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S A F E T Y AWARENESSThe History of Workplace Health &
Safety in USA
1900-1920 Progressive EraReforms - A coalition ofjournalists,
businessmen,unions and politicians usedthepowerofthegovernmentto
mitigate the worst effectsofrapidindustrialization.
In 1911 New Yorks Triangle Shirtwaist Co. caught fire, and 146
of 300 employees died. Managers had locked the exit doors, claiming
employees would steal from the company and could be permitted to
leave only under supervision. The tragedy became a rallying point
for reformers.
1910 The Rise of Workers Compensation
Law-NewYorkwasthefirststatetopassaworkerscompensationlaw,whichforcedcompaniestomakerestitutiontoworkersortheirfamiliesaccordingtoestablishedrates.TherestofthestatesfollowedNewYorksleadduringthenextdecade.
1970 The Intervention of the Federal
Government-CongresspassedtheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAct
(OSHAct)whichcreated theOccupational
SafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA)withintheDepartmentofLabortoestablishedsafetystandards,researchedworkplacehazardsandeducatedworkersabouttheirrights.
OSHA ControversySince its inception, OSHA has
inspiredcontroversy along political lines. Politicallyliberal
criticsassertOSHA takes too long toactonnew information requiringa
revisionofsafetystandardsandpoorlyenforcesthestandardsithasenacted.
PoliticalconservativesargueOSHA isoverlycautious, imposing
costly and unnecessaryregulationsonindustry.Asaresult,politicianson
both sides of the aisle have
repeatedlycalledforthereformofOSHA.
OSH Progress in the Philippines 1974 - Philippine Government
issued/
promulgated PD 442 (Labor Code of thePhilippines)
1975 - The thenMinistryofLabor started theprogram on
accreditation
recognizing/accreditingsafetytrainingorganization.
1978 - The OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
ANDHEALTHSTANDARDSwasapprovedbythenMinisterofLabor.
1988-TheOSHCwasinaugurated(thefirstinSoutheastAsia),createdperExecutiveOrderNo.307.
1998-TheAssociationofSafetyPractitionersofthePhilippines(ASPPI)wasorganized.
2004 - TheAssociationof SafetyandHealthTraining Organization of
the Philippines wasorganized(ASHTOP).
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What is Safety?safety/sft/ noun
Theconditionofbeingprotectedfromorunlikely
tocausedanger,risk,orinjury.
Costs of Accident Direct Cost (Insured) ccompensations,
propertydamaged&medicalexpenses. Indirect Cost (Uninsured) All
additional costsassociatedwiththeaccident.
Unknown Costs of Accident1. Humantragedy Injury Death2. Morale3.
Reputation
Top Management CommitmentIt is essential to the success of
yourcompanys safety and health programthat topmanagement
demonstrate notonly an interest, but a long term seriouscommitment
toprotecteveryemployeefrominjuryandillnessonthejob.
Commitment: (Webster Dictionary)The state of being bound
emotionally or intellectually to a course of action or to a
person.
Employers are motivated to primarily meet one of the following
obligations: LEGAL(wemuststayoutoftrouble&doonlywhatwehaveto)
FISCAL (wemustsavemoney&dowhatwehaveto)
SOCIAL(wemustsavelives&dowhateverittakes)
Indicators of Management Commitment 1.
Thereisawrittensafety&healthpolicy.2.
Therearewrittensafetygoalsandobjectives.3.
Writtenstrategiesandtactics(programs)forachievingsafetyobjectivesareinp4.
Managersprovidesafetybudgets,staffing,andfacilitiesformeetings.5.
Managersparticipateinexecutingsafetyplans.6.
Managersmonitorandperiodicallyevaluatethesafetyprogram.
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7. Managers and supervisors set an example of good safety
practices, e.g., wearingpersonalprotectiveequipment.
8. Managers and supervisors are held accountable for safety
performance, e.g., pay/promotionsarepartiallydependentonsafety.
9.
