General Science

GENERAL SCIENCE

GENERAL SCIENCEPREPARED BY: EDUARD E. GANDUL JR. RM, RN, EMT-B, EMSTEST TAKING STRATEGYWhen you aren't sure of a correct answer AND HAVE TO GUESSChoose the most general answer when other choices are specific.2. Choose the longest answer when others are much shorter.3. Choose the answer with a middle value when other answers are higher or lower.4. Choose neither of the similar answers.5. Choose one of two opposite answers.6. Choose the answer that agrees grammatically. For ex: a, and an = singular, are = plural.7. Choose the answer most synonymous with key words in the question or statement.8. Count the number of blanks in fill-in questions or statements.9. Choose from among familiar answers. Avoid unknown options.10. Choose the most logical answer to you.11. Avoid answers with absolutes in them. Examples are always, never, every, none, all, only.)1. The school will hold a science fair. You tried to make a project but failed. The next thing you do is

to ask your father to do it for younot to submit a project anymore oneto try and try until you produceto tell your teacher that you cant make one

ANSWER: C, EXPERIMENTATION IS A REPEATED PROCESS USING THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD, FAILED EXPERIMENT RESULT TO BRILLIANT EXPERIMENT.

32. A medium sized egg has a mass of 675 grams. What is the average mass of one egg in kg?

56 kg 0.560 kg 67.2 kg 5.6 kg

Choose the answer with a middle value when other answers are higher or lower.ANSWER: B, 1 KG = 1000 GRAMS 675 GRAMS IS EQUAL TO 0.675 KG43. Before inventing the incandescent bulb, Thomas Alva Edison made the experiment repeatedly.

Tentativenessb. Drawing the final conclusionsc. Superstitionsd. Curiosity

ANSWER: A5

DEFINE OBJECTIVEFind Best MethodWrite ProtocolObtain MaterialPrepare timelineDo the ExperimentRecord EverythingAnalyze Result4. An irregularly-shaped solid was drop in a graduated cylinder which has a read of 40 cm3. The water rose to 45 cm3. What is the volume of the solid?

5cm35cm5cm25cm6Answer: A, 45cm3-40cm3= 5, copy the unit.Formula Vx=V2-V1Volume using rectangular Container.Vx=LxWxH75. Which of the following is NOT TRUE in the definition of science?Body of knowledge and theoryDiscontinuing of explanation of universeCollection of factsSystematic and meaningful patterns

Choose neither of the similar answers.Answer: B,86. Jericho wants to know the mass of a piece of metal. What instrument should he use?a. Spring balanceb. Equal-arm balancec. Graduated Cylinderd. Platform balanceAnswer: B/D, are weighing scale and are used for getting the mass, -Graduated cylinder is used for getting the volume of an Object.-Spring Balance is used for getting the Weight not the Mass.Mass is due to the strength of mutual gravitational attraction to other bodies. (amount of matter in an object standard unit is kilogram)Weight is the product of mass and is due to the force of gravity.(heaviness of person or thing Kilogram-force =9.80665newtons, usually gram 1000gram is equal to 1 kg.)97. What is the standard unit of mass in metric meter?

MeterKilogramKilometerPound

Answer: B, Kilogram is the standard unit of mass in metric systemMeter is the standard unit of Length in metricKilometer is the standard unit of distancePound is the standard unit of mass in Imperial SystemEnglish unit ounce. 16 ounce = 1 Lb, 1kg = 2.2lbs108. Which of the following branches of science deals with the study of matter, energy and their transformation?ChemistryPhysicsBiologyGeneticsAnswer; B physicsChemistry is a branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties and change of matter.Biology - is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.Bracnhes Botanyis the study of plants.Zoologyis the study of animals.Anatomyis the study of internal structures of living things.Biochemistryis the use of chemistry in the study of living things.Ecologyis the study of the relationships of living things to each other and to their environment.Pathologyis the study if diseases, generally in animals. Phytopathology is the study of diseases in plants.Physiologyis the study of normal functions of living things.Taxonomyis the classification and naming of living things.Geneticsis the science of heredity and the lifelong development of living thingsCytologyis the study of cells.Histologyis the study of tissues.Protozoologyis the study of one celled organisms.Bacteriologyis the study of bacteria.Virologyis the study of viruses.Microbiologyis the study of microorganisms.Mycologyis the study of fungi.Phycologyis the study of algae.Genetics s the study of genes, heredity, andgeneticvariation in living organisms, branch of biology studying the life science.119. Which one of the following is the mental attitude that acts from sound reasoning?

Scientific methodScientific attitudeScientific mindScientific skillsAnswer: C. Scientific MindScientific Attitude-is a disposition to act in a certain way or a demonstration of feelings and/or thoughts.Scientific Method -is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. (inquiry to specific principles of reasoning/ curiosity with ffact answer or basis and evidence)Scientific Skills able to define and answer problems and to do better in science.1210. What scientific attitude must a person possess in seeking answers to things in which he is greatly interested?

a. Open-mindednessb. Flexibilityc. Curiosityd. Resourcefulness

Answer: C Curiosity Latin curiosus "careful, diligent, curious," akin to cura "care, (is a quality related to inquisitive thinking such as exploration, investigation, and learning)Open-mindness s receptiveness to new ideasFlexibility ability to adopt to a certain situation immediately.. Resourcefulness able to deal skillfully and promptly with new situations,

1311. Michael saw some big crabs crawling on the sand. He wandered where they came from so he tried investigating.Concern for living thingsCreativityCuriosityResponsibility

Answer C; Curiosity, by the word investigating that is an act of Curiosity.Creativity is a phenomenon whereby something new and somehow valuable is formed (ideas, theory, invention, literary, etc.)Responsibility A duty or obligation to satisfactorily perform or complete a taskor having control to someone.

