Genebanks Platform Full Proposal - CGIAR Genebank Platform

Title name for cover Short cover subtitle

PATRON: HRH, THE PRINCE OF WALES

GenebankPlatform

Proposal31March2016

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GenebanksoftheCGIAR

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TABLEOFCONTENTS 3

1. Rationale and Scope 5

2. Platform structure and modules 12

3. Impact pathway and theory of change 13

4. Capacity development 15

5. Platform leadership, management and governance 16

6.Business case 18

6.1 Expertise and track record 18

6.2 Supporting and maintaining access to materials, sites, services and networks 19

6.3 Interactions between the Platform and users 20

6.4 Intellectual asset management 21

6.5 Open access management 21

6.6 Communication strategy 22

6.7 Risk management 22

6.8 Budget and budget breakdown 23

7. Conservation Module: support and improve essential genebank operations 24

7.1 Rationale and scope 24

7.2 Objectives and targets 25

7.3 Science quality 28

7.4 System linkages 29

7.5 Climate change 30

7.6 Capacity development 31

7.7 Intellectual assets and open access management 31

7.8 Module management 31

8. Use Module: Empowering effective use of genetic resources 32



8.3 Science Quality 36

8.4 System Linkages 37

8.5 Climate change 38

8.6 Capacity Development 39

8.7 Intellectual Property and Open Access Management 39

8.8 Module Management 39

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9. Policy Module: Genetic resources policy development and compliance 39



9.3 Science Quality 43

9.4 System Linkages 44

9.5 Climate Change 45

9.6 Capacity Development 45

9.7 Intellectual Asset and Open Access Management 46

9.8 Module Management 46

Annex 1. CGIAR Genebanks: status summary 47

Annex 2. Projections of the annual income from the endowment fund 61

Annex 3. Curriculum vitae of key personnel 63

Annex 4. Interactions between the Genebank Platform, CRPs and other users 85

Annex 5a. Intellectual Asset management 94

Annex 5b. Open Access management 95

Annex 6. References 96

Annex 7. Abbreviations 97

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1.RationaleandScope

CGIARgenebankssafeguardsomeofthelargestandmostwidelyusedcollectionsofcropdiversityinthe world, critical to attaining global development goals to end hunger and improve food andnutrition security, which arguably gives their stewardship an imperative and prominenceunsurpassed by any other single undertaking in CGIAR. The genebanks, as a key driver ofinternationalexchangeofplantgeneticresourcesforfoodandagriculture(PGRFA),arefundamentalto delivering the CGIAR Strategy and Results Framework (SRF) and three System Level Outcomes(SLO) of reduced poverty, improved food and nutrition security, and improved natural resourcessystems and ecosystem services.Most directly, the genebanks, through this Platform,will ensureincreasedconservationanduseofgeneticresources(sub-IntermediateDevelopmentOutcome(sub-IDO)4.4.)andcontributetoachievingTargets2.5and2.aoftheUNSustainableDevelopmentGoals(Box1).

TheimportanceofthecollectionsmanagedbyCGIARisrecognizedininternationalpolicy.Throughagreements1(Article15)signedin2006betweeneachCGIARCenterandtheGoverningBodyoftheInternational Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA), Centers areobliged to make collections and associated data under their management available under theMultilateralSystemofAccessandBenefitSharingoftheITPGRFA.Underthesameagreements,thegenebanks are bound to “manage and administer these ex situ collections in accordance withinternationallyacceptedstandards, inparticular theGenebankStandards,asendorsedby theFAOCommissiononGeneticResourcesforFoodandAgriculture”(FAO2014).TheGoverningBodyofthe

1planttreaty.org/content/agreements-concluded-under-article-15

Box 1. Global targets and outcomes for the Genebank Platform SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 2: “End hunger, achieve food security and improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture” Target 2 .5: by 2020 maintain genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants, farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge as internationally agreed.

Target 2.a: increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development, and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular in least developed countries.

CGIAR STRATEGY AND RESULTS FRAMEWORK

SYSTEM LEVEL OUTCOME “Improved food and nutrition security for health”

INTERMEDIATE DEVELOPMENT OUTCOME 4 “Increased productivity”

Sub-IDO 4.4 “Increased conservation and use of genetic resources”

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TreatyhasemphasizedtheimportanceofthecontinuingsupportoftheCGIARFundCounciltothedevelopmentoftheglobalsystemforexsituconservation2.Nineofthe11CGIARgenebanksarealsocompliant with the principles and criteria of the Fund Disbursement Strategy of the Global CropDiversityTrust(CropTrust)3,whichallowsthemtoreceivelong-termsupportfromtheendowmentfundmanagedbytheCropTrust,whichisrecognizedbytheGoverningBodyoftheITPGRFAasanessentialelementoftheFundingStrategyoftheITPGRFA.WhattheCGIARGenebanksoffer

The11CGIARgenebanksmanage730,000accessionsin35collections,asseed,asplantsinthefieldorscreenhouse,intissueculture,incryopreservationandasDNAsamples.Thesecollectionsincludetreespecies,forages,cropwildrelatives,rootandtubercrops,andbananas,aswellasawiderangeofcerealsandgrainlegumes.CGIARgenebanksconserve,byfar,theworld’smostgeneticallydiverseand widely disseminated collection of germplasm available under the Multilateral System of theITPGRFA. The associated germplasmhealth units (GHUs) ensure germplasm is distributedwithoutphytosanitary risk. A summary of thework and status of each genebank and GHU is provided inAnnex1.

TheCGIAR is responsible for94%of thereporteddistributionsofgermplasmunderthe ITPGRFA4.Between 2012 and 2014, the genebanks distributed more than 380,000 samples in response torequests,ofwhichmorethanathirdwasreceivedbyusersoutsideCGIARin120countries(Figures1to5).Thevalueofeachof theseaccessionsand theuniqueknowledgeprovidedby thecollectioncuratorstogermplasmrequestorsisdifficulttoquantify,largelybecauseofthechallengeoftracingback and attributing impact to such upstream contributions.While new improved varieties, (e.g.scuba rice, drought-tolerant maize, rust-resistant wheat) include genebank accessions in theirpedigrees, the specific contribution of genebanks to economic returns has generally been toochallenging to quantify. Only a few studies have formally linked impact back to genebanks (seeBox2).Box2.Someexamplesofimpactofgenebanks

Ø IRRIstudiedpedigreedatain2011(McCouchetal.,2012)anddiscoveredthat:• of4317releasedricevarieties,90%ofnon-IRRIvarietiesand100%ofIRRIvarietieshadatleast

oneaccessionfromthegenebankinitspedigree;• the12mostpopularIRRIgenebankaccessionshavebeenusedinmorethan1000crosseseach;• around11%ofthecollectionhasbeenusedinatleastonecross.

Ø A studyof theuseof theCIAT genebank (Johnson, Pachico andWortmann, 2003) revealed that60%ofthe411beanvarietiesreleasedsince1976containmaterialfromCIAT’scollection.

Ø Pigeonpea accession ICP 8863 collected from a farmer's field and conserved in the ICRISATgenebank,wasfoundtohavepromisingresistancetoFusariumwilt,afungusdiseasedevastatingyields in India. Thepurified linewas releasedas ‘Maruthi’ in 1986. The impactof this genebankaccession was estimated to be US$ 61.7 million in 1996, with a 65% internal rate of return(BantilanandJoshi,1996).

Ø TheCGIAR StandingPanel on ImpactAssessment commissioneda study (Robinson& Srinivasan,2013)toassesstheimpactoftwoimprovedvarietiesreleasedinAsia,whichweredevelopedusinggermplasm that couldbe clearly tracedback toCGIAR genebanks. The study estimated that theaggregateeconomicbenefitsaccruingfromtheadoptionofKasetsart50(cv.KU50),animproved

2planttreaty.org/content/resolution-82015-policy-guidance-global-crop-diversity-trust3croptrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Crop-Trust-Fund-Disbursement-Strategy.pdf4planttreaty.org/sites/default/files/gb6w20e.pdf

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cassava variety, exceed US$ 44million in Thailand and US$ 53million in Vietnam (at adoptionlevelsof60%and75%,respectively).Cv.CMC76,akeyparentinthepedigreeofKU50,camefromtheCIATgenebankafterbeingcollected inVenezuela in1967,andwasselectedbyCIATcassavabreedersduringtheevaluationofgenebankaccessions.

Ø Similarly,thegermplasmusedintheevaluationsandcrossestocreatecv.Cooperation88(C88),ablightresistantpotatovarietynowspreadingrapidlyinChina,wasderivedfromtheCIPgenebank.HarboringdiversityfromthecenteroforiginofthepotatointheAndes,thecollectioncontributedessentialdiversity tobroaden thegeneticbasisof thepotato inChina.C88 is calculated tohaveaccruedeconomicbenefitsofUS$350million,increasingtoUS$465millionperyeariffarm-leveladoptioncontinuestoincrease.

The 11 genebanks, strategically located in centers of crop diversity, ensure that germplasmacquisitions and distributions are comprehensively global, with a diverse partner and user base(Figure5). Distribution figures reported from the genebanks since 2012 illustrate that everygenebank has a truly global outreach (Figure2). This is also reflected in an analysis of genebankdistributions that illustrates the degree to which CGIAR is contributing to germplasm exchangeworldwide,underpinning the interdependenceamongcountries fordiversity in thesemajorstaplecrops. Figure3 traces themovementofgenebankmaterialsofdifferentgeographicalorigins toallregionsoftheworld.Someofthelargestnationalgenebanks,suchasthoseofUSDAandtheLeibniz-InstitutfürPflanzengenetikundKulturpflanzenforschung(IPK)inGermany,exhibitgermplasmflowsthat are strongly influenced by their geographical location, whereas the CGIAR Centers arefacilitatingabusy,globalexchangeofgermplasmofdiversegeographicalorigins.Givensuchawideoutreach,thepotentialforfurthergrowthindistributionsissubstantial.

There is a reasonable basis to expect increased demand for germplasm from CGIAR genebanks.Present-day technologies for disease indexing, high-throughput sequencing and phenotyping andscreeningdatahave thepotential tocreateadramatic increase invalueanddemand fordiversity(McCouchetal.2012).MostCentersreportanoverall increase indistribution inrecentyearsand,given a supportive policy framework, this can be expected to continue. The annual rate ofdistributionbetween1985 and2009 for nineCGIAR genebankswas 39,970 samples, according toGalluzzietal(2015).Between2012and2014,thesameninegenebanksreportedanannualaveragedistributionof91,973samples5.WhatthePlatformoffersInadditiontotheCenters’ individualachievements,thecollaborationamongtheCGIARgenebanksover severaldecades, through theSystemwideProgramonGeneticResourcesand theGenebanksCRP strengthenedwhathas come tobe calleda “Global System” for theex situ conservationandsustainableuseofPGRFAatagloballevel.6Specificachievementsinclude:• critical contributions to the negotiation of the FAO In Trust Agreements, the ITPGRFA, the

Standard Material Transfer Agreement (SMTA) used for all germplasm exchange, and theagreementsconcludedunderArticle15oftheITPGRFA,whichcoverstheintrustcollections;

• majorcontributionstothedevelopmentoftheGlobalPlanofAction7,TheStateoftheWorld'sPlantGeneticResourcesforFoodandAgriculture8andtheFAOGenebankStandards9;

5ReportsintheCRPonlinereportingtool(grants.croptrust.org/ltg).6Therearedifferentunderstandingsoftheterm“globalsystem”.Herewerefertotheworldwidecommunity

ofgenebanksandinstitutes,whichareworkingtogetherandindividuallytoconserveandusePGRFA,andthepolicyinstrumentsandglobalactionplansthatbindthemtogetherandsupporttheirwork.CGIARgenebanks,giventhesizeanddiversityoftheircollections,theirglobalmandate,andextensivenessoftheirpartnershipsformthecentralpillartothissystem.

7fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/seeds-pgr/gpa/en/

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• commitmenttothebuildingofthebackupcollectionsintheSvalbardGlobalSeedVault(SGSV),underpinningitsawareness-raisingsuccess;

• developmentofGenesys10,theglobalportalthroughwhichtheresearchcommunitymaynowaccess information on more than 2.7 million accessions, and the Systemwide InformationNetworkonGeneticResources(SINGER)beforeit;

• developmentofagenebankqualitymanagementsystem(QMS),basedonahistoryofsharingbestpractices,protocolsandguidelines.

Figure1.DistributionofgermplasmfromtheCGIARgenebanks(2012-2014)

8fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/seeds-pgr/sow/en/9fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/seeds-pgr/gbs/en/10www.genesys-pgr.org

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Figure2.NumberofcountriesandregionsreceivinggermplasmfromindividualCenters(2012–2014)

CGIAR

Figure 3. Comparison of germplasm distributions of CGIAR(1985–2009) genebanks and the national genebanks of theUSA (2005–2015) and Germany (2007–2015). Eachgeographicalregionhasauniquecolor.Germplasmflowsarerepresented by a line from the region from which thegermplasmoriginatestotheregionoftherecipient.Thus,alightbluelinerepresentsmaterialoriginatingfromWestAsiaand distributed by the genebank to different locationsaroundtheworld.Thewidthofthe linedepictstherelativenumberofdistributionsoverthestatedperiod.Source:Khoury,2016.

USDA

IPK, Germany

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Figure 4. Distribution of samples inside and outside the CGIAR from individual Centers based on reportedfigures(2012–2014)

Figure5.Proportionofexternaldistributionsreceivedbydifferentusertypes(2012–2014).

Since2012,thegenebankshavebeenworkingtogetherundertheindependentoversightoftheCropTrust intheGenebankCRP.Thishasbroughtaboutstrongermonitoring,evaluation,reportingandlearning,andhasensuredatightercohesiontowardssharedtargetsandqualitymanagement.Forthe first time, theCGIARgenebanksareable to report their statusandprogressata system levelusingcommonmetrics.Thedevelopmentandadoptionofimprovedandcommondatamanagementtools has also accelerated. Following in the footsteps of the CRP, this Platform will provide astrengthened governance structure and continue to improve integration and cohesion acrossCenters and crops. This is important in the current context, where the genebanks have differentlevelsofexperienceandresources,buttogetherarerecognizedunderonebrand–CGIAR–whichiswidely taken to symbolize thehighest standardsofoperation.Sharedapproacheswillbringaboutgreaterefficiency,morepowerfultoolsandresourcestoaccesscollections,alignmentofstandards,and stronger trust and transparency, not only among the CGIAR genebanks but also beyond. Theterm “platform” symbolizes the solid, systemwide strength of the genebanks in providing thecohesion and grounding, togetherwith the other Platforms, bywhich the Agri-food System CRPs(AFS-CRPs) will modernize their breeding programs and deliver genetic gains and increasedproductivity.

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GlobalChallenges

Atpresent,theCGIARgenebanksemployaround400skilledstaff,undertakingarangeofoperationstomonitor,test,germinate,multiply,clean,culture,documentandpackagegermplasm,underhighscientific standards of operation. In the three-year period between 2012 and 2014, these staffregeneratedmorethan200,000accessions,sub-culturedmorethan100,000tissue-culturesamples,health-testedmorethan140,000accessionsandacquiredmorethan30,000newaccessions.Giventhe threats faced by plant species and habitats11 and the decline in occurrence of traditionallandracesinmanypartsoftheworld(Brush,S.2004),CGIARgenebanks’primaryroleinensuringtheconservationofcropgeneticresourcesisvitalforsupportingtheSRFandforfuturegenerationstohaveaccesstothegeneticdiversitythatisnolongerfoundinfarmers’fieldsorwildhabitats.

Key to increasing the value of these resources is developing a deeper understanding of theirpotential use. Large-scale genetic and phenotypic characterization of collections is triggering anexplosion in our scientific understanding, with the potential to effect tremendous change inproductivity, sustainability and resilienceof improved crop varieties.A visionof CGIAR genebanksproviding a complete guide to the collections in terms of taxonomic, geographic, genotypic andphenotypic attributes of accessions is no longer science fiction, but neither is it realisticallyattainable within the scope of this Platform. What is proposed here puts priority on long-termconservation,andtakesasignificantsteptowardsthe“completecharacterization”ofthecollections.Thelengthofthisstepdependsontheoutputsofcollaborationwithprimaryusers,andthecapacityof the genebanks to complement these outputs with their own efforts to characterize thosecollectionsthatarenotcurrentlythefocusofbreederoruserattention.

InaimingforincreaseinbothconservationanduseofPGRFA,thePlatformwilladdressthreemajorchallenges:

• CGIAR must do more for less. New technologies, knowledge and processes offer thepossibility of further raising standards to becomemore efficient andmore effective. Thegenebanksmustworkstrategically,bothindividuallyandtogetherwithintheglobalsystem,toexploitnewopportunities,conservemorediversityandrespondtomoredemandswhilecontrolling costs. Furthermore, they must achieve all these without compromising theirobligationtoensurethelong-termconservationofthematerialsintheircare.

• CGIARmust, in aiming for increasedgenetic gain, respondbetter tobreeders’needs forgenetic diversity and specific traits. The genebanks must align their operations towardsmoretargeteduseandexploitationofthecollections.Thistheycandobyenrichingthedataassociatedwith them. In particular, genebanks should exploit the tools anddata resultingfrom the large-scale genotyping and phenotyping initiatives of the AFS-CRPs and otherCGIAR Platforms. Stronger integration and two-way flow of information between thegenebanksandtherestoftheCGIARportfolioarecriticaltoachievingthisaim.

• CGIARmustcomplywithitslegalobligationsandengageinshapinginternationalgeneticresources agreements. CGIAR’s acquisition, development and dissemination of geneticresourcesanddataaredirectlyaffectedby international agreements. If thoseagreementsfail, or if they are implemented in ways that do not reflect the realities of agriculturalresearch and development, the CGIAR’s mission will be undermined. The CGIAR mustproactively engage in the development of these processes to ensure that they create asupportive policy environment for CGIAR genebanks, breeding programs and nationalpartners.

11iucnredlist.org/

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2.Platformstructureandmodules

Torespondtothesethreechallenges,thePlatformisstructuredintothreemodules:ConservationModule:Supportandimproveessentialgenebankoperations

At the core of the Platform, and by far its largest component, is the sustained and improvedoperation of the 11 genebanks and GHUs, the routine work that is essential to ensure that thegermplasminthecollectionsishealthy,viable,freeofimportantpestsandpathogens,andavailablefordistribution.AmuchclearerpictureofthestatusofthecollectionshasbeenrevealedasaresultoftheGenebankCRP.Mostnotably,ofthe734000accessionsheldbyCGIARin2014,529000(72%)wereavailablefordistributionand413000(59%)weresafetyduplicated. Inordertoreachagreedperformance targetsof90%availabilityand safetyduplication, thegenebankswill regenerateandGHUswill carry out phytosanitary cleaning of accessions that are currently not safe to distribute.Special attention is needed to improve the status of collections of clonal crops, wild species andtrees. This involves research to develop effective phytosanitary diagnostics, optimizecryopreservationandstorageprotocols,eliminateredundanciesincollections,anddeterminemorestrategicmethodsofconservationandcurationofcostly-to-conservetaxa.Forcollectionsprocessinglargenumbersofaccessions,automationofgermination,seedsortingandhandlingprocessesalsohasthepotentialtobringaboutsignificantefficiencies.Throughincreasedefficiency,criticalreview,andmore strategic curation, the genebanks will be able to improve operations while controllingcostsby2022.

TheseelementsofworkarefocusedonimprovingthestatusanduseoftheCGIARgenebanksandGHUs for the benefit of existing and new users throughout CGIAR and beyond. All activities arecarried out within the context of a rational global system. Genebanks (inside or outside CGIAR)holding the same or similar crops must collaborate more to avoid duplication of activities andbenefit from each other’s skills and facilities. Conservation priorities are described in individualglobal crop conservation strategies, which were developed in 2006–2012. These strategies aregraduallybeing revisitedby thecommunities thatdeveloped them,and,whereappropriate,moreformal“CropUserGroups”arebeingestablishedtoprovideameansforbettercommunicationandto feed into the prioritization of activities in the CGIAR genebanks. Through these communities,everyopportunitywillbetakentostrengthencapacitybothinternallyandexternallytotheCGIAR.WorkshopsonQMSanddatamanagement,and initiatives to improveseedconservationmethodsandphytosanitaryprocedureswillinvolvenationalpartners,andmostparticularlycollectingeffortsand diversity gap analysiswill be carried out in collaborationwith national partnerswhomanagemajorcollectionsorarelocatedinhotspotsofcropdiversity.UseModule:Empowereffectiveusofplantgeneticresources

Thekeyforgenebankstoenablesmarterandmoretargeteduseofdiversityisclosercollaborationwith their primary users. Through the Platform, the genebanks will foster stronger flows ofinformation, tools and skills between genebanks and genebank users. Coordinated approaches togenotypingandphenotyping,andstandardizationofmethodsandtools,throughtheGeneticGainsPlatform, as well as initiatives beyond the CGIAR, such as DivSeek12 and the ITPGRFA’s GlobalInformationSystem(GLIS13),willempowertheUseModuletoensurethatbigdatageneratedbytheAFS-CRPsandotherPlatformswillbedirectly linkabletogenebankdatabases.Wherepossible,thegenebankswillalsoseekopportunitiestoexpandthegenotypingofthecollections,eitherthroughupliftfundingorothermeans.Inthisway,lesswell-knownpartsofthecollectionmaybegenotyped

12 www.divseek.org 13planttreaty.org/content/gis

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and associated with phenotypic traits of interest, contributing to the more completecharacterizationofthecollections.

Thegenebankshaveasuiteofbothemergingandmorematuretoolsandmethodsforexploringthecollections:mini-cores at ICRISAT; Focused Identification of Germplasm Strategy (FIGS) subsets atICARDA;amolecularatlasatCIMMYT;whole-genomesequencedataforthousandsofaccessionsatIRRI. With improved data, and improved data standardization facilitated by the Genetic GainsPlatform,thegenebankswillbeabletoscaleupanddevelopgermplasmselectionsforspecificusers,traits,taxonomiesorgeographies.Theglobalwebportal,Genesys,willbesubstantiallyrevampedbyenriching data content and building search and visualization tools in collaboration with specialistsoftwaredevelopers. Richerdata andpowerful search toolswill providemajor incentives for newpartnersanduserstoparticipateinGenesysandstimulateitsusefurther.PolicyModule:Engageingeneticresourcespolicydevelopmentandcompliance

Fromapolicyperspective,theday-to-dayoperationsofgenebanksandtheirdownstreamusersaresubject toan increasinglycomplex rangeof internationalandnational lawsconcerningaccessandbenefit-sharing, intellectual property, and biosafety (LopezNoriega et al 2013). There is evidencethat some of these developments are creating barriers to agricultural research (Heisey and DayRubenstein,2015).Newscientificandtechnicalcapacities, suchasgeneeditingandgenomics,areprovoking policy-related questions and challenges that are not addressed in existing internationalagreements.CGIARgenebanksareexpectedtoadheretothehigheststandardsofcomplianceandtransparencyandactascentralplayersintheevolvingglobalsystem.TheirproactiveengagementingeneticresourcespolicydevelopmentisofutmostimportanceinpursuitofCGIAR’smission.

This Module will provide the capacity, authority and expertise to coordinate systemwideconsideration of policy developments, engage strategically in international policy fora, andstrengthen capacity within the system for full and transparent compliance. Within CGIAR, thegenebank community has always been the most immediately affected by the changing policyenvironment,andhasmadeimportantcontributionstorelevantpolicyfora.ThePolicyModulewillconsolidateandbuilduponthepreviousachievementsof thecommunityandengageotherCGIARconstituencies, including theCenters’ Intellectual Property (IP) focal points,GeneticGains andBigData Platforms, Science Leaders, breeders, social scientists, and the System Office. Through theestablishmentofaMulti-stakeholderPGRPolicyGroup,theModulewillensureengagementwitharangeofexpertsfromoutsidetheCGIAR.3.Impactpathwayandtheoryofchange

Thepathwaytowards impactofthegenebanksandGHUsmaybetracedbyfollowingtherouteofthe germplasm and associated data. The genebanks contribute in multiple ways to IDOs forIncreasedresilienceofthepoortoclimatechangeandothershocks;Improveddietsforpoorandvulnerablepeople;Natural capitalenhancedandprotected,especially fromclimatechange;andEnhancedbenefitsfromecosystemgoodsandservices.TheactivitiesofthePlatform,however,aretargeted specifically to bring about Increased Conservation and Use of Genetic Resources andIncreasedproductivity.

The genebanks also distribute germplasm and data to a wide range of users outside the CGIAR,feeding into numerous, diverse outcomes worldwide. In some cases, where breeding ordomesticationprogramsarefewerorlessdeveloped(e.g.forages,treespecies)orwheregenebanksprovideasourceofcleanplantingmaterial(e.g.root,tuberandbananacrops),distributionoutsidetheCGIARmaybemoreprominentthaninternally(Figure4).

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While themajor role of the Platform is tomaintain the collections and facilitateGHUs to sustainthese distributions, activities will focus on increasing conservation of PGRFA through improvingefficiencyand the representationofdiversity incollections,andon increasinguseofPGRthroughimproving search tools, data and access to diversity. Framing both these efforts is the effort toensurethattheCGIARoperateswithinapositivepolicycontext.Thespecificoutcomeswillbe:

1. Disease-free,viable,documentedgermplasmmadeavailable2. Moreeffectiveaccessanduseofgermplasmenabled3. Supportivepolicyenvironmentdeveloped4. Cropdiversityconservedinarationalandeffectiveglobalsystem

Figure6. ThePlatformmodulesandoutcomesare synergistic, leading to increased conservationanduseofgeneticresourceswithinarationalandeffectiveglobalsystem.

TheseoutcomesareillustratedinFigure6,andwithintheCGIARportfolioinFigure7.Thefirstthreeoutcomesaretheresultoftheworkofthethreemodules:Conservation,UseandPolicy.Thedata,tools and subsets produced by the UseModule provide easier access to the disease-free, viablegermplasmoftheConservationModule,andthePolicyModulefacilitatesthedeliveryofbothdataandgermplasmtotheuser.Allthreeoutcomesareessentialtothesuccessfuluseofgermplasmbythe AFS-CRPs and contribute to building a stronger global system for conservation and use as awhole.

The role of the Platform is to facilitate and augment these interactions acrossmultiple crops andCenters,andensurea fulsomecollaborationwith thePlatformsonGeneticGainandBigDataandthe AFS-CRPs, so that the Platform outcomes are attained at scale and result in IncreasedConservationandUseofGeneticResourcesandtheachievementofSDGTarget2.5.

