this photo?
POLYSOME
Review • What is a gene?• Where is it
located?• What is the main
function of a gene?• Do we need our
genes “on” all the time?
• How do we turn genes “on” or “off”?