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GENERAL STANDARDS IN PHYSICAL ASSET MANAGEMENT Date June
2009
Place Antwerp (Belgium)
Version 0.6 (draft)
Author B. Den Tijn
File name General maintenance standards_V0.6.doc
PREFACE This report is an overview of available standards (IEC,
ISO, EN and other standards) applicable within physical asset and
maintenance management projects. The standards are not described in
detail, purpose of this document is to list a set of standards
(including a short description) relevant for asset, engineering and
maintenance management projects. The interested reader should check
the details in the standard(s) itself.
'The nice thing about standards is that there are so many to
choose from.'
(Andrew Stuart Tanenbaum)
"How can something "standard" contribute to something as
creative as "engineering" ?
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Table of content:
1 Standardization organizations
........................................................................................
8 2 Standards and the organization
......................................................................................
9 3 IEC Standards
.................................................................................................................
11 3.1 IEC as a standardization
organization:................................................................
11 3.2 CENELEC and IEC:
..............................................................................................
11 3.3 How the IEC defines a standard:
.........................................................................
11 3.4 IEC 60079: Electrical apparatus for explosive gas
atmospheres ..................... 11 3.4.1 Part 17: Inspection and
maintenance in hazardous areas (other than mines)
...............................................................................................................
12
3.5 IEC 60300: Dependability management:
............................................................ 12
3.5.1 Part 1: Dependability management systems
................................................ 12 3.5.2 Part 2:
Guidelines for dependability management
....................................... 12 3.5.3 Part 3-1:
Application guide - Analysis techniques for dependability - Guide
on methodology
...............................................................................................
12 3.5.4 Part 3-2: Application guide - Collection of dependability
data from the field
...........................................................................................................................
12
3.5.5 Part 3-3: Application guide - Life cycle costing
............................................. 12 3.5.6 Part 3-9:
Application guide - Risk analysis of technological systems
......... 13 3.5.7 Part 3-10: Application guide - Maintainability
................................................ 13 3.5.8 Part
3-11: Application guide - Reliability centred maintenance
................... 13 3.5.9 Part 3-14: Application guide -
Maintenance and maintenance support ...... 13 3.5.10 Part 3-16:
Application guide - Guideline for the specification of maintenance
support services
........................................................................
13
3.6 IEC 60706: Maintainability of equipment:
........................................................... 13
3.6.1 Part 1: Introduction, requirements and maintainability
programme ............ 13 3.6.2 Part 2: Maintainability
requirements and studies during the design and
development phase
..........................................................................................
14 3.6.3 Part 3: Verification and collection, analysis and
presentation of data ........ 14 3.6.4 Part 4: Maintenance and
maintenance support planning ............................ 14 3.6.5
Part 5: Testability and diagnostic testing
....................................................... 14 3.6.6
Part 6: Statistical methods in maintainability evaluation
.............................. 14
3.7 IEC 60812: Analysis techniques for system reliability -
Procedure for failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)
......................................................................
14
3.8 IEC 61025: Fault tree analysis (FTA)
..................................................................
15 3.9 IEC 61070: Compliance test procedures for steady-state
availability .............. 15 3.10 IEC 61078: Analysis techniques
for dependability - Reliability block diagram and boolean
methods............................................................................................
15 3.11 IEC 61164: Reliability growth - Statistical test and
estimation methods .......... 15 3.12 IEC 61346: Industrial
systems, installations and equipment and industrial products:
Structuring principles and reference designations
............................ 16 3.12.1 Part 1: Basic rules
............................................................................................
16 3.12.2 Part 2: Classification objects and codes for classes
.................................... 16 3.12.3 Part 4: Discussion
of concepts
.......................................................................
16
3.13 IEC 61355: Classification and designation of documents for
plants, systems and equipment
.......................................................................................................
16 3.14 IEC 61508: Functional safety of electrical/electronic/
programmable electronic safety-related systems
..........................................................................................
16
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3.14.1 Part 1: General requirements
.........................................................................
17 3.14.2 Part 2: Requirements for
electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related
systems
....................................................................................
17 3.14.3 Part 3: Software requirements
........................................................................
17 3.14.4 Part 4: Definitions and abbreviations
............................................................. 17
3.14.5 Part 5: Examples of methods for the determination of safety
integrity levels
...........................................................................................................................
17
3.14.6 Part 6: Guidelines on the application of IEC 61508-2 and
IEC 61508-3 .... 17 3.14.7 Part 7: Overview of techniques and
measures ............................................. 17
3.15 IEC 61666: Industrial systems, installations and equipment
and industrial products - Identification of terminals within a
system ........................................ 17 3.16 IEC
61703:Mathematical expressions for reliability, availability,
maintainability and maintenance support terms
..........................................................................
17 3.17 IEC 61882: Hazard and operability studies (HAZOP studies) -
Application guide
.......................................................................................................................
17 3.18 IEC 62023: Structuring of technical information and
documentation ............... 17 3.19 IEC 62027: Preparation of
parts lists
...................................................................
17 3.20 IEC 62061: Safety of machinery Functional safety of
safety-related electrical, electronic and programmable electronic
control systems ................ 17 3.21 IEC 62079: Preparation of
instructions Structuring, content and presentation
.................................................................................................................................
18
3.22 IEC 62198: Project risk management - Application guidelines
......................... 18 3.23 IEC 62308: Equipment reliability
Reliability assessment methods ............... 18 3.24 IEC 62508:
Guidance on human factors engineering for system life cycle
applications
............................................................................................................
18 3.25 IEC 82045: Document management
...................................................................
18 3.25.1 Part 1: Principles and methods
......................................................................
19 3.25.2 Part 2: Reference collection of metadata and reference
models ................ 19
4 ISO Standards
.................................................................................................................
20 4.1 ISO as an organization:
........................................................................................
20 4.2 ISO 13374: Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines
Data processing, communication and presentation
.................................................... 20 4.2.1 Part
1: General guidelines
..............................................................................
20 4.2.2 Part 2: Data processing
...................................................................................
20
4.3 ISO 13849: Safety of machinery Safety-related parts of
control systems .... 20 4.4 ISO 14121: Safety of machinery Risk
assessment ......................................... 20 4.4.1 Part
1: Principles
..............................................................................................
20 4.4.2 Part 2: Practical guidance and examples of methods
.................................. 21
4.5 ISO 14224: Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas
industries - Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance
data for equipment: .................. 21 4.6 ISO 15489:
Information and documentation - Records management ..............
22 4.6.1 Part 1: General
.................................................................................................
22 4.6.2 Part 2: Guidelines
............................................................................................
22
4.7 ISO 18436: Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines
- Requirements for training and certification of personnel
............................................................ 22
4.7.1 Part 1: Requirements of certifying bodies and the
certification process .... 22 4.7.2 Part 2: Vibration condition
monitoring and diagnostics ................................ 22
4.8 ISO 20815: Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas
industries - Production assurance and reliability management
................................................................
23
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5 MIL Standards
.................................................................................................................
24 5.1 Defence and military
standards............................................................................
24 5.2 MIL-HDBK-189: Reliability growth management
................................................ 24 5.3
MIL-STD-721C: Definitions of terms for reliability and
maintainability ............. 24 5.4 MIL-STD-1629A: Procedures for
performing a failure mode, effects and criticality analysis
...................................................................................................
24 5.5 MIL-STD-2074: Failure classification for reliability
testing................................. 24 5.6 MIL-STD-2173:
Reliability centred maintenance requirements for naval aircraft,
weapons systems and support equipment
............................................ 25 5.7 MIL-P-24534A:
Planned maintenance system Development of maintenance requirement
cards, maintenance index pages and associated documentation .
.................................................................................................................................
25
6 EN / CEN Standards
.......................................................................................................
26 6.1 CEN as an organization
........................................................................................