Provisionofgermplasmanddata

toallusers

Integra4onofdata,developmentoftools

andsubsets

GenebankPla9orm

Policymodule

Usemodule

Pla9orms&AFS-CRPs

Capacitybuilding,monitoring

complianceandengagementin

interna4onalpolicy

AFS-CRPs,CCAFs,PIM

Conserva4onmodule

Outcome2Moreeffec4veaccessanduseofgermplasm

Outcome3Policyengagementandcompliance

Sub-IDOIncreasedconserva4onanduseofgene4cresources

Outcome1Disease-free,viable,

documentedgermplasm

Outcome4Ra4onalandeffec4ve

globalsystem

Systemlinkages Systemlinkages

Ac4vi4es Ac4vi4es

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Figure 7. The Genebank Platform provides germplasm, data, knowledge, policy advice and phytosanitaryservicestothesystem,andfeedsintothegeneralizedtheoryofchangeoftheAFSCRPsandPlatforms.4.Capacitydevelopment

Fundamentaltodevelopingamoreeffectiveglobalsystemofpartnerscontributingonagloballeveltotheconservationanduseofgeneticresourcesisthesustainingandaugmentingofcapacity,bothinternallyandexternallytotheCGIAR.Capacitydevelopmentunderpinsallmoduleactivitiesandisfundamental to the strengthening of genebank operations and efficiency. Given the expertise ofgenebankstaffandthecontextinwhichtheywork,thePlatformhasthepotentialtoprovidelarge-scaleandsystematiccapacitybuildingworldwide.However,thePlatformisconceivedprimarilyasavehicle toensure that thecoreoperationsandessentialactivitiesof thegenebanksandGHUsaresupported.Thisisexplainedfurtherinthesectionentitled,‘Expertiseandtrackrecord’.Therefore,amore systematic approach to capacity development of external partners requires uplift funding.Withinthecurrentbudget,thePlatformwillexploitopportunitiestostrengthencapacityaswidelyas possible within the framework of project implementation, and by contributing to the widerrangingcapacitydevelopmenteffortsoftheAFS-CRPs.

ThePlatformwill investat least14%of itsbudgetspecificallyonthecapacitystrengtheningofthegenebanks andGHUs. This includes the continued strengthening ofQMS for both genebanks andGHUs, upgrading of equipment, storage facilities and datamanagement software, optimization ofprocedures,developmentoftoolsandcapacitytoassociatebigdatawithgenebankaccessionsandactivitiestodevelopcapacityforpolicycompliance.QMSprovidesanimportantframeworkbywhichcapacityneedscanbeassessedandaddressedatthelevelofindividualstaffaswellasatagenebankandinstitutelevel.Theplannedreviewandvalidationofstandardoperatingprocedures(SOPs)and

R&D !Outcomes!

Genebankpla*ormConserva)onModuleDisease-free,viable,

documentedgermplasmmadeavailable

UsemoduleMoreeffec)veaccessanduseofgermplasm

enabled

PolicyModulePolicyengagement&complianceensured

Gene.cgains&Bigdatapla*orms

EmpoweringAFSCRPstoaccelerategene)cgainsthroughimprovedbreedingprocesses

AFSCRPsImprovingproduc)vity&nutri)onalqualityin

targetenvironments

Breedersdevelopmoreimprovedvarie)es&breedingprocesses

Enhanced farm-level adoption of new & improved varieties!

Cropdiversityconservedina

ra)onal&effec)veglobalsystem(Conserva)on)

ToolsforbeLertargeteduse

SLOs!

IDOs!

Sub-IDOs! Reducedproduc)on

risk

Enhancedgene)cgain

Increasedconserva)on&useofgene)cresources

Increasedaccesstodiversenutrient-

richfoods

Land,water&forestdegrada)onminimized

&reversed

Increasedresilienceofthepoortoclimatechange&othershocks

Enhancedbenefitsfromecosystemgoods&services

Increasedproduc)vity

Improveddietsforpoor&vulnerable

Reducedpoverty Improvedfood&nutri)onsecurityforall

Enrichmentofplant&animalbiodiversityfor

mul)plegoods&services

Improvednaturalresources&ecosystemservices

Naturalcapitalenhanced&protected,esp.fromclimatechange

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stafftimeallocationstospecificoperationswill introduceameanstofurthermonitorcapacityandcapacitydevelopment.

Although these activities generally target internal capacity needs, the regularly organizedworkshops,openfieldeventsandtrainingsessionswillbeexploitedtodevelopcapacityregionally,nationallyorlocally.ThePlatformwebsitewillalsobeharnessedasatooltodisseminateprotocols,training resources and knowledge related to genebank operations, germplasm health, datamanagement,andpolicies.

Themoreexperiencedandskilledgenebankstaffwillalsoprovidementoringandbackstopping tocolleagues and partners alike. Well-documented genebank SOPs have a heightened significancegiven that staff succession is a key area for strengthening as eight of the 12 current genebankmanagersandasignificantnumberofnationalstaff,whowererecruited30ormoreyearsagoatthefounding of several Center genebanks, will retire in the next six years. Exchanges between suchexperiencedstaffand thosewhoarenew to the jobwillbeencouraged throughGOAL (genebankoperationsandadvancelearning)workshops,whichbringtogethernationalgenebankstafftosharetheirexpertiseandperspectivesinimplementingandoptimizingoperations,meetingstandardsandachievingefficiencies.

5.Platformleadership,managementandgovernance

PlatformgovernanceandmanagementispresentedinFigure8.TheExecutiveBoard(EB)oftheCropTrusttakestheultimateresponsibility forthePlatform’sgovernance.TheCGIARrepresentativeontheEBwillberesponsible forensuringthattheopinionsof theSystemsBoardandOfficearefullyrepresented. An Independent Advisory Committee (IAC) will be established. The role of thisCommitteewillbeto:

• provide external input from key stakeholders, and strategic guidance on major Platformdecisions,directionsandfundraising;

• facilitate collaboration between genebanks and AFS-CRPs, as well as other key externalpartners;

• adviseonmajorissuesorconflictsbetweenimplementingpartnersorothersasneeded;and• adviseonspecificissuesoftechnicalimplementationasneeded.

ThemembershipoftheIACwillcomprise:fourormorePGRFAconservationanduseexperts(oneofwhomshouldtaketheroleofChair)drawnfromnationalprograms,universities,theprivatesectoror other stakeholders; ex officio delegates, each representing the Centers, AFS-CRPs and GeneticGainPlatform;andtheExecutiveDirectoroftheCropTrust.

The IACwill have at least one face-to-facemeetingper year.Additional expertiseor stakeholdersmaybeinvitedtomeetingsasrequired.TheCropTrustwillprovidetheSecretariat.ThemembershipandchairoftheIACwillbeappointedbytheCropTrustEB,withinputfromexofficiomembers.

WhileCenter andgenebankmanagementhave responsibility for theday-to-dayoperationsof thegenebanks, the Platform activities will be implemented under the overall guidance of theManagementTeam(MT),whichhastheroleto:

• directfundingallocationstocollectiveactivities;• planandmonitorcollectiveactivities;• developindicatorsandtargetsandreviewprogresstowardsthem;and• provideoverallguidanceinthemanagementofthePlatformandtheexecutionofreviews,

meetingsandotherevents.

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Figure8.Governanceandmanagementstructure

TheMTcomprises thePlatformCoordinator,PolicyModulecoordinator,GHUfocalpoint,SystemsOffice focal point, Executive Committee of the Article 15 group14 (A15), and one or two ScienceLeadersfromPlatformsorAFS-CRPs.TheMTchairwillrotatebetweennon-CropTrustmembers.Itwill have monthly virtual meetings, which may extend to include the full group of genebankmanagersonceaquarter.TheMTwillalsomeetface-to-faceatleasttwiceayear.TheagendaandminuteswillbesharedwithallPlatformmembersforcommentsandinput.

TheCropTrustprovidesanoverallcoordinatingroleforthePlatform.ThePlatformCoordinatorwilloversee the technical and financialmanagement of the Platform as a whole, and coordinate theactivitiesof theConservationandUseModuleswith theguidanceof theMT.Annual reportingofgenebankandmoduleactivitieswill continue tobesubmitted in theexistingonline reporting tool(ORT),monitoredby thePlatformCoordinator and reported to the SystemsOffice.A FinanceandAdministrationCommittee(FAC)madeupofCropTruststaffwilladministercontractsandcarryoutfinancialmonitoringandreporting.TheywillreviewtheimplementationofFinancialGuidelinesandhelpdevelopapproachestoamoreconsistentandfairerallocationoffundingacrossthesystem.

ThePolicyModulewillbecoordinatedbyBioversity Internationalwith IRRI.While theactivitiesofthePolicyModulewillbeguidedbytheMTandcomeunderthesamegovernanceasthePlatform,officialCGIARpositionsordecisionswillbereviewedandapprovedby theCGIARSystemStandingCommitteeofCenterDirectorsGeneral.

EachGHUwillbesubjecttoindividualtechnicalreview.TheplannedreviewsforthegenebankswillfollowadifferentformatfromtheindividualreviewsthattookplaceduringtheCRP,takingacross-cutting perspective on specific themes such as data quality and management, composition ofcollections and efficiencies. The independent validation of genebank SOPswill complement thesereviewsbyfocusingonindividualgenebankoperations.

14TheArticle15groupsuperseedstheformerInterCenterWorkingGrouponGeneticResources.ItcomprisesthegenebankmanagersoftheCGIARCenterswhichhavedesignatedtheircollectionsunderArticle15oftheITPGRFA.GenebankmanagersfromCIMMYT,CIPandIRRIcurrentlymakeuptheExecutiveCommittee.

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6.Businesscase

6.1Expertiseandtrackrecord

ThisproposalbuildsonthepositiveoutputsandachievementsoftheSGRPandtheGenebankCRP(seeBox3)andhasauniquelong-termperspectivethattakesaccountofthein-perpetuitynatureofthe work and obligations of the CGIAR genebanks to the global community. As with the currentGenebank CRP, the financial underpinning of the Platformproposal is shared between the CGIARand a growing endowment managed by the Crop Trust (see Annex 2 for projections of theendowment growth). The concepts behind the Platform are based on the “Genebank OptionsPaper”15 that was presented to the Fund Council (FC) at their 13th meeting, in April 2015. Thisproposalcorrespondsto“Option2”,whichwasapprovedforsupportbytheFC.Thisoptioncoversthe coreoperationsof theCGIARgenebanksbuthasno scope for significant researchor capacitybuildingtowardsdevelopmentoutcomes,whichinsteadshouldtakeplacewithintheAFS-CRPsandother Platforms in collaboration with the genebanks. The Genebank Platform expands upon theGenebank CRP by incorporating a new module on policy and activities to strengthen qualitymanagementofGHUs.Thegovernanceandmanagementwillalsobestrengthenedby introducingadditional independent oversight, with the aims of managing any potential conflicts of interest,encouraging integration of activities across programs and ensuring that the genebanks are notisolatedfromtherestoftheportfolio.Thisstructurewillcontinuetoserveinthelongerterm,whenthe endowment is providing themajority of the genebanks’ operating funds. The funding of thePlatformwillbeguaranteed,asithasbeensince2012,throughaspecialmixedfundingmechanism,thedetailsofwhichare tobedeterminedby theFC in collaborationwith theCropTrust. This suigenerisapproachenablesCGIARCenterstoensurethattheirformalcommitmentsforthelong-termconservation of the collections are not adversely influenced by changing research priorities orfinancialpressures.

The implementers of the Platform activities are the genebank managers, GHU leaders and theirteams, including key specialist staff with expertise in seed longevity, cryopreservation, datamanagement, gap analysis, etc. The Platform will provide a supportive environment for newexpertise and fresh faces to lead the genebanks after the retirement of a number of currentgenebankmanagers.

TheoverallcoordinationofthePlatformandspecificareasofwork(e.g.QMSdevelopment,Genesysdevelopment)willbemanagedbytheCropTrust,whohaveaScienceTeamwithlengthyexperiencein leading large global PGRFA projects, pulling together international and national institutes fromagriculture and conservation domains. The Policy Module will be coordinated by BioversityInternational(seeAnnex3forCVs).

The CGIAR and Crop Trust partnership has been highly beneficial to both parties (Box 3). Theprinciples of the Crop Trust’s FundDisbursement strategy arewholly in linewith those of CGIAR,strivingforsciencequality,highstandardsofoperation,valueformoneyandaglobal,rationalizedapproachtolong-termconservation.TheCropTrusthasinvestedheavilyinfundraising, improvingdatamanagementsystemssuchasGRIN-GlobalandGenesys,partnershipwithNARS,andcollectingandusing cropwild relatives (CWR), all ofwhichhave contributed synergistically to achieving theobjectivesofCGIARgenebanksandCRPs.Resultsofasurveyconductedin2015ofrelevantCenterstaff indicated that 94% of the 36 respondents were satisfied overall with the Crop Trust’simplementation of its ‘Project Manager’ role in the Genebank CRP. The internal audit of theGenebankCRP,whichwas undertakenonbehalf of CGIAR, also highlighted several good financial

15 library.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10947/3849/CGIAR-Genebanks_OptionsPaper_6April2015_FC13.pdf?sequence=1

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and technical practices. The positive reception of the Genebank Options paper at FC13 and theprioritizationofgenebanksfor fundingfromWindow1providewelcomesignsthatthebenefitsofthisproductivepartnershipbetweentheCropTrustandtheCGIARarewidelyrecognized.

6.2Supportingandmaintainingaccesstomaterials,sites,servicesandnetworks

Access to genebank andGHU services, germplasm and data are obligatory as per CGIAR Centers’agreements with the Governing Body of the ITPGRFA. Germplasm and associated data aremadeavailableuponsignatureoftheSMTA.ThePolicyModulewillplayanimportantroleinensuringthatnegotiationstomodifytheSMTAorconditionssurroundingtheimplementationoftheITPGRFAarepositively influenced by the CGIAR and take into account the interests of the genebanks andgenebankusers.Accessionsmaybe searched for andorderedonline through individual genebankwebsitesandthroughthewebportal,Genesys,orbydirectrequeststogenebankstaff.Further,theCGIARgenebanksguideonaveragemorethan7000visitorsaroundtheirfacilitiesannually.

ThegenebanksandGHUsprovidemorethangermplasmanddata.Anoverviewoftheservicesandexpertise that theGenebankPlatformprovidesupon request tousersboth insideandoutside theCGIARisgiveninBox4.TheavailabilityofsuchserviceswillbecomebetterknowntonewusersandcollaboratorsthroughcapacitybuildingactivitiesandthePlatformwebsite.

Thefundingavailabletosupportsomeactivities(e.g.multiplicationofcleanseedorcleanplantingmaterial) on the scale that would ideally be required will be a limiting factor, and strategicapproaches will need to be explored (where they do not already exist) to identify partnerorganizations thatarebetterplaced toprovideservices suchasmultiplicationata local level.Theacquisition policies of the genebanks are also evolving rapidly as the range of genetic stocksexpands.Ingeneral,thegenebankspursuearationalizedapproachtotheiroperations,wherebythemost costly genebank activities (e.g. regeneration, cryopreservation) are focused on in trust16materials that are prioritized for long-term conservation. However, that does not preclude thepossibility of the genebanks providing either oversight or the storage conditions for themedium-term conservation of breeders’ or researchers’ materials, as long as costs are covered wherenecessary. Each genebank has an acquisition policy that determines the acquisition (or not) andsubsequent curation of incoming materials. Where necessary, this policy is being strengthenedthroughQMSandupdatedinconversationwithbreedersandresearchers.

16ThecollectionsthatareheldintrustunderArticle15

Box 3. Achievements of the Genebank CRP

• Increasedavailabilityandsecurityofcollections.• Sharedmonitoringframeworkandperformancetargets.• Transparentandinformativereportingonthestatusofthecollections.

• GRIN-Global(genebankdatamanagementsoftware)adoptedinthreeCenters,withafurtherthreeintheprocess.

• QualityManagementSystemtailoredtogenebanksandimplementationofFAOstandards.• BiggerandbetterGenesys(globalportalforaccessiondata).

• Strengthened relationshipwith key partners (e.g.USDA, EMBRAPA,AVRDC, CGN,MSB, SPC,IPK,etc.)throughreviews,meetingsandadvisorygroups.

• SecuredannualfundingfromWindow1.

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6.3InteractionsbetweenthePlatformandusers

PrimaryuserswithintheCGIAR.Researchersandbreederspotentially fromallCRPsandPlatformswithin theCGIARwill call upon theGenebankPlatform forgermplasm,data, associatedgenebankandGHUservicesandPGRFApolicyadvice.MoredetailedinformationonthelinkagesbetweentheGenebank Platform and CRPs, other Platforms and users in general is found in Annex 4. Therelationshipwithprimaryusershasthepotentialtobehighlysynergisticintermsofgeneratingdataand demand for germplasm. The Platform, especially through the Use Module, will encourage amuchstrongerengagementwithusers,and flowof informationback to thegenebank.Experiencehasillustratedthatthiscannotbelefttopassiveoropportunisticcollaboration.Thegenebanksmustactively engage with users, on a day-to-day basis, through employing specialist focal points,improvingsurveytools,andprovidingincentives,servicesandin-kindsupporttoleverageimprovedfeedbackanddata.ThenewPlatformstructuresoftheCGIARportfolioshouldfacilitateengagementandinteroperabilityamongnewgenotyping,phenotyping,evaluationandresearchdatasetsontheone hand and genebank passport data on the other. Formal mechanisms, such as the cross-involvement of scientists in Advisory Groups and a systemwide Community of Practice (CoP)(initiated in 2014 by the Consortium Office) will support stronger planning and integration ofresearch.

Other primary users. Requests for germplasm or support may originate from universities, NARS,advanced research institutes, genebanks, NGOs, farmer groups and the private sector. Thegenebankshavedevelopedtieswithspecificcommunitiesthathaveenduredfordecades.TheroleofthePlatformwillbetoconsolidateandexpandthesetiestoincludenewusersandtoencourageamore productive two-way flow of information. As with CGIAR users, the genebanks will leverage

Box 4. Services and expert ise provided by the Genebank Platform

• Provisionofgermplasmandassociateddata.• Healthindexingandphytosanitarycleaningofgermplasm.• Adviceonselectionanduseofdiversity.• Taxonomy,identityverificationandbiogeographicprofileofwildandcultivateddiversity.• Provisionofgermplasmsubsets.• Conservationofbreeders’andresearchersstocks• Long-termconservationofsafetyduplicatedmaterials• Developmentoftoolstoidentifygermplasmsubsets.• Sourceofcleanplantingmaterialforclonalcrops.• Adviceonphytosanitaryregulationsandproceduresfortheexchangeofgermplasm.• Multiplication and processing of clean seed for “orphan” crops and oversight of the

distributionofbreeders’materials.• Assessmentanddevelopmentofgenebankdatamanagementsoftwareandtools.• EvaluationandadoptionofGRIN-Globalgenebankmanagementsoftware.• PartnershipinGenesysforsharinggenebankaccessiondata.• SharingofQMSstandardsandpractices.• Training and backstopping in genebank operations (e.g. viability testing, germination,

storageconditions).• Developmentoroptimizationofcryopreservationprotocols.• Adviceanddecision-makingtoolsforoperatingunderapplicablelegalframework(s).• Partnershipopportunitiestoinfluenceinternationalpolicydevelopmentprocesses.

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feedback and data. Crop User Groups formed through crop conservation strategies may also bedeployedtoencouragethegenerationandsharingofevaluationandotherdatawithincommunitiesofcropresearchers.ThePlatformisalsodevelopingacommunicationstrategybasedonawebsiteandnewsletterthatwillprovidenewsupdates, toolsand informationwiththeaimofencouragingawarenessofthecollectionsandbuildingcapacity.

Other key institutions: national genebanks and other research partners. CGIAR has strongpartnershipswithkeynationalinstitutions,whichtogetherformtheglobalsystem.Whilenumerousinstitutesareconsideredtobecrucialbyindividualgenebanks,asmallsubsetoftheseorganizationsplayaparticularlysignificantroleacrossthesystembecauseofthesizeorcomplementarityoftheircollections. These include EMBRAPA, USDA, CGN, AVRDC, IPK, FAO, NBPGR, RDA and MSB.Reviewers, expertise and partnership are regularly sourced from such institutions. On a regionallevel, genebanks regularly engage with national institutes through partnership in projects,participationinmeetings,andintraining.Communitiesthathavebeenbroughttogethertodevelopglobalconservationstrategiesforindividualcropswillcontinuetobeengagedorre-engaged,eitherinformallyorthroughmoreformalCropUserGroups,dependingontheroleandexistenceofothercrop-based networks. These communities will aim to drive the implementation of priorityconservation actions, rationalization of efforts and strengthening of complementary roles andresponsibilities.Effortstogenotypecollectionsoranalyzediversitywillincorporatemajorcollectionsheldbynationalpartners,wherepossible,soastoensurethatstudiestakeaglobalandnot justaCGIARperspective.

6.4Intellectualassetmanagement

The Platform’s management of genetic resources will comply with the CGIAR Principles on theManagement of Intellectual Assets (IA) in general, and Article 4.2 in particular. Following theagreementsunderArticle15oftheITPGRFA,theCGIARgenebankswillmakegermplasmavailabletorecipients using the SMTA. CGIAR may also use the SMTA to transfer improved germplasm thatincorporates materials received from theMultilateral System of the ITPGRFA (defined as ‘PGRFAunderDevelopment’). Inthesecases,conditionsmaybeadded,aspermittedundertheSMTAandSection6of theCGIARPrinciplesontheManagementof IntellectualAssets,whichestablishes theconditions underwhich CGIARmay enter into ‘limited exclusivity’ or ‘restrictive use’ agreements.(SeeAnnex5aformoredetails).

AllCGIARgenebankswill continue tomake theirdatapubliclyavailableandsearchable,aspartofthestrategytopromotemoreeffectiveuse.Researchpapers,policybriefs,conservationprotocols,trainingmaterials,andwrittensubmissionstointernationalpolicyfora,willbemadepublicthroughthePlatforms’ownwebsiteorpublication inopenaccess journals.Softwareandwebtoolswillbemadeavailableunderopenaccesslicenses.EachCenterwillenlistitsIPFocalPointtomakeplansfor,andmonitor,itsIAmanagementpracticesunder theGenebankPlatform,withgeneraloversight fromthePlatform IAC.Full compliancewiththeCGIARIAprinciplesanditscommitmentspursuanttothe2006agreementswiththeGoverningBodywillbeincludedinpartnershipcontractsunderthisPlatform.

6.5Openaccessmanagement

The platform will ensure that all of its information products are made publicly available inconformitywiththeCGIAROpenAccessandDataManagementPolicy(OAPolicy)andalsowiththeexpectationsundertheITPGRFA(Articles13.2.a&17;SMTA6.9)thatnon-confidential informationabout materials in the Multilateral System will be made available through a global informationsystem.

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All CGIAR genebanksmake their data publicly available and searchable, as part of the strategy topromotemore effective use. Genesys provides a common portal for access to information on allCGIAR accessions and is recognized as an element of the ITPGRFA’s GLIS. It collates data frominternationalandnationalgenebanks intoasearchablepublicdatabaseunderasignedagreementwith each data provider, which states that providers should only provide data that can bemadepubliclyavailable.GenesysisbeingmanagedanddevelopedbytheCropTrustundertheguidanceofan Advisory Committee. The Conservation and Use Modules will contribute to the enhancedfunctioningofGenesys,anddevelopnewtoolsandmethodsforsharing,associating,andharvestingaccessionleveldata.Datacollectedaspartofpolicy-linkedresearch(forexample,trendsinCenters’and partners’ acquisitions, distributions and uses of PGR, data, or traditional knowledge underdifferentpolicyregimes)willbemadeavailableinconformancewiththeOAPolicy.ThroughIRRI,theCGIAR is also taking a leading role in the further development of GLIS to facilitate data sharingthrough interoperable systems and thus promote broader open data access. Enhancements toGenesyswillfocusoninteroperability.

IP Focal Points of participating Centers will assist in planning, monitoring, and reporting theirCenters’ OA practices under the Platform and the IAC will assume ultimate responsibility forensuringthePlatformcomplieswithOAPolicyandITPGRFA-relatedexpectations.MoredetailsmaybefoundinAnnex5b.

6.6Communicationstrategy

AcommunicationstrategyisbeingdevelopedtohelpthePlatformimprovetheunderstandingoftheimportanceof thePGRconservation ingenebanks, theefficiencyof genebankoperations, theusemadeofgenebankmaterialby researchers,and thepolicies thatapply to theacquisition,useanddistributionofgermplasm.OutreachtotheaudiencesthathelpfulfiltheobjectivesofthePlatform(i.e. plant breeders and evaluation specialists, other research scientists and people in interestedorganizations)willbetheprimarythrustofPlatformcommunications.

The main channel for external communications is a Platform website that is currently underdevelopment.Thewebsitewillofferaccessto:(1)accurate,detailedinformationontheoperationsand policies of genebanks and GHUs, including SOPs, annual reports and review results; (2) theconservation of specific crops; (3) Genesys and other relevant databases; (4) publications andcapacity building resources; (5) relevant news. A newsletter will also be published and emailedregularly to stakeholders. The newsletter will not contain detailed technical information, but willoffer a series of signposts to materials available through the Platform website (and possiblyelsewhere).

6.7Riskmanagement

The operations of a genebank, although relatively routine in that the same activities must berepeatedyearly,areactuallyverysusceptibletochangesduetoanumberofmajorinfluences.Theseinclude:

• unpredictabletrendsindemandformaterial;• serendipitousacquisitionofmaterials(e.g.fromprojects,institutionsorothergenebanks);• fluctuations in costs due to periodic staff cost adjustments and changes in institutional

chargesandcosts;• ineffective,agingorfailingfacilitiesandequipment;or• unexpectednaturalandman-madedisasters.

During the past five years, every one of these types of events has occurred and affected thefunctioningoftheCGIARgenebanks.Riskmanagementstrategiesaredevelopedbyeachgenebank

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andarecurrentlybeingstrengthenedthroughtheworkonQMS.TheyarenotelaboratedherebutwillbemadeavailablethroughthePlatformwebsite.

Thefalloutfromrecentbudgetcutsinotherprogramsincludedthelossofoperatingfundsandstafffor thegenebanks,eventhoughtherehadbeennobudgetcut to thegenebanksperse.TheCropTrust is working with the Center Finance Directors to buildmore consistency and fairness in theattribution of costs to the genebanks. However, the genebanks represent a relatively smallcomponent of annual expenditures of the Centers, and are expected to conform to the samefinancial conditions as the other programs. A small group of Finance Directors are tasked to findwaysofachievingmoreconsistency intheapplicationof financialguidelinesatasystemlevel,butthisinitiativewillneedcontinuedhigh-levelsupportandfacilitation.

CGIAR has provided contingency funding (USD 1.6 million) for the relocation of the ICARDAgenebank to Lebanon and Morocco during the past three years. The proposed Platform budgetwouldnotbeable to support suchanevent, shouldoneoccuragain. The relocationof theAfricaRicegenebankfromBenintoCoteD’Ivoire,thedevelopmentofanewcurationstrategyforICRAF’s38fieldcollections,thebuildingofanewgenebankatCIATandthedevelopmentofICRISAT’sthreeAfricancollections:allthesemayhavefinancial implicationsthatareoutsidetheboundariesoftheproposedbudget.

TheGHUsprovideaservicenotonlyforthegenebanksbutalsofortheAFS-CRPs.ArecentinformalsurveysuggestedthatnineoftheGHUshaveinsufficientbudgetstocovercostsandthatonlythreereceivefundsfromAFS-CRPsfortheirservices.Ifcostsarenotproperlycoveredit is likelythattheintendedobjectivestoupgradeGHUfacilitiesandequipment,andtostrengthencapacityandqualitymanagement,willnotbemet.ThisissomethingthatmustbeaddressedataninstitutionallevelforeachGHU.Finally, the time required to build the endowment to its planned target (see Annex 2) remainsunpredictable.ThePledgingConferencetakesplaceon15April2016,afterwhichtheprojectionsfortheGenebankPlatformbudgetwillbere-assessedintimeforthefinalJuly2016Platformproposalsubmission.

