GENERAL ARTHROLOGY. Synarthrotic Joints No joint capsule and no movement between adjacent bones –Suture Dense Fibrous CT –Gomphosis Fibrous Peridontal.

GENERAL ARTHROLOGY

Synarthrotic Joints• No joint capsule and no movement between

adjacent bones– Suture

• Dense Fibrous CT

– Gomphosis• Fibrous Peridontal Ligaments

– Synchondrosis – Hyaline Cartilage• Epiphyseal Line (plate)

– Synostosis – Bony Joints (Fused)

Types of Sutures

synchodroses

SYMPHSIS

Synovial Joint

pg 215

SYNOVIAL JOINT

BALL AND SOCKET

Knee Joint• Much more complex than

elbow

• Much less stable than other hinge joints

• Some gliding and rotation

• structurally 3 separate joints

• No single joint capsule

Joint Shapes

• Saddle: articular surface both concave + convex– side-to-side, back-forth

movement– (eg) carpometacarpal jt of thumb–

• Ball + Socket: spherical head + round socket– multiaxial movement– (eg) shoulder, femur

pg 225

Bursae & Tendon Sheaths

• Bursae: flat, fibrous sac w/synovial membrane lining

• Tendon Sheaths: elongated bursae that wraps around tendons

• 3 Factors in Joint Stability:– Muscle Tone – Ligaments – Fit of Articular Surface

pg 219

Joint Shapes

• Hinge: cylindrical end of 1 bone fits into trough shape of other– angular movement-1 plane (eg)

elbow, ankle, interphalangal

• Plane: articular surface in flat plane– Short gliding movement– (eg) intertarsal, articular

processes of vertebrae

pg 224

Joint Shapes

• Condyloid: egg-shape articular surface + oval concavity– side-to-side, back+forth movement– (eg) metacarpophalangeal

(knuckle)

• Pivot: round end fits into ring of bone + ligament– rotation on long axis– (eg) prox. radius/ulna, atlas/dens

pg 225

Representative Articulations

Temporomandibular Joint

Mostly hinge joint, some gliding and rotation

Articular disc

Special Movements

супінація і пронація

Протракція (висування)Ретракція (засування)

BURSAE AND TENDON SHEATHS

BIAXIAL JOINT(CONDYLOID/ SADDLE JOINT)

ELBOW JOINT

MUTIAXIAL JOINTS(HIP JOINT)BALL AND SOCKET

MOVEMENTS AT SYNOVIAL JOINTS(FLEXION/EXTENSION)

FLEXION/EXTENSION VETEBRAL COLUMN

FLEXION EXTESION LIMBS

ADDUCTION/ABDUCTION/CIRCUMDUCTION

INVERSION/EVERSION

Tendon Sheaths and Bursae

• Bursa is saclike extension of joint capsule that extends between nearby structures allowing them to slide more easily past each other

• Tendon sheaths are elongated cylinders of connective tissue lined with synovial membrane & wrapped around a tendon– numerous in hand and foot

Total Knee Replacement

Lab 12: ArticulationsLab 6: Cartilage Connective Tissue

TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• 1. PLANE JOINTS-ARTICULAR SURFACES ARE PLNE AND ALLOW ONLY GLIDING MOVEMENTS

• 2. HINGE JOINTS-CYLINDRICAL SURFACE OF ONE JOINT FITS IN THE TROUGH SHAPE OF THE OTHER. ALLOW MOVEMENT AROUND 1 AXIS

• 3. PIVOT JOINTS- THE ROUNDED END OF ONE BONE FORMS INTO A RING FORMED BY THE OTHER BONE PLUS A LIGAMENT.MOVEMENT OCCURS IN 1 AXIS

• 4. CONDYLOID- THE EGG SHAPED SURFACE OF ONE BONE FITS INTO THE CONCAVE SURFACE OF THE OTHER .ALLOW MOVEMENT IN 2 AXIS

• 5.SADDLE-ARTICULAR SURFACES IF BOTH BONES ARE CONCAVE AND CONVEX( SADDLE) BIAXIAL JOINT.

• 6. BALL AND SOCKET-SPHERICAL HEAD OF ONE BONE FITS INTO THE SOCKET OF THE OTHER. MUTIAXIAL JOINT

• DEFINITION- ARTHROLOGY IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF JOINTS , AND ARTICULATIONS.

• SITE WHERE RIGID ELEMEMTS OF THE SKELETON MEET ARE CALLED ARTICULATIONS.

CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS:

A) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION:

B) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON STRUCTURE

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION

• SYNARTHROSES-IMMOVABLE JOINTS (sutures)

• AMPHIARTHROSES- SLIGHTLY MOVABLE JOINTS( FIBROUS CONNECTION)( intervetebral discs)

• DIARTHROSES-FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS( SYNOVIAL)

• SYNARTHROSES AND AMPHIARTHROSES ARE LARGELY RESTRICTED TO THE AXIAL SKELETON

• DIARTHROSES PREDOMINATE IN THE LIMBS

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON STRUCTURE

• BASED ON THE MATERIAL THAT BINDS THE BONES TOGETHER, AND ON THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF JOINT CAVITY.

A) FIBROUS JOINTS

B) CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

C) SYNOVIAL JOINTS

FIBROUS JOINTS-

-BONES CONNECTED BY FIBROUS TISSUE

-no joint cavity

a) Sutures

b) Syndesmoses

c) Gomphoses

• CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS-

- THE BONES ARE UNITED BY CARTILAGE

- THERE IS NO JOINT CAVITY

a) Synchondrosis( hyaline cartilage unites the bones)

b) Symphyses( fibrocartilage unites the bones)

SYNOVIAL JOINTS-

-MOST MOVABLE JOINTS IN THE BODY

-THERE IS A JOINT CAVITY.( SYNOVIAL CAVITY, SYNOVIAL FLUID)

-ARTICULAR CARTILAGE( COVERS THE ENDS OF THE OPPOSING BONES)

-ARTICULAR CAPSULE( IT ENCLSES THE JOINT CAVITY.2 LAYERED)

-REINFORCING LIGAMENTS

-BURSAE

-MOVEMENT VS STABILITY