26 6.2 EN 1050: Safety of machinery - Principles of risk assessment
........................ 26 6.3 EN 13269: Maintenance - Guideline
on preparation of maintenance contracts 26
6.4 EN 13306: Maintenance terminology
..................................................................
27 6.5 EN 13460: Maintenance - Documents for maintenance
.................................... 27 6.6 EN 13849: Safety of
machinery Safety-related parts of control systems ..... 28 6.6.1
Part 1: General principles for design
............................................................. 28
6.6.2 Part 2: Validation
.............................................................................................
28
6.7 EN 14121: Safety of machinery Risk assessment
.......................................... 28 6.8 EN 15341:
Maintenance - Maintenance key performance indicators
............... 28 6.9 EN 20815: Petroleum, petrochemical and
natural gas industries - Production assurance and reliability
management
................................................................ 28
6.10 EN 60079: Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres
...................... 28 6.11 EN 60300: Dependability management
.............................................................. 28
6.12 EN 61078: Analysis techniques for dependability - Reliability
block diagram and boolean
methods............................................................................................
28 6.13 EN 61703: Mathematical expressions for reliability,
availability, maintainability and maintenance support terms
..........................................................................
29 6.14 CEN/TR 15628: Qualification of maintenance personnel
.................................. 29
7 BSI Standards
.................................................................................................................
30 7.1 British Standards Institute
.....................................................................................
30 7.2 BS 14224: Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas
industries - Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance
data for equipment: .................. 30 7.3 BS 6548:
Maintainability of equipment
................................................................ 30
7.3.1 Part 1: Guide to specifying and contracting for
maintainability ................... 30 7.3.2 Part 2: Guide to
maintainability studies during the design phase ............... 30
7.3.3 Part 3: Guide to maintainability, verification and the
collection, analysis and presentation of maintainability data
........................................................ 30 7.3.4
Part 4: Guide to the planning of maintenance and maintenance
support .. 30 7.3.5 Part 5: Guide to diagnostic testing
.................................................................
30 7.3.6 Part 6: Guide to statistical methods in maintainability
evaluation ............... 30
7.4 BS 61703: Mathematical expressions for reliability,
availability, maintainability and maintenance support terms
..........................................................................
31
8 AFNOR Standards
..........................................................................................................
32 8.1 Association franaise de normalisation
...............................................................
32
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8.2 FD X60-000: Industrial maintenance The maintenance function
.................. 32 8.3 NF X60-010: Maintenance - Concepts and
definitions of maintenance activities
..................................................................................................................
32 8.4 NF X60-020: Maintenance indicators
..................................................................
33 8.5 NF X60-090: Maintenance - Criteria of choice of the
maintenance contract - Means contracts - Results contracts
...................................................................
34 8.6 NF X60-200: Maintenance - Technical documentations
associated with an item throughout its life cycle
.................................................................................
34 8.7 NF X60-212: Maintenance - Handbook of instructions
maintenance - Definitions and general principles for the wording
and layout........................... 34 8.8 NF X60-250:
Maintenance - Function "User technical documentation" -
Recommendations for its introduction or organization within
manufacturers of equipment
...............................................................................................................
34 8.9 NF X60-317: Maintenance Documents for maintenance
............................... 34 8.10 NF X60-318: Maintenance
Guideline on preparation of maintenance contracts
.................................................................................................................
35 8.11 NF X60-319: Maintenance Maintenance terminology
.................................... 35 8.12 NF X60-500:
Terminology relating to reliability, maintainability and
availability .
.................................................................................................................................
35
8.13 NF X60-503: Initiation into availability
.................................................................
35 8.14 NF E60-182: Manufacturing systems - Performance indicators
....................... 35 8.15 NF 13269: Maintenance - Guideline
on preparation of maintenance contracts .
.................................................................................................................................
35
8.16 NF 13306: Maintenance
terminology...................................................................
35 8.17 NF 13460: Maintenance - Documents for maintenance
.................................... 36
9 NORSOK Standards
.......................................................................................................
37 9.1 Norsk Sokkels Konkuranseposisjon
....................................................................
37 9.1 S-005: Machinery Working environment analysis and
documentation ......... 37 9.2 Z-006: Preservation
...............................................................................................
37 9.3 Z-008: Criticality analysis for maintenance purposes
........................................ 37 9.4 Z-013: Risk and
emergency preparedness analysis (EPA)
.............................. 38 9.5 Z-016: Regularity management
& reliability technology ....................................
38
10 VDI Standards
.............................................................................................................
39 10.1 Verein Deutscher Ingenieure
................................................................................
39 10.2 VDI 2246: Designing maintainable engineered products
.................................. 39 10.2.1 Part 1: Basic
principles
....................................................................................
39 10.2.2 Part 2: Requirements catalogue
.....................................................................
39
10.3 VDI 2884: Purchase, operating and maintenance of production
equipment using Life Cycle Costing
.......................................................................................
39 10.4 VDI 2885: Standardized data for maintenance planning and
determination of maintenance costs - Data and data determination
............................................ 40 10.5 VDI 2886:
Benchmarking applied to maintenance
............................................. 40 10.6 VDI 2887:
Quality management of maintenance
............................................... 40 10.7 VDI 2888:
Maintenance condition monitoring
..................................................... 40 10.8 VDI
2889: Methods and systems for condition and process monitoring in
maintenance
..........................................................................................................
41 10.9 VDI 2890: Planned maintenance; guide for the drawing up of
maintenance lists
..........................................................................................................................
41 10.10 VDI 2891: Maintenance relevant criteria for purchase of
machines ................. 41
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10.11 VDI 2892: Management of maintenance spare parts
........................................ 41 10.12 VDI 2893:
Selection and formation of indicators for maintenance
................... 41 10.13 VDI 2895: Organisation of maintenance
- Maintenance as a task of management
..........................................................................................................
42 10.14 VDI 2896: Controlling of maintenance within plant
management ..................... 42 10.15 VDI 2898: Utilisation of
EDP for maintenance - Requirements and criteria .... 42 10.16 VDI
2899: Maintenance service - Procedure for deciding whether in-house
or external supply
.......................................................................................................
43 10.17 VDI 3423: Technical availability of machines and
production lines .................. 43 10.18 VDI 3822: Failure
analysis
....................................................................................
43 10.18.1 Part 1: Fundamentals, terms, definitions - Procedure of
failure analyses 44
10.18.2 Part 2: Failures caused by mechanical working conditions
..................... 44 10.18.3 Part 3: Failures caused by
corrosion in electrolytes ................................. 44
10.18.4 Part 4: Failures caused by thermal loading
............................................... 44 10.18.5 Part 5:
Failures caused by tribology working conditions
.......................... 44 10.18.6 Part 6: Compilation and
evaluation of failure analysis ............................. 44
11 DIN Standards
.............................................................................................................
45 11.1 Deutsches Institut fr
Normung............................................................................
45 11.2 DIN 6789: Systematic arrangement of documents
............................................ 45 11.2.1 Part 1:
Arrangement of technical product documentation
........................... 45 11.2.2 Part 2: Sets of documents of
technical product documentation .................. 45 11.2.3 Part
3: Revisions of documents and items - General requirements
........... 45 11.2.4 Part 4: Structure of contents of technical
product documentation .............. 45 11.2.5 Part 5: Release of
technical product documentation....................................
45 11.2.6 Part 6: Protection against falsification of digital
technical documentation.. 45 11.2.7 Part 7: Quality criteria for
the release process of digital product data ........ 45
11.3 DIN 13269: Maintenance - Guideline on preparation of
maintenance contracts
.................................................................................................................................
45
11.4 DIN 13306: Maintenance terminology
.................................................................