1412. Joy learned in school that fertilizers affect the growth of plants. She wanted to know how the amount of fertilizer used affects its growth. Which of the following should she do?

Ask her science teacher the correct answer.Conduct an experiment to find out.Look for the correct answer.Write the Bureau of soils.

Answer: B. Conduct an Experiment, attitude of curiosity Curiosity 1513. You have identified the problem in your experiment, what is the next step?

Formulate the hypothesis gather relevant data Formulate the conclusion test the hypothesis

Answer: C. Process of Scientific MethodStep 1. ask question (process of inquiry and curiosity to seek answer to a certain question do background research)Step 2. State a hypothesis-After doing your research, try to predict the answer to the problem. Another term for hypothesis is educated guess. This is usually stated like If I(do something) then(this will occur)An example would be, If I grow grass seeds under green light bulbs, then they will grow faster than plants growing under red light bulbs.

Step 3. Conduct Experiment - Step 4. Analyze the result-Record what happened during the experiment. Also known as data.Step 5. Make a Conclusion-Review the data and check to see if your hypothesis was correct. If the grass under the green light bulb grew faster, then you proved your hypothesis, if not, your hypothesis was wrong. It is not bad if your hypothesis was wrong, because you still discovered something!1613. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about science and technology?Science is an organized knowledge about environment.Science taught man the relationship of living things with their environments.Technology helps improve mans life.Technology can provide all the solutions to the problems of the society.

Answer: DRule number 1. Choose the most general answer when other choices are specific.

17Science Involves application of knowledge

is an organized body of knowledge derived from observation and study.Science is an organized body of knowledge derived from observation and study.Science is a method used to search for truth about the physical world and the natural laws that control the physical world.It is more than a body of knowledge. It is a way of thinking.Science can be divided into two categories, depending on what is the subject of study. These include:Social Sciences such as psychology, sociology, and history Natural Sciences that can be further divided into Physical Sciences -deal with the physical world and include chemistry, physics, geology, astronomy, etc. Biological Sciences -deal with living organisms and include zoology, botany, forestry, etc.

Technology-can be the knowledge of techniques, processesfromGreek,techne, art, skill, cunning of hand"; and-,-logiais the collection of techniques, methods or processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigationconversion of natural resources into simple tools14. Which of the following is considered as technology?

Production of antibiotics Invention of calculator Invention of computerall of the above

Answer: D11. Avoid answers with absolutes in them. Examples are always, never, every, none, all, only.2015. Jenny wants to know the length of the table. What instrument will she use?

Spring balanceGraduated cylinderRulerThermometer

Answer: CThermometer is to get the Physical Temperature of thing person and EnvironmentUnit of temperatureFahrenheit are used to record surface temperature measurementsKelvin meaning begins at absolute zeroit has no negative numbersCelsius is a scale and unit of measurement for temperature.21Unit of temperature from F-C - K

Celsius to FahrenheitT(F)=T(C) 9/5 + 32Example ConversionCelsius to Fahrenheit37 0C =

Fahrenheit to Celsius100 0F =

Celsius to Kelvin100 0C = 96.8 0F37.8 0C373 K(100 -32 / 1.8)(100 +273)(37 x 1.8+32)16. Which of the following terms describes the total distance travelled by an object in a given unit of time

a. average speedb. Average velocityc. Constant velocityd. Average Acceleration

Answer: A. Average SpeedB. Theaveragevelocity speed of an object is defined as the distance traveled divided by the time elapsed.C. Constant Velocity means that it is moving along a straight line.D. Average Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes.

2417. A ball Rolls off and falls at the edge of the table as shown. In Which of the three position does gravity act on the ball?a. Point Ab. Point b.c. Point c.d. Point A, B, CAnswer: D. the ball falls starting from point A to C. because gravity act on the base.2518. Substance X has a pH of 7.8, Substance Y has a pH of 8.3 and substance Z has a pH of 9.4., which of the statement is or are correct?

a. substance Y is more acidic than X, But Less acidic than Zb. substance Y is more basic than X, But Less basic than Zc. substance Y is less acidic than X, But more Acidic than Zd. substance Y is less basic than X, But more basic than Z

19. An Electric motor is a device that changes_________________

a. Magnetic field producing electricityb. Electric energy into mechanical Energyc. chemical energy into electrical energyd. potential energy into electrical energy

Answer: A. Magnetic Field Producing Electricity.2720. A student wires a series circuit that includes block rubber and a light bulb. She states that she does not expect the light bulb to light up when current is applied. Which of the following best describes the statement.

a. it is a conclusion based n observation data about the electrical phenomenab. it is a hypothesis based on knowledge data about electrical phenomenac. it is a procedure based on her hypothesis about electrical phenomenad. it is a theory based on her observations of electrical phenomena.

Natural Scienceis a branch ofscienceconcerned with the description, prediction, and understanding ofnaturalphenomena, based on observational and empirical evidence.that can be further divided into Physical Sciences -deal with the physical world and include chemistry, physics, geology, astronomy, etc. Biological Sciences -deal with living organisms and include zoology, botany, forestry, etc.