6.8Budgetandbudgetbreakdown

ConservationModule A very large proportion (83%) of the total budget is made up of the coregenebank requirements foroperationsandupgrading.This represents thepartof thebudget thatwillbe increasinglysupportedbytheendowment.Costsforeachcollectionarebasedonthe2010Costing Study17,modified according to reportedexpendituresbetween2012and2015.Upgradingcostsaredeterminedthroughananalysisofequipmentanditsserviceableage,andbasedonneedsfor known activities (e.g. cryopreservation, seed increase, phytosanitation and health testing), toreach agreed performance targets. Overall costs are projected to decline over the years, as thegenebanksreachtargetsandefficienciesaremade.

Funds for conservation researchareallocated to leadingCenters to retainorhire specialists,whowillworkwith other Centers to research seed longevity in target crops. IRRIwill be one of theseCenters becauseof its existing expertise, and theother twowill be selected according todefinedpriorities,whichwillincludeafocusonthemoreexpensiveseedcropstoconserve,suchascropwildrelatives and forages. ICARDA and CIAT both have strong expertise in Geographical InformationSystem(GIS)-baseddiversityanalysesandtogetherwillleadaglobalgapanalysisforprioritysettingof targeted collecting in partnership with NARS. Funds for collecting projects will be allocatedaccording to identified priorities. Uplift funds are pegged to the Conservation Module, but arerelevanttotheentirePlatform.

17 library.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10947/2566/fc4_funding_proposal_CGIAR_Genebanks.pdf?sequence=1

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UseModuleFundswillbeprovidedtodeveloptheGenesysdatabasesoftware,partnerlinkagesandsearch tools, and to support each genebank to obtain and manage available evaluation andgenotypingdatasetssothattheyaredirectlylinkedtogenebankdatabases.Aphasedapproachwillbe adopted whereby Bioversity, CIMMYT, CIP, CIAT and IRRI will initiate efforts to developmechanisms and approaches for associating additional datawith existing accession passport dataoveratwo-yearperiod,afterwhichallotherCenterswillbesupportedtocarryoutsimilarworkbuiltupon the lessons learned from these initial experiences. Individual Centers, which manage cropcollectionsthatarecurrentlynotthefocusofAFS-CRPactivities,willreceivelimitedfundingtocarryoutcharacterizationordataenrichmentspecificallyonthesecollections.

PolicyModuleThebudget isdedicated to themanagementof thepolicycoordinatingunitand itsactivities.Fundswillcoverthecostsof:bringingtogethertherequisitepeoplewithinCGIARtobuildconsensus, raise awareness and strengthen capacity; engagement in international meetings;meetingsoftheMulti-stakeholderPGRPolicyGroup;supportingparticipationofCGIARscientistsinpolicydialogues;anddevelopinganddisseminatingresearchoutputs,policybriefs,guides,decisionmaking tools, etc. The budget will cover scientific and administrative staff time and expertconsultations.Management Costs These include the costs of Crop Trust staff to administer the agreements,contractsanddisbursements relating to thePlatform.These fundsalso cover the indirect costsoftheCropTrust.7.ConservationModule:supportandimproveessentialgenebankoperations

7.1Rationaleandscope

TheConservationModule,firstandforemost,supportsthecoregenebankoperations,theminimumactivitiesthatmustbeundertakenbythegenebankswithoutwhichthefundamentalsecurityofthecollections and their use are at serious risk. However, the aims of the Platform are to increaseconservationwhilstcontrollingcosts.TheModule,therefore,willhaveamajorthrust in improvingthelong-termsustainabilityandefficiencyofthegenebanksand,wherepossible,theglobalsystemas a whole, while strategically increasing the representation of crop gene pools in ex situconservation.

Four key performance targets concerning the availability, security, documentation and qualitymanagementofthecollectionswereagreedin2013(Table1).AllCentersarenowworkingtowardsthesetargets,andthroughcontinuedsupportall(exceptCIP)aimtoreachthembytheendof2022.

GHUs are required to adhere to similar high standards of operation as the genebanks. CIP andCIMMYThavepursued ISO17025accreditation.However, for severalCentersandcrops (e.g. IITA,ILRI, ICRAF,CIP),morework isneeded toestablish routinephytosanitarydiagnostics, and tobuildcapacity to accelerate the rate of germplasm indexing and phytosanitary cleaning. The GHUswillworktowardsexternallyvalidatedQMS,adoptingasimilarapproachasthegenebanks.

Genebank efficiencies will be pursued on several levels, including in data management, routineoperations,rationalizationacrosssame-cropcollectionswithintheglobalsystem,andcost-analysis.Activitieswillfocusonimprovingthequalityofdataresourcesanddevelopingoradoptingsoftwareandtoolstosupportincreasedefficiencyofworkflows,implementationofdigitallabelinganduseofmoreautomatedprocessesfromfieldtostore.Today,atleastsixCenters(CIP,CIMMYT,CIAT,ILRI,ICRISATandIITA)areadoptingGRIN-Globalastheirprimarysystemforgenebankdatamanagement.This provides an opportunity for increased integration and standardization of data across thesystem. IRRI and CIMMYT will focus on achieving efficiencies by harmonizing data and systemsacrossthegenebank-breedercontinuum.

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Understanding the specific factors that affect seed longevity, and improving long-term storage, iscritical to improvingefficiency.Optimizedproceduresand improveddryingandstorageconditionshave the potential to increase the longevity of germplasm in storage by decades, and to have asubstantial impact onmanagement costs. Building large-scale cryobanks of expensive-to-maintainclonal crop collections also presents a tremendous opportunity to improve the security of thecollections, rationalize in vitro and field collections and eliminate the need for continuous re-culturing of in vitro samples for safety duplication. Other efficiencies and cost-savings will behighlighted through the reviewand validationof individual genebanks’QMSand throughongoingcostanalysis.

Genotypingof thewholeor largepartsofacollectionpromisesanew levelofqualityandgeneticintegrity control. Molecular markers and sequence data can be effectively used for accessionidentification during acquisition, regeneration and multiplication, elimination of duplicates,clarification of taxonomic relationships and ploidy levels, and the stratification of collectionsaccording to genetic relationships and gene pools. The genotyping of materials coming into theclonalcropcollections isalreadybecomingroutineandplaysamajorrole in limitingacquisitiontoonly unique accessions. The funding is not available in this Platform to carry out systematicgenotypingofentirecollections.However,thegenebankswillbenefitfromsuchinitiativesinstigatedby the Genetic Gains Platform and the AFS-CRPs, and uplift funds will be sought to strategicallyexpandgenotypingeffortstocorecollectionsandotherimportantsubsets.

Genotypingalso feeds into theanalysisofdiversitywithinCGIARgenebanksandwithin theglobalsystem as a whole. Where possible, theModule will link genotyping efforts of major collectionswithin the global system to diversity and gap analyses. Collecting activities will be prioritized incollaborationwithNARSpartners,andmulti-cropcollectingmissionswillbeimplementedthroughaglobalGIS-basedanalysisundertakenwithNARSpartners.Responsibilityforseedlongevityresearch,GRIN-Global development, and research on phytosanitary diagnostics will be devolved to specificCentersorpartnerswithexpertisetoundertakeresearchonbehalfofthePlatform.

7.2Objectivesandtargets

The activities of the ConservationModule (Table 2) contribute to all four Platform outcomes butmostparticularlytothefirstandfourth:

Table1.Keyperformanceindicators

Indicators Targets

1 %collectionwhichiscleanofpathogensofquarantinerisk,viable,andinsufficientquantitytobeimmediatelyavailableforinternationaldistributionfrommedium-termstorage(orlocaldistributionforsometreespp.).

Availability90%accessions

2 Forseedcrops:%collectionheldinlong-termstorageattwolocationsandalsoinSvalbardGlobalSeedVault(exceptfortreespp.).Forclonalcrops:%ofthecollectionheldinlong-termstorageorcryopreservationattwolocations;%ofthecollectionheldinslowgrowthconditionsinvitroattwolocations.

Security90%accessionsinseedcollections,>50%accessionsincryopreservationORintermediatetarget90%accessionsduplicatedininvitro

3 %collectionwithminimumpassportand/orcharacterizationdataonline

Dataavailability90%accessionsinthecollection

4 QualityManagementSystem QMSAgreedelementsofQMS/ISOareinplace.

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1. Disease-free,viable,documentedgermplasmmadeavailable2. Moreeffectiveaccessanduseofgermplasmenabled3. Policyengagementandcomplianceensured4. Cropdiversityconservedinarationalandeffectiveglobalsystem

Objective1.1:Tosustaincoregenebankoperationsandensuregermplasmissecureandavailable

Activity1.1.1Managingthegenebank:germplasmprocessing, testing,storage,datamanagement,regeneration,safetyduplicationActivitiescover:accessionorsampleregistration;phytosanitarycleaningandprocessing;storageinseed, field, in vitro and cryobanks, and safety backup; viability monitoring; regeneration andmultiplication;andbasiccharacterization.Theseactivitiesaredrivenbytherateofdistributionfromthecollection (1.1.2)andby thedegreetowhichhistoricandnew incomingaccessionshavebeenfully tested, processed and safety duplicated. The genebanks are aiming for targets of 90%availabilityandsafetyduplicationby2021.Allactivitiesgeneratealargeamountofinformationthatisusedfordecision-makingandimprovingoperations, which requires specialized database systems to manage and query data. Collectivedevelopment of GRIN-Global will enable the sharing of solutions to bugs and issues, jointbackstopping and software improvements across multiple Centers. It will also facilitate theintegrationofdataforanalysisoraccessacrossCenters.

Activity1.1.2Healthtestinganddistributinggermplasm

Centers are committed to distribution of disease-free, highly viable and well-documentedgermplasminresponsetorequestsforuseinresearch,breedingandtraininginfoodandagricultureunder their agreementswith the ITPGRFA. Testing and cleaning accessions that are currently notsafe to distribute will be a priority, affecting mainly clonal but also some seed collections. Thechanging prevalence and spread of pests and diseases influences the need for phytosanitarycontrols.

Objective1.2Toimprovegenebankoperationsandmanagement

Activity1.2.1Qualitymanagementandupgrading

MostgenebankswillhaveputinplaceminimumelementsofaQMSby2017.ThenextphaseofQMSdevelopment involves independent validation of SOPs, and the development of new SOPs onphytosanitary processes, informationmanagement, and other operations. In addition, genebankswill focus on testing and calibrating equipment and replacing those that have passed theirserviceableageandcapacity.

Activity1.2.2Researchingconservationmethods

Monitoring theviabilityof seeds in storage is costly in staff timeand the seeds themselves.Mostgenebankserronthesideofcaution,andfollowstrictlyaregimeofmonitoringevery5or10years.With leadership from IRRI, thegenebankswill exploreavarietyof improvedapproaches toassessviability, including automation of germination tests and non-destructive methods, and developbetter models to predict longevity at the crop, accession, and seed lot level. There will be aparticularfocusonwildspeciesandcropssuchasforages,whicharehighlydemandingintermsofregeneration and viability testing. This researchwill contribute to optimizing and customizing thequantity of seeds to store per accession, and estimating optimal viability monitoring intervals.

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Genebanks managing clonal crop collections will continue to systematically cryobank theircollectionsanddeveloptheQMSframeworkwithinwhichtheyoperate.

Activity1.2.3Analysingcostsandbuildingefficiencies

The individualgenebanks’costs tomaintaindiversityarebasedonaneconomicstudyandcostingtooldeveloped inGPG2 (aWorldBank-fundedproject coordinatedbyBioversity).The toolwillberefined to improve consistency of cost estimates across Centers and used to review and revisecurrent cost estimates. In parallel, a task force of Finance Directors is addressing the need toharmonize the implementation of CGIAR Financial Guidelines. Through building QMS, optimizingprocesses and comparing the staff needs and costs of individual operations within genebanksholdingsimilarcroptypes,potentialefficiencieswillbehighlightedandaddressed.Bringingalltheseelements together, the genebanks will be enabled to control costs or redirect resources moreefficiently.

Table2.Activities,outputsandtargetsoftheConservationModule

Activities StrategicRelevance OutputsIndicatorsand

Targets Assumptions

Objective1.1:Tosustaincoregenebankoperationsandensuregermplasmissecureandavailable

1.1.1Managingthegenebank:seedprocessing,testing,storage,datamanagement,regeneration,safetyduplication

CGIARobligationstotheITPGRFAtoconserveandmakeavailablegermplasmfromintrustcollectionsarefulfilled

Representative,documented,availableandsecuregermplasmin35cropcollections

90%ofcollectionsconserved,documentedandavailable

Increasinginstitutionalandothercostscanbemanagedsothatgenebanksreceivesufficientoperatingfundsfromfixedbudgets.

1.1.2Healthtestinganddistributinggermplasm

Disease-freegermplasmdistributeduponrequest

80%relevantrequestsservicedbyglobalsystem.Customersatisfactionof80%orhigher

ThecostsofGHUsarefullycoveredinservicecharges.Investmentismadeindevelopingprotocolstotestfornewdiseases.

1.2.1Qualitymanagementandupgrading

Highstandardofoperationandqualitymanagementclearlyillustrated

SOPsvalidatedandimprovedforactivitiesincludinggermplasmhealthin11genebanks

50SOPsandotherminimumQMSelements(e.g.riskmanagement,staffsuccession,barcoding)inplaceandvalidated.Equipmentisup-to-dateandcalibrated.

AppropriatelevelofinvestmentinCGIARinfrastructure.Qualitymanagementresultsinimprovedmanagement.

1.2.2Researchingconservationmethods

Sustainabilityofoperationsimprovedasmaterialsareabletobekeptforlongerinstorage

Stepchangeincreaseinlengthoftimegermplasmmaybestored

Storageperiodsredefinedinatleast10crops

Existingtechnologiesonlyrequireoptimizationtoobtainimprovements

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Table2.Activities,outputsandtargetsoftheConservationModule

Activities StrategicRelevance Outputs IndicatorsandTargets

Assumptions

1.2.3Analysingcostsandbuildingefficiencies

Long-termsustainabilityofthegenebanksisfacilitated

Transparentandcomparablegenebankoperationsandcostsbycropgroup

Annualincreaseincostofcoreoperationlessthaninflation

InstitutionalsupportisprovidedtobuildfairerandmoreconsistentapplicationofCGIARFinancialGuidelinesacrosstheSystem.

1.2.4Improvingrepresentation:analysingdiversity,identifyinggaps,eliminatingduplicatesandcollecting

Increasedconservationglobally

Representationofgenetic,taxonomic,geographicalandenvironmentaldiversityandtraitsimproved

RepresentationofcropgenepoolsinexsituconservationquantifiedGapsinatleast5cropgenepoolsaddressed

UsersprovideinformationonneedsandAFSpartnersprovideinformationontraits.Collectingofthreatenedanduniquegermplasmispoliticallyandphysicallypossible

1.2.5Strengtheningcapacityingermplasmhealthmanagementandconservation

GlobalsystemforconservationanduseofPGRFAisstrengthened

ImprovedcapacityinNARSandcloserpartnershipwithgenebanks

IncreaseinexchangeofgermplasmbetweenNARSandCGIAR

NARShavethecapacitytocomplywithinternationalpoliciesongermplasmexchange.

Activity1.2.4 Improvingrepresentation:analyzingdiversity, identifyinggaps,eliminatingduplicatesandcollecting

Linking with the UseModule, activities will utilize available phenotypic and genomic informationgeneratedonanaccessionleveltoidentifyduplicates.Thisinformationwillalsobeapplied,togetherwith other genebank data, in a global analysis to assess the diversity in collections, and thegeographical, taxonomic, trait andgenetic gaps in the collection, tobe filled throughcollectingorcomplementaryconservationstrategies.CIATandICARDAwillcarryouttheanalysesusingGIS-basedtools to identify collecting prioritieswith a focus on threatened germplasm.Multi-crop collectingmissionswillbecarriedoutinpartnershipwithnationalorganizations.

Activity1.2.5StrengtheningcapacityingermplasmhealthmanagementandconservationprotocolsKey national genebanks will be identified for partnership by each CGIAR genebank and GHU incollaborationwithAFS-CRPs.Theplanningandschedulingofcapacitybuildingeventsacrosstheyearwillbesharedsothatat least20keypartnerswillbe involvedintrainingandworkshopsperyear.Currentsystemsofinternships,exchangesandtrainingcourseswillbesharedandbuiltuponsothatresourcesarepooledandspecificexpertiseissharedacrossCenters.

7.3Sciencequality

Maintaining the genetic integrity of thousands of unique accessions and providing the rightaccession when requested, demands quality of science and quality of service. After a broadconsultative process mediated by FAO, international standards for genebank management were

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developedandpublishedin1994,andupdatedstandardspublishedin2014(FAO2014).TheCGIARgenebankshavebeenforemostinimplementingthesestandards.TheFAOstandardsgiveguidanceon the various conditions in which the accessions are managed (e.g. temperature and relativehumidityinstorage).InthecourseoftheGenebankCRPfurthertargetswereagreedbytheCenterstoensurethatcollectionsareavailableandsecure(Table1).ThesehighstandardsareappropriatetothestandingoftheCGIARintheglobalsystemandtheirrole insafeguardingandmakingavailablecropdiversity.

Afurthermajoradvancewasachieved,aspartoftheGenebankCRP,throughtheestablishmentofaformalQMSineachgenebank.Firstly, theQMSensuresthatSOPsaredocumented indetail.SOPsincorporate numerous essential elements of genebank management, including health and safetymeasures for staff (exceptionally important in the case of working with liquid nitrogen), riskmanagement,accesscontrol,andinstitutionalandgenebankpolicies.Inthisway,theQMShelpstogenerateincreasedtransparencyandconfidence,forthebenefitofdonors,partnersandusers.TheminimumelementsofQMS,whicharebeingputintoplaceinthecurrentCRP,willbevalidatedandreviewed through independent auditing. Additional SOPs will be documented for phytosanitaryprocesses, equipment maintenance and calibration, information management, identityauthenticationandmeasuringusersatisfaction.

Interactions with centers of excellence and experts in areas such as seed longevity, germplasmhealth, databasemanagement, and communications and knowledge sharingwill help ensure thatup-to-datescience isapplied ingenebankmanagementandusedasthebasisfor improvements inoperationsandrationalizationofactivities.Ultimately,thefeedbackfromgenebankusersprovidesthestrongestindicationofthequalityofthegenebanks’work.EverygenebankwillhaveaprocesstogarneruserfeedbackaspartoftheirQMS,andlevelsofsatisfactionwillbemonitoredannually.ThePlatformCoordinator,MTandexpertleadershipinCenterswillrevieweachgenebank’sstatuswithregardtoperformancetargetsannually.

7.4Systemlinkages

LinkagesoftheGenebanksplatformwiththeGeneticGainsandBigDataPlatformsandAFS-CRPsareillustratedinFigure9.TheConservationModulewillsupporttheselinkagesthroughtheprovisionofgermplasmandinformationonaccessionswithinthecollectionsupontherequestandcollaborationofuserswithintheAFS-CRPs,PlatformsandotherCRPs.Thisflowofgermplasmanddatamustbebetter matched with the feedback of research results and information from the CRPs to thegenebanks. Through the tools, processes and alliances generated by the UseModule, these newdatawillbeassociatedwithaccessiondataalreadyingenebankdatabasesandGenesystoaddvaluetothecollections,andfacilitatetheirfurther,futureuse.Thesedataalsohaveacatalyticroletoplayinenhancinggenebankmanagement.AkeypartnerhereistheGeneticGainPlatform,givenitsroleto broker genotyping and phenotyping services across CRPs. Making a dramatic improvement ingenetic integrityandqualitycontrol requiresgenotyping,whichwillbegeneratedmosteffectivelythroughcoordinationwiththeGeneticGainsPlatformModule3(GenotypingServices).Efficienciesalso require investment in automation and mechanization of seed processing and accessionphenotyping, which should be coordinated with Module 4 (phenotyping / automation /mechanization).

OtherformsoflinkageoccurintheprovisionofalltheserviceslistedabovetoAFS-CRPsandotherusers.ItisimportanttonotethattheGHUsprovidephytosanitarytestingandcleaningservicesbothtothegenebanksandtheAFS-CRPS.Also,clonalcropcollections,assometimestheonlysourceofdisease-freematerial,mayhaveaspecialfunctionofprovidingcleansourcematerialdirectlytoseedsystems.

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Figure9.PrimarylinkageswiththeConservationModulewithintheCGIARportfolio

To strengthen the global system on conservation and use, theModulewill linkwith key nationalgenebanksandotherinstitutesthroughtraining,informationexchangesandpartnershipsinselectedactivities. The conservation and use practitioners of individual crops will be brought togetherthrough formal mechanisms such as crop user groups, or informally as appropriate, to revisitpriorities and implement global conservation strategies. The strategies will also be improved toensure better coordination and sharing of crop-based activities and rationalization amongcollectionsatnational,regionalandgloballevels.

7.5Climatechange

Akeycomponentof successfuladaptation toclimatechange is thedevelopmentofmoreresilientvarieties able to yield well under future climatic conditions, with resistance to new pests anddiseases. More than just a one-off process, the need is for a pipeline enabling broad, continualadaptationtounpredictablechanges.Theportfolioofvarietiesandcropsdeployedonfarmmustbebacked-up by a reservoir of diversity maintained ex situ, and be linked to a process for rapidlyincorporating ex situ diversity into new climate-smart genepools. The genebankswill provide thereservoirofexsitudiversity.Improvedandefficientconservationanddocumentationofgermplasmwillensurethatthematerialswithtraitsessentialforclimatechangemitigationandadaptationareavailable.InvestmentinupgradingGHUsandresearchintonewdiagnosticswillalsoallowCGIARtorespondtoachangingprevalenceandvirulenceofpestsanddiseasesrelatedtoclimatechange.

Landusechange,urbanization,populationgrowthanddevelopmenthavetakentheirtollongeneticdiversityavailableinfarmers’fieldsandnaturalhabitats.ManyoftheaccessionsheldintheCGIARgenebanks are no longer available on farms and in natural habitats in situ. By focusing attention,

AFSPs

GenebankPla.orm

Gene2cGainsPla.orm

BigDataPla.orm

Conserva2onmodule

A4NH

CCAFS

Provisionofgermplasm,data&

phytosanitaryservices PriorityseFngandneedsspecifica2ons

PriorityseFngandneedsspecifica2ons

Provisionofgermplasmand

data PartnersoutsideCGIAR

Userfeedback

Userfeedback

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resourcesandpartnershiponassessinggapsincollections,theCGIARwilltargetcollectingeffortstoensurethatrepresentationofdiversityinthecollectionsisincreased.

Climatechangealsoaffectsgenebankoperations.Risingtemperaturesandchangingrainfallaffectsdryingandstorageconditions,theperformanceoffacilitiesandequipmentandtheharvestofhighquality seed for long-term storage. Genebank procedures ensure an adequate level of safetyduplication to avoid accession loss and the SGSVprovides abackupof the collections.Withupliftfunding, thegenebanksmay improve thesustainabilityof their facilitiesandequipment throughaspecialist assessment of energy efficiency. Solar panels have been installed at CIMMYT and aresavingannualcostsofaroundUSD50,000.Customizedenergysavingtechnologiesmaybeinstalledatothergenebanks.

7.6Capacitydevelopment

In the course of the current CRP, external reviews and strengthening of QMS, together with apreliminary assessement of staff time allocations to genebank operations, have helped identifypriority capacityneeds ineachCenter. TheModulewill address individual genebanksneedswhilecontinuing tonurture cross-Centermentoringand fertilizationof ideas to improveoperationsandefficiencies.Theseexchangeswillextendtopartnersand,whereappropriate,developintoCoPs.

Specialattentionwillbegiventostrengtheningcapacityinareasthataddressrecurrentconstraintsto achieving Platform outcomes. In particular, the ConservationModel will address the followingtargetareas:

• Complianceandimplementationofphytosanitaryprocedures:Targetingspecificcountriesand regions, the Module will extend training and capacity building in phytosanitaryprocedures,QMSandoptimizationanddevelopmentofdiagnostics tonationalor regionalplantprotectionorganizations.

• Development and sharing of data management standards and tools: The adoption anddevelopment of GRIN-Global within CGIAR benefits from adoption and development byother major national genebanks in the global system, not least USDA, who originallydesignedanddeveloped thesoftware.CGIARwillplaya role inaiding furtheradoptionbynationalprogramsandstrengtheningtheCoP,amajorsteptowardswiderharmonizationofdata and data standards and increased capacity in data management across the globalsystem.

• Activities to strengthen partnership for collecting: In developing partnerships for jointcollectingmissions, the genebanks will build projects that will address individual capacityneedsof targetpartners so that thediversity collectedmaybe conservedboth in-countryandwithintheinternationalcollections.

7.7Intellectualassetsandopenaccessmanagement

SeeSections6.4and6.5.

7.8Modulemanagement

Recognizingthatthe leadershipand implementationoftheconservationactivitieswillremainwithindividualgenebanks,theactivitiesofthisModulewillbecoordinatedbythePlatformCoordinator.TheMTwillprovideoversightandguidanceonfundallocationandmanagementtoensureactivitiesreachperformancetargetsandoutputsareachieved.

MonitoringandevaluationwillbecarriedoutonacontinuedbasisbythePlatformCoordinatorandthrough the review of annual reports in the ORT. The audit of QMS will be a core componentcontributingindependentvalidationofthegenebankstatusandstandardsofoperation.Thiswillbe

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supported by thematic review across orwithin crop groups, concerning the following areas: datamanagement tools, data quality and availability, representativeness of diversity within thecollectionsandefficiencyofoperations,rationalizationofactivitiesandvalueformoney.8.UseModule:Empoweringeffectiveuseofgeneticresources


TheCGIARcropimprovementprogramsneedtoincreasetherateofgeneticgainto2%ayear,asavitalcomponentofachievingtheSLOstoreducepovertyandimprovefoodandnutritionsecurityforhuman health. Many factors potentially limit the rate of genetic gain: inadequate throughputcapacity for phenotyping; evaluation in inappropriate and changing environments; inability tomeasure precisely the trait(s) required; inadequate knowledge of the genetic control of the trait;inadequate incorporationof genetic knowledge intobreeding; inefficient organizationof breedinglogistics;andinsufficientgeneticvariance.

The challenge addressed by the Use Module is to contribute to increased rates of genetic gainthroughmoreeffectiveaccessandtargeteduseofgeneticmaterialsthatbettermeettheneedsoftheAFS-CRPs.Thisdoesnotnecessarilymeanincreasingthetotalnumberofaccessionsdelivered,butratherenablingsmarterandfacilitateduseof,andchoices in,thegermplasmconservedinthegenebanks.Activities fall into twokey interactingareas: (1)developing,organizing, and facilitatingaccess to, the tools and information resources required to target anddeliver the accessionsmostlikelytomeettheneedsoftheAFS-CRPs;and(2)workingwiththeAFS-CRPsandtheGeneticGainsandBigDataPlatformstoensurethattherearenogaps,noduplicationofefforts,andanintegratedapproach that ensures a seamless connection fromgenebank tousers, be theybreeders or otherresearchers.TheinteractionsbetweentheUseModuleandtheAFS-CRPs,includingthosefacilitatedthroughtheGeneticGainsPlatform,areillustratedinFigure10.