45 11.5 DIN 13460: Maintenance - Documents for maintenance
.................................. 45 11.6 DIN 15341: Maintenance -
Maintenance key performance indicators ............. 45 11.7 DIN
20815: Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries -
Production assurance and reliability management
................................................................ 45
11.8 DIN 25419: Event tree analysis - Method, graphical symbols and
evaluation 46 11.9 DIN 25424: Fault tree analysis
.............................................................................
46 11.9.1 Part 1: Method and graphical symbols
.......................................................... 46
11.9.2 Part 2: Manual calculation procedures for the evaluation of
a fault tree .... 46
11.10 DIN 25448: Failure mode analysis
.......................................................................
46 11.11 DIN 31051: Fundamentals of maintenance
........................................................ 46 11.12
DIN 60812: Analysis techniques for system reliability - Procedure
for failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)
......................................................................
46 11.13 DIN 61025: Fault tree analysis (FTA)
..................................................................
46 11.14 DIN 61078: Analysis techniques for dependability
Reliability block diagram and Boolean methods
...........................................................................................
46 11.15 DIN 66232: Structure and contents of a data documentation
........................... 46
12 SAE Standards
............................................................................................................
47 12.1 Society of Automotive (and Aeronautical) Engineers
........................................ 47
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12.2 SAE AS9110: Quality Maintenance Systems - Aerospace -
Requirements for Maintenance Organizations
..................................................................................
47 12.3 SAE JA1010-1: Maintainability Program Standard
Implementation Guide ...... 47 12.4 SAE JA1011: Evaluation criteria
for Reliability Centred Maintenance (RCM) processes
...............................................................................................................
47 12.5 SAE JA1012: A guide to the Reliability Centred Maintenance
(RCM) standard
.................................................................................................................................
47
12.6 SAE J1739: Potential Failure Mode and Effects Analysis in
Design (Design FMEA), Potential Failure Mode and Effects Analysis
in Manufacturing and Assembly Processes (Process FMEA), and
Potential Failure Mode and Effects Analysis for Machinery
(Machinery FMEA) ............................................
48
13 ASTM Standards
.........................................................................................................
49 13.1 American Society for Testing and Materials
....................................................... 49 13.2
E2135-07: Standard terminology for property and asset management
........... 49 13.3 F2446-04: Standard classification for hierarchy
of equipment identifiers and boundaries for reliability,
availability and maintainability (RAM) performance data exchange
.......................................................................................................
49
14 ASQ Standards
............................................................................................................
50 14.1 American Society for Quality
................................................................................
50 14.2 ASQ Q10015: Quality management - Guidelines for training
.......................... 50 14.3 ASQ E2-1996: Guide to inspection
planning ...................................................... 50
14.4 ASQ D60300-3-1: Application guide - Analysis techniques for
dependability - Guide on methodology
..........................................................................................
50 14.5 ASQ D60300-3-2: Application guide - Collection of
dependability data from the field
.........................................................................................................................
50
15 API Standards
.............................................................................................................
51 15.1 American Petroleum Institute
...............................................................................
51 15.2 API RP 580: Risk-based inspection
.....................................................................
51 15.3 API RP 581: Risk-based inspection - Base resource document
...................... 51 15.4 API STD 689: Collection and exchange
of reliability and maintenance data for equipment
...............................................................................................................
52
16 IEEE Standards
...........................................................................................................
53 16.1 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
......................................... 53 16.2 IEEE 516 - Guide
for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines ........ 53 16.3
IEEE 902 - Maintenance, Operation and Safety of Power Systems
................ 53 16.4 Institute of Asset Management
.............................................................................
54 16.5 PAS 55: Asset management
................................................................................
54 16.5.1 Part 1: Specification for the optimised management of
physical infrastructure assets
........................................................................................
54 16.5.2 Part 2: Guidelines for the application of PAS 55-1
....................................... 54
16.6 PAS 62508: Guidance on human factors engineering for system
life cycle applications
............................................................................................................
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1 Standardization organizations There are several
standardization organizations in the world and they can be divided
into three groups (from the European point of view): International
level IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission ISO:
International Organization for Standardization European level CEN:
Comit Europen de Normalisation (European Commitee for
Standardization) CENELEC: Comit Europen de Normalisation
Electrotechnique (European Committee for Electrotechnical
Standardization) National level N: sterreichisches Normungsinstitut
(Austria) BIN : Belgisch Instituut voor Normalisatie (Belgium) DS :
Dansk Standard (Denmark) SFS: Finnish Standards Association
(Finland) AFNOR : Association Franaise de NORmalisation (France)
DIN : Deutsches Institut fr Normung (Germany) ELOT Hellenic
Organization for Standardization (Greece) NSAI: National Standards
Authority of Ireland (Ireland) UNI: Ente Nazionale Italiano di
Unificazione (Italy) SEE: Service de l'Energie de l'Etat
(Luxemburg) NNI: Nederlands Normalisiate Instituut (Netherlands)
NSF: Norges StandardiseringsForbund (Norway) IPQ: Instituto
Portugus da Qualidade (Portugal) AENOR: Asociacin Espaola de
Normalizacin (Spain) SIS: Standardiseringen i Sverige (Sweden) SNV:
Schweizerische Normen Vereinigung (Switzerland) BSI: British
Standards Institution (UK) ANSI: American National Standards
Institute (USA) Other ASTM: American Society for Testing and
Materials IAM: Institute of Asset Management MIL: U.S. Department
of Defence (Military) SAE: Society of Automotive (and Aeronautical)
Engineers VDI: Verein Deutscher Ingenieure
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2 Standards and the organization Many maintenance organizations
and especially maintenance and availability engineers, have a
"love/hate" relationship with standards. Most engineers realize
that standards contain a wealth of helpful information and that
working to certain standards is wise and often mandatory. However,
there is a simple dichotomy between the words "engineer" and
"standard" - How can something "standard" contribute to something
as creative as engineering" ? Also, with the plethora of standards
available - corporate, industry, national, regional, international,
government - finding all of the right, most useful standards can be
a daunting task that many engineers would rather not pursue.
Successful organizations know how to find the right standards and
use them as the foundation for maintenance that is innovative,
socially responsible, and cost-effective. Each of the disciplines
underneath benefits in different ways from the standards.
Research, Design and Development Manufacturing and Operations
Quality Control Sales and Marketing Maintenance and Repair
Research, Design and Development The initial stages of any
product lifecycle represent both a vital investment for long-term
business success and a constant challenge to minimize that
investment. Time is one of the greatest factors in minimizing
R&D costs and maximizing return on investment (ROI).
Manufacturing Operations When the designed product is handed off to
manufacturing, the challenge of minimizing time to market and
maximizing ROI remain in place, though the standards-related
strategies for meeting those challenges differ. The discipline of
manufacturing builds on the R&D process by further
incorporating Product Data Management (PDM), Product Lifecycle
Management (PLM), and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems,
all while monitoring the engineering process for standards
compliance. In manufacturing, maximizing ROI means avoiding
engineering change orders, redesigns, and production downtime,
which is often a function of having a centralized information
management solution that integrates and accommodates all the
various documents and applications inherent to the manufacturing
process. Quality Control Throughout the processes of manufacturing,
maintenance and repair, the discipline of quality control acts to
limit your company's product liability and maximize ROI, all while
relying on documents such as specifications, industry regulations,
safety codes, reports and tracking, and more.