1. Who is the father of biology?

AristotleAnton van LeeuwenhockRobert Hooke Rudolf VirchowAnswer: A. Aristotle divide living things to two kingdom, Plantae and AnimaliaAnton van Leeuwenhock Father of Microbiology (Observed living cells in pond water, which he called "animalcules)Robert Hooke (Father of Modern Science) one of the proponent of microscopy discovered cells, the first person to see cells, he was looking at cork and noted that he saw "a great many boxesZacharias Janssen and hans lippershy (inventor of first microscope or magnifying glass 17th century)302. it is the part of earth inhabited by living organisms

BiospherepopulationEcosystemCommunity.

Answer: A313. The Smallest Unit of Life?

OrganelleAtomSub Atomic Particle.Cell

Answer: D Cell is considered the smallest unit of life.Organelle is composed of many cellsAtom is the smallest unit of matterSub Atomic particle is smaller than atom and is composed of Electron, Proton and Neutron324. A localized group of organisms that belong to the same species is called a

Bio systemcommunitypopulationecosystem Answer: C Population.33Hierarchical Organization- each level builds on the level below it in biology

cellular level- atoms >> molecules >> macromolecules >> organelles >> cellorganismal level- tissue >> organ >> organ system >> organismpopulation level- population (group of same species living in one place) >> species (group of organisms able to interbreed) >> biological community >> ecosystem

Levels of OrganizationExplanationExampleA. Sub Atomic ParticlesSmaller than AtomsB. Atomatom is the smallest particle that maintains its physical and chemical propertiesoxygen, nitrogen, goldC. Moleculewhen two or more atoms are bonded togetherwater, carbon dioxideD. Macromoleculewhen two or more molecules are bonded together to form large (gigantic!) moleculesproteins, lipids, carbohydratesE. Organellesseveral macromolecules bonded together form these building blocks of a cellmitochondria, nucleus, golgi apparatusF. Cellsthe smallest unit of life, a cell is a collection of organelles functioning togetherbacteria, animal, plantG. Tissuea collections of cells working together to perform a specific jobepithelial, connectiveLevels of OrganizationExplanationExampleH. Organtwo or more types of tissues that work together to complete a specific taskheart,stomach, brainI. Organ systemseveral organs working in unison to achieve a common goaldigestive, cardiovascular, respiratoryJ. Organismseveral organ systems functioning togetherhuman, dog, treeK. Populationgroups of individual organisms of the same species working together to achieve a common goalbees, antsL. Communitypopulations of different species of organismsall of the human speciesM. Ecosystemgroups of different populations living in the same environmentwetlands, oak forestN. Biomea collection of ecosystems with similar climatesdesert, tundra, rainforestO. Biosphereall of the biomes on the planet earththe earth's living occupants5. To understand the chemical basis of inheritance, we must understand the molecular structure of DNA. This is an example of the application of which concept to the study of biology?

evolutionAbiogenesis Philosophical Theory of Eternitythe cell theoryAnswer: D. Cell TheoryEvolution Change in characteristics of living things over time37Theory of LifeSpecial Creation THEORY (Genesis) the creation of all things by God.Big Bang Theory creation of the universe13.8 billion years ago.Biogenesis is the production of new living organisms or organelles from another organism (process of reproduction)Abiogenesis (spontaneous generation) study of how life on Earth could have arisen from inanimate matter primordial soup" Theory of Evolution (life began in water)Panspermia - Cells From Outer Space Some scientists believe that theCosmogony Theories of the creation of the solar System 4.6 billion years ago (Planetary Nebula)Cosmozoic or interplanetary Theory s protoplasm in the form of a resistant from outer space.Philosophical Theory of Eternity life has no beginning and no end.

6. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells generally have which of the following features in common?a membrane-bounded nucleusa cell wall made of celluloseribosomesflagella or cilia that contain microtubules

CellCells- found in all organismsThe cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional and biological unit of all known living organismsCells are the smallest unit of lifeBuilding block of life

Cell theorycells couldn't be observed until microscopes invented in 17th centuryRobert Hooke - 1st to describe cells when he examined cork; named what he saw after the "small rooms" of monksAntonie van Leeuwenhoek - 1st to examine living cells; named them "animalcules"Matthias Schleiden - stated in 1838 that plants were combinations of tiny/independent cellsTheodor Schwann - stated in 1839 that all animal tissue were also made of cells3 principles of the cell theory

all organisms contain cells, where metabolic/hereditary functions take placecells are the smallest living things, basic units of lifecells are produced only from other pre-existing cells

2 types of CellProkaryotic cells Single Cells Archae Bacteria (ancient one)Cocci sphericalBacilli rod-shapedSpirochaete spiral-shapedVibrio comma-shaped

EUKARYOTIC - Many cellsAll animals and insect are multi-cellular cells, ProtozoaFungi, Virus, Protozoa

Flagellum6. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells generally have which of the following features in common?a membrane-bounded nucleusb. a cell wall made of cellulosec. ribosomesd. flagella or cilia that contain microtubulesAnswer: D. flagella or cilia that contain microtubulesmembrane-bounded nucleus Eukaryotte, Prokaryote is NucleutideProkaryote Chitin, Eukaryote CelluloseRibosomes

457. Which branch of biology is concerned with the naming and classifying of organisms?a. informaticsb. schematic biology c. taxonomyd. genomics

Answer: C. TaxonomyInformatics is the science of processing data for storage and retrievalSchematic Biology Genomics is a forum for describing the development of genome-scale technologies and their application to all areas of biological investigation468. Which endocrine abnormality is characterized by dwarfness, low intelligence and sex immaturity?a. myxedemab. cretinismc. tetany d. acromegaly

Answer: b. Cretinism - is a condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth due to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormones(congenital hypothyrodism)Myxwdwmia-swelling of the skin and underlying tissues giving a waxy consistencyTetany a condition marked by intermittent muscular spasmAcromegaly too much growth hormone that result to gigantism