Topmanagersreceiveandrespondtosafetycommitteerecommendations.10.Supervisorsandmanagerspersonallyconductsafetyauditsandinspections.11.There
are specific procedures for ensuring that accident investigations
result in
identification and timely implementation of corrective actions,
and procedures arereviewedbymanagement.
12.Managersattendsafetymeetings.13.Managementrepresentativesaremembersofthesafetycommittee.14.Managersregularlyattendsafetyactivitiesoutsidethecompany.
2 Types of Management Approach to Safety & HealthManagement
commitment reflects on the way theyapproachsafety&health.
Reactive (Loss control) - This approach emphasizesdoing everything
management must do to limit lossesafteranaccidentoccurs. Reactive
Process INJURY, INVESTIGATION,RECOMMENDATION,IMPLEMENTATION
Pro-Active (Accident prevention) - This approachemphasizes doing
everything management can
toanticipateandpreventaccidents.Pro-ActiveProcessIDENTIFY,ANTICIPATE,ANALYZE,RECOMMEND,IMPLEMENT
But,ifyouthinkyourcompanydoesnothavethatlevelofcommitment,howdoyougetit?
Management Commitment to safety will occur to the extent they
clearly understand the positive benefits derived from the
effort.
Understanding the benefits will create a strong desire to
improve the companys safety culture by developing programs,
policies,
written plans, processes and procedures.
How do you get management attention?Youve got to talk bottom
line to get managementsattention.
CostBenefitAnalysisThesolutiontoanapparent
lackofmanagementsupport
istoimprovethequalityoftherecommendationbypresentingitasacost/benefitanalysiswhichaddressesthebottomline.
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WorkshopProblem: Theguard rail in thewarehousehasdeteriorated
toapoint that it isunable tosupportanyweightonit.
History: Wehadan incidenton6/13/99where JoseReyesalmost felldown
the10 stepsbecause theguard rail didnot support hisweight.He
fortunatelycaughthimselfbeforefalling.Wehadasecondnearmissincidenton9/18/99whenJaneSisontrippedgoingupthestairsandgrabbedfortherailwhichdidnotsupporther.Again,fortunatelyshecaughtherselfbeforefalling.
Options to Correct Problem:
Wehaveattemptedtotightenandbracetherailbutitcontinuestoworkitselfloose.WetookbidstoreplacetherailandthebidsrangedfromahighofP3,200toalowbidofP1,500.WebelievetheXYZbrandforP2,000willprovetobethebestmaterialforourfacility.ThedisadvantagetothelowestbidofP1,500wasitwouldnotbeguaranteedforoutsideweatherconditions.
Webudgetedxforoff-sitetrainingclasses.
Cost/Benefit:ROI.AveragecostofasevereinjuryinPhilippinesisP9,700whichisverypossibleifoneofouremployeesshouldfallfromthesecondstoryofthewarehousetotheconcretepadbelow.Theestimated
indirectcost isP17,500.Totalaccidentcost
isestimatedtobeP27,200.ROIwillbeapproximately1,360%!
Payback Period:
Iestimatethattheprobabilityofanaccidentoccurringwithinthenexttwoyearsasaresultofthishazardisveryhigh.Therefore,thepaybackperiodisbasedon24months.OurcostforcorrectiveactionisP2,000andthepaybackperiodwould,therefore,belessthan2months(P1,133/month).
Formula for Accident
Hazard + Exposure = AccidentIt takes a hazard and someoneexposed
(howclose youaredothedangerzone)tothehazardtoproduceanaccident.
Two Types of Hazard1. Unsafe Act -Aviolationofan
accepted safe standardwhich could permit
theoccurrenceofanaccident.
2. Unsafe Condition - Ahazardous physical conditionor
circumstancewhich couldpermit the occurrence of anaccident.
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Standard
ByvirtueofthepowersvestedintheDepartmentofLaborandEmploymentunderArticle162of
theLaborCodeof thePhilippines,
thisOccupationalSafetyandHealthStandardsisherebypromulgated for
theguidanceandcomplianceofallconcerned.