Choosingtheaccessionsthataremostlikelytocontainthevariantsneededbybreedershasalwaysbeen,andremains, thebiggestchallenge facinggenebanksand theirusers.Often, ithasnotbeenpossibletodoanybetterthanchoosingarandomsubset.Breedersthenhavetoscreenaverylargenumber of accessions to find the right one. If, because their priority traits are difficult, slow orexpensive toscreen, theysimplycannotscreenasufficiently largenumberofaccessions, theyarelikely to fail in their search. Evenwhere large-scale screening of accessions is possible, itmay beineffective,astheexpressionoffavorableallelesforatraitmaybemaskedbyageneticbackground,whichmeansthatsuchallelesremainhiddenuntiltransferredtoadifferentgeneticbackground.

Overcoming this requires a range of activities. Genebank staff routinely document data on theoriginsoftheiraccessionsandmakethedatapubliclyavailablethroughdatabasessuchasGenesys.Wherethelatitudeandlongitudeoftheoriginalcollectingsiteisknown,spatialanalysismaybeusedtomakebetterpredictionsofwhichaccessionsarelikelytocontainallelesforadaptationtovariousstresses, including those associated with climate change. This is an approach that has beenchampioned by ICARDA in the past several years under the name FIGS (Focused Identification ofGermplasm Strategy), and the Use Module will mainstream this and other methods for forminggermplasmsubsets,forallgenebanksandtheirusers.

Genebankstaffalsoroutinelyscoretraitsthathavehighheritabilityandlowgeneticbyenvironment(G×E)interaction,andthatareeasytomeasureandrecord(“characterizationdata”),andalsomakethesedataavailablethroughpublicdatabases.Toaddressthecaseswherethesedataarerelevanttotheneedsofbreeders,Genesyswillbeenhancedtoenableuser-friendlyqueryingandselectionofhigh-valuesubsetsbasedonphenotypicdata.

However, data that is most relevant to germplasm use are collected by the users of genebankaccessions. These include phenotypic data on traits of agronomic importance, expression and

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“omics” data, genotypic data (increasingly sequence data), estimates of breeding values, andpedigrees.Together,theyformamassiveresourcethatcouldfacilitatebetter-targeteduse,althoughtodatetheyhavebeenunderused,becausetheyhavenotbeenavailabletothegenebanksandarenot always tied to accessions. The Genetic Gains Platform is planning to develop interoperable,distributeddatasystemstofacilitatedatasharingamongpartnershipsforfastergeneticgain.Withrelatively small additional investment, and working closely with the Genetic Gains Platform andbreeders,theUseModulewilldevelopadditionaltoolsthatwillenablegenebankstopiggybackonthese data sharing mechanisms in order to mine the data collected by recipients and users ofgenebankaccessions.Theadditionaldatawillbeusedtodesignimprovedhigh-valuesubsets,suchascorecollections,mini-cores,FIGSandtrait-specificsubsets,andtomakebetter-tailoredselectionsinresponsetoeachindividualrequestandneed.

Although the focus of UseModule is on the enhanced and facilitated use of ex situ crop geneticresourcesbytheAFS-CRPs,theresultingtoolsandserviceswillalsohelpaddresstheneedsofotherusers outside the framework of the AFS-CRPs. This includes breeders, researchers, farmers andothers, and also includes the orphan crops that are conserved in CGIAR genebanks but notaddressedinanyAFS-CRP.Alsoincludedareuserswhosefocusistoenhancetheconservationanduse of genetic diversity in situ, to address the SLO of improving natural resource systems andecosystemservices.

Figure10.InteractionsbetweentheAFS-CRPsandtheUseModuleoftheGenebankPlatformrequiredtoenabletheAFS-CRPsandotheruserstomakemoreeffectiveuseofgeneticdiversityconservedinthe

genebanks.

AFS-CRPs:usinggeneticresourcestoimprovecrops

Discoverybreeding&genetics:reversegenetics,expressionanalysis,

‘-omics’,largescalescreening,creatingtestcrossesandother

specializedgeneticstocks

Traitdevelopment:forwardgenetics,genevalidation,

markerdevelopment,populationenhancement

Productdevelopment:pedigreebreeding,genomicselection,

marker-assistedbreeding

GenebanksPlatformUseModule:empoweringAFS-CRPstoincreasegeneticgains

throughimprovedavailabilityofusefulgeneticvariation

Toolsforinformationsharingthroughinteroperabledatamanagementsystems

(withGeneticGainsandBigData)

Toolstoselect“best-bet”accessionsmostlikelytocontaintheallelesneededbytheAFS-

CRPs

“Best-bet”accessionsandassociatedinformationselected

anddeliveredtousers

Dataharvestedfromusers

Germplasmanddata

ThroughGeneticGains:dataavailablein

interoperablesystems

Lackofgeneticvarianceidentifiedasa

constrainttoprogress

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The activities of the Use Module (Table 3) contribute to all four Platform outcomes, but mostparticularly to the second outcome, focusing on the way genebank collections are accessed andused:

1. Disease-free,viable,documentedgermplasmmadeavailable2. Moreeffectiveaccessanduseofgermplasmenabled3. Policyengagementandcomplianceensured4. Cropdiversityconservedinarationalandeffectiveglobalsystem

Activity2.1.1Promoteinformationintegrationbetweengenebanksandbreedingprograms

In thepast, therehasbeen little incentive forreal-time integrationofdatabetween(pre)breedingefforts and genebanks. With advances in breeding technologies, and an increased reliance onspecialistpartnerships,AFS-CRPsarebetterpoisedtosharedataamongcollaborators.TheGeneticGainsandBigDataPlatformswillworkwiththeAFS-CRPstodevelopstandardsandtoolsenablinginteroperability among genebanks and breeders’ databases. This will provide genebanks withunprecedented opportunities to link data collected by users back to genebank accessions andincreasethevalueofthecollections.

As part of this activity, Genesys will be enhanced for analytic functionality and enabled tocommunicatewith databases that share standards, such as those to be used as part of the PlantBreeding API18, and databases that are based on similar tools, like those being developed in theGOBII19 project. Genesys developers will work within the design specifications provided by theGeneticGainsPlatform,particularlytheBioinformaticsandTraitMobilizationModules,toevaluateand adapt tools or mechanisms for storing, managing, and linking phenotypic, genotypic, andenvironmentaldatatoaccessions.Akeyfacilitatingelementwillbeacommonsystemfortheuniqueidentification and tracking of germplasm samples (accessions and their progeny and otherderivatives)throughtheuseofPermanentUniqueIdentifiers(PUIs),sothatdatacanbetracedbacktoaccessionsingenebanks.20.

AnexpandedGenesysdevelopment teamornetworkwillmakeGenesys interoperablewithotherrelevant databases and data warehouses. To guide initial development efforts, a number of‘frontrunner’ genebanks will test-drive methodologies and software designed to enable bettertargetingofgenebankmaterials intobreedingprograms.Basedontheexperiencegatheredduringthisinitialphase,additionalgenebankswillintegratebestmethodsandpractices,startingin2019.

Activity2.1.2Empowergenebankclientswithintuitive,user-drivenquerytools

Given the rapid expansion of genomic and phenotypic/phenomic data, visualization tools willincreasingly be required to display summarized information at a ‘resolution’ and format that areappropriate formainstreambreedingwork (i.e.1or2recombinationeventsperchromosomeandgeneration; traits pursued as breeding targets). These visualization tools should be linked todatabases holding accessiondata and integrated so that users can easilymovebetweendifferenttools to visualize trait distributions in relation to genetic similarity, allelic composition, andgeographicaldistributionacrossadaptationzones.

Based on user feedback, new dynamic query interfaces and search engines will be developed toenable users to rank how likely individual accessions are tomeet their needs, based on custom-designedcombinationsofphenotypic,genetic,passport,andenvironmental/climaticcriteria.Tothe

18PlantBreedingApplicationProgrammingInterface[http://docs.brapi.apiary.io/#]19Genomic&OpensourceBreedingInformaticsInitiative[http://cbsugobii05.tc.cornell.edu/wordpress]20SuchastheDigitalObjectIdentifiers(DOI)tobeusedfortheGLISoftheITPGRFA

[http://www.planttreaty.org/content/gis]

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extentfeasible,thequeryinterfaceswillalsotapintomethodsandalgorithmsdesignedtoidentifyassociationsbetweencollectionsitesandenvironmentaldata(FIGS),geneticandtraitdata(GWAS),or genetic and environmental data (selection signatures), developed in this or other Platforms,CRPs21andelsewhere.

21AGenebanksPlatformrepresentativewillparticipateintheExpertAdvisoryGroupoftheGeneticGainsPlatform’sTrait

MobilizationModule,whichfocusesontheselectionandpipeliningofgenetic-analysistoolsrelevanttothisActivity.

Table3.Activities,outputsandtargetsoftheUseModule

Activity StrategicRelevance Outputs Indicatorsand

Targets Assumptions

Objective2.1Tofacilitatemoreeffectiveaccessandusethroughtargeteddeliveryofgermplasmthatbettermeetstheneedsofusers

2.1.1Promoteinformationintegrationbetweengenebanksandbreedingprograms

Userswillhaveaccesstoanewclassofinformationwithhighvaluefortargetingtheselectionofgenebankaccessionstomorepreciselymeettheirneeds

Genesys(andwhereapplicablein-housedatabases)containsorhasaccesstoallavailablerelevantinformationfromvariedusercommunitiesoneachaccession

GenesysislinkedtoandexchangesinformationfreelywithAPIandGOBIIaswellasbreedersdatabasesinatleast50%oftheCentersUniquegeneticidentifiersavailablefor50%ofaccessionsintheCGIARcollections.

GeneticGainsandBigDataPlatformsjointlysucceedindevelopingtheinfrastructure,toolsandmechanismsforinteroperabilityCollaborationwithGeneticGainsandBigDataiseffectiveAFS-CRPsusetoolsfromGeneticGainstomaketheirdataavailable

2.1.2Empowergenebankclientswithintuitive,user-drivenquerytools

Usersareabletotargetandselectgermplasmmuchmoreeffectively,reducingtheneedforlarge-scalescreening

Genesys(andwhereapplicablein-housegenebankdatabases)availablethroughauser-friendlyonlineinterfacethatfacilitatescustomdesignedsearchesofgermplasmbasedonintegrationofenvironmental,phenotypicandgenotypicinformation

User-friendlycustomsearchesandtools

Activity2.1.1issuccessful

2.1.3Enrichdataoncollectionsthroughuseoffocalsubsets

Usersencouragedtoexplorelargerpartsofthecollections

Availabilityanduseofdata-richsubsetsofaccessions

Individualgenebankshaveaminimumof3subsetsofgermplasmavailableanddistributedannually

SufficientinformationonaccessionsisavailablethroughlinkagestoAFS-usercommunitiestodesignatemeaningfulsubsetsofthecollection

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Strategic partnerships with advanced bioinformatics groups, particularly those who work at theinterface between genomics and breeding informatics and have a track record in designingvisualizationtools,willbeacriticalcomponentforsuccessofthisactivity.

Activity2.1.3Enrichdataoncollectionsthroughfocalsubsets

This activity will encourage individual genebank users to focus in-depth phenotyping efforts oncommon subsets of accessions to create synergies amongst otherwise disconnected studies.Experience suggests that better-characterized genebank accessions tend to be requested morefrequently.Offering pre-formatted and geneticallywell-characterized ‘focal subsets’will act as anincentiveforuserstofocusphenotypingeffortsoncommongroupsofaccessions.Itcanalsohelptomanageincreaseddemandforgermplasmbyprovidingrequesterswithreadysetsofgermplasm.

Overtime,thesesubsetswillgrowandenable,at littleadditionalcost,meta-analysesofdatafrommulti-site field trials, experiments quantifying physiological component traits, and ‘omics-baseddeep-phenotyping efforts, for example in the context of physiological crop modeling or theidentificationofcausalSNPvariantsforfutureCRISPR/Cas9-basedgenome-editingofelitematerials.Focal subsets will include traditional core or mini-core collections, FIGS and other trait-specificsubsets,forexamplefocusedonclimatechangemitigationandadaptation.

AFS-CRPsareexpectedtotakealeadingroleinthemolecularcharacterizationofselectedgenebankaccessions, for example through genotyping-by-sequencing or whole-genome re-sequencing. Thisactivity will only invest in sequencing those accessions in ‘focal subsets’ that are not beingcharacterized by AFS-CRPs. Uplift funding is required for more extensive genotyping. Serviceproviders will be sourced via the GenotypingModule of the Genetic Gains Platform to promoteharmonizationandoptimizationoftechnologies.

8.3ScienceQuality

The major challenge of the UseModule over the next six years is to maintain high quality datamanagement and data association when partnering with user communities. Each community hasestablished its own standards, often through independentprocesses. Traditionally, sciencequalitystandards are implemented strictly within a project, starting with formulating hypotheses anddesigning experiments and finishing with the publication of scientific conclusions. Working inbroaderpartnerships introducesnewchallengestoharmonizedisparateor incompatiblestandardsforidentifyingandrecordingdataonsamples,anddifferingtechnicalcapacities,whichwillneedtobeaddressedthroughthisModule,incollaborationwiththeGeneticGainsandBigDataPlatformsaswellastheAFS-CRPs.

The first key challenge is to overcome the problems of disparate standards for recording andmanaging data in different communities. Standard crop and trait ontologies are being developed,which will be covered by the Genetic Gains Platform and incorporated into breeders’ datamanagementsystems.TheUseModulewillengagewiththeGeneticGainsPlatformtoensurethatthelong-establishedgenebankstandardsforrecordingtraitsareincorporatedandharmonizedwiththeseontologies.

A second key challenge is to overcome the difficulty of tracking germplasm samples acrosslaboratories and breeding programs. Collaborating partners studying the same germplasm musthaveassurancethattheyareindeedstudyingidenticalaccessions.ThisModulewillfacilitatetheuseofgloballyrecognizedPUIsforgermplasmthatarerecognizedandtraceableacrosslaboratories.Insomecrops,genebankaccessionsandbreeders’materialsmaybecombinedinthesamedatabase;wherethisisnotdone,theminimumrequirementwillbeinteroperabledatabases,usingthePUIstoconnect data on the same material or derived material from different databases. Since newtechnologies in informatics, sequencingandphenotypingrelyabsolutelyoncollaborationbetweenlaboratories,theserequirementsarebecomingalmostuniversallyrecognized,andareaprioritynot

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only for theGeneticGainsPlatform,butalso for severalother initiatives, suchasDivSeekand theGLIS.Harmonizingwiththese initiatives iscrucial toensurequalityofscience incollaborationwithgenebankusers.

GLIShasselectedDigitalObjectIdentifiers(DOIs)aspreferredPUIsforgermplasmsamples.Theuseoftheseasuniqueaccessionidentifiersforconservationinthegenebankaswellasamechanismtoenhance objectivemonitoring of the use of accessions and their derivatives, as a complement toseekingfeedbackfromusers,willbeexplored.Thisapproachhastheaddedadvantageofenablinguserstocomplywiththeirobligation,setbytheSMTAunderwhichtheyobtainaccessions,tomaketheirresultsavailablethroughGLIS.

8.4SystemLinkages

ForCGIARmandatecrops, theAFS-CRPsare theprimary“doers” that transformgenetic resourcesinto impact through the SLOs. For these crops, the primary system linkages required for moreeffective use of PGR are illustrated in Figure11. For some crops22, measures to enhance theeffectivenessofusewillrequiremoredirectlinkageswithprimaryusersoutsidetheCGIARsystem.TheUseModulewilldevelopanddelivertoolsandservicesforusers,suchassubsetsofgermplasmbasedonprioritiesandneedssetbytheprimaryusers.

TheAFS-CRPswillinteractwithCCAFStosetprioritiesforcoordinatedmitigationof,andadaptationto,climatechange;andsimilarlywithA4NHforcoordinated improvementofhumannutritionandhealth.TheseinteractionswillbeusedbytheAFS-CRPstohelpformulatetheirprioritiesandneedsfromtheUseModule.Therefore,althougheffectiveuseofgeneticresourcesisavitalcomponentofthe SLOs and IDOs on climate change and food and nutrition, linkages between thisModule andCCAFSorA4NHwillbemediatedwherepossiblethroughtheAFS-CRPs.Whereit isnotpossibletowork through AFS-CRPs, the Module will link directly with the Global Integrating Programs andnon-CGIARorganizations.

TheAFS-CRPsneedtoolsandservicestobedevelopedanddeliveredbytheBigDataPlatformandthe Genetic Gains Platform; all three platforms need similar interactions with the AFS-CRPs.Developmentof tools and servicesmustbe integratedamong the threeplatforms. TheGenebankandGeneticGainsPlatformswillusetheBigDataPlatform’sinfrastructureandinformationserviceswhere appropriate. Equally, the Genebank Platform will design tools that build on the tools andtechnologiesandpartnershipsdevelopedby theGeneticGainsPlatform.Toachieve theiroutputs,theBigDataandGeneticGainsPlatformswillneedtoformpartnershipswithappropriateadvancedresearchinstitutesandotherdevelopersofadvancedtechnologies;theGenebankPlatformwillonlyneed to tap into these as appropriate, without needing to form independent partnerships. Eachgenebank manager would be the link between the Module and their corresponding AFS-CRP,responsible for communication to ensure the genebank delivers the tools, germplasm andinformationneededandtheassociatedaccession-specificdatafromtheAFS-CRPs is linkedbacktoaccessions.

Therewillneedtobejointplanning,regularcommunication,andcrosstestingoftoolsandserviceswith theGeneticGainsandBigDataPlatforms.Thiswill requirea seriesofdedicated face-to-faceworkshops and online meetings, as well as reciprocal representation in each other’s technicalmeetingsandgovernancestructurestoensurefullcompatibilityand interoperability.Forexample,the Genetic Gains Platform would define and establish protocols for interoperability, and would

22CropsthatareconservedinthegenebanksbutarenotpartofanyAFS-CRPincludevariousforages(ICARDA,CIAT & ILRI), pea & grasspea (ICARDA), finger-, foxtail, barnyard, little, kodo and proso millets (ICRISAT),AndeanRootandTuberCrops(CIP)andsomelegumespecies(Africanyambean,Bambaragroundnut,Wingedbean:IITA).

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interact with the Big Data Platform to implement them effectively; meanwhile, the GenebanksPlatformwould facilitate theadaptationofprotocols to thegenebanks’needs, test theefficacyofconnectionsfromgenebankdatatousers’data,andprovidefeedbacktoGeneticGainsandBigData.

Figure11.PrimarylinkagesbetweentheUseModuleandtherestoftheCGIARportfolio

8.5Climatechange

Working with the Genetic Gains Platform and the AFS-CRPs, the Use Module will add tools andservicesrequiredtoensurethatthegenebanksplaytheirexpectedroleinprovidingthereservoirofexsitudiversityneededtoenablerapidadaptationtoperpetualclimatechange.Climatechangewillincreasinglyrequiretheuseofgeneticresourcesthatwereoriginallydevelopedingeographiesotherthanthebreeders’targetmarkets.Thiswillrequiremorethaneverthatbreeders“thinkoutsidethebox” insourcingthemostappropriateparentsfortheirbreeding.This inturnwillbepossibleonlywithmoreeffectivemethodologiestorecognize,chooseandutilizetherightgeneticresources.

The Platform’s aim of attributing passport, characterization and other relevant data to theaccessions in the collections already ensures that userswill be able to access diversity through abasesetofselectioncriteria.CoreanddynamicsubsetsdevelopedthroughtheactivitiesoftheUseModule will be underpinned by geographical, taxonomic and genotypic data, generated by or incollaborationwithusers,andwillprovideanentrypointintothecollectionsfortraitsofrelevancetoclimatechangeadaptationandmitigation.Onceusershaveidentifiedaccessionsfromsubsetswithtraits of interest, they will be able to explore deeper into the collections and select furtheraccessions with similar geographies, taxonomies or genotypes. As further data are generatedthroughtheactivitiesoftheAFS-CRPs,theGeneticGainsPlatformandotherusers,thesubsetswillberefinedandtoolsenrichedtosupportyetmoreexplorationanduseofthecollections,allowingthegenebankstoreactevermoresmartlytotrendsandneedsdrivenbyclimatechangeandotherpressures.

AFS-CRPs

GenebankPlatform

GeneticGainsPlatform

BigDataPlatform

Usemodule

A4NH

CCAFS

Deliveryoftoolsandservices

Prioritysettingandneedsspecifications



Integrationoftooldevelopment

andserviceprovision

PartnersoutsideCGIAR:+siteintegrationin25keycountries

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8.6CapacityDevelopment

Theprimarygoal in capacitydevelopment for theUseModule is tohelpNARSandothernationalpartners benefit from the tools developed. Users outside the CGIAR will need training to enablethemtoselectmoreappropriategermplasmfortheiruse,andwillneedenhancedcapacitytosharetheirdataonline.

Bringingthenationalpartnersintotheprojectwillbedonebyone-on-oneinteractions.Workshopsforsmallholderfarmercommunitiesmayalsotakeplace,astheopportunityarises,todemonstratethepoweroflinkingtraitinformationtoaccessions,andparticularlytosolicittheirhelpandadviceintargeting germplasm for particular uses or target audiences. Where possible, priorities for suchcapacitydevelopmentwillbesetjointlywiththeAFS-CRPsandtheGeneticGainsPlatform.

The concept of sharing data through interoperable databases applies only to databases that areavailable online.Most genebanks, researchers and breeders in developing countries, do not havesuchdatabases;manydonothavewell-organizeddatabasesofanykindandstill relyonpaperorspreadsheets.Thisrequiresmultiplelevelsofcapacitybuilding,withtheUseModuleintegratingitseffortswithothercapacitybuildinginitiatives.Nationalgenebankslackingcapacityinbasicgenebankdatamanagementwill need capacity building through the ConservationModule.Once their basicdatamanagementreachesaminimallevel,theUseModulecanbuildfurthercapacitytoallowthemto share their data online. This would normally involve uploading their data to existing onlinesystemssuchasGenesys,whichwouldautomaticallyenableaccesstothenewtoolstosearchtheirdata.

8.7IntellectualPropertyandOpenAccessManagementSee6.4and6.5.

8.8ModuleManagement

The activities of the Use Module will be implemented and managed by the Centers withcoordination from the Platform Coordinator and MT as outlined in Figure 8. Accomplishment ofoutputs and targets will be responsibility of the Center genebanks, with annual monitoring andevaluation being managed by the Platform Coordinator through the ORT. Annual reportssummarizingprogresswillbecompiledandmadepubliclyavailable.TheMTwillprovideoversightand guidance to ensure that targets are achieved. Progress, challenges and limiting factors foraccomplishingtargetswillbediscussedattheAnnualGenebankMeeting,withrecommendationsasneededbeingforwardedtotheMTandCentermanagement.

9.PolicyModule:Geneticresourcespolicydevelopmentandcompliance


Thegenebanksarebeingsubjectedtoanevolvingandincreasinglycomplexportfolioofinternationallegalagreements.Theselawscanhave,andinsomecasesalreadyarehaving,negativeimpactsonagriculturalresearchanddevelopment(Helsey&DayRubenstein2015),includingtheworkofCGIARgenebanks, breeders andbiotechnologists. (Halewoodet al 2013; LopezNoriegaet al 2013). It isessentialforCGIARtoharnessitsscientificexpertiseandsocialcapitaltoinfluencethedevelopmentandimplementationoftheseagreements,toensurethattheyultimatelycontributetoanenablingenvironment, whereby genetic diversity is made available on equitable terms to agriculturalresearchers, plant breeders, national programs, and ultimately farmers, in pursuance of foodsecurityandsustainableagriculturalintensification.

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At the international level, in the next few years, CGIAR will have significant opportunities toinfluence policy outcomes at the level of the ITPGRFA’s Governing Body, the Conferences of theParties to theCBDand theNagoyaProtocolonAccessandBenefit Sharing, FAO’sCommissiononGeneticResources forFoodandAgriculture,andthe InternationalPlantProtectionConvention.Aspart of these processes, CGIAR will need to engage in smaller inter-sessional intergovernmental‘working groups’ created by the larger decision-making bodies to evaluate options. One of thechallenges that CGIAR needs to address in this context is the fact that the ‘–omics’ revolution,includingcuttingedgeworkoftheGeneticGainsPlatformandtheAFS-CRPsaresettingthestagetoexploreusesofPGRthatarenotdirectlyaddressedbytheinternationalagreementlistedabove.Asaresult,thisresearchwilltakeplace,atleasttemporarily,inanenvironmentcharacterizedbylegaluncertainty and competing visions of how it, and the products of its application, should beregulated. It will be critically important for CGIAR to ensure that the interests of internationalagriculturalresearchanddevelopmentarereflectedinthedecisionsthatareultimatelytaken.

At the national level, CGIAR genebanks and breedersmust also contendwith the fact thatmanycountries are still developing systems to implement their international obligations. This leads touncertainty and delays in developing agreements for acquiring newmaterials and the conditionsunderwhichtheycanbeusedanddistributed.CGIARcanleverageitsexperienceandconnectionstoprovideassistancetoregionalorganizations,nationalprograms,andkeypartnerstoputsystemsinplacesothatcountriescanfullyparticipate ingloballycoordinatedprogramsforPGRconservationanduse.

Atthesametime,CGIARneedstodedicatemoreresourcestoensurethat‘itsownhouseisinorder,’by complyingwith its existing PGR legal obligationsderived from this increasingly complexmix ofinternational agreements and national implementing laws. The level of awareness concerningscientists’legalobligationsrelatedtoPGRisgenerallyquitelowandunevenlyspreadacrossCGIAR.TheCentersarestillworkingtogetsystemsinplaceforlong-termcompliancewiththeITPGRFA.Andthe practical consequences (and legal uncertainties) associatedwith compliancewith the NagoyaProtocolareonlyjustbeginningtoemerge.

CGIAR’sposition intheglobalsystemofconservationandsustainableuseofgeneticresourceshaschanged in the last two decades. Today, a range of actors – including developing country NARS,private sector, universities and development NGOs – are able to play larger roles in agriculturalresearch for development than in the past. To increase its effectiveness in the PGR policy arena,CGIARmusthavethecapacitytoproactivelyengagewithrepresentativesofthesegroups,alongwithexpertsfromSecretariatsofkeyinternationalagreements,andfarmers’organizations.Tothisend,aMulti-stakeholder PGR Policy Group will be established, comprising internationally recognizedexperts,drawn froma rangeofconstituenciesoutsideCGIAR, toprovide feedbackandadviceandidentifyoptionsfortheCGIAR’sengagementinPGRpolicyissues.Itwillalsoprovideabasisforthedevelopmentofpolicyallianceswithlike-mindedgroupstoinfluenceinternationalpolicyprocesses.