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Quality products and services are invariably built upon quality
information and standards. As the amount of information your
quality control team has at its manageable disposal increases, the
results are:
superior testing reports faster decision-making better quality
products increased productivity
Sales and Marketing
While standards may not be traditionally associated with the
disciplines of sales and marketing, any good salesperson will tell
you how important it is to know your market. Any salesperson,
regardless of their engineering status, will generate more sales
and company profitability when armed with:
a thorough technical understanding of your product documentation
on industry standards or regulations that ensure customers of
product
compliance valuable intelligence on competitors' manufacturing
processes and products potential leads in the form of companies
that may need your products or components
Maintenance and Repair
Standards guide both successful companies and products from
beginning to end. In the case of products, the end of the lifecycle
is best represented by maintenance and repair, which comes with its
own standards-related challenges, such as:
accessing detailed parts information and historical specs and
standards identifying and procuring replacement parts, whether
common or hard to find, new or
old researching alternatives for obsolete parts and finding
stocking vendors
In each of these cases, the issue of compliance remains front
and centre. Working confidently with a combination of replacement
and historical standards as well as alternative parts is possible
with the help of up-to-date, verified industry document
resources.
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3 IEC Standards 3.1 IEC as a standardization organization: The
International Electrotechnical Commission is the international
standards and conformity assessment body for all fields of
electrotechnology. Founded in 1906, the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the global organization that
prepares and publishes international standards for all electrical,
electronic and related technologies. The IEC was founded as a
result of a resolution passed at the International Electrical
Congress held in St. Louis (USA) in 1904. The membership consists
of more than 60 participating countries, including all the world's
major trading nations and a growing number of industrializing
countries. 3.2 CENELEC and IEC: CENELEC and the International
Electrotechnical Commission operate at two different levels but it
is self-evident that their actions have a strong mutual impact
since they are the most important standardization bodies in the
electrotechnical field. Collaboration has always been felt
necessary. Co-operation between CENELEC and the IEC is described in
what is known as "the Dresden Agreement" since it was approved and
signed by both partners in the German city in September 1996.This
agreement (which relates to common planning of new work and
parallel CENELEC/IEC voting) intends: to expedite the publication
and common adoption of International Standards; to ensure rational
use of available resources and therefore should full technical
consideration of the content of the standard preferably take
place at international level; to accelerate the standards
preparation process in response to market demands. 3.3 How the IEC
defines a standard: A standard (as defined in IEC/ISO Guide 2) is a
document, established by consensus and approved by a recognized
body, that provides, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines
or characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at the
achievement of the optimum degree of order in a given context. An
international standard is a standard adopted by an international
standardizing/standards organization and made available to the
public. The definition given in all IEC standards reads: "A
normative document, developed according to consensus procedures,
which has been approved by the IEC National Committee members of
the responsible committee in accordance with Part 1 of the ISO/IEC
Directives as a committee draft for vote and as a final draft
International Standard and which has been published by the IEC
Central Office." 3.4 IEC 60079: Electrical apparatus for explosive
gas atmospheres Electrical installations in hazardous areas possess
features specially designed to render them suitable for operation
in such atmospheres. It is essential, for reasons of safety in
those areas, that, throughout the life of such installations, the
integrity of those special features is preserved; they therefore
require initial inspection and either regular periodic inspections
thereafter, or continuous supervision by skilled personnel
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in accordance with this standard and, when necessary,
maintenance. 3.4.1 Part 17: Inspection and maintenance in hazardous
areas (other than mines) This part of IEC 60079 is intended to be
applied by users, and covers factors directly related to the
inspection and maintenance of electrical installations within
hazardous areas only. It does not include conventional requirements
for electrical installations, nor the testing and certification of
electrical apparatus. 3.5 IEC 60300: Dependability management:
3.5.1 Part 1: Dependability management systems Describes the
concepts and principles of dependability management systems.
Identifies the generic processes in dependability for planning,
resource allocation, control, and tailoring necessary to meet
dependability objectives. Deals with the dependability performance
issues in the product life-cycle phases concerning planning,
design, measurements, analysis and improvement. Dependability
includes availability performance and its influencing factors:
reliability performance, maintainability performance, and
maintenance support performance. Aims at facilitating co-operation
by all parties concerned (supplier, organization and customer) and
fostering understanding of the dependability needs and value to
achieve the overall dependability objectives. 3.5.2 Part 2:
Guidelines for dependability management Provides guidelines for
dependability management of product design, development, evaluation
and process enhancements. Life cycle models are used to describe
product development or project phases. Applicable for detailed
planning and implementation of a dependability programme to meet
specific product needs. 3.5.3 Part 3-1: Application guide -
Analysis techniques for dependability - Guide on
methodology Gives a general overview of commonly used
dependability analysis techniques. It describes the usual
methodologies, their advantages and disadvantages, data input and
other conditions for using various techniques. It is an
introduction to selected methodologies and is intended to provide
the necessary information for choosing the most appropriate
analysis methods. 3.5.4 Part 3-2: Application guide - Collection of
dependability data from the field This part of IEC 60300 provides
guidelines for the collection of data relating to reliability,
maintainability, availability and maintenance support performance
of items operating in the field. It deals in general terms with the
practical aspects of data collection and presentation and briefly
explores the related topics of data analysis and presentation of
results. Emphasis is made on the need to incorporate the return of
experience from the field in the dependability process as a main
activity. 3.5.5 Part 3-3: Application guide - Life cycle costing
This part of IEC 60300 provides a general introduction to the
concept of life cycle costing and covers all applications. This
standard is intended for general application by both customers
(users) and suppliers of products. It explains the purpose and
value of life cycle costing and outlines the general approaches
involved. It also identifies typical life cycle cost elements to
facilitate project and programme planning.
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3.5.6 Part 3-9: Application guide - Risk analysis of
technological systems Provides guidelines for selecting and
implementing risk analysis techniques. The objective of this
standard is to ensure quality and consistency in the planning and
execution of risk analyses and the presentation of results and
conclusions. 3.5.7 Part 3-10: Application guide - Maintainability
The application guide can be used to implement a maintainability
programme covering the initiation, development and in-service
phases of a product, which form part of the tasks in IEC 60300-2.
It provides guidance on how the maintenance aspects of the tasks
should be considered in order to achieve optimum maintainability.
It uses other IEC standards, notably IEC 60706, as reference
documents or tools as to how a task should be undertaken. 3.5.8
Part 3-11: Application guide - Reliability centred maintenance
Provides guidelines for the development of an initial preventive
maintenance programme for equipment and structures using
reliability centred maintenance (RCM) analysis techniques. RCM
analysis can be applied to items such as ground vehicle, ship,
power station, aircraft, etc, which are made up of equipment and
structure, e.g. a building, airframe or ship's hull. Typically an
equipment comprises a number of electrical , mechanical,
instrumentation or control systems and subsystems which can be
further broken down into progressively smaller groupings, as
required. 3.5.9 Part 3-14: Application guide - Maintenance and
maintenance support Describes a framework for maintenance and
maintenance support and the various minimal common practices that
should be undertaken. Outlines in a generic manner, management,
processes and techniques related to maintenance and maintenance
support that are necessary to achieve adequate dependability to
meet the operational needs of the customer. Applicable to items,
which include all types of products, equipment and systems
(hardware and associated software). Most of these require a certain
level of maintenance to ensure that their required functionality,
dependability, capability, economic, safety and regulatory
requirements are achieved. 3.5.10 Part 3-16: Application guide -
Guideline for the specification of maintenance support
services This IEC standard describes a framework for the
specification of services related to the maintenance support of
products, systems and equipment that are carried out during the
operation and maintenance phase. The purpose of this standard is to
outline, in a generic manner, the development of agreements for
maintenance support services as well as guidelines for the
management and monitoring of these agreements by both the company
and the service provider. 3.6 IEC 60706: Maintainability of
equipment: 3.6.1 Part 1: Introduction, requirements and
maintainability programme This standard is intended to make
recommendations for maintainability practices, and to simulate
ideas in the maintainability field. Organizations acquiring items
will find the standard useful in assisting them in defining
maintainability requirements and associated programmes.