Thisbodyofstandards,rulesandregulationsshallhereafterbereferredtoasSTANDARDS.
Condition 3%Behavior 95%Uncontrollable Acts 2%
Conclusion: Management has some degree of control over 98% of
the causes for allaccidentsintheworkplace!
Control Measures
Hierarchy of Hazard Control Strategies1. Engineering
Controls-Removeorreducethehazard
Majorstrengths:Eliminatesthehazarditself.Doesnotrelysolelyonhumanbehaviorforeffectiveness.
Majorweakness:Maynotbe feasible if
controlspresentlong-termfinancialhardship.
2. Management Controls - Remove or reduce theexposure
Reducetheduration,frequency,andseverityof
exposuretohazards. Major weakness: Relies on (1) appropriate
design and implementation of controls and
(2)appropriateemployeebehavior.
3. Personal protective equipment (PPE)-Putupabarrier
Equipmentforpersonalusethatpresentsabarrier
betweenworkerandhazard.
Majorweakness:Relieson(1)appropriatedesign
and implementation of controls (2)
appropriateemployeebehavior.
Engineering Control Substitution Changetheprocess Isolation
Ventilation
Administrative or Management Control Workassignmen Jobrotation
Reduceworkhours Increasebreaks
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Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Hardhat Earplugs Spectacles
SafetyShoes
Causes of Accidents Related to PPE Noequipmentavailable
Wrongequipmentuse Incorrectuseoftheequipment
Badconditionoftheequipment Do not use personal protection
equipment
Job Hazard AnalysisWhat is a Job?
Ajobisasegmentofwork,aspecificworkassignment,anumberofstepsoroperationsperformed
in a definite sequence tocompleteaworkassignment.
What is a hazard?
Ahazardisthepotentialforharm.Inpracticalterms,ahazardoften
isassociatedwithaconditionoractivitythat,ifleftuncontrolled,canresultinaninjuryorillness.
JobHazardAnalysis(JHA) isaproventoolto determine unsafe acts/
practices or
conditionsonajobbyanalyzingthejob,stepbystep&identifypotentialhazardsineachstep.
1. Prepare to Conduct the JHA
Selecting a JHA TeamInvolving others in the process reduced
thepossibilityofoverlookinganindividualjobsteporpotential hazard.
It also increases the likelihoodof identifying
themostappropriatemeasuresofeliminatingorcontrollingthehazards.
An effective JHA team should generally include: Thesupervisor.
Theemployeemostfamiliarwithhowthejobisdoneanditsrelatedhazards.
Otheremployeeswhoperformthejob. Experts or specialists when
necessary, such asmaintenance personnel, occupational
hygienists,ergonomics,ordesignengineers.
Involve Your
EmployeesGetworkerstobuyintothesolutionsbecausetheyvehelpedinsomewaytodeveloptheproceduresduetotheiruniqueunderstandingofthejob.
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IftheyarenotinvolvedindevelopingtheJHA,theywillnotbeaslikelytoownthesafejobprocedures.Asaresult,theymaynotwanttousesafeproceduresandpracticesthattheybelievehavebeenimposedonthem.
Review Incident/Accident History
Reviewyourworksiteshistoryofaccidentsandillnesses.Itsalsoimportanttolookatnearmisseventsinwhichaninjurydidnotoccur,butcouldhave.Theseeventsareindicatorsthatexistinghazardcontrols(ifany)maynotbeadequateanddeservemorescrutiny.
Look for Hazardous Conditions and Unsafe Behaviors
MaterialSafetyDataSheets(MSDSs) Experiencedworkers
Accidentandincidentreports Firstaidstatisticalrecords
BehaviorBasedSafety(BBS)reports Safetycommitteemeetingminutes
Safetyinspectionreports PreviousJHAs Existingworkprocedures
Equipmentmanuals Preventive/corrective maintenance
records
Risk = Probability x Severity Risk isa functionof
twovariables:probabilityand severity. Thegreater
theprobabilityor
severity-thehighertherisk.