ThroughthePolicyModule’sactivities,theinstitutionalcapacityforCGIARtoaddressthechallengesdescribed above will be built in each Center. Representatives will be brought together from themultiplenetworksandexpertgroupswithintheCGIARthatare,orshouldbe,engagedinaddressinggenetic resources policy issues, including the Article 15 group, CLIPNet (Centers’ IP focal points),scienceleaders,socialscientistsandgermplasmhealthspecialists.TheModulewillraiseawarenessandstrengthenthecapacityofCGIARgenebanks,breedersandotherPGRuserstounderstandandcomplywiththeirpolicyobligations.Itwillcoordinatethedevelopmentoftechnicalinputstoenableevidence-baseddecision-makingatinternational,nationalandorganizationallevels.

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The activities of the Policy Module (Table4) contribute to all four Platform outcomes, but mostparticularlytothethirdandfourth:1.Disease-free,viable,documentedgermplasmmadeavailable2.Moreeffectiveaccessanduseofgermplasmenabled3.Policyengagementandcomplianceensured4.Cropdiversityconservedinarationalandeffectiveglobalsystem

Objective3.1ToensureCenterscomplywithinternationalpoliciesandlaws,increasetheirinfluenceinpolicy-makingprocessesandstrengthencapacityofnationalprograms

Activity3.1.1Monitoringandensuringcompliancewithinternationalpoliciesandlaws

The PolicyModulewill conduct a rolling analysis of the Centers’ legal and policy obligations (androomtomaneuver)thatarisefromapplicable internationalagreementsandthenational lawsthatexist (or do not) to implement them. Information will be collated from across the CGIAR aboutuncertainties and challenges concerning existing and evolving legal frameworks. The range ofoptions available will be explored and decision-making tools and guidelines developed for CGIARgenebanksandotherusers (e.g.Centers’GuidetotheUseof theSMTA includingguidanceontheNagoyaProtocol).ThePolicyModulewillcarryouttargetedawareness-raisingsessionsatmeetingsofgenebankmanagers,researchmanagers,otherPGRusercommunities,andCenterIPfocalpoints,andprovidea‘helpdesk’serviceforthegenebanks,andotherPGRusersacrossCGIAR.Ifandwhencompliance issues are raisedby international bodies (e.g. theongoing investigationsof theCGIARCentersuseoftheSMTAattherequestoftheGoverningBodyoftheITPGRFA),policyexpertswillsupportthestaffofgenebanksandresearchprogramstoensuretheyunderstandthenatureoftheinvestigations, assemble their responses, identify options for adopting policies that are incompliance,etc.

Activity3.1.2Engagingintheprocessesofdevelopinginternationalpoliciesandlaws

ThePolicyModulewill analyse theactualandpotential influencesofglobal, regionalandnationallevelpoliciesonCGIARgenebankactivitiesandotherscientists’abilitytoaccess,use,anddistributegeneticresourcesandrelatedinformation,andtosharerelatedbenefits.Strategiesforengagingininternational policy-making processes will be identified to promote evidence-based decisions foroptimizing the potential contributions of genetic resources to agricultural research anddevelopment.Thesecontributionswilltakemanyforms,includingpolicybriefs,writtenresponsestoinformation requests from Secretariats, discussion papers, side events, and participation asdelegatesorexpertresourcepersonsininternationalmeetings.

TheModule will develop amore expansive, flagship publication for submission to the GoverningBodyoftheITPGRFA.ThispublicationwillgobeyondthetraditionalreportofthestatusoftheCGIARcollectionsanddistributionsofgermplasm to include informationaboutdevelopments concerningnew tools and methods for targeting useful genetic traits, capacity building events andopportunities, impact stories and spillover benefits at national, regional and global levels. Thispublication will also present analyses of the influence of international agreements (includingITPGRFA,CBD,NagoyaProtocol,UPOV,IPPC)onCenters’andpartners’useofgeneticresourcesanddata,andoptionsforpolicyreformstoovercomechallengesidentified.ThePolicyModulewillliaisewithscientistsintheConservationandUseModulesconcerninggenebankexperiences;itwillsurveybreeders, molecular biologists, natural resources managers, social scientists, IP managers andscienceleadersthroughexistingCGIARnetworks,CRPsandplatforms.ItwillengagerepresentativeexpertsfromacrossCGIARtodevelopwrittencontributions,andtoparticipateinintergovernmentalmeetings as necessary. It will coordinate interactions with regional blocks of delegates andrepresentativesofstakeholdergroupsattendinginternationalmeetings.

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Table4.Activities,outputsandtargetsofthePolicyModule

Activity StrategicRelevance Outputs IndicatorsandTargets Assumptions

Objective 3.1 ToensureCenters complywith international policies and laws, increase their influence inpolicy-makingprocessesandstrengthencapacityofnationalprograms

3.1.1:Monitoringandensuringcompliancewithinternationalpoliciesandlaws

FailuretocomplywithlegalobligationsexposesCentersandtheCGIARtolegalliabilityandlossofreputation,andgeneratesdisaffectionwiththeglobalsystem

Centers’fullycompliantwithplantgeneticresourcespolicyobligations

WhitepaperforinternalCGaudience.Guidelines,toolspublishedonplatformwebsite.Useofthehelpdesk

Centersarewillingtocomplywithobligations

3.1.2.Engagingintheprocessesofdevelopinginternationalpoliciesandlaws

CGIARhasopportunitiestoshapethepoliciesthatgovernitsownandpartners’geneticresourceswork

CGIARplaysrecognizedroleininfluencinginternationalpolicydevelopmentEvidence-basedpolicyrecommendationstointernationalbodies

WhitepaperforinternalCGIARaudienceSubmissionstonegotiatingforums:bi-annualreporttoITPGRFA,discussionpapers,policybriefs,writtenresponsestoSecretariats’surveys,forumstatements,side-events.RepresentationoftheCGIARin6to8internationalpolicymeetings.

DelegatesatinternationalpolicymeetingsarewillingtobeengagedonCGIARperspectivesandinterestsCGIARandCGIARCenterscontributetimelyinputstothetime-limitedopportunitiestoinfluenceinternationalpolicyoutcomes.

3.1.3:StrengtheningthecapacityofCGIARandnationalpartnerstoimplementandinfluenceinternationalpoliciesandlaws

PositivenationalpolicydevelopmentthatsupportsCGIARresearchanddevelopmentpartnerships.

Nationalpartnershavetoolsandmechanismstosupporttheirimplementationofplantgeneticresourcespolicies.

Onlinerepositoryofdecision-makingtoolsandguides,reportsfornational-levelimplementation.PGRpolicysessionsledbyPlatformscientistsinCGIAR,nationalandregionalworkshops.NationalprogramrepresentativesinvitedtotrainingeventsforCGIARscientists,IPmanagers,researchleaders.

Partnershavecommitmentfromtheirmanagementandgovernmentstoimplementandsupportappropriatenationalpolicy.

3.1.4ConveningtheMulti-stakeholderPGRPolicygroup.

TheCGIARwillbewellpositionedtoengageinahighlypoliticizedpolicyfield.

SoundinputsguideCGIARcomplianceandengagementininternationalPGRpolicy-making.

MinutesoftheMulti-stakeholderPGRPolicygroupmeetings.PositivereferencestoCGIARPGRpolicyengagementinpublicationsofotherstakeholders.

Allrelevantstakeholdergroupsarewillingtoengage.

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Activity 3.1.3 Strengthening the capacity of national partners to implement and influenceinternationalpoliciesandlaws

ThePolicyModulewillworktostrengthenthecapacityofkeyCGIARpartnersandnationalprogramsto address PGR policy issues, and provide a means for institutional knowledge retention and re-education.MuchofthisworkwillbededicatedtoinformationexchangeandengagementofCGIARscientists in national program policy meetings, and vice versa, with the objective of partnersadoptingmutuallysupportivepolicyapproaches.Subjecttoavailablebilateral funding,theModulewill work directly with national programs and regional organizations to put systems in place toimplementinternationalobligations.

Activity3.1.4ConveningtheMulti-stakeholderPGRpolicygroup

In service of all above activities, theModule will convene aMulti-stakeholder PGR Policy Group,whichwillidentifyimportantissuesforCGIARtoconsiderandidentifyoptionsforaddressingthem.TheMulti-stakeholderGroupwillnotbepartofthegovernanceofthePlatformorModule,butwillprovide perspectives and feedback only. Itwill include eight experts in PGRFA policy drawn fromoutside the CGIAR, including from the private sector, Northern and Southern governments, civilsociety and/or farmers organizations, the Secretariats of the ITPGRFA and CBD/Nagoya Protocol,universitiesandGlobalForumonAgriculturalResearch(GFAR).

Itwill be essential, basedon lessons learned from theoperationof the earlierGenetic ResourcesPolicyCommittee (GRPC), foranumberof representativesofCGIARCenters,CRPsandCoPs tobeincludedinthecommitteetoensurerelevance,transparency,andsystemwidebuy-in.SomeofthemembersoftheGenebankIACwillalsobemembersoftheMulti-stakeholderPGRPolicyGroup.TheGroupwillmeet inpersononceayear,andasecondtimevirtually,asnecessary.Meetingswillbeheldback-to-backwithotherCGIARmeetingsinordertocreateopportunitiesforinteraction.9.3ScienceQuality

ThescientificoutputsoftheModulewill includewhitepapers,policybriefs,decision-makingtools,positionstatements,andpeer reviewedresearchpapers.Thequalityof theseoutputswilldependupontheirbeingbasedonasolidappreciationoftheday-to-dayoperationsandchallengesfacedbythegenebanks,andotherPGRusersintheCGIARsystem.Itwillalsodependuponsystematicpeerreview by the same users aswell as policy experts from both inside and outside the CGIAR. TheModulewill createspace for internationally recognizedPGRusersandpolicyexperts fromoutsidethe CGIAR to contribute to the Module’s science quality through a combination of mechanisms,includingtheMulti-stakeholderPGRPolicyGroup,theMT,andtheIAC.

To tackle policy issues involved in different areas of CGIAR work, scientists and policy expertsengagedintheplatformactivitieswillbeorganizedinto‘pods’ofexpertise:conventionalbreeding,biotechnological applications, genebanking, collecting, ‘omics’ data compilation and sharing,agroforestryandforesttrees;andaroundrelevantareasofPGRpolicy:accessandbenefitsharing,intellectualproperty,biosecurity,farmers’andbreeders’rightsandphytosanitaryissues.Ineachofthese areas, the Module will coordinate and support data gathering and pooling and thedevelopmentof reports and scientific papers in support of theModule’s objectives and forwiderconsumption.

Two of the scientists providing coordination of the Module are from Bioversity International’sGeneticResourcesPolicies,InstitutionsandMonitoringgroup.Bioversityhasmaintainedagroupofscientists working on PGR policy issues since 1995. Under the auspices of the SGRP, this groupcoordinated representation of the CGIAR throughout the negotiation of the ITPGRFA, SMTA andNagoyaProtocol.Bioversity’spolicyexpertsandtheA15groupjointlydevelopedanumberofpolicybriefs,informationdocumentsandstatementsonbehalfoftheCGIARformeetingsoftheGoverning

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Body of the ITPGRFA, CBDConferences of the Parties andCGRFA.More recently, someCenter IPfocalpointsandtheConsortiumOfficeGeneralLegalCounselhavebecomeinvolvedintheseefforts.

UndertheframeworkoftheJointFAO/Bioversity/ITPGRFASecretariatJointProgram,Bioversityhascoordinated projects to implement the ITPGRFA in 15 countries. More recently, Bioversity ispartneringwiththeCBDSecretariat,theAfricanUnionCommissionandtheGIZ-hostedABSCapacityDevelopmentInitiativetoworkonmutuallysupportiveimplementationoftheNagoyaProtocol.Thethird member of the coordinating team, Ruaraidh Sackville Hamilton, is the Head of the IRRIgenebank and one of the Executivemembers of the Article 15Group. For years he has attendedmeetingsoftheITPGRFAonbehalfoftheCGIAR.HeiscurrentlyworkingonGLISwiththeITPGRFASecretariat.

9.4SystemLinkages

Figure12.PrimarylinkageswiththePolicyModulewithintheCGIARportfolio

As stated in the call for proposals, the PolicyModule should “provide ameans and schedule forindependentlyadvisingPGRgovernance,andtheCGIARatlarge,onhighprioritymattersrelatedtoPGRpolicy.”Thiscallsfortailor-madeformsofsystemlinkages(Figure12).TheModulewillorganizePGRpolicyawareness-raisingandconsultationsessionsduringmeetingsoftheScienceLeadersandDGs (inaddition toothergroups listedbelow). TheModulewill periodicallydevelopwhitepapersdesignedforinternalCGIARuse,summarizingitsanalysisconcerningprioritymattersrelatedtoPGRpolicy, with a particular focus on opportunities for the CGIAR to influence international policydevelopments,andpriorityactionsrelatedtocompliance.ThesepaperswillbesubmittedtotheMTand IAC, and subsequently circulated to CRP and Platform Leaders, DGs, Systems Office, etc.Submissions setting out CGIAR positions on issues being considered by international bodies (e.g.Governing Body of the ITPGRFA) will be submitted for approval by the CGIAR System StandingCommittee.A‘helpdesk’willprovidetechnicalbackupforthegenebanksandotherplatformsand

AFSPs

GenebankPla.orm

Gene2cGainsPla.orm

BigDataPla.orm

Policymodule

A4NH

PartnersoutsideCGIAR:+siteintegra2onin25keycountries

Stakeholderperspec2ves,expertfeedback,capacity

building

PriorityseLng,awarenessraising,capacitybuilding

Promo2ngcompliance

CCAFS&PIM

Policyresearchpartnerships

Policyop2ons,Capacitybuilding,backstoppingon

ABSissues

Expertperspec2ves,data,par2cipa2onininterna2onal

policymee2ngs

Systemlevelnetworksandgroups,e.g.SystemStanding

Panel,CLIPNet

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CRPsconfrontinguncertaintiesrelatedtotheapplicationofpoliciesandlawstotheiracquisition,useordistributionofgeneticresourcesandrelateddata.

Policyresearchwillbedirectlylinkedto,andcircumscribedby,the‘serviceneeds’ofthegenebanks(and other PGR users) in CGIAR. Given a relatively small budget for original research, it will beimportant for the Module to liaise with CRPs to identify opportunities for linked-up studies ofthematically aligned policy research and take advantage of the broader research scope andresourcesof theCRPs. In this regard, theModulewill liaisewithCCAFS (underanactivityentitled‘Globalpolicysupportforbiologicallydiverse,climateresilientagriculture,’inFlagship1);FTA(underFlagship 1, which tackles tree genetic resources policy issues at local, national and internationalscales); and PIM (under Flagship 1, Cluster 1.2 on ‘Technological innovation and sustainableintensification:Sciencepolicyandinnovationsystemsforsustainableintensification’).

Similarly, the Module will be reliant on feedback, inputs and participation of breeders,biotechnologists,IPmanagersandothersfromacrossCGIARinthedevelopmentofcontributionstointernational policy fora. To this end theModule’smodus operandi will involve working throughnetworkedCoPinCGIAR,includingfirstandforemost,theA15GroupandCLIPNet,buildinguponthecooperationofmembersof thosenetworks toaddressPGRpolicy-related issues. TheModulewillalso engage the Science Leaders and Genetic Gains and Big Data Platforms. The coordinators orexecutivecommitteesofthesenetworkswillassistin‘pushingandpulling’informationthroughtheircommunicationchannels,andpromotingparticipationofparticularscientistswithexpertiseinissuesthat require focused attention. This will foster new networks among CGIAR breeders and socialscientists,whoareabletodedicatetimetoPGRpolicyissues.9.5ClimateChange

Climate change is increasing the already high level of interdependence of countries on geneticresources for food and agriculture. As climates ‘migrate’ across political borders, breeders,researchersandfarmerswillneedaccesstoadaptivetraitsinplantpopulationsthatevolvedundersimilar climate conditions in other parts of theworld, or that reside inmaterials that have beenimprovedbyplantbreederstoaddressclimate-relatedchallenges.Theywillalsoneedaccesstodatarelatedtothosematerials.TheConservationandUseModulesactivitiesareattemptingtoaddresstheserapidlychangingneedsforaccesstogermplasmanddata.Equally,thePolicyModulewillworkonPGRpoliciestoincreasetheavailabilityanduseofgeneticresourcesforagriculturalresearchanddevelopment,includingforusetoadaptto,andmitigate,climate-change-relatedchallenges.

Underitsactivity‘Globalpolicysupportforbiologicallydiverse,climateresilientagriculture,’CCAFSaddresses these themes in part, supporting national programs to take advantage of (and developappropriate)policies toaccessandor sharegeneticdiversity foruse inclimatechangeadaptationprograms.Ithasalsodevelopedsubmissionsforinternationalpolicymeetingsconcerningcountries’increasinginterdependenceasaresultofclimatechange,andtheimportanceofpolicysupportforinternationalsystemsofsharinggeneticdiversity.ThePolicyModulewillworkcloselywithCCAFStoensurecomplementarity (andnoduplication)ofefforts. In somecases, theywillwork together todevelopjointsubmissionstointernationalbodiesanddevelopcapacitystrengtheningactivitiesandmaterialsfornationalprograms.

9.6CapacityDevelopment

Capacity development is a core component of the PolicyModule.Most of theModule’s capacitydevelopmentactivitieswillbeconcentratedonCGIARcompliancewithPGRagreementsand laws,andtheCGIAR’sparticipationininternationalpolicy-makingprocesses.ArelativelysmallproportionofthePolicyModule’sresourceswillbededicatedtocomplementaryformsofcapacitydevelopmentfornationalprogramsandpartnerstobeabletoaddressPGRpolicychallenges. These resources will be used to support: CGIAR scientists to attend workshops and

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conferences convenedby regionalorganizationswhereingenetic resourcespolicy issuesarebeingconsidered; participation of national program representatives in training workshops organized bythe Platform that are primarily targeting CGIAR scientists; and assembling and sharing guides,decision-making tools, and background literature on the platform’s website, for use by nationalprogrampolicyactors.9.7IntellectualAssetandOpenAccessManagementSee6.4and6.59.8ModuleManagement

PolicyModuleactivitieswillbecoordinatedbystafffromBioversityInternationalandIRRIundertheguidanceof theMT,and comeunder the samegovernanceas the restof thePlatform.However,officialCGIARpositionsordecisionswillbereviewedandapprovedby theCGIARSystemStandingCommittee.ThePolicycoordinatingunitwillorganizepartners’participationandplayasubstantialrole inmanyof the research,capacitybuildingandawareness raisingactivities. Itwillmanage theModule’sbudget,dispensefundsanddevelopcontractualarrangementswherenecessary,ensuringthatallactivitiesarewellexecutedandappropriatelyresourced.

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Annex1.CGIARGenebanks:statussummary1.AfricaRice

Collections

AfricaRiceisuniqueinrepresentinganassociationof25Africancountries,onwhosebehalfitconservesandmakesavailableacollectionofriceoriginatingmostlyfromAfricancountries,includingtheworld’slargestcollectionofOryzaglabberima.ThegenebankwillbetransferredfromBeninandNigeriatopurpose-builtfacilitiesinCoteD’Ivoirein2016.ThemovewillallowAfricaRicetoconsolidateitscollectioninoneplaceforthefirsttimein14years,withbothmedium-termandlong-termstoragefacilities.

Expertise

Marie-NoelleNdjiondjop(HeadofGeneticResources)hasmorethan20yearsexperienceinriceresearchasamoleculargeneticist.DroDanielTia(Genebankscientist)has12yearsexperienceingermplasmcharacterizationandconservation.FatimataBachabi(Genebankscientist)hasbeenworkingonseeddistribution,conservationandsafetyduplicationfor7yearsAlphonseJuniorGoungoulou(Genebankscientist)hasexpertiseindatabasemanagement.

Status

Accessionnumbersin2016 19,983Projectedaccessionnumbersin2022

21,159

Availabilityin2015 78%SafetyDuplicationin2015 40%Documentationin2015 39%

QualityManagementSystemMinimumelementsinplacebyendof2016

DatetoreachPerformanceTargets(90%availability,safetyduplicationanddocumentation)

2021

Numberofstaff(FTE23s) 17

GermplasmHealthUnit

AfricaRicehasonlyrecentlyrecruitedexpertisetodevelopseedtestingcapacity.Furthertechnicalstaffwillneedtobehiredandtrainedinordertoensuresoundroutinepracticesareinplace.

Plansforimprovement

AsidefromconsolidatingitsnewgenebankinCoteD’Ivoire,AfricaRiceplansto:• Establishanew,improveddatamanagementsystem• Establishaseedhealthtestingunitandtooptimizeprocedures• Regenerateandsafetyduplicate12,000accessionstoreachtargets

Plansforefficiency • Reducethetimebetweenharvestandstorageinlong-termconditionsinordertoattainbetterseedlongevity.

Externalreview–selectedquotes

“Particularlynoteworthywastheobviouslystrongintegrationofthegenebankactivitiesintotheoverallinstitutionalprogrammeofwork,especiallywiththecropbreeding,plantpathologyandmolecularbiologyactivities”.“AmoreassertiveroleoftheGRUintheproceduresthatfacilitateuseaswellasannualplanningmeetingsbetweengenebankandplantbreeders/researcherstoplanactivitiesrelatedtothecharacterization,evaluationandscreeningofgermplasmwillfurtherfacilitatetheuseofabroadergeneticdiversityinAfrica’sricebreedingprogrammes.”

Integrationwithresearchersandbreeders

• Collaborationinhighthroughputandprecisionphenotypingofaccessionsforawiderangeofstresses.

• JapanesefundedprojectwithAfricaRicegeneticiststoevaluateO.glaberrimaforearlyfloweringandtoleranceofstagnantflooding

23 Fulltimeequivalents

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Distributionbetween2012–2014

46,991samplesweredistributed;47%tousers(mostlyNARS)outsidetheCGIARin45countries.

2.BioversityInternational

Collections

BioversityInternationalMusaGermplasmTransitCentre(ITC)ishostedbytheKatholiekeUniversiteitLeuven(KULeuven)inBelgium.BioversitydoesnothaveitsownfieldstationsbutinsteadcollaboratescloselywithnationalgenebanksthroughitsMusaNetnetwork,whocarryoutfieldworkonitsbehalf.MusaNet’sthematicgroups(Conservation,Diversity,Evaluation,InformationandGenomics)alsoprovideexpertguidance.

Expertise

NicolasRoux(MusaGeneticResourcesGroupLeader)coordinatestheworkonbananageneticresourceswithinBioversityandwithinthewiderresearchcommunityasMusaNetcoordinator.InesvandenHouwe(Genebankmanager)has20yearsofmanaginganddevelopingtheinvitrobananacollectioninLeuvenBartPanis(Cryopreservationspecialist)apioneerindevelopingcryopreservationprotocolsinnumerouscrops.JulieSardosandRachelChase(Characterizationspecialists)verifythegeneticintegrityofthematerialmaintainedatITCbymolecularcharacterizationandmorphologicalcharacterization.MaxRuas(Databasemanager)hasexpertiseindatamanagementandmaintainstheMusaGermplasmInformationSystem(MGIS)whichcontainsinformationontheITCand17nationalcollections.VirusindexingisoutsourcedtoUniversityofLiegeandmolecularcharacterisationtotheInstituteofExperimentalBotany,CzechRepublic.FieldverificationismainlyconductedwithUSDA24inPuertoRico.

Status

Accessionnumbersin20151518intissuecultureand945incryopreservation

Projectedaccessionnumbersin2022 1,820Availabilityin2015 62%SafetyDuplicationin2015 62%incryopreservation(meetstarget)Documentationin2015 31%

QualityManagementSystem Minimumelementsinplacebyendof2016


2019

Numberofstaff(FTEs) 10.7

GermplasmHeatlhUnit

TheUniversityofLiegeprovidesvirus-indexingandsanitationserviceswithbackstoppingfromQueenslandDepartmentforPlantIndustries.Thegenebankhasareputationforveryhighstandardsofphytosanitarysafety.

Plansforimprovement

• The%availabilityisexpectedtoincreaseoncethequarantinestatusoftheBananaStreakVirus(BSV)complexisresolved.Inthemeantime,affectedaccessionsaremadeavailableforresearchintheformoflyophilizedleaves.

• Researchonlong-termseedconservationtoincreasetherepresentationofcropwildrelativesinthecollection.

• Ensuringavailabilityofgoodqualitycharacterizationandevaluationdataon90%accessionsinthecollection

Plansforefficiency

• Eliminationofanestimated5%internalduplicationinthecollectionaftermolecularandmorphologicalanalyses

• Developmoleculartoolsby2020thatwilldetectsomaclonalvariation,avoidingtheneedtoperiodicallytesttrueness-to-typeofinvitroaccessionsinthefield

• Developmoreeffectivemoleculartoolsforvirusdetectiontoreducesubstantiallythetimerequiredforvirusindexing(notyetfunded).

24 UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture

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“Withsolidfoundationsinthescientificreputationoftheuniversityandincloseassociationwiththescientificmilieuthere,thegenebankhasmaintainedahighlevelofconservationmanagementandresearch…thestaffofthegenebankhasbuiltahighlycollegiateanddynamicnetworkofpartnershipswithresearch,conservationandcropimprovementorganizationsthroughoutthetropicalworld.”“Thereviewnotesthattherehavebeenseveralcallstoaddressgapsinthecollection,whichhavesofarmetlimitedresponse,especiallyinthecaseofwildspecies.”


• EvaluationandtestingofselectedaccessionswithmultiplenationalpartnersaspartoftheInternationalMusaTestingProgramme

• Genomewideassociationstudies(i.e.GWAS)• Phenotypingforimportanttraits• Developmentofinformationsystemtolinkgeneticresourcesfromgenebank,to

genomeandbreedingdatabases.Distributionbetween2012–2014

2478samplesdistributed;84%tousers(mostlyuniversitiesbutalsoNARSandprivateindividuals)outsidetheCGIARin29countries.

3.CIAT

Collections

CIATmanageslargeanddiversecollectionsofbeansandtropicalforagesasseedandwholeplants,andcassavainvitroandasbonsaiplants.Facilitiesareoldandill-suitedforagenebank.Partofthefundinghasbeenraisedtobuildastate-of-the-artfacility.Thegenebankhasuseofthree“exceptional”fieldsitestoprovidespecificgrowingconditionsfordifferentforageandbeantaxa.

Expertise

DanielDebouck(GeneticResourcesProgramLeader)LeadingPhaseolustaxonomist,germplasmcollectorandgenebankmanagerof19years.PeterWenzl(IncomingGeneticResourcesProgramLeader)Specialistincropgeneticsandgermplasmenhancementwith20yearsresearchandprojectleadershipexperience.MaritzaCuervoIbáñez:(Germplasmhealth)Virologistandcoordinatorofgermplasmhealthlaboratoryfor12years.LuisG.Santos(Agronomist)CoordinatorofseedconservationEricsonAranzales(Biotechnologist)CoordinatoroftissuecultureAngelaHernández(Informationengineer)ResponsibleforsoftwareanddatabaseimprovementJavierGereda(Agronomist)Specialistinagronomyandseedgermplasmproduction.