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Item suppliers will benefit from use of the standard, gaining an
understanding of the requirements for achieving and verifying
maintainability objectives. 3.6.2 Part 2: Maintainability
requirements and studies during the design and development
phase This part of IEC 60706 examines the maintainability
requirements and related design and use parameter, and discusses
some activities necessary to achieve the required maintainability
characteristics and their relationship to planning of maintenance.
It describes the general approach in reaching these objectives and
shows how maintainability characteristics should be specified in a
requirements document or contract. It is not intended to be a
complete guide on how to specify or to contract for
maintainability. Its purpose is to define the range of
considerations when maintainability characteristics are included as
requirements for the development or the acquisition of an item.
3.6.3 Part 3: Verification and collection, analysis and
presentation of data This part of IEC 60706 describes the various
aspects of verification necessary to ensure that the specified
maintainability requirements of an item have been met and provides
suitable procedures and test methods. This standard also addresses
the collection, analysis and presentation of maintainability
related data, which may be required during, and at the completion
of, design and during item production and operation. 3.6.4 Part 4:
Maintenance and maintenance support planning This section of the
guide describes the tasks required for planning of maintenance and
maintenance support. They should be performed during the system
acquisition phase in order to meet the availability objectives in
the operational phase. The interfaces between reliability,
maintainability and the maintenance support planning programme and
their tasks are also described. 3.6.5 Part 5: Testability and
diagnostic testing This guide has for purpose to provide guidance
for the early consideration of testability aspects in design and
development, and to assist in determining effective test procedures
as an integral part of operation and maintenance. This second
edition constitutes a technical revision. It expands and provides
more detail on the techniques and systems broadly outlined in the
first edition. 3.6.6 Part 6: Statistical methods in maintainability
evaluation The part of IEC 60706 is applicable to the tasks of
maintainability, allocation, maintainability demonstration and
maintainability data evaluation, as described in sections five, six
and seven, respectively of the guide. 3.7 IEC 60812: Analysis
techniques for system reliability - Procedure for failure mode
and
effects analysis (FMEA) This International Standard describes
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Failure Mode, Effects
and Criticality Analysis (FMECA), and gives guidance as to how they
may be applied to achieve various objectives by: providing the
procedural steps necessary to perform analysis; identifying
appropriate terms; defining basic principles; providing examples of
the necessary worksheets or other tabular forms.
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3.8 IEC 61025: Fault tree analysis (FTA) This International
Standard describes fault tree analysis and provides guidance on its
application as follows: definition of basic principles;
describing and explaining the associated mathematical modelling;
explaining the relationships of FTA to other reliability modelling
techniques;
description of the steps involved in performing the FTA;
identification of appropriate assumptions, events and failure
modes; identification and description of commonly used symbols. 3.9
IEC 61070: Compliance test procedures for steady-state availability
This International Standard specifies techniques for availability
performance testing of frequently maintained items when the
availability performance measure used is either steady-state
availability or steady-state unavailability. It is applicable to
compliance testing of the steady-state availability of items
attaining only two states, up-state and down-state, under the
following conditions: One single repaired item. All up times have
the same exponential distribution. Preventive maintenance time is
not included in down time although it is recognized as having
possible impact on availability performance. All contributors to
down time need to be explicitly stated in the requirement or
test
specification. Very reliable items may require an extremely long
test time to determine
compliance. The compliance test procedures use the complementary
measure steady-state
unavailability. 3.10 IEC 61078: Analysis techniques for
dependability - Reliability block diagram and boolean
methods This International Standard describes procedures for
modelling the dependability of a system and for using the model in
order to calculate reliability and availability measures. The RBD
(Reliability Block Diagram) modelling technique is intended to be
applied primarily to systems without repair and where the order in
which failures occur does not matter. For systems where the order
of failures is to be taken into account or where repairs are to be
carried out, other modelling techniques, such as Markov analysis,
are more suitable. It should be noted that although the word repair
is frequently used in this standard, the word restore is equally
applicable. Note also that the words item and block are used
extensively throughout this standard: in most instances
interchangeably. 3.11 IEC 61164: Reliability growth - Statistical
test and estimation methods This International Standard gives
models and numerical methods for reliability growth assessments
based on failure data, which were generated in a reliability
improvement programme. These procedures deal with growth,
estimation, confidence intervals for product reliability and
goodness-of-fit tests.
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3.12 IEC 61346: Industrial systems, installations and equipment
and industrial products: Structuring principles and reference
designations
3.12.1 Part 1: Basic rules This part of IEC 61346 establishes
general principles for describing the structure of information
about systems and of the systems themselves. Based on these
principles, rules and guidance are given for the formulation of
unambiguous reference designations for objects in any system. The
reference designation identifies objects for the purpose of
correlating information about an object among different kinds of
documents and the products implementing the system. For
manufacturing, installation and maintenance purposes, the reference
designation or part of it may also be shown on or near the physical
part corresponding to the object. The principles laid down are
general and are intended to be applicable to all technical areas.
They can be used for systems based on different technologies or for
systems combining several technologies. It should be noted that
this standard provides a number of possibilities for the
construction of reference designations. For most applications,
however, only a subset of the possibilities given need be used.
3.12.2 Part 2: Classification objects and codes for classes This
part of IEC 61346 defines object classes and associated letter
codes for these classes to be used in reference designations. The
classification schemes are applicable for objects in all technical
areas and may be applied at any position in a tree-like structure
set up in accordance with IEC 61346-1. 3.12.3 Part 4: Discussion of
concepts This Technical Report discusses the concepts used in IEC
61346 Structuring principles and reference designation, with a life
cycle story of an "object" as a basis. 3.13 IEC 61355:
Classification and designation of documents for plants, systems
and
equipment This International Standard provides rules and
guidelines for the classification and designation of documents. It
serves as a basis for agreements about the preparation of a
structured documentation, primarily required for larger
installations, for example plants with their systems and equipment.
It covers all technical areas and is open for further development
of documentation and documentation systems. Guidance is also given
for applications such as communication in the field of
documentation and for document identification. Documents from
non-technical areas are included to the extent required for and
during the engineering process. One aim of this standard is to
establish a method for better communication and understanding
between parties involved in document interchange. Another aim of
this standard is to set up rules for relating documents to the
objects they describe. For this purpose a document designation
system is provided, linking the document kind designation to the
object designation used within the plant , system or equipment.
3.14 IEC 61508: Functional safety of electrical/electronic/
programmable electronic safety-
related systems This International Standard sets out a generic
approach for all safety lifecycle activities for systems comprised
of electrical and/or electronic and/or programmable electronic
components
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(electrical/electronic/programmable electronic systems
(E/E/PESs)) that are used to perform safety functions. This unified
approach has been adopted in order that a rational and consistent
technical policy be developed for all electrically-based
safety-related systems. A major objective is to facilitate the
development of application sector standards. 3.14.1 Part 1: General
requirements 3.14.2 Part 2: Requirements for
electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related
systems 3.14.3 Part 3: Software requirements 3.14.4 Part 4:
Definitions and abbreviations 3.14.5 Part 5: Examples of methods
for the determination of safety integrity levels 3.14.6 Part 6:
Guidelines on the application of IEC 61508-2 and IEC 61508-3 3.14.7
Part 7: Overview of techniques and measures 3.15 IEC 61666:
Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial
products -
Identification of terminals within a system This International
Standard provides rules for the designation of terminals of objects
within a system. The principles laid down are primarily intended
for use in the electrotechnical and related areas, but are general
and applicable to all technical areas. They can be used for systems
based on different technologies or for systems combining several
technologies. 3.16 IEC 61703:Mathematical expressions for
reliability, availability, maintainability and
maintenance support terms Provides mathematical expressions for
reliability, availability, maintainability and maintenance support
measures. Non-repaired items and repaired items with zero and
non-zero time to restoration are considered separately in this
standard. 3.17 IEC 61882: Hazard and operability studies (HAZOP
studies) - Application guide Provides a guide for HAZOP studies of
systems utilizing the specific set of guide words defined in this
standard. Also gives guidance on application of the technique and
on the HAZOP study procedure, including definition, preparation,
examination sessions and resulting documentation and follow-up.
