Generations of Mobile Communications

Generations of mobile communications & its standards

M.Sivakumar

JNTU,Pulivendula,kadapa,a.p

M.Sivakumar(Lecturer)JNTUCE,PulivendulaKadapa-Andrapradesh

Pre-cell phone mobile telephony technology, such as radio telephones that some had in cars before the arrival of cell phones.

Communication was possible through voice only.

These mobile telephones were usually mounted in cars or trucks.

Technologies :PTT(Push to Talk)MTS (Mobile Telephone System)IMTS (Improved MTS)

0TH GENERATION

First Mobile Radio Telephone-1924

First Generation Cellular Systems

First generation (1G) of cellular systems introduced in the late 1970s and early 1980s

Evolved out of the growing number of mobile communication users

The use of semiconductor technology and microprocessors made mobile devices smaller and lighter

1G systems were based on analogue communication in the 900MHz frequency range

Voice transmission only – easy to tap The most prominent 1G systems are

Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS) - America Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) - France Total Access Communications System (TACS) – UK

Jan 1985 Vodafone introduced the TACS system

First Generation Cellular Systems

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

Splits allocated spectrum into 30 channels, each channel is 30kHz Allocates a single channel to each established phone call The channel is agreed with the serving base-station before

transmission takes place on agreed and reserved channel Channel used by device to transmit and receive on this channel Ineffective methods since each analogue channel can only be used

by one user at a time FDMA does not take full advantage of available spectrum

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

First Generation Cellular Systems

Frequency

DRAWBACKS OF 1G

Poor Voice Quality

Poor Battery Life

Large Phone Size

No Security

Limited Capacity

Poor Handoff Reliability

1G Wireless System

Drawbacks of 1G

C Analog Cellular SystemRegion America Europe JapanParameter AMPS ETACS NTTMultiple Access FDMA FDMA FDMA

Duplexing FDD FDD FDDForward Channel

869-894 MHZ 935-960 MHZ 870-885 MHZ

Reverse Channel

824-849 MHZ 890-915 MHZ 925-940 MHZ

Channel Spacing

30 KHZ 25 KHZ 25 KHZ

Data Rate 10 Kbps 8 Kbps 0.3 KbpsCapacity 832 Channels 1000 Channels 600 ChannelsAMPS: Advanced mobile phone system

ETACS: European Total Access Comm. systemNTT: Nippon Telephone and Telegraph

Second Generation Cellular Systems Development driven by the need to improve speech quality,

system capacity, coverage and security First system that used digital transmission Examples of Second Generation (2G) cellular systems ...

Digital AMPS (D-AMPS) in the US, Personal Digital Communication (PDC) in Japan, Intrim Standard `94 (IS-94) in Korea and the US Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

The GSM standard was defined by ETSI in 1989 Originally called “ Groupe Spéciale Mobile which later changed

to the English version A majority of countries over the world have adopted GSM900

and the GSM1800 which are all based on the same original GSM specification.

The US uses an additional GSM 1900

2G TECHNOLOGY

2G technology refers to the 2nd generation which is based on GSM. It was launched in Finland in the year 1991. 2G network use digital signals. It’s data speed was upto 64kbps.

Features Includes: It enables services such as text messages, picture messages and MMS (multi media message). It provides better quality and capacity .

2G

2G requires strong digital signals

to help mobile phones work. If there

is no network coverage in any specific

area , digital signals would weak.

These systems are unable to

handle complex data such as Videos.2G Wireless System

DRAWBACKS OF 3G

2.5G Technology

2.5G is a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G) generation of mobile telephony. 2.5G is sometimes described as 2G Cellular Technology combined with GPRS.

Features Includes: Phone Calls Send/Receive E-mail Messages Web Browsing Speed : 64-144 kbps Camera Phones Take a time of 6-9 mins. to download a 3 mins. Mp3 song

& 2.5 Digital Cellular System

Generation Technology Voice Data Rate

2G GSM 10 Kbps2G CDMA 10Kbps2.5G GPRS 50Kbps2.75 EDGE 200kbps

GPRS : General packet radio service.