4710. What is the present connotation of symbiosis?a. a give and take relationship of organismb. any type of relationship between two dissimilar organisms living togetherc. a one- sided relationship between two speciesd. neutral relationship that exist between two organismsAnswer: A4811. Living things are classified either as aerobic or anaerobic as they grow or metabolize in the presence or absence of:a. carbon dioxide b. nitrogenc. waterd. oxygen12. What is the structural difference between plants and animals?a. Plant cells have plastids but animal cells do not.b. Plant cells have a stiff cell wall of cellulose but animal cells do not.c. Animal cells have centriole but the cells of higher plants do not.d. Plant cells have only a thin membrane but animals do notLetter A.5013. Only living things can respond to stimuli, to physical and chemical changes in their environment. Such a characteristic is called:a. metabolismb. irritabilityc. movement d. specific organization

Answer: B. iriitability is an excitation response to stimuliConverting food into energy

5114. The preservation of specie is made possible througha. reproduction b. adaptationc. metabolism d. growth

Answer: ReproductionAdaptationMetabolismGrowth 5211. Which refers to the earths entire zone of air, land and water which occupied by living things?

a. Biosphereb. biome c. bioassayd. biomass

Biome is a distinct ecological community of plants and animals living together in a particular climateBioassay are experiments that use living things to test the toxicity of chemicals.Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms5312. Which body organ is responsible for the removal of waste from the blood and body fluids?a. liver b. pancreasc. kidney d. large intestine

answer: C. Kidney organ of excretion Liver metabolic processes.Pancreas endocrine organ

Large Intestine also called the colon or thelarge bowel 5413. What is meant by excretion?a. Elimination of waste and undigested food from the anus.b. Removal from the cells and blood streams of substances which are no further use in the body.c. Release from the cell of some substance that is utilized elsewhere in some bodily process.d. Absorption of soluble food by the body cells.

5514. The clotting of the blood is essentially the function of:

a. red blood cellsb. white corpusclesc. plasmad. hemoglobinAnsswer: D. RBC responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrtion to tissues and cellsWBC immune systemPLASMA a protein-salt solution in which red and whitebloodcells and platelets are suspended

5615. All living things have a tendency to maintain uniformity or stability in their internal environment called:a. anabolism b. metabolism c. epigenesistd. homeostasisAnswer: DAnabolism construct molecules from smaller unitsCatabolism s the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units to release energy.epigenesisthe development of an organism from an undifferentiated cell

5716. What is an ecosystem?

a. A basic unit that shows interaction between living things and their environment.b. A recognizable unit which shows plant and animal distribution as influenced primarily by climate.c. A fundamental unit that shows various types of relationship among organism.d. A distinct unit that shows how physical factor can affect other abiotic components in the environment.17. Which plant structure transports organic nutrients both up and down the stem and roots?

a. xylemb. vascular bundlec. parenchymad. phloemAnswer: D. Phloem is the living tissue that carries organic nutrients (known as photosynthate)Xylem plant vascular tissue that conveys water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant and also provides physical supportvascular bundleis a part of the transportParenchymais the bulk of a substance key element of an organ to function.5918. Which traps light energy from the sun for use in the photosynthesis?a. carbon dioxide b. waterc. Chlorophylld. oxygenAnswer: C. Chlorophyll is the molecule that absorbs sunlight and uses its energy to synthesiseChloroplast is the site of photosynthesis6019. Smoking cigarettes:

a. causes ulcerb. decreases the vital capacity of the stomachc. leads to emphysema and lung cancerd. leads to abnormal life

20. If the Chromosome number of your skin cells is 46, the number of chromosome in your gametes is equal to:a. 46b. 23c. 44d. 12

21. Blood cells and plasma factors are important:

a. immune defenseb. invadersc. external defenses d. internal defenses

Answer: A. Immune SystemB. Invaders Pathogens or Agent. (Physical or biological or chemical Agent)c. External Defenses First line of Defense (skin, mucosa)d. Internal Defense (Second Line of Defense)

6322. A spinal nerve is:

a. motor nerve b. sensory nervec. neuron d. mixed nerve

Answer: D.ixwed NerveMotor Nerve Responsible for our Fine and Motor skillsSensory Nerve Responsible for our Sense,Neurons cell of nervous systems which conduct nerve impulse.6423. The anterior pituitary stimulates the:

a. they all use some deviceb. they are all expensivec. they interrupt lovemakingd. they prevent the egg from coming in contact with the sperm

Answer: D6525. Pregnancy begins:

a. upon successful implantationb. when the egg is fertilizedc. during the follicular phased. when ovulation occurs

Answer: B.6626. The fact that many insects are now immune to DDT is an example of:

a. natural selection b. genetic drift c. geographical isolation d. translocationAnswer: A. Natural Selection s the gradual process by which heritable biological traits become either more or less common in a populationGenetic allelicdrift) is the change in the frequency of a gene variantgeographical isolation is a term that refers to a population of animals, plants, or other organisms that are separated from exchanging genetic material with other organisms of the same speciesTRANSLOCATION Removal of things from one place to another6727. The nutrient glucose is useful to the body:

a. to prevent goiter b. as a source of energyc. active reabsorptiond. during the process of respiration

Chemical Building Blocks of LifeBuilding blocks of life or Four MacromaculeCarbon based: organic moleculesCarbohydrates: CHOLipids: CHO, water insolubleProteins: CHONS, structure/function in cellsNucleic acids: CHONP, hereditary (genetic) information

Organic Elements is any member of a large class ofgaseous,liquid, orsolidchemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon.