Status

Beans Forages Cassava

Accessionnumbersin201637,987 23,140

(incl.1,200treesandwholeplants)

6,643

Projectedaccessionnumbersin2022

38,500 23,340 6,948

Availabilityin2015 63% 62% 63%SafetyDuplicationin2015 73% 69% 34%Documentationin2015 68% 33% 44%QualityManagementSystem

Minimumelementsinplacebyendof2016


2019 2019 2019

Numberofstaff(FTEs) 78(includingGHU)

GermplasmHealthUnit

Thereisawell-establishedGHUofninestaffatCIAT,togetherwithanonsitebranchofthenationalphytosanitaryagency,withwhomthereisaclosecollaboration.TheGHUhasreceivedlittleinvestmentovertheyearsandisinclearneedofupgrading.Thebuildingofthenewgenebankwilladdressthisissue.

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Plansforimprovement

• CapturelegacyevaluationinformationfrombreedersandadoptGRIN-Globaldatamanagement

• Rationalizationofthebeansandforagescollectionthroughmorphologicalandmolecularanalyses

• Regenerationofmorethan15,000accessionstoreachtargetsof90%availabilityandsafetyduplication

Plansforefficiency

• Safetyduplicationofthecassavacollectionisfrequentlyhamperedbynationalphytosanitarycontrols.Therearelesscostlyalternatives(bonsaicollectionorcryopreservation)whichneedtobeestablishedassafetyduplicates.

• Foragecommunitywillagreeaconservationstrategy,whichwillleadtorationalization/archivingofpartsoftheforagecollection


“TherespectedUSscientistPaulGeptscalledtheGRP“...oneofthebestorganisedunitsintheworld...”andstatedthat“...operationsofthecollection,intermsofseedincrease,viabilityanddiseasetesting,etc.,areamodelforotherPGRUnitsastosystematicconservation,rigourofoperations...”.“GiventhehistoryoftheGRPandthelackofapropertechnicalreviewinthepast,thereissomespacetofurtherimprovethequalityoftheoperations.”


• PartneroftheBean-Adaptgenomicproject(UC-Davis,USDA,IPK),HarvestPlusforhighiron.

• PartneroftheCassavaTILLINGProject,CassavaBrownStreakVirusProject.• PartneroftheLivestock-PlusprojectonBrachiariagermplasm.


Beans:11,428samplesdistributed;68%tousersoutsidetheCGIAR,includingwiderangingrecipientsfromuniversities,NARS,commercialsectorandsignificantnumbersoffarmersorganizationsandprivateindividuals.Forages:3,138samplesdistributed;83%tousersoutsidetheCGIAR,mostlyNARSbutalsosignificantnumbersinuniversities,commercialsectorandfarmersorganizations.Cassava:5,536samplesdistributed;20%tousersoutside(mostlyuniversities)theCGIAR.Intotal,CIATdistributedgermplasmto39countries.

4.CIMMYT

CollectionsTheCIMMYTgenebankisawell-equipped,purpose-builtfacility,partlypoweredbysolarpanels.Thegenebankfunctionsathighlevelsofefficiency,distributingsometimesupto50,000samplesannually.

Expertise

TomPayne(WheatGermplasmBankmanager)withnearly28yearsofinvolvementasawheatscientistinvariouscountrieswithCIMMYT.DeniseCostich(MaizeGermplasmBankmanager)withextensiveexperienceinmaizecropwildrelatives,andthemoleculargeneticanalysisofthecrop.MonicaMezzalama(SeedHealthLaboratorymanager)responsibleforachievingandmaintainingISO17025accredidation,andCIMMYT’sStewardshipofExcellencestandards.

Status

Maize Wheat

Accessionnumbersin201628,316(inc.fieldcollectionof161Tripsacum)

152,835

Projectedaccessionnumbersin2022

30,092 162,838

Availabilityin2015 62% 86%SafetyDuplicationin2015 29% 60%Documentationin2015 100% 69%QualityManagementSystem ISO9001:2008DatetoreachPerformanceTargets(90%availability,safetyduplicationanddocumentation)

2021 2017

Numberofstaff(FTEs)17(notincludingstafffundedbyotherCRPs)

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GermplasmHealthUnit

TheCIMMYTGHUisawell-establishedserviceunit,whichhasattainedISO/IEC17025accreditationandprovidesseedhealthtestingservicestousersatacompetitiveper-unitcost.

Plansforimprovement

• Explorepotentialforautomatingviabilitytestingthroughimageanalysis• DevelopGRIN-Globalandbetterintegrationofaccessiondatawithbreeders’

data• Regenerationandsafetyduplicationof50,000accessionstoreachtargets

Plansforefficiency

• Increaseseedlongevityinlong-termstorage• Increaseannualrateofmaizeregenerationthroughimprovingdiseaseandcrop

management,whichwillleadtoasignificantreductioninfieldcosts.• ImproveconservationofwheatcropwildrelativesincollaborationwithICARDA.• Stratifythecollectionthroughdiversifiedmanagementofaccessions,including

archivingcertainpartsofthecollection.


“TheCIMMYTgenebankshavealonghistoryofbeingrelativelywell-supported,andanoutstandingrecordofprovidinggermplasmandinformation,whichhassupportedinternationalcropdevelopmentandglobalfoodsecurity.”“Thereisadeficitinunderstandingthebiologybehindlongandshortseedlife.Institutionsthathaveheldlargecollectionsoveralongperiodoftimeareclearlyinauniquepositiontocontributetothismuch-neededresearch.”


Maize:35,261samplesdistributed;32%distributedtousersoutsidetheCGIAR,primarilytoNARSandthecommercialsector,butalsoalargenumbertouniversities.Wheat:63,509samplesdistributed;34%distributedtousersoutsidetheCGIAR,mainlytoNARS,butalsoalargenumbertouniversities.Intotal,CIMMYTdistributedsamplesto92countries.

5.CIP

Collections

Ahighlycomplexcollectionofdifficult-to-conservecropsandthelargestinvitrocollectionintheCGIAR.FieldandscreenhousecollectionsaremanagedonthreesitesinadditiontothemainLimacampus.Thecollectionsincludealargenumberofwildspecies.Alarge-scalecryobankforpotatoandsweetpotatoisintheprocessofbeingdeveloped.AndeanRootandTuberCrops(ARTC)compriseninefamiliesofnon-Annex1crops,heldinvitroandinthefield.

Expertise

DaveEllis(HeadofGenebank)JoiningtheCIPgenebankfromUSDA’sFortCollinsgenebank,Davehashadmanyyearsexperienceinthepublicandprivatesectoringeneticresourcesconservation,invitro,cryobiology,molecularbiologyandphysiology.NoelleBerkley(GeneticResourcesConservationManager)hasrecentlyjoinedCIP.Shehasexpertiseingeneticresourcesconservation,molecularbiologyandpathology.ReneGomez(Seniorcurator)curatesthecultivatedpotatocollection.Expertinpotatotaxonomywithmorethan20years’experienceworkingwithnativeAndeanpotato.AlbertoSalas(Senioradvisor)isaretiredbutveryactiveworldexpertinwildpotatotaxonomyandbiogeography.HewasresponsibleforcollectingmuchoftheCIPpotatocollection.GenonvevaRossel(Curator)Expertinsweetpotatogeneticresourceswith10yearsexperienceIvanManrique(Curator)curatestheARTCcollectionwithmorethan10yearsexperienceAnaPanta(Invitrospecialist)Cryopreservationandinvitrospecialistwhohasworkedmorethan20yearsatCIPandheadstheinvitrolabsRainerVollmer(Cryopreservationleader)Cryopreservationspecialistwholeadsthelarge-scalecryopreservationofpotatoandsweetpotatoEdwinRojas(Softwaredeveloper)leadsdatabasedevelopmentatCIPandadvisesotherCGIARCentersindatamanagementandbarcoding.OswaldoChavez(Databasemanager)datamanagement,softwaredesignandstatisticsBrendaZea(Phytosanitary/quarantinespecialist)managesthequarantineandphytosanitarycleaningofaccessionsNatalyFranco(Invitrospecialist)managesseedandinvitrosafetyduplicatesin

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Huancayo,SGSV,EMBRAPAandCIAT.RosarioFranco(Germplasmacquisitionanddistribution)specializesingermplasmrequestsanddistributionsFannyVargas(Curator)managestheherbariumJanKreuse(Head,Virology)specialistinvirology,andmanagestheGHU

Status

Potato Sweetpotato ARTCSeedaccessionnumbersin2016

2322 1144 868

Clonalaccessionnumbersin2016

4725 6499 1460

Projectedseedaccessionnumbersin2022

2650 1300 900

Projectclonalaccessionnumbersin2022

5000 6600 1600

Availabilityin2015 38% 19% 0%SafetyDuplicationin2015 91% 87% 69%Documentationin2015 62% 29% 15%QualityManagementSystem

ISO17025


2021 >2021 >2021

Numberofstaff(FTEs) 93.9(incl.cryoteam)

GermplasmHealthUnit

Awell-establishedunit,whichisISO17025accredited.Becauseoflackofinvestmentovertheyears,thereisneedforupgradingfacilities,equipmentandprocesses.

Plansforimprovement

• Advancesinphytosanitaryresearch,iffunded,wouldcontributetosubstantialimprovementsintheconservationofthecollections,inparticularaleapoftechnologyisneededtoreducethetimerequiredtotestandcleanthesweetpotatoandARTCcollections.(NofundinghasbeenavailabletodevelopphytosanitarydiagnosticsforARTC,renderingthemmostlyunavailableforinternationaldistribution).

• Increasedcapacityisneededinfacilitiestoaccommodatethegrowingherbarium,DNAbankandcryobank.

• Cryopreservationof50%ofthepotatocollectionand15%ofthesweetpotatocollection

• Testingandcleaningof2400potatoand2100sweetpotatoaccessions• Viabilitytestingandregenerationof1800wildpotatoand600sweetpotatoseed

accessions

Plansforefficiency

• Completionofongoingidentityverificationoffield,screenhouseandinvitrocollectionswillallowthefieldcollectiontoberationalizedbyapproximately50%

• Morethan50%ofthepotatocollectionwillbecryopreserved,whichwillallowa25%reductionofaccessionsmaintainedinvitroandeliminatetheneedtomultiplyandshipsafetyduplicatesannuallytoEMBRAPA.

• Reductionofstaffby10FTEsasaresultofrationalizationofthefieldandinvitrocollections


“TheReviewPanelrecognisesthatgenebankstaffarehighlyskilledanddedicated.Theyhaveembracedchange…andboughtintoapushtoreduceredundancyinthecollections”“CloserrelationsbetweenthegenebankandtheRTBCRPwillgeneratemanybenefits,suchasthebetterplanningoffieldtrialsandaccession-specifictraitassociations.TheRPwereinformedofmanyareasofresearchinterest,includingtheimpactsofclimatechangeacrossPeru.Clearly,improvedintegrationofresearchdatasetsandgenebankaccessionsinformationwouldbebeneficial,leadingtobetterdecisionmakingonpre-breedinglinesforbanking;orwhichclonestoclean;etc.”

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• Traitsfrombreedingtrialswillbelinked,whereapplicable,toaccessions• Breedingandgenebankdatabaseswillbelinkedtoallowkeyinformationtobe

crossreferenced• ThegenebankwillbebetterintegratedintotheRoots,TubersandBananas(RTB)

CRPtoallowgreatersynergyandcoordinationbetweenthegroups


Potato:9742samplesdistributed;40%tousers(mostlyuniversities)outsidetheCGIARSweetpotato:7276samplesdistributed;9%tousers(mostlyuniversities)outsidetheCGIARARTC:1563samplesdistributed;46%tousers(mostlyuniversities)outsidetheCGIARIntotalCIPdistributedto41countries.

6.ICARDA

Collections

ICARDAmanagehighlydiversecollectionsofeightcropgroups,characterizedbytraditionallandracesandwildspeciesfromtheFertileCrescent.ICARDA’sFIGS25subsets(subsetsenrichedforspecifictraitsinferredfromenvironmentalmodelling)arefrequentlyrequested.Thegenebankislocatedontwosites:Moroccofortheconservationofcultivatedspeciesofwheat,barley,chickpeaandlentil;andLebanonforcropwildrelativesofcerealsandlegumes.

Expertise

AhmedAmri(HeadofGeneticResourcesUnit)hasdecades-longexpertiseinbothexsituandinsituconservation,curationofcerealsandtheirwildrelatives,cerealpre-breedingandbreeding,establishmentofgeneticresourcesprogrammes.AthanasiosTsivelikas(GenebankManagerinMorocco)isexpertinexsituconservationandcurationofcerealsandfoodlegumes,evaluationofgeneticresources,gapanalysisandcollectingnoveldiversity.FawzyNawar(Seniordocumentationspecialist)isaPGRdocumentalistwhodevelopedGenesysandspecializesinlinkinggenebankdatabasestootherdatabases(e.g.BMS).MarianaYazbek(GenebankManagerinLebanon)isataxonomistwithexpertiseininsituconservationandbestpracticesforexsitu.conservationoffoodlegumesandforagelegumegeneticresources.AliShehadeh(GenebankmanagerinSyria)hascuratedtheforageandrangecollectionformanyyears.Hehasexpertiseinlegumetaxonomy,gapanalysisandcollectingnoveldiversity.AbdallahBariandKennethStreet(part-timeconsultants)areresponsibleforthedevelopmentofFIGSsub-settingapproaches.

Status

Barleyandwheat

Grainlegumes Forages

Accessionnumbersin2016 76,140 44,175 35,335Projectedaccessionnumbersin2022(seedandclonal)

80,340 47,175 37,135

Availabilityin2014 77% 49% 23%SafetyDuplicationin2014 91% 71% 60%Documentationin2014 62%QualityManagementSystem

Minimumelementsinplacebyendof2016


2021 2021 2023


GermplasmHealthUnit

ICARDAisrelyingonnationalphytosanitaryserviceswhiletheyrebuildtheirowncapacitytocarryoutroutinegermplasmhealthtesting.FurtherfundingwillbeneededtoensureadequatecapacityisinplaceinbothMoroccoandLebanon.

25 FocussedIdentificationofGermplasmStrategy

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Plansforimprovement

• ICARDAisre-establishingitsactivecollectionfromduplicatesreceivedfromtheSvalbardGlobalSeedVault.Thisdemandsa5-yearinvestmentinstaffandequipment

• IncreasedstoragecapacityinMoroccotohostactiveandbasecollectionsofcerealsandfoodlegumes(twocoldrooms);

• IncreasecapacityofSeedhealthlaboratoriesinMoroccoandLebanontoovercomethebacklogofhealthtestingandcleaning.

• Developstrategicapproachestoacquisition,especiallybreedingmaterials• Undertakecollectingmissionstofillthegaps,targetingadaptivetraits.• Efficientapproachesformininggeneticresourcesforusefulsought-aftertraits

(FIGSdevelopment).

Plansforefficiency

• CollaborationwithCIMMYTforsafeduplicationofallgeneticresourcesheldatICARDA

• JointmultiplicationwithCIMMYTofAegilopsandwildTriticuminLebanon• MultiplicationofsomerangespeciesinNewZealandandotherNARS

collaboratinginthecollectingmissions


• FIGSsubsetsdevelopmentforevaluationbyCRPsWheat,DrylandCerealsandFoodLegumes

• JointevaluationofFIGSsubsetswithICARDAresearchersandstudents• Jointpre-breedingactivitieswithCRPsWheat,DrylandCerealsandFood

Legumes,focusingonuseofwildrelativespecies.• Genotypingandphenotypingofgeneticresources(FIGSsubsets;others)


Barleyandwheat:18,107samplesdistributed;31%distributedtousers(mostlyNARsanduniversities)outsidetheCGIARGrainlegumes:5937samplesdistributed;2%distributedtousers(privateindividuals)outsidetheCGIARForages:187samplesdistributed;6%distributedtousers(universitiesandNARS)outsidetheCGIAR.Intotal,ICARDAdistributedto22countries.

7.ICRAF

Collections

ICRAFhasthetaskofconservingdomesticated,partiallydomesticatedandwildtreespecies.Theseincludespeciesofvaluefortheirfruit,timber,medicinalpropertiesorotherproducts.Intotal,morethan180speciesareheldasseedand43speciesareheldinthefieldat38sitesin15countries,mostlyinAfricabutalsoinPeru,BangladeshandVietNam.ICRAFmanagesseedinmedium-termstorage.Long-termstorageisprovidedbyKunmingInstituteofBotany,China.Nearlyallfieldsitesaremanagedbynationalpartnersandgermplasmismadeavailablelocally.

Expertise

AliceMuchugi(GeneticResourcesManager)hasmorethan15yearsexperienceinresearchonsustainableutilizationandconservationofindigenousplantgeneticresources.RamniJamnadass(LeaderinTreeDiversity,DomesticationandDelivery)hasextensiveresearchexperienceinutilization,improvementandconservationoftreegeneticresources.ZakayoKinyanjui(Seedscientist)hasbeenmanagingtheICRAFseed-testinglaboratorysince2014andhaswideexperienceinseedresearch,developinggerminationprotocolsforseveralspecies.

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Status

Multipurposespeciesheldasseed

Fruittreesheldinthefield

Accessionnumbersin2016 5219 3600Projectedaccessionnumbersin2022 5319 3600Availabilityin2015 40% AvailablelocallySafetyDuplicationin2015 15% 9%Documentationin2015 70% 80%



2021 2021

Numberofstaff(FTEs) 17.61(includingregionalstaff)

GermplasmHealthUnit

ICRAFdependsontheexpertiseofnationalpartnerstoprovidehealthmonitoringinthefield.Genebankstaffcarryoutminimaltestsfordiseasesofquarantinerisk.SettingupaqualifiedGHUshouldbeconsidered.

Plansforimprovement

• Sincethecollectionconcernslong-livedspecies,thereislittlepossibilityformultiplyingseedwithinanacceptabletimeframe.ICRAFwill,however,re-collectspecifictargetspeciestoensurethatsufficientseedisavailablefordistribution.

Plansforefficiency

• ICRAFwilldevelopstrategicconservationprioritiesforitsseedandfieldcollectionbytheendof2016.Asaresultofthis,planswillbemadeforshiftingtheresponsibilityforthemaintenanceofsomefieldsitesandspeciestootherpartiesandfocusingonadefinedscopeforlong-termconservationaspartoftheICRAFcollection.Thiswillincludeensuringthatlong-livedspecieshavesufficientseedfordistribution.


“TheGRU’sexistingcollectionsaregloballysignificant,andtheirvaluewillbeincreasedoncetheyarefullycharacterized,andtheirpassportdataiscomplete.However,inorderforICRAF’sGRUtofulfilitstruepotential,itneedstodevelopacollectionsacquisitionandretentionpolicybasedonICRAF’sglobalmandate,identifieduserneedsandcost-effectiveness.”


• ICRAFGenebankisasourceandrepositoryofagroforestrytreegermplasmforresearchundertheForestry,TreesandAgroforestryCRP,especiallythroughFlagship1(Treegeneticresourcestobridgeproductiongapsandpromoteresilience)withlinkagestootherCRPsandPlatforms.

• ThegenebankhasauniquecollectionofAfricandrylandforagespeciesthatdirectlysupportresearchactivitiesinFlagship3(AnimalFeedandForages)intheLivestockCRP.

• Fieldgenebanksplayadualroleofprovidingplantingpropagulesanddataforbiologicalcharacterizationandgrowthperformance.


Fruittrees:8274samplesdistributed;24%tousersoutsidetheCGIAR,mostlyfarmerorganizationsandNARS.Multipurposetrees:2163samplesdistributed;66%tousers(mostlyfarmerorganizations)outsidetheCGIARIntotal,ICRAFdistributedto22countries.

8.ICRISAT

Collections

ICRISATmanagescollectionsofsixcropsofdrylandcerealsandgrainlegumes:pearlmillet,smallmillets,sorghum,chickpea,groundnutandpigeonpea.AswellasmanagingtheinternationalgenebankinHyderabad,ICRISATcarriesoutconservationactivitiesinthreeregionalstationsinAfrica,whichhavelimitedfacilitiesbutrepresentimportantportalsforcollectinganddistributinggermplasmandinteractingwithkeyusersregionally.

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Expertise

HariUpadhyaya(DirectorGenebank)Groundnutbreederandgenebankmanagerformanyyears.Recognizedbymultipleawards,includingtheFrankMeyerMedalforGeneticResourcesin2013,forhisworkondevelopingmini-corecollectionstopromoteuseofthecollection.D.V.S.S.R.Sastry(Seedcollectionmanager)hasmorethan30yearsexperienceworkingattheICRISATgenebankandmanagestheseedcollections.K.N.Reddy(Curator)expertinpearlmilletandpigeonpeataxonomyandcollectionmanagement.

Status

Milletsandsorghum

Chickpea,groundnutandpigeonpea

Accessionnumbersin2016 74,102 49,819Projectedaccessionnumbersin2022(seedandclonal)

94,930 53,521

Availabilityin2015 89% 78%SafetyDuplicationin2015 12% 18%Documentationin2015 96% 96%



2020 2020

Numberofstaff(FTEs) 44.4(notincludingregionalstaff)

GermplasmHealthUnit

ICRISAThasawell-establishedGHUandgoodcollaborationwithnationalphytosanitaryauthorities.FacilitatingthemovementofgermplasminsideandoutsideIndiacontinuestobeanimportantpriority.

Plansforimprovement

• Seedincreaseandsafetyduplicationofmorethan90,000accessionstoreachtargets

• Establishnewdatamanagementsoftwareandcapacitytoincreaseavailabilityofinformationtousers

• DefinetheroleandcapacityofoperationsinAfricaandensureallmaterialsareconsolidatedinlong-termstorageinHyderabad

• Capturelegacydataofwildspeciescharacterizationandevaluationdata• Fullimplementationofbarcoding,includingfielddatacollection

Plansforefficiency

• Reducenumberofgermplasmlinesregeneratedandmultiplied• Increaseseedlongevityinbasecollections(bytransferringseedwithhigher

viability)• Significantlyreducetimetakenfromintroductiontolong-termconservation


“TheReviewPanelhadanimpressionofawell-organizedandeffectiveoperationwithdedicatedstaff.Alsotheagronomyattheregenerationsiteswasofhighquality.”“Muchinformationisgeneratedaboutthecollections(e.g.thetremendoussuccessofthemini-corecollections).TheRPconsidersitamissedopportunitythatsolittleofthisinformationismadeavailableforgenebankusers.”


• Developmentofmultiple-traitspecificgermplasmlinesinmini-corecollectionsincollaborationwithbreederstodevelophighyielding,climateresilientandnutritionallydensecultivarswithabroadgeneticbase.

• Openfielddaysforresearchersandbreederstoviewgenebankaccessionsduringgermplasmregenerationandcharacterization

Distribution

Chickpea,groundnutandpigeonpea:25,271samplesdistributed;81%tousersoutsidetheCGIAR,mostlyuniversitiesandsomeNARS.Milletsandsorghum:14,538samplesdistributed;60%tousersoutsidetheCGIAR,toNARS,universitiesandthecommercialsector.Intotal,ICRISATdistributedto41countries.

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9.IITA

Collections

IITAmanagesarangeofcropsofimportancetoAfrica(cowpea,maize,soybean,Bambaragroundnut,Africanyambeanandotherlegumespecies,banana,cassavaandyam)requiringverydifferentconservationmethods(seed,fieldandinvitro),anddemandingparticularattentiontoprevalentphytosanitarythreats.

Expertise

MichaelAbberton(Genebankmanager)hasexpertiseingeneticresources,cropimprovement,genomicsandclimatechange.BadaraGueye(Invitrospecialist)specialistinvitroculture,includingcryopreservation,plantphysiologyandcellbiology.TchambaMarimagne(Databasemanager)specialistindatabasedesign,administrationandmanagementspecificallyforgenebanks.LavaKumar(HeadofGHU)isanexpertvirologistwhooverseestheGHUandworksingermplasmhealthanddiagnostics.

Status

Seedcollections Clonalcropcollections

Accessionnumbersin2016 23,317 9440Projectedaccessionnumbersin2022(seedandclonal)

23,731 9440

Availabilityin2015 30% 26%SafetyDuplicationin2015 50% 32%Documentationin2015 70% 69%



2017 2021


GermplasmHealthUnit

Awell-establishedGHU,butrequiressignificantinvestmenttoincreasestaffcapacityandrefurbishlaboratoriesandascreenhouse.

Plansforimprovement

• Establishandimplementhigh-throughputgermplasmcleaningprocedureforyam

• Developacryobankfortheclonalcropcollections• Promoteincreasedandmoreeffectivelevelsofdistributionanduseoftheclonal

collections• Regenerateandhealthtestmorethan14,000seedaccessionstoreachtargetsof

availability• Healthtestandclean6952clonalaccessionstoreachtargetsofavailability.

Plansforefficiency

• Reducedregenerationfrequencybyimprovementsinseedlongevity,particularlyinmedium-termstorage

• FullimplementationofCIATcassavaMTSsystem,usingsilvernitrateintheconservationculturemedium,extendingintervalsbetweensubcultures.

• Electricityfromsolarpower.• Fullimplementationofelectronicdatacaptureandfieldbarcoding.• Increasedefficiencyoffieldmanagementforpestanddiseasesandfield

operations.• UseofLIMSandincreasedlevelsofautomation.


“Thegenebankdocumentationishandledwithprecision,usinginventorysoftware.Thedataarepublishedonthewebinanaccessiblewebsite,whichisbeingupgraded.”“ConsideringIITA’sleadershiprole,onegermplasmaccessionthathasnotbeencharacterizedisonetoomany.IITAisthereforeencouragedtocomplete,asamatterofutmosturgency,thecharacterizationofallitsgermplasmaccessionsandtheprovisionofthedataonline.”

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StrongcollaborationsareinplacewithbreedersunderRTBandGrainLegumeandMaizeCRPs,andthesewillfurtherdevelopinthenextphase.ResearchcollaborationsalsoincludeworkonimportantcropsoutsidetheCRPs,forexample,withCropsfortheFutureResearchCentreonBambaragroundnut,andwithNARsonclonalcropsinparticular.


Seedcollections:6231samplesdistributed;48%tousers(universitiesandNARS)outsidetheCGIAR.Clonalcropcollections:299samplesdistributed;59%tousers(universitiesandNARS)outsidetheCGIARIntotal,IITAhasdistributedto28countries.

10.ILRI

Collections

ILRImanagesacollectionof18,640accessionsof1,723tropicalforagespeciesinEthiopia.Theextremelywidetaxonomicdiversityofthecollection,andthefactthatitismainlycomposedofwildspecies,demandsquiteadifferentmanagementapproachincomparisonwithtypicalcropgenebanks.Thegenebankiscurrentlyundergoingmajorrenovationtoreplacetheaged,prefabricatedstructureinwhichitwaspreviouslyhoused,andtoprovidefacilitiestosupportamodernizedgenebank.

Expertise

JeanHanson(Genebankmanager)hasmorethan35yearsexperienceinrunningtheILRIgenebankandhasco-authoredmanyrelatedmanualsandscientificpapers.ChrisJones(Feed&ForagesBiosciencesProgramleader)isdevelopingtheILRIprogramonfeedandforagebioscienceandhasexpertiseinphenotypingandgenotypingforagediversity.

Status

Accessionnumbersin2016 17,114asseed;1561inthefieldProjectedaccessionnumbersin2022 18,600Availabilityin2015 47%SafetyDuplicationin2015 21%Documentationin2015 0%



2022

Numberofstaff(FTEs) 30GermplasmHealthUnit

Thegenebankisresponsibleforseedhealthtesting.