3.18 IEC 62023: Structuring of technical information and
documentation This International Standard provides rules for the
structuring of technical information and documentation, based on
the use of a main document (leading document) for the keeping
together of information for each object. 3.19 IEC 62027:
Preparation of parts lists This International Standard provides
rules for the preparation of parts lists. This standard is
applicable to parts lists used in the design and engineering
process intended to be supplied with the documentation. The role of
parts lists as a main document in structured documentation is
described in IEC 62023. 3.20 IEC 62061: Safety of machinery
Functional safety of safety-related electrical, electronic
and programmable electronic control systems
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This International Standard specifies requirements and makes
recommendations for the design, integration and validation of
safety-related electrical, electronic and programmable electronic
control systems (SRECS) for machines. It is applicable to control
systems used, either singly or in combination, to carry out
safety-related control functions on machines that are not portable.
3.21 IEC 62079: Preparation of instructions Structuring, content
and presentation This standard provides general principles and
detailed requirements for the design and formulation of all types
of instructions that will be necessary or helpful for products of
all kinds ranging from small, simple ones, such as a tin of paint,
to large or highly complex ones, such as a large industrial
installation. It is intended for application by
product manufacturers, technical writers, technical
illustrators, software designers,
translators or other people engaged in the work of conceiving
and drafting such instructions;
authorized representatives of the product manufacturer in the
country of product installation and/or usage.
It will also be helpful in contract negotiations between product
supplier and customer. This standard does not establish a fixed
amount of documentation that has to be delivered together with a
product. This would obviously not be possible because this standard
has to be valid for all kind of products but the amount of
documentation very much depends on the complexity of the product.
Therefore this standard lists all possible kinds of instructions
one can think of. What this standard does aim to standardize is how
such instructions are to be prepared. No general standard can
provide comprehensive information covering each special case. This
International Standard, therefore is to be used in conjunction with
the requirements of specific product standards or, where no such
standards exist, with the relevant requirements of standards for
similar products. 3.22 IEC 62198: Project risk management -
Application guidelines Applicable to any project with a
technological content. Provides a general introduction to project
risk management, its subprocesses and influencing factors.
Guidelines are provided on the organizational requirements for
implementing the process of risk management appropriate to the
various phases of a project. 3.23 IEC 62308: Equipment reliability
Reliability assessment methods This International Standard
describes early reliability assessment methods for items based on
field data and test data for components and modules. It is
applicable to mission, safety and business critical, high integrity
and complex items. It contains information on why early reliability
estimates are required and how and where the assessment would be
used. 3.24 IEC 62508: Guidance on human factors engineering for
system life cycle applications This IEC standard describes the
process on human factors (HF) influencing system dependability
design and provides HF methods and practices applicable to system
life-cycle implementation to achieve dependability performance.
3.25 IEC 82045: Document management
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3.25.1 Part 1: Principles and methods Specifies principles,
methods and information models to define metadata for the
management of documents associated with objects throughout their
life cycle; this cycle generally covers a range from the conceptual
idea of a document to its deletion. The established principles and
methods are basic for all document management systems. Is intended
as a general basic standard in all application fields and provides
the framework applicable for part 2. Is primarily intended as a
resource for use in computerised systems such as Electronic
Document Management Systems (EDMS) or Product Data Management
Systems (PDMS) for the management, retrieval, storage and selection
and archiving of documents, and as a basis for the exchange of
documents. 3.25.2 Part 2: Reference collection of metadata and
reference models Provides a comprehensive set of standardized
metadata elements for document management. Includes a standardized
EXPRESS-based information reference model. Provides a standardized
framework for data exchange and a basis for the implementation of a
document management system. Also provides a standardized DTD based
on the XML language for document exchange.
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4 ISO Standards 4.1 ISO as an organization: ISO (the
International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies) from
more than 140 countries, one from each country. The work of
preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject
for whom a technical committee has been established has the right
to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take
part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are
drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC
Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to
prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member
bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard
requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a
vote. 4.2 ISO 13374: Condition monitoring and diagnostics of
machines Data processing,
communication and presentation 4.2.1 Part 1: General guidelines
ISO 13374-1 establishes general guidelines for software
specifications related to data processing, communication, and
presentation of machine condition monitoring and diagnostic
information. 4.2.2 Part 2: Data processing ISO 13374-2 details the
requirements for a reference information model and a reference
processing model to which an open condition monitoring and
diagnostics (CM&D) architecture needs to conform. Software
design professionals require both an information model and a
processing model to adequately describe all data processing
requirements. ISO 13374-2 facilitates the interoperability of
CM&D systems. 4.3 ISO 13849: Safety of machinery Safety-related
parts of control systems See EN 13849. 4.4 ISO 14121: Safety of
machinery Risk assessment 4.4.1 Part 1: Principles ISO 14121-1
establishes general principles intended to be used to meet the risk
reduction objectives established in ISO 12100-1, Clause 5. These
principles of risk assessment bring together knowledge and
experience of the design, use, incidents, accidents and harm
related to machinery in order to assess the risks posed during the
relevant phases of the life cycle of a machine. ISO 14121-1
provides guidance on the information that will be required to
enable risk assessment to be carried out. Procedures are described
for identifying hazards and estimating
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and evaluating risk. It also gives guidance on the making of
decisions relating to the safety of machinery and on the type of
documentation required to verify the risk assessment carried out.
4.4.2 Part 2: Practical guidance and examples of methods ISO/TR
14121-2 gives practical guidance on the conducting of risk
assessments for machinery in accordance with ISO 14121-1 and
describes various methods and tools for each step in the process.
It also provides practical guidance on risk reduction (in
accordance with ISO 12100) for machinery, giving additional
guidance on the selection of appropriate protective measures for
achieving safety. The intended users of ISO/TR 14121-2 are those
involved in the integration of safety into the design, installation
or modification of machinery (e.g. designers, technicians, safety
specialists). 4.5 ISO 14224: Petroleum, petrochemical and natural
gas industries - Collection and
exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment: This
international standard focuses on the two main issues: Data
requirements for the type of data to be collected for use in
various analysis methodologies Standardised data format to
facilitate the exchange of reliability and maintenance data between
plants, owners, manufacturers and contractors The main areas where
such data are being used are: Reliability, e.g. failure events and
failure mechanisms Availability/efficiency, e.g. equipment
availability, system availability, plant production availability
Maintenance, e.g. corrective and preventive maintenance,
maintenance supportability Safety and environment, e.g. equipment
failures with adverse consequences for safety and/or environment
The following main categories of data are to be collected: 1.
Equipment data, e.g. equipment taxonomy, equipment attributes 2.
Failure data, e.g. failure cause, failure consequence 3.
Maintenance data, e.g. maintenance action, resources used,
maintenance consequence, down time Standardisation of data
collection practices facilitates the exchange of information
between relevant parties e.g. plants, owners, manufacturers and
contractors throughout the world. This standard establishes
requirements that any in-house or commercially available RM data
system shall meet when designed for RM data exchange.
Examples/guidelines/principles for how to exchange and merge such
RM data is addressed. The data collection principles and associated
terms & definitions defined in this standard do also constitute
a "reliability language" which can be useful for communicating
operational experience. The failure modes defined in the normative
part of this International Standard is meant to be a "Reliability
thesaurus" for various quantitative as well as qualitative
applications.