sulfur, phosphorous, SPONCH - a nice mnemonicoxygen, nitrogen, carbon,

A. Carbon (Latin Word Carbo means Coal) The Framework of Biological Moleculesforms the key component for all known naturally occurringlifeonEarthB. Carbohydrates- molecules w/ carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in ratio 1C:2H:1O Types of CarbohydratesMonosaccharide simplest of the carbohydrates glucose- most important energy-storing monosaccaride; has 7 C-H bonds for energyDisaccharides double sugar" Sucrose - fructose + glucose; used by plants to transport glucoseLactose - galactose + glucose found in milkMaltose - glucose + glucose forms in digestive tract of humans during starch digestion.Polysaccharides macromolecules made of monosaccharides starch- used to store energy; consists of linked glucose moleculescellulose - used for structural material in plants; consists of linked glucose moleculesamylose - simplest starch; all glucose connected in unbranched chainsamylopectin - plant starch; branches into amylose segmentsglycogen- animal version of starch; has more branches than plant starch

C. Lipids a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols

fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K)The main biological functions of lipids include storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes.Types of LipidsSaturated Lipids- fatthat consists oftriglyceridescontaining onlysaturatedfatty acids.Unsaturated Lipids a fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain, Liquid at room temperatureDo not rise blood cholesterol level and is heart healthy fat.D. Protein (Polymer Amino Acids)

20 different amino acids found in the proteinFunction of ProteinRegulate Chemical reaction and cell Process (enzymes)Form bone and MuscleFacilitate transport across cell membranes (protein carrier)Fight disease.A. Amino Acid building Blocks of ProteinB. Hereditary Information Nucleic Acid RNA- ribonucleic acid (Replicating DNA synthesize and transport)DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid (Producing DNA for Replication blueprint)Nucleotides have metabolic functions in cells.Coenzymes are molecules which facilitate enzymatic reactions.ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a nucleotide used to supply energy.Nucleotides also serve as nucleic acid monomers.

28. Radiant energy is covered into chemical energy during:

a. oxidation b. glycosisc. respiration d. photosynthesis

Anwer: D Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase inoxidationGlycosis All organisms produce ATP by releasing energy stored in glucose and other sugarsRespiration is defined as the transport of oxygen from the outside air to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction7429. Which of the following is not a form of vegetative reproduction?

a. regenerationb. buddingc. spore formation d. vegetation by runners

Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugarPlants need only light energy, CO2, and H2O to make sugar. The process of photosynthesis takes place in thechloroplasts, specifically using chlorophyll, the green pigment involved in photosynthesis.Photosynthesis takes place primarily in plant leavesTwo stages of Photosynthesis

Stage 1 Light Reaction StageThe light reaction happens in the thylakoid membrane and converts light energy to chemical energy.4 stagesA.primary photoevent- light photon captured by pigment, exciting the electrons in the pigmentB. charge separation- energy transferred to reaction center (special chlorophyll pigment)transfers energetic electron to acceptor molecule, starts electron transportC. electron transport- electrons go through multiple electron carriers in the membranepumps induce movt of proton across the membraneelectron passed to an acceptor in the endD. chemiosmosis- protons flow down gradient to power ATP synthase

Stage 2 Dark stage / Calvin cycleChemical Energy from the light is made to sugarThe energy harvested via the light reaction is stored by forming a chemical called ATP (adenosine triphosphate) carbon fixationsynthesizes organic molecules from CO2 in air and energy in ATP/NADPHdoesn't need light to worktakes place in stroma

30. Nitrogenous waste is produced by the metabolism of:a. fats b. carbohydratesc. proteins d. starches

Answer: C.7931. Which of the following is a reflex act?a. breathingb. blinkingc. walkingd. sleeping

Answer: B.8032. In an ecosystem:

a. type of soil b. amount of lightc. amount of rainfall d. A, B, and C are correct

Answer: D. is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system.8136. Deficiency of carbohydrates is characterized by:

a. sluggishness b. pallorc. obesity d. bone deformation

37. Salt as a preservative causesa. cell shrinkageb. ionization c. hydrolysis d. hydration

Answer: AHydrolysisis a reaction involving the breaking of a bond in a molecule using water.Ionization energyis the quantity ofenergythat an isolated (Ionsare atoms with extra electrons or missing electrons)Hydrationmay refer to:Hydrate, a term used to indicate that a substance contains water;

8338. What do you call the practical or industrial application based on scientific principles?

a. scientific methodb. technologyc. theory d. experimentation

Anser: Bcientific methodis a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.Theoryis a contemplative and rational type of abstract or generalizing thinking, or the results of such thinking.Experiment a procedure or operation carried out to resolve an uncertainty8439. What is the principal cause of earthquakes?

A. faulting b. landslidesc. nuclear explosionsd. volcanic eruptions

Answer: A Faulting a crack in the earth's crust resulting from the displacement of one side with respect to the other (ectonic activity associated with plate margins and faults majority)d. volcanic eruptions

85What Causes An Earthquake ?

There are two main causes of earthquakesFirstly, they can be linked to explosive volcanic eruptions; they are in fact very common in areas of volcanic activity where they either proceed or accompany eruptions.Secondly, they can be triggered by Tectonic activity associated with plate margins and faults. The majority of earthquakes world wide are of this type.