Plansforimprovement

• Developcustomizedstrategiesfortheconservationofindividualspeciesbasedonimprovedknowledgeofseedlongevity,demandanddiversity.

• Increasetheuseofthecollectionbymakinggoodqualitydatamorereadilyavailable

• Increaseavailabilityandsafetyduplicationofmorethan8,000accessionswithlowseednumberandviability

Plansforefficiency• Foragestrategywillinformconservationprioritiesandnewresearchwillinform

longevityintervals,whichwillleadtorationalizationandstratifiedmanagementofpartsoftheforagecollection


“Akeyfactorforeffectivelydevelopingagermplasmcollectionthatservesadualpurpose(i.e.meetingtheneedsofabroadrangeofusers,andconservinggermplasmforthefuture)yetremainsmanageableinsize,ishavingacuratorthatunderstandsthegenepoolsofthecropsinquestion,whoisactivelyengagedwithusersandotherPGRinstitutesconservingthesameorsimilarmaterial.”“…itisessentialthatthegermplasmismadetoworkandinorderforthistohappenthereneedstobegoodconnectiontothepotentialusercommunity.”

Interactionbetweenresearchersandbreeders

• ILRIgermplasmconservationactivitiesarecloselylinkedtoforagegermplasmuseandtraitidentification,theCIATandEMBRAPAbreedingprogrammesandforageseedsystemsfordeliverythroughtheLivestockCRP.

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2948samplesdistributed;98%tousersoutsidetheCGIAR,mainlyNARSanduniversities.ILRIdistributedto28countries.

11.IRRI

Collections

IRRI’sGeneticResourceCentre(GRC)operatesathigh-levelsofefficiencyandthroughputandhasbeenabletomeetincreasingdemandsforgermplasmwhilemaintaininghighstandardsofconservation.ThefacilitieshaveagedsignificantlyandIRRIisraisingfundstobuildnewfacilities.Thecollectionisalsoofasignificantageandmanyaccessionsarenowapproachingtheupperlimitsoftheirexpectedlifetime.Ifseedlongevitydropsdramatically,aspredicted,thiswilltriggeramajoreffortinseedrejuvenation.

Expertise

RuaraidhSackvilleHamilton(Head,GeneticResourcesCentre)hasexpertiseingeneticresourcesconservation,use,datamanagement,policy,geneticsandpre-breeding.FionaHay(DeputyHead,GeneticResourcesCentre)specializesinseedstoragephysiology,seeddormancy,processautomationandbestpractices.PatriciaGonzales(Head,SeedHealthUnit)expertinphytosanitaryandbiosafetytestingandcompliancewithIRRI,nationalandinternationalregulations.

Status

Accessionnumbersin2016 127,577Projectedaccessionnumbersin2022 130,000Availabilityin2015 94%(meetstargets)SafetyDuplicationin2015 91%(meetstargets)Documentationin2015 86%



2016


GermplasmHealthUnit

IRRIhasawell-establishedGHU,whichprovidesservicestousersatacompetitiveper-unitcost.ItisarecognizedcomponentofthePhilippinesquarantineandphytosanitarycertificationsystemwithresponsibilitiestothePhilippinesGovernmentaswellastoIRRI.AttimesofhighthroughputthegenebankstaffmayassistGHUstafftoprocesssamples.Theworkingspaceandincubationroomshavereachedmaximumcapacityandthereisaneedtoinvestinfacilitiesandequipment.

Plansforimprovement

• IRRIhasastrongfocusonseedconservationresearch,whichisenablingittomakesignificantinroadsintoimprovingoperations,automatingkeyprocesses,streamliningdatagathering,increasingthelongevityofseedsinstorageandimprovingtheprecisionofpredictingseedlongevity.

• Conservationofwildspeciesrequiresimprovementtoensureadequategeneticrepresentationinthecollection.

Plansforefficiency

• IRRIiscurrentlybuildinganautomatedseedphenotypesorter,whichwillallowseedprocessingtotakeplaceovernightandfreestaffforotherroutineoperations.

• IRRIaimstosignificantlyreducethetimetakenbyincomingsamplestoreachlong-termstorageconditions,andtostrategicallyincreaseseedharvested.

• Researchtoincreaselongevityinstoragewillinthelongtermbringefficiencybyreducingthefrequencyofseedrejuvenation.However,anypotentialgainsatthistimemaybeoffsetbyanexpectedincreaseintheneedforrejuvenationbecausemanyaccessionsinthecollectionarereachingtheupperlimitsoftheirexpectedlifetime.

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“ThereviewteamacknowledgedtheeffortsofIRRImanagementtoforgeastrongintegrationbetweenconservationanduseofgeneticresourcesandtheproduct-focusedbreedingprogrammesinthecontextofGRiSP.Suchthrustisapparentinthegenediscoveryresearchandintheenhancedcollaborationbetweenbreedersandgenebankstaffintheuseofgenebankmaterials.”“TheGRCappliesveryhighstandardsinitsoperations.Itwould,therefore,createa“GoldStandard”iftheGRCcompletesandconsolidatesafullydocumentedQualityManagementSystemforitsbasicgenebankoperations.ThereviewteamnotesthatattemptshavebeenmadeinthepasttoestablishthisQMSbutthattheefforthasnotbeencompleted.”


GRiSPincorporatesaconnectedsuiteofactivitiesalongthefullpathwaytoimpactfromthegenebankaccessiontothefarmerandconsumer.ThankstoadditionalfundingthroughGRiSPandrelatedbilateralprojects,theworkoftheGRCextendswellbeyondthescopeoftheGenebanksCRPandthisnewGenebankPlatform,toincludemolecularanalysisofgeneticdiversity.Inthelastfiveyears,theremitoftheGRCwasextendedtoincludethecreation,maintenanceanddistributionofhigh-valuegeneticstocksandthesequencingofaccessions.Thisisreflectedinamajorincreaseinrequestsforseed:atalmost35,000samples/yearaveragedoverthe5-yearperiod2011-2015,thenumberofrequestsisnotfarshortofdoubletheaverage(20,000/year)duringtheprevious5years.StartinginJanuary2016,theGRCwasintegratedintothenewGeneticsandBiotechnologyDivisionofIRRI,tofurthertightenlinksbetweenthegenebankandresearchers.RegularmeetingsareheldwithIRRIbreederstosetpriorities.

Distributionbetween2012-2014

119,330samplesdistributed;35%toawiderangeofusersoutsidetheCGIAR,inatotalof50countries.

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Annex2.Projectionsoftheannualincomefromtheendowmentfund

TheCropTrustendowmentisprojectedtoincreasefromitscurrentlevelofapproximatelyUSD175milliontoreachUSD500millionin2020inordertofundlong-termgrantsforthebenefitofthecropcollectionsprotectedunderArticle15oftheITPGRFA.Thecurrentfundraisingstrategytargetssome50 governments, complemented by private donors such as foundations, corporations, industryassociations, wealthy individuals and also private households. An international donors’ pledgingconferencewillbeheldon15April2016inWashington,DC,inconjunctionwiththeIMF/WorldBankSpring Meetings. The conference is expected to generate substantial additional financingcommitmentsfromgovernmentdonors,foundationsandselectedseedindustrypartners.

Since the Crop Trust Fundraising Strategy was approved, in October 2013, the Crop Trust hasencounteredanumberofnewheadwindsthatwerenotanticipatedat thetime.These includeanincreasingeconomicweaknessinemergingmarketsthatmakeoutreachwithseveralmiddle-incomeeconomiesmore challenging. Someof these countries now face fiscal and/or currency crises thatreducenear-termprospectsfortheirfinancialengagementwiththeCropTrust.Anotherchallengeisthehistoricallylowpriceofoil,whichputsoil-exportingpartnercountriesoftheCropTrustinamoredifficult fiscal position. Moreover, the large influx of refugees into Europe since mid-2015 hasprompted some European countries to re-allocate parts of their Official Development Assistancebudgetstowardsfundingtheaccommodationofrefugeesintheirowncountryaswellasforfundingemergencyreliefoperationsabroad.

ThereareadditionalassumptionsthatadduncertaintytothemeetingoftheendowmenttargetofUSD500million in 2020.Whilemanyof thedonor countries targeted for grant contributionswillprovide firm, legislatively approved financing commitments, some donors may opt to pay theircontributionsoveranumberofyears,whichwoulddelaythebuild-upoftheendowmentandreducetheinvestmentincomeavailabletosupportcropcollections.

The actual income provided by the target endowment will also be influenced by two financialfactors.Firstly,thelong-term,averageinvestmentreturnassumptionfortheendowmentis4.0%peryearplustherateofUSdollarinflation.Suchareturnmay,however,notbeachievableoverthenextfiveyears,givenhistorically lowcapitalmarket interest ratesonbondsandhighvolatility inworldequity markets, driven by high levels of liquidity from central banks and an uncertain worldeconomicoutlook.ShouldtheCropTrustexperiencesustainedinvestmentreturnsbelowitsaveragelong-term target, a restriction in income distributions from the endowment to the CGIAR cropcollectionsmayhave tobe considered so as toprotect the capital valueof theendowment fund.Secondly,theCropTrust’swithdrawalsfromtheendowmentarebasedontheaverageendowmentvalue over the preceding 12 quarters. Therefore, as the endowment is growing, the associatedinvestmentincomeavailableforwithdrawalriseswithaconsiderabletimelag.

With these substantial caveats in mind, the annual investment income projected to becomeavailableforwithdrawalfromtheCropTrustendowmentforsupportofthecollectionsmanagedbythe CGIARwould be as follows:USD 6.75million for 2017;USD 9.06million for 2018;USD 11.53million for 2019; USD 13.35million for 2020; and USD 15.03million for 2021. These projectionsthereforeremainunchangedfrompriorestimates.

The outcome of the 2016 pledging conference and the subsequent effort to win furthergovernments as new donors, primarily from among the G7 andG20 countries,will be critical forbuildinguptheendowmentfund.Equally importantwillbetheabilityoftheCropTrusttoprotectthe endowment from withdrawals of income to cover the operating cost of the Crop TrustSecretariatwhiletheendowmentisbeingbuiltup,byraisingannualfundingforthispurpose.

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Shouldthespeedofgrowthoftheendowmentbebelowcurrentexpectations,theCropTrustwouldundertake every effort to mobilize short-term grant funding from donor governments tocomplementinvestmentincometobewithdrawnfromtheendowment,soastomeettheprojectedoverallannualcontributionsbytheCropTrusttotheCGIARgenebanksovertheperiod2017-2021.This would involve working with individual donor governments to provide time-bound projectfundingtocovertheoperatingexpendituresofselectedgenebanksoveranumberofyears.Donorsmay also be asked to support specific projects for the upgrading of individual crop collections inneedofsuchfunding.Suchnear-termresourcemobilizationeffortswouldbedeployedinparalleltothemedium-termobjectiveofbuildinguptheendowmentfurthertothetargetlevel.

Beyond mobilizing grant funding from donors, the Crop Trust is in discussion with a number ofgovernments about sourcing long-term, low-interest ODA loans, under its new ConcessionalBorrowingFramework.TheCropTrustisalsolookingintoapplyingforgrantsorsoft-loansfromtheGreenClimateFundinordertosupportselectednationalcropcollections.Workisongoingwiththeagri-food industry to further develop an endowing-a-crop concept, targeted at specific cropcollections. The new Crop Trust Investment Sharing Facility, which is aims to mobilize privateinvestment funds for the purpose of channeling dividend income towards crop conservationactivities, isawaiting itsactualplacementwith investorsthroughpartnerDeutscheBank.TheCropTrustwill alsobe studying the feasibilityofabond issue,whichwould fundupgradingof selectedgenebanks.Finally,followingtheApril2016pledgingconference,workwillstarttoprepareforthetesting of crowd-funding approaches through web-campaigns, targeting household donors. All ofthese further fundraisingeffortsaimtocomplementnewdonorgrant funding for theendowmentoverthennextyears.

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Annex3.CurriculumvitaeofkeypersonnelName:MichaelABBERTON

CurrentpositionandaffiliationHead,GeneticResourcesCentre,IITA

ProfilePlantbreeding,geneticresources,climatechange

Employment2016topresent:Head,GeneticResourcesCentre,DeputyDirectorWestAfrica,DeputyDirectorCrop

BreedingandBiotechnology,InternationalInstituteofTropicalAgriculture(IITA),Ibadan,Nigeria,2012topresent:ChairinPublicGoodPlantBreeding,AberystwythUniversity,UK2010-2012:Head,GenomeDiversityandPlantBreeding,DirectorofInternationalDevelopment,IBERS2008-2010:Head,CropBreedingandGenomics,InstituteofBiological,EnvironmentalandRuralSciences

(IBERS),AberystwythUniversity,UK2007-2008:ProgrammeLeader,PlantBreedingandGenetics,InstituteofGrasslandandEnvironmental

Research(IGER)

EducationPhDUniversityofManchester(1988)Title:ChromosomespecificbehaviourinanautopolyploidseriesBScHonsDegreeinBotany1stClass,andD.H.ValentinePrize,UniversityofManchester(1984)

Selectedpublications:IstvanNagy,SusanneBarth,JeanneMehenni-Ciz,MichaelTAbberton&DanMilbourne.2013.Ahybrid

next-generationtranscriptsequencing-basedapproachtoidentifyallelicandhomeolog-specificsinglenucleotidepolymorphismsinallotetraploidwhiteclover.BMCGenomics,14(1):100.

Yates,S.,Swain,M.,Hegarty,M.,Chernukin,I.,Lowe,M.,Allison,G.,Ruttink,T.,Abberton,M.,Jenkins,G.&Skot,L.2014.DenovoassemblyofredclovertranscriptomebasedonRNA-Seqdataprovidesinsightintodroughtresponse,genediscoveryandmarkeridentification.BMCGenomics,15(453):1–33.

Shitta,N.S.,Abberton,M.,Adesoye,A.I.,Adewale,D.B.&Oyatomi,O.2015.AnalysisofgeneticdiversityofAfricanyambeanusingSSRmarkersderivedfromcowpea.PlantGeneticResources–CharacterizationandUtilization,14(1):50–56.

Abbertonetal.2015.Globalagriculturalintensificationduringclimatechange:aroleforgenomics.PlantBiotechnologyJournal.2015:1–4.

Kole,C.and39others.2015.Applicationofgenomics-assistedbreedingforgenerationofclimateresilientcrops:progressandprospects.FrontiersinPlantScience.6:563.16p.[doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00563]

Otherevidenceofleadership,large-programmanagementanddeliveryDeliveryofplantbreedingprograms,largemultinationalprojectsandlargeUK-fundedprojects,includingpublic-privatepartnerships.

RoleintheGenebankPlatformGenebankManager.ImplementationofactivitiesunderthePlatform.

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Name:AhmedAMRI

CurrentpositionandaffiliationHeadofGeneticResourcesUnit,andDeputyDirectorforBiodiversityandIntegratedGeneManagementProgramatICARDA

Profile:Cerealbreeding:21yearsofexperience,withreleaseof26cerealvarieties.Insitu/on-farmconservationofagrobiodiversity:15years.Conducted5projectsinWestAsiaandNorthAfrica.Conservationofgeneticresources:participatedin12collectingmissions.40yearsofexperienceinaspectsrelatedtogeneticresourcesconservationanduse.

Employment2008todate:HeadofGeneticResourcesUnitatICARDA.2005–2008:RegionalCoordinatorofICARDAforWestAsia.1999–2005:RegionalCoordinatorforGEFinsituconservationprojectinWestAsiaatICARDA.1980–1999:Cerealbreeder,INRA-Morocco.

EducationPhDGeneticsandbreeding,KansasStateUniversity,Manahattan,KS,USAMScCourseworkatUniversityofMinnesota,USA,anddegreefromIAV-HassanIIinMorocco.

SelectedpublicationsAmri,A.,Hatchett,J.H.,Cox,T.S.,ElBouhssini,M.&Sears,R.G.1990.ResistancetoHessianflyfromNorth

AfricanDurumWheatGermplasm.CropScience,30:378–381.Amri,A.,Cox,T.S.,Hatchett,J.H.&Gill,B.S.1990.ComplementaryactionofgenesforHessianflyresistance

inthewheatcultivar"Seneca".JournalofHeredity,83(2):378–381.Rawashdseh,I.&Amri,A.2006.GeneticcharacterizationofdatepalmvarietiesusingRAPDmarkers.

JordanJournalofAgriculturalSciences,2(3):234–242.Mohammadi,R.&Amri,A.2012.Analysisofgenotype×environmentinteractioninrain-feddurumwheatof

IranusingGGE-biplotandnon-parametricmethods.CanadianJournalofPlantScience,92:757–770.Mazid,A.,Shideed,K.&Amri,A.2014.Assessmentofon-farmconservationofdrylandagrobiodiversityand

itsimpactonrurallivelihoodsintheFertileCrescent.RenewableAgricultureandFoodSystems,29(4):366–377.

Shehadeh,A.,Amri,A.&Maxted,N.2013.EcogeographicsurveyandgapanalysisofLathyrusL.species.GeneticResourcesandCropEvolution,60(7):2101–2113.

Mohammadi,R.&Amri,A.2013.Phenotypicdiversityandrelationshipsamongaworldwidedurumwheat(TriticumturgidumL.var.durum)germplasmcollectionunderrainfedconditionsofIran.Crop&PastureScience,64:87–99.

Otherevidenceofleadership,large-programmanagementanddeliveryNationalCoordinatorofCerealResearchinMorocco(15years;strongbreedingprogramswithreleaseof60varieties,includingthefirsthessianflyresistantones);RegionalCoordinatorWestAsiaProgramatICARDA(6years.ManagementofGEFprojectinfourcountries);HeadofGeneticResourcesUnitandDeputyDirectorBIGMprogramatICARDA(8years;coordinationof9projects).

RoleintheGenebankPlatformApplyingbestpracticesforconservationofgeneticresources;buildinglinkagesbetweenGenebanksCRP/PlatformandAFS-CRPs;contributetothebuildingoftheGlobalSystemforconservationandsustainableuseofPGRFA;contributetogapanalysis,FIGSdevelopment,policyaspects.

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Name:PaulaBRAMEL

CurrentpositionandaffiliationScientificAdvisor,GlobalCropDiversityTrust,Bonn,Germany

ProfilePlantbreeding,geneticresources,climatechange,researchmanagement

Employment2015todate:ScientificAdvisor,GlobalCropDiversityTrust2012-2015:GlobalCropDiversityTrust,DeputyExecutiveDirector2006-2012:IITA,DeputyDirectorGeneral,ResearchforDevelopment2004-2006:IITA,DirectorforEastandSouthernAfrica,ResearchforDevelopment2002-2004:CRS,CARE,andothersasconsultantforbiodiversityandseedsystems1996-2002:ICRISAT,PrincipalScientist,GeneticResourcesandHeadofGenebank1985-1996:KansasStateUniversity,AssistantProfessor

EducationPh.D.IowaStateUniversity,1985,PlantBreedingandCytogeneticsM.S.IowaStateUniversity,1980,PlantBreedingB.S.IowaStateUniversity,1978,Agronomy

Selectedpublications:

Kamala,Venkateswaran,HariC,Sharma,DagguMonoharRao,KodeboyinaS.Varaprasad,PaulaJ.Bramel,andSubhashChandra.2012.InteractionsofspottedstemborerChilopartelluswithwildrelativesofsorghum.PlantBreeding131:511-521

Ferguson,MoragE.,RichardB.Jones,PaulaJBramel,CarlosDominguez,CarlaTorredoVale,andJieHan.2011.Post-floodingdisastercropdiversityrecovery:AcasestudyofcowpeasinMozambique.Disasters

RupakulaAruna,D.ManoharRao,S.Sivaramakrishnan,L.JanardhanReddy,PaulaBramelandHariUpadhyaya.2009.EfficiencyofthreeDNAmarkersinrevealinggeneticvariationamongwildCajanusspecies.PlantGeneticResources,Volume7,Issue02,pp113-121

Bhattacharjee,Ranjana,I.S.Khairwal,PaulaJ.BramelandK.N.Reddy.2007.Establishmentofapearlmillet[Pennisetumglaucum(L.)R.Br.]corecollectionbasedongeographicaldistributionandquantitativetraits.Euphytica155:35-45.

Otherevidenceofleadership,large-programmanagementanddeliveryMorethan30yearsofexperienceasaresearcher,whichincludes11yearsasaTenuredAssociateProfessorofAgronomyatKansasStateUniversityasasorghumbreeder,and12yearsofexperienceinresearchmanagementatICRISATandIITA.Inadditions,morethan10yearsofexperienceatExecutiveManagement,atIITAandCropTrustShehasextensiveexperiencewithmanaginglargescaleresearchfordevelopmentprojectsinSoutheast\asiaandAfricaatICRISATandIITA.WasChairoftheGenebankCRPmanagementteamandmemberofCropTrustimplementationteam;

RoleintheGenebankPlatformMemberoftechnicalandmanagementteamattheCropTrust.Providetechnicaladviceasneeded,especiallytotheUseModule.

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Name:JannyvanBeem

CurrentpositionandaffiliationGenebankQualityManagementSystems(QMS)specialist,GlobalCropDiversityTrust

Profile:ConservationstandardsofplantgeneticresourcesundertheMultilateralSystemoftheITPGRFA

Employment2014todate:GenebankQMSspecialist,consultantfortheGlobalCropDiversityTrust2010–2014:HeadofAcquisitionandDistributionUnit,InternationalPotatoCenter(CIP)1996-2003:Wheatbreeder,CentroInternacionaldeMejoramientodeMaízyTrigo(CIMMYT)

EducationPh.D.1995CornellUniversity,PlantBreedingandGeneticsDepartmentB.Sc.1986ColoradoStateUniversity,DepartmentofBiology

Selectedpublications

Vargas,F.,A.Salas,G.Rossel,R.Gomez,I.ManriqueandJ.vanBeem.2012.PreservationofBiodiversityinCIP’OchoaHerbariumattheInternationalPotatoCenter.XIVBotanicalCongress,TrujilloPeru,9-12October2012.

vanBeem,J.,V.Mohler,R.Lukman,M.vanGinkel,M.William,J.CrossaandA.J.Worland.2005.AnalysisofGeneticFactorsInfluencingtheDevelopmentalRateofGloballyImportantCIMMYTWheatCultivars.CropScience45:2113-2119.

vanBeem,J.,A.J.Worland,andM.vanGinkel.2001.TheinfluenceofearlinesspersegenesonfloweringtimeinCIMMYTwheats.In:theKronstadSymposium,CiudadObregon15-16March2001.

vanBeem,J.,M.vanGinkel,andS.Rajaram.2000.DifferencesindevelopmentrateofCIMMYTwheatsadaptedtoirrigated,rain-fed,andsemi-aridenvironments.In:WheatinaGlobalEnvironment.InternationalWheatConference,6;Budapest,Hungary;5-9Jun2000.p.281.

vanBeem,J.,T.Farquhar,H.Meyer,M.P.Reynolds.,R.Singh,andM.vanGinkel.1998.InfluenceofRhtdwarfinggenesonstemmorphology,biochemistryandbiomechanics,andassociatedlodgingeffectsinwheat.In:Proceedingofthe9thInternationalWheatGeneticsSymposium,Vol2,Aug2-7,Saskatoon,Saskatchewan,Canada.p.366-368.

Otherevidenceofleadership,large-programmanagementanddeliveryImplementationatCIPofISO-accreditedqualitystandards(ISO17025)inrelevantgenebankactivitiesthatguaranteedsafeconservation,maintenanceanddistributionofplantgeneticresourcesFocalpointatCIPinestablishingnetworkswithPeruvianpolicymakers(NationalInstituteinDefenseandProtectionofIntellectualPropertyRights(INDECOPI),INIA,SENASA,andtheNationalCommitteeagainstBiopiracy)OversightandcoordinationofthedeploymentanddatacollectionoftheGlobalWheatYieldTrial(GAWYT)in92countrieswiththeaimtoidentifydesirablegenetictraitsforspecificeco-regionalprograms

RoleintheGenebankPlatformCoordinatethedevelopmentofindividualizedQualityandRiskManagementSystemsinnineCentreGenebanksandtheQMSframeworkasawhole.

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Name:DeniseCOSTICH

CurrentpositionandaffiliationOctober2012topresent.Head,Wellhausen-AndersonMaizeGeneticResourcesCollection.CIMMYT-Mexico.

ProfileMaize(andgrasses)geneticsandgenomics;populationbiology;ecologicalgenetics;plantevolutionandsystematics.

Employment2011–2012:PlantBiologistUSDA-ARS,CornellUniversity,USA.2006–2011:ResearchBiologistandLabManager,USDA-ARS,CornellUniversity,USA.2007–2011:ProjectManager,USDA-DOEPlantFeedstockGenomicsforBioenergy,USDA-ARS,CornellUniversity,USA.2004–2006:ResearchAssociateDepartmentofPlantBiology,CornellUniversity,USA.

EducationPhDinBiology,TheUniversityofIowa,IowaCity,USA.12/1989BScinBiology(ConcentrationinEcologyandSystematics),CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,USA.

SelectedpublicationsYongshengWu,FelixSanVicente,KaijianHuang,ThandaDhliwayo,DeniseE.Costich,KassaSemagn,Nair

Sudha,MichaelOlsen,BoddupalliM.Prasanna,XuecaiZhang&RamanBabu.2016.MolecularcharacterizationofCIMMYTmaizeinbredlineswithgenotyping‑by‑sequencingSNPs.TheoreticalandAppliedGeneticsOnline5Feb2016.DOI:10.1007/s00122-016-2664-8

PaulL.Sanchez,DeniseE.Costich,BerndFriebe,TerryA.Coffelt,MatthewA.Jenks&MichaelA.Gore.2014.Genomesizevariationinguayuleandmariola:Fundamentaldescriptorsforpolyploidplanttaxa.IndustrialCropsandProducts,54:1–5.

Lu,F.,A.Lipka,R.Elshire,J.Glaubitz,J.H.Cherney,M.D.Casler,E.Buckler&D.E.Costich.2013.Switchgrassgenomicdiversity,ploidyandevolution:novelinsightsfromanetwork-basedSNPdiscoveryprotocol.PLoSGenetics9(1):e1003215.doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003215.

Chia,J.-M.,Costich,D.,Buckler,E.and36others.2012.MaizeHapMap2identifiesextantvariationfromagenomeinflux.NatureGenetics44:803–807.

Costich,D.E.,Friebe,B.,Sheehan,M.J.,Casler,M.D.&Buckler,E.S..2010.Genome-sizevariationinSwitchgrass(Panicumvirgatum):Flowcytometryandcytologyrevealrampantaneuploidy.ThePlantGenome,3:130–141.

Blakey,C.A.,Costich,D.E.,Sokolov,V.&Islam-Faridi,M.N.2007.Tripsacumgenetics:fromobservationsalongarivertomoleculargenomics.Maydica,52:81–99.[WaltonGalinatCommemorativeIssue].

RoleintheGenebankPlatformGenebankmanager.Manageactivitiesonconservationanduse.

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Name:DanielG.DEBOUCK

CurrentpositionandaffiliationLeader,GeneticResourcesProgram,InternationalCenterforTropicalAgriculture(CIAT),Cali,Colombia.

