General Principles of Development. A Definition Development refers to measures of economic growth, social welfare and the level of modernization within.

General Principles of General Principles of DevelopmentDevelopment

A Definition

Development

refers to measures of economic growth, social welfare and the level of modernization within

a society, culture, nation, or region,

as measured against a chosen standard, usually a western model.

Factors that Influence Development

Physical Geography

Physical geography determines resource

availability.

Culture

Culture determines how resources are selected

and used.

Technology

Technology

determines how resources are used and

modified.

Human Interaction

Human interaction includes migration, diffusion, trade, and conflict. All of these

issues will impact the rate and type of development

within a region.

Models of Development

Rostow’s Model of Economic Growth

And Core-Periphery Models

Rostow’s Model of Economic GrowthThis model is based on the

historical examination of the economic development of western capitalist nations.

It is usually closely linked with the demographic transition.

Rostow identifies five stages of development.

Stage 1: Traditional Society

The society is characterized by subsistence level

agriculture, domestic industry and a

hierarchical social system.

Stage 1 Demographic Transition

Stage 2: Preconditions for Take-Off

In this stage there is localized resource development

because of the benevolent actions of an outside force.

With the help of this force, there is the development of an export based economy.

A dual economy emerges combining aspects of a traditional society with

economic growth through export.

Stage 2 Demographic Transition

Stage 3: Take-Off to Sustained Growth During this stage major resources are exploited to fuel

the export based economy. Radical and rapid political change accompanies growth.

Stage 3 Demographic Transition

Stage 4: Drive to Maturity

As a result of reinvestment in the local economy during Stage 3, a diverse industrial base is created

supporting increased trade

focusing on exports. Stage 4 Demographic Transition

Stage 5:Age of High Mass Consumption

During this stage

there is the

development of an advanced industrial economy with

sustained economic growth.

As a result of this economic growth, a viable

consumer class emerges

with a taste for imported finished products.

Stage 4 – 5 Demographic Transition

Core-Periphery Models of Development

Largely based on the work of Friedman, these models attempt to explain patterns of

development across a region.

Assumption

Development produces spatial inequalities that must be rectified before uniform development can occur.

Assumption

Development produces a series of distinct regions that vary in wealth.

The RegionsThe Core

The dominant urban area in which

development is focused.

The Regions

The Region of Upward Transition

This region is outside the core but is closely tied to it by transportation.

The benefits of development are diffusing into this

region.

The Regions

The Region of Downward Transition

This region is too far away from the core to benefit from development. People are moving out of this zone and into the zone of upward transition. As a result,local economies are collapsing.

The Regions

The Resource Frontier

This is an area of peripheral settlement as people move from the surrounding frontier to be closer to the benefits of development.

However, few benefits radiate to this region.

The Solution – Step 1

In order to produce a uniform pattern of development, an infrastructure must be developed linking all regions surrounding the core.

The Solution – Step 2

In addition to the development of a fully integrated infrastructure, developmental projects should be fostered in all regions surrounding the core to stimulate a pattern of uniform development and reduce spatial inequalities.

Other Models – Growth Poles

Frequently associated with core-periphery models, this approach argues that uniform development is not necessarily possible and development should focus on specific selected places.

Growth Pole Models – Step 1

Identify an area for resource exploitation and funnel money into the site to develop the resource.

Growth Pole Models – Step 2

Identify a new site close to the site of resource extraction where the raw materials may be taken for processing into a finished product.

Growth Pole Models – Step 3

Identify a local market

where the finished products may be sold.

Growth Pole Models – Step 4

Reinvest profits in the development and expansion of resource extraction facilities, manufacturing, marketing and regional infrastructure. A pattern of steady growth should occur within and around the growth pole as a result of multiplier effects.

Growth Pole Models - Results

Growth pole development models have been used extensively in East and South East Asia to stimulate development. Results have been mixed. However, they continue to be used, but with one major exception to the original model.

Growth Pole Models – The Results

When applied in East and South East Asia, instead of locating a new area for resource exploitation, developmental projects have been focused on major cities, such as Singapore.