40. Purification of metals can be done best by:

a. filtrationb. flotationc. aerationd. electrolysis

PHYSICAL SCIENCEEarth Science- is an all embracing term for the science related to the planet earth.How earth works, and how it evolved to its current state.Two approaches in studying earth science.Holistic approach - s the idea that natural systems (physical, biological, chemical, social, economic, mental, linguistic, etc.) and their properties should be viewed as wholes, not as collections of parts.Reductionist Approach - a complex system is nothing but the sum of its parts, and that an account of it can be.4 major branch of Earth ScienceGeologyOceanographyMeteorology and climatologyAstronomy

Field of study:

Geology - Describes the study of facts of the earth crust.Physical Geography covers aspects of geomorphology, soil study, hydrology, meteorology, climatology, and biogeography.Oceanography the study of Earth oceans and the life and process that affect it. (covered 71% water)Meteorology The study of earths atmosphere, weather and more long term process such as climate and climate changes.Astronomy the study of earth place in space outside of earth. Stars, planets and solar system.Ecology covers the interaction between the biota with their environment.Glaciology covers the icy part of the earth (cryosphere)Geophysics investigate shape of the earth, magnetic field and gravity field.

1. Why is the planet earth NOT thrown away by its orbit?

a. It is controlled by its fast revolution.b. There is a path that holds it firmly.c. The size is just right to maintain its distance.d. The suns gravitational pull and inertia put it.

Answer: D91SirIsaac Newton 1642-1726 was an Englishphysicistand mathematicianCreated the law of gravity after seeing an apple falling in the ground.Gravity a force of attraction that exist between any two massesbodies or particles. It is the attraction that exist between two objects

Newtons Law of Gravity Newton's laws of motion / Inertia

Newtons Law of Gravity states that any two bodies in the universe attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between themObjects of greater mass have a stronger pull of gravityAs distance increases, the force of gravity decreases.The speed of a planet increases at perihelion due to an increase in the pull of gravity.

Newton's laws of motion / Inertia describe the relationship between a body and theforcesacting upon it, and itsmotionin response to said forcesFirst Law: an object either remains at rest or continues to move at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by an externalforceSecond Law: greater the mass of an object, the more force it will take to accelerate the objectThird Law: for every action (force) there is an equal and opposite reaction (force).

Gravity and Inertia

Inertia causes a planet to move in a straight line.Gravity pulls a planet toward the sun.

2. The annual journey of the earth around the sun is called

a. rotation b. revolution c. transition d. precessionAnSWER: B. Revolution97What are the two main motion of earth?

Rotation circular movement of an object around the center of rotation. (rotational, axis, spinning)Earth's rotation is the rotation of the planet Earth around its own axisThe Earth rotates from West towards the East. If we look down at the Earth's North Pole from space we can notice that the direction of rotation is counter-clockwise. One rotation completes in 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds.tilted at 23.5 degrees from perpendicular to the plane of our orbit

tilted at 23.5 degrees from perpendicular to the plane of our orbit

Angular Rate of Rotation:THINK one complete rotationa. 360 degreesb. 24 hours Rate = 3600/24 hours = 150/hourEffects of the Earth (Day and NIght)Apparent daily motion of the suna. Earth rotates from WEST to EASTb. Sun appears to move in an arc from EAST to WEST

2. Revolution orbiting of one object to another object.

Earth completes one complete revolution around the Sun in 365 days, 5 hours, 45 minutes and 46 seconds. The path which Earth takes around the Sun is called Earths Orbit. The Earth's orbit around the Sun is not circular, but oval or elliptical.The orbiting of one celestial body around another celestial body.

Earths Angular Rate of Revolution360 degrees365 daysRate = 3600/365 days ~ = 10/dayEffects of Earths RevolutionNighttime constellations change in a yearly cycle.Constellation groups of stars that form patterns of imaginary things such as animals, legendary heroes, and mythological godsZodiac a band of 12 constellations that forms a background for the Sun as seen from the revolving Earth.Seasons Yearly CycleCauses:Earth revolves around the sunEarth is tilted/inclined on axis 23 1/2oEarths axis always points in the same direction

TriviaSpeed of 108,000 km/hRotates 24hrsPerihelion 147,098,074 km (6.9% solar energy) January 3Aphelion 152, 097,701 km June 4

6. A planets elliptical orbit means that the planeta. keeps the same distance b. is very near the sun c. is very far from the sund. gets nearer and farther from the sun

ANSWER: D104Johannes Keppler (1611)

Proposed the Kepler's laws of planetary motion are three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun.Planet moves in an elliptical orbitPlanet will cover equal areas in its orbit in an equal amount of time.Period of revolution around the sun is related to its distance from the sun. (The farther the planet in the sun the longer it will take to go around the sun.)

Earths Orbit

Perihelion point in a planets orbit when it is closes to the sun (Kinetic energy highest-Potential Energy Higest Velocity Increases)Aphelion Point of a Planet when it is the farthest to the sun. (Potential energy lowest-kinetic energy lowest, Velocity decreases)

When the vertical rays of the sun strike the equator, the whole earth will have

a. equals day and night b. longer days and shorter nights c. longer night an shorter days d. shorter nights and shorter days

ANSWER: A1078. In summer, we see the sun rise early and set late. Why?

a. The tilt is neither away or toward the sun.b.The tilt of the axis is away from the sun.c. The tilt of the axis toward the sun.d. The tilt is changing in degrees.

ANSWER: C1089. The seasons of the year change mainly because of

a. changing wind direction in summer and winter.b. changing speed of earths revolution.c. the inclination of the axis and revolution.d. the elliptical orbit of the earth and revolution.