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4.6 ISO 15489: Information and documentation - Records
management
4.6.1 Part 1: General This part of ISO 15489 provides guidance
on managing records of originating organizations, public or
private, for internal and external clients. All the elements
outlined in this part of ISO 15489 are recommended to ensure that
adequate records are created, captured and managed. Procedures that
help to ensure the management of records according to the
principles and elements outlined in this part of ISO 15489 are
provided in ISO/TR 15489-2. This part of ISO 15489: Applies to the
management of records, in all formats or media, created or received
by
any public or private organization in the conduct of its
activities, or any individual with a duty to create and maintain
records;
Provides guidance on determining the responsibilities of
organizations for records and records policies, procedures, systems
and processes ;
Provides guidance on records management in support of a quality
process framework to comply with ISO 9001 and ISO 14001;
Provides guidance on the design and implementation of a records
system, but does not include the management of archival records
within archival institutions.
This part of ISO 15489 is intended for use by: Managers of
organizations; Records, information and technology management
professionals; All other personnel in organizations and other
individuals with a duty to create and
maintain records. 4.6.2 Part 2: Guidelines This part of ISO
15489 is an implementation guide to ISO 15489-1 for use by record
management professionals and those charged with managing records in
their organizations. It provides one methodology that will
facilitate the implementation of ISO 15489-1 in all organizations
that have a need to manage their records. It gives an overview of
the processes and factors to consider in organizations wishing to
comply with ISO 15489-1. 4.7 ISO 18436: Condition monitoring and
diagnostics of machines - Requirements for
training and certification of personnel
4.7.1 Part 1: Requirements of certifying bodies and the
certification process ISO 18436-1 defines the requirements for
bodies operating certification systems for personnel who perform
machinery condition monitoring, identify machine faults, and
recommend corrective action. Procedures for the certification of
condition monitoring and diagnostic personnel are specified. 4.7.2
Part 2: Vibration condition monitoring and diagnostics This part
specifies the general requirements for vibration analysis personnel
who perform machinery condition monitoring and diagnostics of
machines. Certification to this standard will provide recognition
of the qualifications and competence of individuals to perform
machinery
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vibration measurements and analysis using portable and
permanently installed sensors and equipment. ISO 18436-2 covers a
four-category certification programme that is based on the
technical areas discussed herein. 4.8 ISO 20815: Petroleum,
petrochemical and natural gas industries - Production assurance
and reliability management
ISO 20815 provides processes and activities, requirements and
guidelines for systematic management, effective planning, execution
and use of production assurance and reliability technology. This is
to achieve cost-effective solutions over the life cycle of an
asset-development project structured around the following main
elements: production-assurance management for optimum economy of
the facility through all of its life-cycle phases, while also
considering constraints arising from health, safety, environment,
quality and human factors; planning, execution and implementation
of reliability technology; application of reliability and
maintenance data; and reliability-based design and operation
improvement. ISO 20815 designates 12 processes, of which seven are
defined as core production-assurance processes and addressed in
this standard. The remaining five processes are denoted as
interacting processes and are outside the scope. The interaction of
the core production-assurance processes with these interacting
processes, however, is within the scope of ISO 20815 as the
information flow to and from these latter processes is required to
ensure that production-assurance requirements can be fulfilled.
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5 MIL Standards 5.1 Defence and military standards A United
States Defence Standard, often called a military standard,
"MIL-STD", or "MIL-SPEC", is used to help achieve standardization
objectives by the U.S. Department of Defence. Standardization is
beneficial in achieving interoperability, ensuring products meet
certain requirements, commonality, reliability, total cost of
ownership, compatibility with logistics systems, and similar
defence-related objectives. Defence Standards are also used by
other non-Defence government organizations, technical
organizations, and industry. This article discusses definitions,
history, and usage of Defence Standards. Related documents, such as
Defence Handbooks and Defence Specifications are also addressed.
5.2 MIL-HDBK-189: Reliability growth management This handbook
provides procuring activities and development contractors with an
understanding of the concepts and principles of reliability growth,
advantages of managing reliability growth, and guidelines and
procedures to be used in managing reliability growth. It should be
noted that this handbook is not intended to serve as a reliability
growth plan to be applied to a program without any tailoring. This
handbook, when used in conjunction with knowledge of the system and
its development program, will allow the development of a
reliability growth management plan that will aid in developing a
final system that meets its requirements and lowers the life cycle
cost of the fielded systems. This handbook is intended for use on
systems / equipments during their development phase by both
internal and external personnel. 5.3 MIL-STD-721C: Definitions of
terms for reliability and maintainability This Standard defines
words and terms most commonly used which are associated with
Reliability and Maintainability (R&M). It is intended to be
used as a common base for R&M definitions and to reduce the
possibility of conflicts, duplications, and incorrect
interpretations either expressed or implied elsewhere in
documentation. The definitions address the intent and policy of
Department of Defence Directive 5000-40. Statistical and
mathematical terms which have gained wide acceptance are not
defined in this standard since they are included in other
documents. 5.4 MIL-STD-1629A: Procedures for performing a failure
mode, effects and criticality
analysis This standard establishes requirements and procedures
for performing a failure mode, effects, and criticality analysis
(FMECA) to systematically evaluate and document, by item failure
mode analysis, the potential impact of each functional or hardware
failure on mission success, personnel and system safety, system
performance, maintainability, and maintenance requirements. Each
potential failure is ranked by the severity of its effect in order
that appropriate corrective actions may be taken to eliminate or
control the high risk items. 5.5 MIL-STD-2074: Failure
classification for reliability testing This Standard contains
criteria for classification of failures during reliability testing.
Failures are classified as either relevant or non-relevant.
Information on reclassification of failures, failure analysis and
failure reports is also provided.
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5.6 MIL-STD-2173: Reliability centred maintenance requirements
for naval aircraft, weapons systems and support equipment
The purpose of this standard is to provide the procedures for a
reliability centred maintenance (RCM) analysis for naval aircraft,
weapons systems and support equipment. The goals of this standard
are to provide organisational focus and systematic procedures to
accomplish the following: Analyse the maintenance requirements for
each type / model aircraft; Objectively justify every maintenance
requirement; Enforce the performance of only the justified
maintenance actions. This standard is to be used by contractors
during development of new systems and equipment and by analysts and
auditors within the Naval Air Systems Command for determining
preventive maintenance requirements and developing age exploration
requirements. The tasks shall also be used to update the initial
reliability centred maintenance analysis and analyse newly
discovered failure modes. 5.7 MIL-P-24534A: Planned maintenance
system Development of maintenance
requirement cards, maintenance index pages and associated
documentation This specification identifies the requirements and
standards for the development and production of Maintenance
Requirement Cards (MRCs), Maintenance Index Pages (MIPs), and other
associated documentation used with the Navy Maintenance and
Material Management (3-M) Systems and Planned Maintenance System
(PMS). This specification implements Reliability Centered
Maintenance (RCM) methodology for the determination of maintenance
requirements and applies to all levels of system or equipment
grouping and to all scheduled maintenance, whether equipment is in
use, ready for use or in standby or lay up condition. This
specification addresses the total scheduled maintenance program for
a ship, irrespective of the maintenance echelon possessing the
capability to perform the maintenance; that is, organisational,
intermediate and depot level scheduled maintenance tasks are
considered. This specification provides procedures for development
of unscheduled maintenance within the PMS program. Planned
maintenance system documentation shall be developed in accordance
with this specification. This specification is intended for use by
PMS development activities and by activities which manage, monitor
or coordinate that development.
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6 EN / CEN Standards 6.1 CEN as an organization
CEN (= Comit Europen de Normalisation / European Committee for
Standardization) is one of the two components of the Joint European
Standards Institution CEN/CENELEC.
CEN constitutes a "European forum" in the field of
non-electrotechnical standardization, facilitating and organizing
contacts with all interested parties: governments, public bodies,
producers, users, consumers, trade unions, etc...