What is the
probability?Probabilitydescribesthelikelihoodthataworkerwillbeinjuredorbecomeillifexposedtoahazard.Commontermsusedtodescribeprobabilityare:
Unlikely-Injuryfromexposurehaslowprobability.Lessthan
50%chance.
Likely-Injuryfromexposurehasmoderateprobability.50/50
Chance. Very likely - Injury from exposure has high
probability.
Greaterthan50%chance.
What is the
severity?Severityisanestimateofhowserioustheinjuryorillnesswillbeasaresultofanaccident.
Thecommontermsusedtodescribeseverityare: Minor - other than serious
physical harm that does not
prevent the employee from continuing to work in
thesamejob.Serious-seriousphysicalharmthatpreventstheemployeecontinuingtoworkinthesamejob.
Death-fatality
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Prioritize Jobs - Worst First
IfaJHAisrequiredformanytasksinyourworkplace,priorityshouldgotothefollowingtypesofjobs:
Jobswiththehighestinjuryorillnessrates;
Jobswiththepotentialtocausesevereordisablinginjuriesorillness,evenifthereisno
historyofpreviousaccidents;
Jobsinwhichonesimplehumanerrorcouldleadtoasevereaccidentorinjury;
Jobs that are new to your operation or have undergone changes in
processes and
procedures; Jobscomplexenoughtorequirewritteninstructions.
2. List the Procedure Steps
One Step - One Action
TheprocessofanalysisinthecontextofaJHAincludesbreakingthewholeproceduredownintoitsbasicsteps.Theideaistocarefullydescribeactionsandhazardswithineachstep,andhowtomitigatethosehazardsthroughcontrolstrategies.Eachstepinthetaskbeinganalyzedwilldescribeanaction.Ittellswhattheworkerdoesineachstep.
Steps to Follow in Making Procedure StepsA.
Selectingtherightmantoobserve.B.
Pointoutthatyouareanalyzingthetask,notevaluatingtheemployeesjob
performance.C.
Observinghimperformthejob,andtryingtobreakitintobasicsteps.D.
Itmaybehelpfultophotographorvideotapetheworkerperformingthejob.E.
Recordingeachstepinthebreakdown.F.
Recordenoughinformationtodescribeeachjobactionwithoutgettingoverly
detailed.G.
Avoidmakingthebreakdownofstepssodetailedthatitbecomesunnecessarilylong.H.
Ontheotherhand,dontmakeitsobroadthatitdoesnotincludebasicsteps.I.
Reviewthejobstepswiththeemployeetomakesureyouhavenotomitted
something.J.
Ironoutdifferencestocome-upwiththefinalsequenceofjobstepsK.
Includetheemployeeinallphasesoftheanalysis-fromreviewingthejobstepsand
procedurestodiscussinghazardsandsolutions.L.
Jobscanbedescribedinlessthanfifteensteps.The Two Components of a
Step: The Actor and the Action
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Actor.Theactorisanindividualorobjectthatdirectlyparticipatesorassistsintheprocedure.TheactorinitiatesachangebyperformingorNOTperformingaparticularactioninastep.
Action.Anactionisthesomethingthatisdonebyanactor.Anactionmaydescribeabehaviorthatisaccomplishedornotaccomplished.
Whendescribinga step inwriting, first identify theactor and then
tellwhat theactor issupposedtodo.
Forinstance,takealookatthestepbelow:Maintenance team leader:
Attach the lockout device to the hasp.
Inthisexample,theactorisidentifiedbecauseateamofmaintenanceworkersisperformingthetask.Theactor(Maintenanceteamleader)isidentifiedfirstandthentheaction(attach)isdescribed.