ANSWER: C10910. Exactly how long does it take for the trip around the sun?

a. 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 46 sec b. 362 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes, 45 sec c. 365 and daysd. 364 days

11. What dangerous rays kill space travelers?

a. X-rays b. Radio waves c. Gamma raysd. Cosmic rays

ANSWER: C Gamma Rays are Ultraviolet rays that are very dangerousX-ray, Rado waves, Cosmic Rays Are All infrared Radiation that are not very harmfull when short exposure.11112. It is the length of time between two consecutive vernal equinoxes - 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 46 seconds. This a. Sidereal year b. Calendar yearc. Solar yeard. Tropical year

ANSWER: C112Solstices and Equinoxes

Solstices One of two point of Ecliptic at which the sun is the furthest from the celestial equator. The day is either shortest or longest.Equinoxes The intersection of the ecliptic with the celestial equator. Nearest

The summer solstice is the solstice that occurs on June 21 or 22 in the Northern Hemisphere and is the official first day of summerThe winter solstice is the solstice that occurs on December 21 or 22 in the Northern Hemisphere and is the official first day of winter.The autumnal equinox is the equinox that occurs on September 22 or 23 in the Northern HemisphereThe spring equinox is the equinox that occurs on March 21 or 22 in the Northern Hemisphere.

13. The sun never sets at summer time in this part of the earth

a. Northern hemisphere b. Southern hemisphere c. North of Arctic Circled. South of Antarctic Circle

Answer: C11514. The sun never sets at summer time in this part of the earth

a. Northern hemisphere b. Southern hemispherec. North of Arctic Circled. South of Antarctic Circle

Answer: C11615. The ground water which accumulates above the aquifer underground has many sources. Which of the following is a source of this kind of water?

a. Flood water b. Meteoric water c. Connate waterd. Magnetic water

ANSWER: c. Connate waterMeteoric Water s thewaterderived from precipitation (snow and rain). This includeswaterfrom lakes, rivers, and icemelts, which all originate from precipitation indirectly.Flood Water an overflow ofwaterthat submerges land which is usually dryMagnetic Water is a controversial method of supposedly reducing the effects of hardwaterby passing it through amagneticfield

11716. A type of barometer used to measure approximate altitude above the earths surface is the

a. barographb. altimeterc. mercurial barometerd. aneroid barometer

17. Because of the earths rotation on air movement, the path of things that move over the earth tends to curve sidewise. This is known as

a. coriolis effectb. doldrumsc. circumpolar whirl d. mountain breeze

ANSWER: C. CORIOLIS EFFECT is a deflection of moving objects when they are viewed in arotating reference frame11918. At night, the land cools faster than the water, then the wind a. sea breeze b. land breezec. valley breezed. mountain breeze

ANSWER: BSea Beeze onshorebreezeis a gentle wind that develops over bodies of water12019. A type of front is formed when moving cold air mass wedges its way under a warm air mass. It is called

a. cold frontb. warm front c. stationary front d. violent front

FRONTS1. Stationary front -A front that is not moving.2. Warm front Leading edge of warmer air that is replacing cooler air.Gradual OnsetWarm Air over Cool AirLittle TurbulenceWeather Rarely Violent

2. Cold front Leading edge of colder air that is replacing warmer air.Abrupt OnsetCold Air Lifting Warm AirConsiderable TurbulenceWeather Sometimes ViolentThunderstorms CommonCan Spawn Tornadoes3. Occluded Front When a cold front catches up to a warm front.Two fronts mergeAny two types of front can occludeMost common: Cold Front overtakes Warm FrontStarts off like a warm front, finishes like a cold front

20. In a swimming pool, as we go deeper, water pressure

a. increasesb. decreasesc. stays the samed. is balanced

21. What characteristic do air, water and minerals have in common?

a. They contain atomsb. Their atoms are close togetherc. Their atoms are moving at the same speedd. Their atoms are separate from great distance

22. Due to the sinking of the faulting in the islands, huge sea waves rose and swept four towns into the sea. These are called

a. Tsunamis b. Isostasies c. sea quakes d. fissuresTsunamis are caused by an underwater earthquake, a volcanic eruption, an sub-marine rockslide, or, more rarely, by an asteroid or meteoroid crashing into in the ocean.Isostasy deal theoretical balance of all large portions of Earth's lithosphere as though they were floating on the denser underlying layer, the asthenosphereSEAQUAKES a sudden disturbance of the sea caused by a submarine eruption or earthquake.Fissures A long fine crack in the surface of something12623. The nearest galaxy to the Milky Way isa. Andromedac. Large Magellanic Cloudb. Siriusd. CygnusANDROMEDA s the closest large galaxy to the Milky Way and is one of a few galaxies that can be seen unaided from the Earth. Large Magellanic Cloud is a nearby galaxy, and a satellite of the Milky WaySirius also known as the DogStar is the sky's brighteststarCygnus Cygnus, the Swan, is also known as the Northern Cross because of its shape. Ptolemy12724. A mountain cannot be formed by

a. volcanic eruptionb. foldingc. faultingd. weathering

25. When the moon is between the earth and the sun, we experience a

a. Lunar eclipseb. Solar eclipsec. Full moond. New moon

Eclipses of the Sun & Moon

Lunar EclipsesMoon passes through the Earth's shadowTotal, Partial, & Penumbral lunar eclipsesSolar EclipsesEarth passes through the Moon's shadowTotal, Partial, & Annular solar eclipsesThe Eclipse YearHow often do eclipses occur?

Umbra and Penumbra

Because the Sun appears as a disk ~1/2 across, Sun shadows are fuzzy rather than sharp.This means shadows cast by the Earth & Moon are two-part shadows:

Umbra: Inner core of total darknessThe disc of the Sun is completely blocked.Penumbra: Outer, partial shadowSun's disc is only partly blocked, with a bit peeking over the edge.