EDGE : Enhanced Data For GSM Evolution

3rd GENERATION 2G networks were built mainly for voice data and slow

transmission. Due to rapid changes in user expectation, they do not meet today's wireless needs.

3G networks provide the ability to transfer voice data and non-voice data over the same network simultaneously.

Applications :Internet, e-mail, fax, e-commerce, music,

video clips, and videoconferencing

The aim of the 3G is to allow for more coverage and growth with minimum investment.

3G TECHNOLOGY

3G technology refer to third generation which was introduced in year 2000s.

Data Transmission speed increased from 144kbps- 2Mbps.

Typically called Smart Phones and features increased its bandwidth and data transfer rates to accommodateweb-based applications and audio and video files.

Feature of 3G Technology OF 3G TECHNOLOGY

Providing Faster Communication

Send/Receive Large Email Messages

High Speed Web / More Security

Video Conferencing / 3D Gaming

TV Streaming/ Mobile TV/ Phone Calls

Large Capacities and Broadband Capabilities

11 sec – 1.5 min. time to download a 3 min Mp3 song.

DRAWBACKS OF 3G TECHNOLOGY

Expensive fees for 3G Licenses Services

It was challenge to build the infrastructure for 3G

High Bandwidth Requirement

Expensive 3G Phones.

Large Cell Phones

3G Cellular System Standards.

Generation

Technology

Data Rate

3G WCDMA/UMTS

384 Kbps 10Kbps-voice & 50 Kbps for data

3G CDMA 384 Kbps3G HSDPA/

HSUPA5-30 Mbps

3.5G 1X EVDO A,B,C

5-30 Mbps

WCDMA: wide band CDMAUMTS: Universal mobile telecomm. StandardsHSDPA/HSUPA: High speed down link or uplink packet access1x EVDO: Evaluation data Optimized.

DRAWBACKS BY GENERATION

2G

1G

3G 1.High bandwidth requirement. 2. High spectrum licensing fees.

3.Huge capital.

The GSM is a circuit switched, connection oriented technology, where the end systems are dedicated for the entire call session. This causes inefficiency in usage of bandwidth and resources. They are unable to handle

complex data such as video.

Poor voice quality, Poor battery life, Large phone size, No security, frequent call drops, Limited capacity and poor

handoff reliability.

4th GENERATION• 4G development focuses around achieving ultra-broadband speeds, competing with and in some cases outstripping the speeds provided by your home internet connection.

• 4G average speeds are targeted to be in the 100Mbps to 1Gbps range, roughly 10 to 100 times (dependent on location) faster than 3G networks. At that rate, that 4-minute MP3 download would take you mere seconds.

• A 4G phone can run on a 3G network just fine, and it’ll be ready for the 4G revolution when the time comes.

• There are two major systems in U.S, which are using the 4G mobile technology  – WiMax, backed by Clearwire and Long Term Evolution or LTE.

• WiMax’s majority owner is Sprint Nextel. Sprint currently has two mobile phones, the HTC Evo and the Samsung Epic, which achieve speeds 10 times faster than 3G; coverage is still limited to major metropolitan cities. Outside of these areas, data speeds revert to 3G.

• Long Term Evolution is backed by Verizon. According to cnet, Verizon has completed initial 4G wireless test, but not available for widespread use until end of 2012.

Features include:- A spectrally efficient system- High network capacity- Huge data rate- Perfect connectivity & global roaming- High quality of service- Security & Privacy

Speed:

The data transfer is 100 Mbps for outdoor and 1Gbps for indoor.

The word “MAGIC” also refers to 4G wireless technology which stands forMobile multimedia, Any-where, Global mobilitysolutions over, Integrated wireless and Customizedservices.

The design is that 4G will be based on OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), which is the key enabler of 4G technology. Other technological aspects of 4G are adaptive processing and smart antennas, both of which will be used in 3G networks and enhance rates when used in with OFDM

High-speed data access High quality streaming video Combination of wi- fi and wi-max Capable of providing 100Mbps – 1Gbps speed. One of the basic term used to describe 4G is MAGIC.

MAGIC: Mobile Multimedia Anytime Anywhere Global Mobility Support Integrated Wireless Solution Customized Personal Services

Also known as Mobile Broadband Everywhere.