Practice Exercises
Identifying basic job steps:As you leave for work today, you
discoverthatyourcarhasaflattire.Thecarisparkedon level ground, and
the parking brake
isalreadyset.Thebumperjackandthesparetirearebothingoodconditionandstoredinthecarstrunk.
IdentifiedBasicJOBSTEPS: Remove a jack, spare tire, and the
lug
wrenchfromthetrunk. Loosenlugnuts Raisejack Removeflattire
Installsparetire Lowerjack Tightenlugnuts Place flat tire, jack and
lug wrench in
trunk.
3. Describe the Hazard in Each Step
How to Identify HazardsA job hazard analysis is an exercise
indetectivework.Yourgoalistodiscoverthefollowing: Whatcangowrong?
Whataretheconsequences? Howcouldthehazardarise?
Whatareothercontributingfactors?
Howlikelyisitthatthehazardwilloccur?
Dont Forget Potential
HazardsToensureallhazardsareidentified;analyzeeachsteptouncoverpotentialaswellasactual
hazards produced by both workenvironmentandtheaction.
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Besuretoconsiderthefollowing:
Istheredangerofstrikingagainst,beingstruckby,orotherwisemakingharmfulcontact
withanobject? Cantheworkerbecaughtin,by,orbetweenobjects?
Istherepotentialforasliportrip?
Cantheemployeefallfromoneleveltoanotherorevenonthesamelevel?
Canpushing,pulling,lifting,lowering,bending,ortwistingcausestrain?
Istheworkenvironmenthazardoustosafetyorhealth?
Arethereconcentrationsoftoxicgas,vapor,fumes,ordust?
Aretherepotentialexposurestoheat,cold,noise,orionizingradiation?
Arethereflammable,explosive,orelectricalhazards?
Some Common Hazards Chemical(toxic,flammable,corrosive,reactive)
Electrical(shock,fire,static,lossofpower) Ergonomics(strain)
Excavation(collapse) Fall(impacts) Fire/Heat Mechanical Noise
Radiation(ionizing,non-ionizing) StruckBy(massacceleration)
StruckAgainst Temperature(heat,cold) Vibration Visibility
WeatherPhenomena(rain,wind,etc.)
4. Develop Preventive Measures
Control MeasuresA. Engineering Control
EliminateorreducethehazardsB. Administrative Control
ReduceworkersexposuretothehazardsC. Personal Protective
Equipment
Barrierthatprotecttheworkersfromthehazards
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5. Write the Safe Job Procedure
Points to remember when writing the safe job procedureA.
Writeinastep-by-stepformat.Usually,
thismeanswritinganumberofparagraphs.Eachparagraphshouldattemptto:
1. Describe the step. Remember eachstepisdescribesoneaction.
For example, Grasp the breakerswitchandmove it from the top to
theoffposition (down).
2. Point out the hazard. Ifastepincludesexposure toahazard,
thereare fourpartstothestep: Describetheaction Identifythehazard
Describe the possible injury the
hazardcouldcause Identify the safety precaution to
preventtheinjury
Forinstance,Graspthebreakerswitchandmoveitfromtheontotheoffposition(down).
Topreventapossibleseriousburninjuryifanarcflashoccurs,besureyouturnyourheadandlookawayasyouflipthebreakerswitch.
B.
Paintawordpicture-concretevs.ab-stract.Theideaistowritetheprocedureinsuchawaythatsomeonewhoisnotfamiliarwiththetaskcanactuallyseeeachstepoccur.
C.
Writeinthesecondperson.Forexample,sayBesureyou....Trytoavoidwritinginthethirdpersonsuchas,Besuretheworker....Inmoststepsyouwonthavetoworryaboutthisbecausethepersonyouarewritingtoisimplied.
D.
Writeinthepresenttense.Saytakeratherthanshouldbetaken.Thishelpstocreatethewordpictureandstreamlinethesafejobprocedure.
E.
Writeasclearlyaspossible.Sayuseratherthanutilize.Replacingmorecomplexwordswithsimplewordshelpstomakesureyouremployeescomprehendthematerial.