Lunar Eclipses

Lunar Eclipses occur when the Moon passes through the shadow of the Earth.They only occur during Full Moon when the Earth is between the Moon and the Sun.The Earth's umbra is ~1.4 Million km long:About 3.7x the mean Earth-Moon distance.Umbra's width is 9000 km at the distance of the Moon, or ~2.6x the Moon's diameter.The Earth's umbra is not totally dark because of light scattered by the Earth's transparent atmosphere. This gives the fully eclipsed Moon a slightly ruddy appearance (think about how the Sun looks reddish at sunset or sunrise).

Total Lunar Eclipse:Entire Moon is within the Earth's umbra.Can spend up to 1h 40m in the umbraWhole show can last ~6 hoursPartial Lunar Eclipse:Only part of the Moon enters the umbra.Penumbral Eclipse:Moon misses the umbra completely, only passes through the penumbral shadowSolar Eclipses

Solar Eclipses occur when the Earth passes through the shadow of the Moon.Solar Eclipses only occur duringNew Moon, when the Moon is between the Earth and the Sun.The Moon's umbra is only 380,000 km long:Just long enough for the tip to touch the Earth.But not large enough to cover the entire Earth.Solar Eclipses can be seen only where the shadow passes overhead.

Total Solar Eclipse:The observer is inside the Moon's umbra.The Moon completely covers the Sun.Partial Solar Eclipse:The observer is inside the Moon's penumbra.Only see part of the Sun covered by the Moon.Annular Eclipse:The Moon is at or near apogee, and so is too small to cover the Sun.The Moon's umbra does not touch the Earth, so observer's in the shadow path see the Sun as a ring ("annulus").Why are eclipses rare?If the Moon's orbit were exactly aligned with the Ecliptic, we would seeA solar eclipse every New MoonA lunar eclipse every Full MoonBut, this clearly does not happen. Why?The moon's orbit is tilted ~5 from the Ecliptic.Where the moon's orbit crosses the Ecliptic defines the "Line of Nodes"

Eclipse YearThe Line of Nodes align with the Sun every 346.6 days. This is called the "Eclipse Year".But, it must be a Full or New Moon when the nodes line up to have an eclipse. This happens only very rarely.From a given location on the Earth you see.a Total Lunar Eclipse every 3 years (or so).a Total Solar Eclipse every 360 years.Next Total Solar Eclipse near Columbus:2017 August 21, totality crosses through southern Illinois and western Kentucky Note that I define "near" to be within a day's drive of Columbus, OH.

The next Total Solar Eclipse visible from Columbus proper will be on 2099 Sept 14.Eclipse duration will be about 4 minutes in Columbus. Tell your great-grandkids.

26. Energy from the underground hot springs is utilized in power plants located in Tiwi, Albay and Mt. Makiling, Laguna. This energy is called

a. nuclear energyb. hydroelectric energyc. dendrothermal energyd. geothermal energy

27. The thinning of the ozone layer is due to the use of a. weed killers and insecticide.b. hydrocarbons like gasoline.c. supersonic transport and aerosol sprays.d. mercury in gold mines28. As soon as the planets make its regular trip around the sun, what unit of time is completed?

a. Day b. Night c. Year d. Month13929. An eclipse occurs when the sun, moon and earth are in the same line. Which of the following statements explain this?

a. Light travels in straight line.b. Light can be refracted.c. The speed and direction of light can be reflected.d. Light can be reflected.

30. Which part of the sun is visible during the total solar eclipse?

a. Photosphereb. Coronac. Chromosphered. Reversing layer

SUNis the star at the center of the solar systemHot plasma interwave with the magnetic field.Diameter 1,392,684 km.Mass 1.989X1030 kilogram or 330, 000X of earth (99.8% total mass of solar system) hydrogen and other is heliumAge 4.6 billions of years (gravitational collapse)

Layer of the Sun (Sphere)

Core innermost centered layer of the sun. Plasma 27 million degree CelsiusIn the core, nuclear reactions combine hydrogen atoms to form helium, releasing vast amounts of energy in the process.Nuclear fusion reactions The merging together of the nuclei of atoms to form new, heavier chemicalelements; huge amounts of nuclear energy are released in the process.Generate energy by converting hydrogen to helium. Fusion is a process where the nuclei of atoms join together to form a heavier chemical element. Fusion reactions in the Suns core produce energy, which we experience as heat and lightRadiative Zone just outside the core (temp 7 million )Photons-particle of light few millimeters before hit another particle (50 million years before reaching radiative zone)Convection Zone surrounds the radioactive zoneIn the convection zone, hot material from near the Suns center rises, cools at the surface, and then plunges back downward to receive more heat from the radiative zone.

The Suns AtmosphereThe photosphere is the visible surface of the SunThis is the region of the Sun that emits sunlight.Its also one of the coolest layers of the Sun (6700 degree centigrade)Sunlight is emitted from the Suns photosphere.The chromosphere is the zone about 2,000 kilometers thick that lies directly above the photosphere.The chromosphere is a thin region of the Suns atmosphere that glows red as it is heated by energy from the photosphereTemp 4000oC to about 10,000oCThe corona is the outermost layer of the Sun and is the outermost part of its atmosphereis the Suns halo or crownIt has a temperature of 2 to 5 million degrees Celsius and is much hotter than the visible surface of the Sun

31. Latitude is measured from

a. the prime meridianb. the north polec. the equatord. Greenwich, England

32. Which process IS NOT intended primary to decrease soil erosion?

a. Strip cropping b. Contour plowing c. Soil creepd. Crop rotation