The aim of CEN may be realized in any way, and in particular by
the following means:
Harmonization of national standards published by CEN members;
Promotion of uniform implementation of International Organization
for Standardization
(ISO) and other international standards or recommendations by
CEN members; Preparation of reports on the state of harmonization
of standards of CEN members; Preparation of European Standards (EN)
'de novo' when justified by requirements in
Western Europe where no appropriate international or other
standard exists for use as a reference document;
Provision of procedures for the mutual recognition of test
results and certification systems on the European level;
Support for world-wide standardization in the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO);
Co-operation with the European Communities, the European Free
Trade Association (EFTA) and other international governmental
organizations so that European Standards (EN) and Harmonization
Documents (HD) can be referred to in their directives or other
instruments;
Co-operation with other international governmental, economic,
professional and scientific organizations on questions linked with
standardization;
Co-operation with the European Committee for Electrotechnical
Standardization (CENELEC), the other component of the Joint
European Standards Institution.
6.2 EN 1050: Safety of machinery - Principles of risk assessment
This standard establishes general principles for the procedure
known as risk assessment by which the knowledge and experience of
the design, use, incidents, accidents and harm related to machinery
is brought together in order to assess the risks during all phases
of the life of the machinery. This standard gives guidance on the
information required to allow risk assessment to be carried out.
Procedures are described for identifying hazards and estimating and
evaluating risk. The purpose of the standard is to provide advice
for decisions to be made on the safety of machinery and the type of
documentation required to verify the risk assessment carried out.
This standard is not intended to provide a detailed account of
methods for analysing hazards and estimating risk as this is dealt
with elsewhere. A summary of some of these methods is given for
information only. Replaced by ISO EN 14121. 6.3 EN 13269:
Maintenance - Guideline on preparation of maintenance contracts
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In addition, as technical and economic developments increase,
the demand for contracted maintenance services both nationally and
across borders also increases. It is therefore important that
maintenance contracts are approached in a structured and careful
manner. The purpose of this Standard is to: promote cross-border
company/maintenance contractor relationships and to produce a
clear interface between the company and the maintenance
contractor for maintenance services;
improve the quality of maintenance contracts so that disputes
and adjustments are minimized;
draw attention to the scope of maintenance services and to
identify options for their provision;
give assistance in, and advice on, the drafting and negotiation
of maintenance contracts and in specifying arrangements in the case
of dispute;
identify types of maintenance contracts and to make
recommendations for the attribution of rights and obligations
between the parties of the contract including risks;
simplify comparison between maintenance contracts. The standard
also could facilitate in specifying the required output of
maintenance activities. 6.4 EN 13306: Maintenance terminology
The purpose of this European standard is to define the generic
terms used for all types of maintenance and maintenance management
irrespective of the type of item considered except software. It is
the responsibility of any maintenance management to define its
maintenance strategy according to three main criteria: to ensure
the availability of the item for the required function, often at
optimum costs; to consider the safety requirements associated with
the item for both maintenance and
user personnel, and, where necessary, any impact on the
environment; to uphold the durability of the item and/or the
quality of the product or service provided
considering, where necessary, costs. The terms contained in this
standard indicate that maintenance is not confined to the technical
actions but includes all the activities such as planning,
documentation handling and many others. The standard IEC 60050
(191) has been used as a basis for the preparation of this standard
but some terms have been modified and some terms have been added.
Not all terms specified in IEC 60050 (191) are included in this
European standard. 6.5 EN 13460: Maintenance - Documents for
maintenance
This standards specifies the general guidelines for: the
technical documentation to be supplied with an item, at the latest
before it is ready to
be put into service, in order to support its maintenance. the
documentation of information to be established within the
operational phase of an
item, in order to support the maintenance requirements.
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6.6 EN 13849: Safety of machinery Safety-related parts of
control systems 6.6.1 Part 1: General principles for design EN
13849-1 provides safety requirements and guidance on the principles
for the design and integration of safety-related parts of control
systems (SRP/CS), including the design of software. For these parts
of SRP/CS, it specifies characteristics that include the
performance level required for carrying out safety functions. It
applies to SRP/CS, regardless of the type of technology and energy
used (electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic, mechanical, etc.), for all
kinds of machinery. It does not specify the safety functions or
performance levels that are to be used in a particular case. 6.6.2
Part 2: Validation EN 13849-2 specifies the procedures and
conditions to be followed for the validation by analysis and
testing of: the safety functions provided and the category achieved
For the safety-related parts of the control system in compliance
with EN 954-1 (EN 13849-1), using the design rationale provided by
the designer. 6.7 EN 14121: Safety of machinery Risk assessment
See ISO 14121. 6.8 EN 15341: Maintenance - Maintenance key
performance indicators
This European standard describes a system for management of Key
Performance Indicators to measure maintenance performance in the
framework of the influencing factors such as the economical,
technical and organizational aspects, to appraise and to improve
efficiency and effectiveness in order to achieve a excellence in
maintenance of Technical Assets. 6.9 EN 20815: Petroleum,
petrochemical and natural gas industries - Production assurance
and reliability management
See ISO 20815. 6.10 EN 60079: Electrical apparatus for explosive
gas atmospheres
See IEC 60079. 6.11 EN 60300: Dependability management
See IEC 60300. 6.12 EN 61078: Analysis techniques for
dependability - Reliability block diagram and boolean
methods
See IEC 61078.
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6.13 EN 61703: Mathematical expressions for reliability,
availability, maintainability and maintenance support terms
See IEC 61703. 6.14 CEN/TR 15628: Qualification of maintenance
personnel
The scope of this document is to report about the current
situation for defining the competence levels for personnel
operating in maintenance and the knowledge levels required to be
addressed to carry out those competencies. It defines three
competence and knowledge levels and how to achieve a structured
qualification program for maintenance personnel.
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7 BSI Standards 7.1 British Standards Institute Since its
foundation in 1901 as the Engineering Standards Committee, BSI
Group has grown into a leading global independent business services
organization. The Group now operates globally through its three
divisions: BSI British Standards, BSI Management Systems and BSI
Product Services. The BSI Group: Certifies management systems and
products Provides product testing services Develops private,
national and international standards Provides training and
information on standards and international trade and Provides
performance management software solutions BSI British Standards is
the National Standards Body of the UK, with a globally recognized
reputation for independence, integrity and innovation in the
production of standards that promote best practice. It develops and
sells standards and standardization solutions to meet the needs of
business and society. 7.2 BS 14224: Petroleum, petrochemical and
natural gas industries - Collection and
exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment: See
ISO 14224. 7.3 BS 6548: Maintainability of equipment 7.3.1 Part 1:
Guide to specifying and contracting for maintainability See IEC
60706-1. 7.3.2 Part 2: Guide to maintainability studies during the
design phase See IEC 60706-2. 7.3.3 Part 3: Guide to
maintainability, verification and the collection, analysis and
presentation
of maintainability data See IEC 60706-3. 7.3.4 Part 4: Guide to
the planning of maintenance and maintenance support See IEC
60706-4. 7.3.5 Part 5: Guide to diagnostic testing See IEC 60706-5.
7.3.6 Part 6: Guide to statistical methods in maintainability
evaluation See IEC 60706-6.
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7.4 BS 61703: Mathematical expressions for reliability,
availability, maintainability and maintenance support terms
See IEC 61703.
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8 AFNOR Standards 8.1 Association franaise de normalisation
Within a context of trade globalisation and the pursuit of
competitiveness, the AFNOR Group, which brings together the
activities of both AFAQ and AFNOR, is the preferred partner of most
socio-economic players. The Group has demonstrated its expertise in
four complementary activities. Standardisation:
AFNOR develops the reference systems required by economic
players to promote their strategic and commercial development. As
European and International standardisation represents more than 80%
of its work, AFNOR is influentia