4G TECHNOLOGY

4G (Anytime, Anywhere)

The next generations of wireless technology that promises higher data rates and expanded multimedia services.

Capable to provide speed 100Mbps-1Gbps. High QOS and High Security Provide any kind of service at any time as per user requirements,

anywhere.

Features Include: More Security High Speed High Capacity Low Cost Per-bit etc.

DRAWBACKS OF 4G

Battery uses is more

Hard to implement

Need complicated hardware

Expensive equipment required to implement next generation network.

Generation Technology Data rate4G LTE

(Long term evaluation)

100-200Mbps

4G WiMax(world wide Interapability For micro wave access )

100-200Mbps

COMPARISON BETWEEN 3G Vs 4G

Technology 3G 4GData Transfer Rate 3.1 MB/sec 100 MB/sec

Internet Services Broadband Ultra Broadband

Mobile - TV Resolution Low High

Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100MHz

Frequency 1.6-2 GHz 2-8 GHz

Download and upload 5.8 Mbps 14 Mbps

The basic difference between 3G and 4G is in data transfer and signal quality.

Figure: Evolution of Mobile system from 2G to 3G

LTE (long term evolution)

LTE is a standard for wireless communication of high-speed data for mobile phones and data terminals.

Supports at least 200 active data clients in every 5 MHz cell.

It is based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network technologies, increasing the capacity and speed using new modulation techniques.

Ability to manage fast moving mobiles and supports MBSFN (Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network).

It can deliver services such as Mobile TV

Lte-a Formally submitted as a candidate 4G system to

ITU-T in late 2009, was approved into ITU, International Telecommunications Union, IMT-Advanced and was finalized by 3GPP in March 2011.

Data rate is 2Gbps. It targets faster switching between power states

and improved performance at the cell edge. Improves the capacity and coverage, and ensures

user fairness. Also introduces multicarrier to be able to use ultra

wide bandwidth, up to 100 MHz of spectrum supporting very high data rates.

5G TECHNOLOGY

5G technology refer to short name of fifth Generation which was started from late 2010s.

Complete wireless communication with almost no limitations.

It is highly supportable to WWWW (Wireless World Wide Web).

BENEFITS OF 5G TECHNOLOGY

High Speed, High Capacity 5G technology providing large broadcasting of data in Gbps . Multi - Media Newspapers, watch T.V programs with the

clarity as to that of an HD Quality.

Faster data transmission that of the previous generations.

Large Phone Memory, Dialing Speed, clarity in Audio/Video.

Support interactive multimedia , voice, streaming video, Internet and other

5G is More Effective and More Attractive.

COMPARISON BETWEEN 4G Vs 5G

The following basic differences between 4G and 5G are:

EVOLUTION OF 1G TO 5G TECHNOLOGY

5G WIRELESS ACCESS

FEATURE OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

5G

4G

Technology 1G 2G/2.5G 3G 4G 5GDeployment 1970/1984 1980/1999 1990/2002 2000/2010 2014/2015Bandwidth 2kbps 14-64kbps 2mbps 200mbps >1gbpsTechnology Analog

cellularDigital cellular

Broadbandwidth/cdma/ip technology

Unified ip &seamless combo of LAN/WAN/WLAN/PAN

4G+WWWW

Service Mobile telephony

Digital voice,short messaging

Integrated high quality audio, video & data

Dynamic information access, variable devices

Dynamic information access, variable devices with AI capabilities

Multiplexing FDMA TDMA/CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA

Switching Circuit Circuit/circuit for access network&air interface

Packet except for air interface

All packet All packet

Core network

PSTN PSTN Packet network

Internet Internet

Handoff Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal&Vertical

Horizontal&Vertical

COMPARISON OF 1G TO 5G TECHNOLOGIES

CONCLUSION

All totally the best way to help all users is to use 5G as the next wireless system and in totally it is safety and secure for public, this the need that demands the solution.

Today’s wired society is going wireless and if it has problem, 5G is answer.

5G technology is going to give tough competition to Computers and Laptops.

It will be available in the market 2020 at affordable cost with more reliability than previous mobiles.

CONCLUSION