ProfileGenebankmanager(78Staff)for3majorcollections(over68000accessionsofPhaseolusbeans,Manihotcassavaandtropicalforages).Plantconservationgeneticist,andplantexplorer.AwardeeoftheFrankN.MeyerMedalofplantgeneticresourcesin2010.Reviewerofarticlesfor16internationaljournals.

Employment2009–2016:Leader,GeneticResourcesProgram,CIAT,Colombia.1996–2009:Head,GeneticResourcesUnit,CIAT,Colombia.1992–1996:SeniorScientist,IPGRI-Americas,Colombia.1990–1992:ResearchOfficer,IBPGR,Italy.

Education1983:DoctoratenSciencesAgronomiques,cummaximasumalaude,majorinPlantPhysiologyandminorinEthnobotanyandPlantEcology.FacultédesSciencesAgronomiquesdel'Etat,Gembloux,Belgium.1976:CertificatenPhytotechnieTropicale,cummaximasumalaude.FacultédesSciencesAgronomiquesdel'Etat,Gembloux,Belgium.

SelectedpublicationsGujaria-Verma,N.,Ramsay,L.,Sharpe,A.G.,Sanderson,L.-A.,Debouck,D.G.,Tar’an,B.&Bett,K.E.2016.

Gene-basedSNPdiscoveryinteparybean(Phaseolusacutifolius)andcommonbean(P.vulgaris)fordiversityanalysisandcomparativemapping.BMCGenomics,17(239):1–16.

Andueza-Noh,R.H.,Serrano-Serrano,M.L.,Chacón-Sánchez,M.I.,SanchézdelPino,I.,Camacho-Pérez,L.,Coello-Coello,J.,Mijangos-Cortés,J.,Debouck,D.G.&Martínez-Castillo,J.2013.MultipledomesticationsoftheMesoamericangenepoolofLimabean(PhaseoluslunatusL.):evidencefromchloroplastDNAsequences.GeneticResources&CropEvolution,60(3):1069–1086.

Porch,T.G.,Beaver,J.S.,Debouck,D.G.,Jackson,S.,Kelly,J.D.&Dempewolf,H.2013.Useofwildrelativesandcloselyrelatedspeciestoadaptcommonbeantoclimatechange.Agronomy,3:433–461.

Chacón-Sánchez.,M.I.,Motta-Aldana,J.R.,Serrano-Serrano,M.L.&Debouck,D.G.2012.DomesticationofLimabeans:anewlookatanoldproblem.pp.330–343,in:P.Gepts,T.R.Famula,R.L.Bettinger,S.B.Brush,A.B.Damania,P.E.McGuireandC.O.Qualset(eds.).BiodiversityinAgriculture:domestication,evolutionandsustainability.CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom.

Salcedo-Castaño,J.,Arraya-Villalobos,R.,Castañeda-Alvarez,N.,Toro-Chica,O.&Debouck,D.G.2011.Phaseolushygrophilus(Leguminosae,Papilionoideae),anewwildbeanspeciesfromthewetforestsofCostaRica,withnotesaboutsectionBrevilegumeni.JournaloftheBotanicalResearchInstituteofTexas,5(1):53–65.

Ramírez-Villegas,J.,Khoury,C.,Jarvis,A.,Debouck,D.G.&Guarino,L.2010.Agapanalysismethodologyforcollectingcropgenepools:acasestudywithPhaseolusbeans.PLoSONEBiology,5(10):1–18.

Otherevidenceofleadership,large-programmanagementanddeliveryWhileasHeadofGRU,co-PIforaUS$1.2millionprojectonGeneflowanalysisforenvironmentalsafety,involvingColombiaandCostaRica,andtwoinstitutionsinGermany(withsupportofBMZ,Germany);WhileatIPGRIAmericas,ledanativefruitgermplasmprogramonPassifloraceaefor3Andeancountries,andonSapotaceaefor4CentralAmericancountries,approvedbytheInterAmericanDevelopmentBankforUS$500000(renewed).

RoleintheGenebankPlatformCollaboratorinconservationscienceandgeneticdiversitystudies.

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Name:DavidELLIS

CurrentpositionandaffiliationInternationalPotatoCenter,Lima,Peru,HeadofGenebank.Leader,ProgramforConservingBiodiversityfortheFuture

ProfileOver30yearsofgeneticresourcesmanagementinacademia,industryandtheprivatesector.Expertiseinplantdevelopment,medicinalcompoundsinplants(taxol),plantmolecularbiology(modificationofplantcellwallsandcontrolofplantreproduction),plantandinsectecology,cryobiologyandconservationofplantgeneticresourcesanddiversity.

Employment2012topresent:HeadofGenebank&Leader,ProgramforConservingBiodiversityfortheFuture,CIP2004–2012:PlantPhysiologist/Curator,NCGRP,USDA-ARS,FortCollins,CO,USA.2002–2004:DirectorofOperations,CellForInc.,Victoria,B.C.,Canada.2000–2002:FoundingScientistandDirectorofMolecularBiology,CellForInc.,Vancouver,B.C.,Canada.

EducationPhDinBotany,UniversityofMontana,Missoula,Montana,USA.BAinBotanywithHonors,UniversityofMontana,Missoula,Montana.USA.

SelectedpublicationsCruz,J.L.,Alves,A.A.,LeCain,D.R.,Ellis,D.D.&Morgan.J.A.2016.Interactiveeffectsbetweennitrogen

fertilizationandelevatedCO2ongrowthandgasexchangeofpapayaseedlings.ScientiaHorticulturae,202:32–40.

Panta,A.,Panis,B.,Ynouye,C.,Swennen,R.,Roca,W.,Tay,D.&Ellis,D.2015.Improvedcryopreservationmethodforthelong-termconservationoftheworldpotatogermplasmcollection.PlantCellTissueandOrganCulture,120(1):117–125.

Vollmer,R.,Panta,A.,Tay,D.,Roca,W.&Ellis.D.2014.Effectofsucrosepre-cultureandPVS2exposureonthecryopreservationofsweetpotatoshoottips[Ipomoeabatatas(L.)Lam.]usingthePVS2dropletvitrification.ActaHorticulturae,1039:265–271.

Jenderek,M.M.,Ambruzs,B.,Tanner,J.,Holman,G.,Ledbetter,C.,Postman,J.,Ellis,D.&Leslie,C.2014.Extendingthedormantbudcryopreservationmethodtonewtreespecies.ISHSActaHorticulturae,No.1039:IIInternationalSymposiumonPlantCryopreservation.[DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1039.16]

Perez,W.,Nahui,M.,Ellis,D.&Forbes,G.A.2014.WidephenotypicdiversityforresistancetoPhytophthorainfestansfoundinpotatolandracesfromPeru.PlantDisease,98(11):1530–1533.

Alves,A.A.C.,Manthey,L.,Isabelle,T.,Ellis,D.&Jenderek,M.M.2014.Diversityinoilcontentandfattyacidprofileinseedsofwildcassavagermplasm.IndustrialCropsandProducts,60:310–315.

Kaya,E.,Alves,A.,Rodrigues,L.,Jenderek,M.,Hernandez-Ellis,M.,Ozudogru,A.&Ellis,D.2013.CryopreservationofEucalyptusgeneticresources.CryoLetters34(6):608–618.

Hay,F.R.,deGuzman,F.,Ellis,D.,Makahiya,H.,Borromeo,T.&SackvilleHamilton,N.R.2013.ViabilityofOryzasativa(L.)seedsstoredundergenebankconditionsforupto30years.GeneticResourcesandCropEvolution,60:275–296.

Otherevidenceofleadership,large-programmanagementanddeliveryMemberofScientificAdvisoryBoardforSeedSaversandANDES2009–2011,Chair,PlantGermplasmOrganizingCommittee,NationalPlantGermplasmSystem.

RoleintheGenebankPlatformMemberofthecurrentManagementTeam;memberoftheExecutiveCommitteefortheArticle15GenebankManagers.GenebankmanageratCIPresponsibleforbudgetanddeliverablesfromtheplatform.

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Name:LuigiGUARINO

CurrentpositionandaffiliationDirectorofScience&Programs,GlobalCropDiversityTrust

ProfilePlantgeneticresourcesconservation

Employment2016:DirectorofScience&Programs,GlobalCropDiversityTrust,Germany2007–2015:SeniorScientist,GlobalCropDiversityTrust,Italy2002–2007:PlantGeneticResourcesAdviser,Fiji1987–2002:Scientist,BioversityInternational,Cyprus,Kenya&Colombia

EducationBAAppliedBiology,UniversityofCambridge,UK

SelectedpublicationsGuarino,L.,RamanathaRao,V.&Reid,R.(eds).1995.CollectingPlantGeneticDiversity.Technical

Guidelines.CABInternational,Wellesbourne.Burke,M.B.LobellD.B.&GuarinoL.2009.ShiftsinAfricancropclimatesby2050,andtheimplicationsfor

cropimprovementandgeneticresourcesconservation.GlobalEnvironmentalChange,19(3):317-325.Dawson,I.K.Hedley,P.E.GuarinoL.&JaenickeH.2009.Doesbiotechnologyhavearoleinthepromotion

ofunderutilisedcrops?FoodPolicy,34(4):319–328.Jaenicke,H.Dawson,I.K.GuarinoL.&Hermann,M.2009.Impactsofunderutilizedplantspecies

promotiononbiodiversity.ISHSActaHorticulturae,no.806.InternationalSymposiumonUnderutilizedPlantsforFoodSecurity,Nutrition,IncomeandSustainableDevelopment.621–628.DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.806.77

Guarino,L.&Lobel,D.B.l.2011.Awalkonthewildside.NatureClimateChange,1:374–375.Westengen,O.T.,Jeppson,S.&Guarino,L.2013.Globalexsitucropdiversityconservationandthe

SvalbardGlobalSeedVault:assessingthecurrentstatus.PLOSone,8(5).Khoury,C.K.,Bjorkman,A.D.,Dempewolf,H.,Ramirez-Villegas,J.,Guarino,L.,Jarvis,A.,Rieseberg,L.H.&

Struik,PC.2014.Increasinghomogeneityinglobalfoodsuppliesandtheimplicationsforfoodsecurity.ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,111(11):4001–4006.

Castañeda-Álvarez,N.,Khoury,C.,Achicanoy,H.,Bernau,V.,Dempewolf,H.,Eastwood,R.,Guarino,L.,Harker,R.,Jarvis,A.,Maxted,N.,Müller,J.,Ramirez-Villegas,J.,Sosa,C.,Struik,P.,Vincent,H.&Toll,J.2016.Globalconservationprioritiesforcropwildrelatives.NaturePlants,16022.

Otherevidenceofleadership,large-programmanagementanddelivery:PacificAgriculturalPlantGeneticResourcesNetwork(PAPGREN).Organizedfromscratchandranfor4yearsaregionalPGRFAnetworkcoveringtwodozencountriesandterritories.SecuringtheBiologicalBasisofAgricultureandPromotingNewandFullerUseofCropGeneticResources.OnmanagementteamofglobalprojectimplementedbyCropTrust,fundedbyBillandMelindaGatesFoundation.AdaptingAgriculturetoClimateChange:Collecting,ProtectingandPreparingCropWildRelatives.DevelopedandhelpedimplementglobalprojectsupportedbyGovernmentofNorway.

RoleintheGenebankPlatformMemberofManagementTeam.

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Name:MichaelHALEWOOD

CurrentpositionandaffiliationLeader,GeneticResourcesPolicies,InstitutionsandMonitoringgroup,BioversityInternational.

ProfileDesigning,overseeingandconductingpolicy-relevantresearchandcapacitybuildingprojectsconcerningthemanagementandconservationofagriculturalbiologicaldiversityfromlocaltogloballevels.Mainresearchareas:factorsaffectingavailabilityanduseofcropdiversityon-farm,andingloballydevelopedsystemsofconservationandsustainableuse;accessandbenefitsharing.

Employment2001topresent:Leader,GeneticResourcesPolicies,InstitutionsandMonitoringGroup,BioversityInternational,Italy1997–2001:Coordinator,CrucibleGroup,InternationalDevelopmentResearchCentre,Canada

EducationDoctorofJurisprudence,OsgoodeHallLawSchool,YorkUniversityBachelorofLaw,UniversityofTorontoBachelorofArtsandScience(PoliticalScience),UniversityofToronto

SelectedpublicationsGaluzzi,G.,Halewood,M.,Lopez,I.&Vernooy,R.(forthcoming).Twentyfiveyearsofinternational

exchangesofplantgeneticresourcesfacilitatedbytheCGIARgenebanks:acasestudyoninternationalinterdependence.BiodiversityandConservation.

Halewood,M.(ed.)2016.Farmers’CropVarietiesandFarmers’Rights:ChallengesinTaxonomy,AgricultureandLaw.Routledge,Oxon.

BedmarVillanueva,A.,Halewood,M.&LópezNoriega,I.2015.AgriculturalBiodiversityinclimatechangeadaptationplanning:ananalysisoftheNationalAdaptationProgramsofAction.CCAFSWorkingPaperno.95.

Halewood,M.2014.Internationaleffortstopoolandconservecropgeneticresourcesintimesofradicallegalchange.In:M.Cimoli,G.Dosi,K.E,Maskus,R.L.,R.L.Okediji,J.L.Reichman,andJ.E.Stiglitz(eds).IntellectualPropertyRights:LegalandEconomicChallengesforDevelopment.OxfordUniversityPress,Oxford,UK.

Halewood,M.,LopezNoriegaI.&Louafi,S.(eds.).2013.CropGeneticResourcesasaGlobalCommons:Challengesininternationalgovernanceandlaw,Routledge,Oxon.

Halewood,M.2013.Whatkindofgoodsareplantgeneticresourcesforfoodandagriculture?Towardstheidentificationanddevelopmentofanewglobalcommons.InternationalJournaloftheCommons.7(2):278–312.

Halewood,M.,Andrieux,E.,Crisson,L.,Gapusi,J.R.,WasswaMulumba,J.,Koffi,E.K.,YangzomeDorji,T.,Bhatta,M.R.&Balma,D.2013.Implementing‘MutuallySupportive’AccessandBenefitSharingMechanismsunderthePlantTreaty,ConventiononBiologicalDiversity,andNagoyaProtocol.Law.EnvironmentandDevelopmentJournal9/1

Otherevidenceofleadership,large-programmanagementanddeliveryManagedGeneticResourcesPolicyInitiativeI,2005–2009(US$5million).ManagedGeneticResourcesPolicyInitiativeII,2011–2015(US$5million);ManagednumeroussmallerprojectswithpartnersinAsia,AfricaandSouthAmerica;Nominatedasafacilitatorofa“FriendsofCo-Chairs”groupwithmandatetodeveloptextforongoingrenegotiationsoftheITPGRFAmultilateralsystemofaccessandbenefit-sharing;Coordinatedinternational50-member‘thinktank’calledtheCrucibleGroup,focusingongeneticresourcesandintellectualproperty-relatedissues.

RoleintheGenebankPlatformCoordinatorofthePolicyModule,coordinatingonbehalfofthePlatformManagementTeam.

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Name:RuaraidhSACKVILLEHAMILTON

CurrentpositionandaffiliationPrincipalScientist,EvolutionaryBiology,andHead,T.T.ChangGeneticResourcesCenter,InternationalRiceResearchInstitute(IRRI).

ProfileOver40yearsofexperienceintheconservationanduseofcropgeneticresources,includingbestpracticesandworkflowmanagementsystemsforgenebankmanagement;databasedesignanddatamanagement;statistics,geneticsandgenomics;cropwildrelatives;pre-breeding;plantbreeding;plantecology;GMbiosafety;andinternationalpolicyonaccessandbenefit-sharing.

Employment2002topresent:Head,T.T.ChangGeneticResourcesCenter,IRRI,LosBaños,Laguna,Philippines.1991–2002:Head,BiodiversityGroupandGeneticResourcesUnit,IGER,Aberystwyth,UK1986–1991:SeniorResearchFellow,UniversityofWalesatBangor,Bangor,UK1984–1986:SeniorResearchFellow,CIAT,Cali,Colombia

EducationPhDPlantGeneticResources,UniversityofCambridge,UKMAAppliedBiology,UniversityofCambridge,UK.

SelectedpublicationsZhao,X.,Daygon,V.D.,McNally,K.L.,SackvilleHamilton,N.R.,Xie,F.,Reinke,R.F.&Fitzgerald,M.A.2016.

IdentificationofstableQTLscausingchalkinricegrainsinnineenvironments.TheoreticalandAppliedGenetics,129:141–153.

Hay,F.R.,deGuzman,F.&SackvilleHamilton,N.R.2015.ViabilitymonitoringintervalsforgenebanksamplesofOryzasativa.SeedScienceandTechnology,43:218–237.

Leung,H.,Raghavan,C.,Zhou,B.,Oliva,R.,Choi,I.R.,Lacorte,V.,Jubay,M.L.,Cruz,C.V.,Gregorio,G.,Singh,R.K.&SackvilleHamilton,N.R.2015.Alleleminingandenhancedgeneticrecombinationforricebreeding.Rice,8:1–11.

Alexandrov,N.,Tai,S.,Wang,W.,Mansueto,L.,Palis,K.,Fuentes,R.R.,Ulat,V.J.,Chebotarov,D.,Zhang,G.,Li,Z.&SackvilleHamilton,N.R.2015.SNP-SeekdatabaseofSNPsderivedfrom3000ricegenomes.NucleicAcidsResearch,43:D1023–D1027.

Banaticla-Hilario,M.C.N.,McNally,K.L.,vandenBerg,R.G.,&SackvilleHamilton,N.R.2013.CrossabilitypatternswithinandamongOryzaseriessativaespeciesfromAsiaandAustralia.GeneticResourcesandCropEvolution,60:1899–1914.

Halewood,M.,Sood,R.,SackvilleHamilton,N.R.,Amri,A.,VandenHouwe,I.,Roux,N.,Dumet,D.,Hanson,J.Upadhyaya,H.D.,Jorge,A.&Tay,D.2013.Changingratesofacquisitionofplantgeneticresourcesbyinternationalgenebanks.pp.99–132,in:M.Halewood,I.L.NoriegaandS.Nouafi(eds).CropGeneticResourcesasaGlobalCommons.Publ.forBioversityInternationalbyRoutledge,Oxon,UK.

McCouch,S.R.,McNally,K.L.,Wang,W.,&SackvilleHamilton,N.R.2012.Genomicsofgenebanks:Acasestudyinrice.AmericanJournalofBotany,99:407–423.

Otherevidenceofleadership,large-programmanagementanddeliveryCurrentlymanagingabudgetofUS$5.98millionunderGenebanksCRPandGRiSPandassociatedspecialprojects.MajorpastsuccessesincludetheGPG1andGPG2genebankupgradingprojects,establishinganewconservationresearchprogramatIRRI,andthe3000ricegenomesproject.ExpertonloantohelpdevelopITPGRFA’s“GlobalInformationSystem”.Memberofsteering,advisoryorexecutivecommitteesofSvalbardGlobalSeedVault,DivseekandGenesys.

RoleintheGenebankPlatformHeadofIRRIgenebank;memberofexecutivecommitteeofA15GandtheManagementTeam.AlsocontributingtothecoordinationofthePolicyModule.

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Name:JeanHANSON

CurrentpositionandaffiliationLeader,ForageDiversity,ILRI

ProfileGeneticresourcesspecialistwith40yearsofexperienceinseedconservationandgenebankmanagement,mostlyindevelopingcountries.Currentresearchinterestsincludemanagementofforagegeneticresources,seedlongevityingenebanks,morphologicalandnutritionalcharacterization,seedproduction,forageadoption,andknowledgesharing.

Employment2014todate:Leader,ForageDiversity,InternationalLivestockResearchInstitute,Ethiopia1986–2010:Leader,ForageDiversity/genebankmanager,ILRI,Ethiopia1978–1983:Technicalco-operationofficerinDFID,NationalBiologicalInstitute,Indonesia1976–1978:Post-doctoralfellow,MaizeProgramme,CIMMYT,Mexico

EducationPhDseedstorage,UniversityofBirmingham,UK.MScConservationandUtilizationofPlantGeneticResources,UniversityofBirmingham,UK.

SelectedpublicationsMaass,B.L.,Jamnadass,R.H.,Hanson,J.&Pengelly,B.C.2005.Determiningsourcesofdiversityin

cultivatedandwildLablabpurpureusrelatedtoprovenanceofgermplasmbyusingamplifiedfragmentlengthpolymorphism.GeneticResourcesandCropEvolution,52:683–695.

Pengelly,B.C.,Cook,B.G.,Partridge,I.J.,Eagles,D.A.,Peters,M.,Hanson,J.,Brown,S.D.,Donnelly,J.L.,Mullen,B.F.,Schultze-Kraft,R.,Franco,A.&O’Brien,R.2005.SelectionofForagesfortheTropics(SoFT)–adatabaseandselectiontoolforidentifyingforagesadaptedtolocalconditionsinthetropicsandsubtropics.In:F.P.O’Mara,R.J.Wilkins,L.t’Mannetje,D.K.Lovett,P.A.M.RogersandT.M.Boland(eds).XXInternationalGrasslandCongress.AcademicPublishers,Wageningen,TheNetherlands.

Ponsens,J.,Hanson,J.,Schellberg,J.&Moeseler,B.M.2010.Characterizationofphenotypicdiversity,yieldandresponsetodroughtstressinacollectionofRhodesgrass(ChlorisgayanaKunth)accessions.FieldCropsResearch,118:57–72.

Reid,R.S.,Serneels,S.,Nyabenge,M.&Hanson,J.2005.ThechangingfaceofpastoralsystemsingrassdominatedecosystemsofEasternAfrica.pp.19–76,in:J.M.Suttie,S.G.ReynoldsandC.Batello(eds.).GrasslandsoftheWorld.FAOPlantProtectionandProductionSeries,No.34.FAO,Rome.

Rao,N.K.,Hanson,J.,Dulloo,M.E.,Ghosh,K.,Nowel,D.&Larinde,M.2006.Manualofseedhandlingingenebanks.HandbooksforGenebanks,No.8.BioversityInternational,Rome,Italy.

VandeWouw,M.,Hanson,J.&Luethi,S.1999.MorphologicalandagonomiccharacterizationofacollectionofNapiergrass(Pennisetumpurpureum)andP.purpureum×P.glaucum.TropicalGrasslands,33(3):150–158.

Wanjala,B.W.,Obonyo,M.,Wchira,F.N.,Muchugi,A.,Mulaa,M.,Harvey,J.,Skilton,R.A.,Proud,J.&Hanson,J.2013.GeneticdiversityinNapiergrass(Pennisetumpurpureum)cultivars:Implicationsforbreedingandconservation.AoBPLANTS,5:Articleplt022.doi:10.1093/aobpla/plt022.

Otherevidenceofleadership,large-programmanagementanddeliveryManagingaprojectofUS$1.5to2millioninrecentyears,andhasdevelopedfundingproposalsforuptoUS$10milliononuseofforagediversity.

RoleintheGenebankPlatformGenebankplatform.ImplementationofConservationandUseModuleactivitiesinILRI.

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Name:FionaHAY

CurrentpositionandaffiliationSeniorScientistI,GeneticResourcesExpert,T.T.ChangGeneticResourcesCenter,IRRIHQ.

ProfileMorethan20yearsresearchonseedcollection,germination/dormancy,storagebehaviourandlongevityinrelationtogenebankmanagementanduseofcollections.ChiefEditor,SeedScienceandTechnology.

Employment2012todate:SeniorScientistI,GeneticResourcesExpert,T.T.ChangGeneticResourcesCenter,IRRI2009–2012:ScientistII,GeneticResourcesExpert,T.T.ChangGeneticResourcesCenter,IRRI1997–2009:SeedPhysiologist,MillenniumSeedBankPartnership,RoyalBotanicGardensKew,UK

EducationPhDThedevelopmentofseedlongevityinwildplantspecies.King’sCollege,UniversityofLondon,UKMScAppliedstatisticsandoperationalresearch.BirkbeckCollege,UniversityofLondon,UK.

SelectedpublicationsHansen,M.A.E.,Hay,F.R.&Carstensen,J.M.2015.Avirtualseedfile:theuseofmultispectralimage

analysisinthemanagementofgenebankseedaccessions.PlantGeneticResources.http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1479262115000362

Whitehouse,K.J.,Hay,F.R.&Ellis,R.H.2015.Increasesinthelongevityofdesiccation-phasedevelopingriceseeds:responsetohightemperaturedryingdependsonharvestmoisturecontent.AnnalsofBotany,116:247–259.

Hay,F.R.,deGuzman,F.&SackvilleHamilton,N.R.2015.ViabilitymonitoringintervalsforgenebanksamplesofOryzasativa.SeedScienceandTechnology,43:218–237.

Hay,F.R.,Timple,S.&vanDuijn,B.2015.Canchlorophyllfluorescencebeusedtodeterminetheoptimaltimetoharvestriceseedsforlong-termgenebankstorage?SeedScienceResearch,25:321–334.

Hay,F.R.,Mead,A.&Bloomberg,M.2014.Modellingseedgerminationinresponsetocontinuousvariables:useandlimitationsofprobitanalysisandalternativeapproaches.SeedScienceResearch,24:165–186.

Hay,F.R.&Probert,R.J.2013.Advancesinseedconservationofwildplantspecies:areviewofrecentresearch.ConservationPhysiology,1:Issue110.1093/conphys/cot030

Otherevidenceofleadership,large-programmanagementanddeliveryPIfortwocollectingprojects(EastAfricaandBangladesh)IRRIRecommendationActionPlan(GenebankCRPproject)SeedLongevityInitiativeofCGIARGenebanks(GenebankCRPproject).

RoleintheGenebankPlatformDeputyHead,T.T.ChangGeneticResourcesCenteratIRRI,Headofconservationresearchandleadingresearchactivitiesonseedlongevity.

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Name:LavaKUMAR

CurrentpositionandaffiliationHead,GermplasmHealthUnit/Virologist;InternationalInstituteofTropicalAgriculture(IITA),Ibadan,Nigeria

ProfileVirology;molecularbiology;epidemiology;diagnostics;phytosanitation;germplasmhealthmanagement;hostplantresistance;IPM&IDM;germplasmindexing;productionofdisease-freeplantingmaterial;internationalexchangeofgermplasm;knowledgeandtechnologydissemination;R&Dcoordinationandprogrammanagement.

Employment2010topresent:Head,GermplasmHealthUnit/Virologist,IITA,Nigeria2007to2010:Virologist(West&CentralAfrica):IITA,Nigeria2005to2007:Scientist–Virology:ICRISAT,India2004to1999:SpecialProjectScientist(Virology):ICRISAT,India

EducationPhDVirology.SriVenkateswaraUniversity,Tirupati,IndiaMScVirologySriVenkateswaraUniversity,Tirupati,India

SelectedpublicationsKumar,P.L.,Selvarajan,R.,Iskra-Caruana,M.-L.,Chabannes,M.&Hanna,R.2015.Biology,etiologyand

controlofvirusdiseasesofbananaandplantain.AdvancesinVirusResearch,91:229–269.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.aivir.2014.10.006]

Kamowa-Mbewe,W.,Kumar,P.L.,Changadeya,W.,Ntawuruhunga,P.&Legg,J.P.2015.Diversity,distributionandeffectsoncassavacultivarsofcassavabrownstreakvirusesinMalawi.JournalofPhytopathology,163(6):433–443.[doi:10.1111/jph.12339]

Silva,G.,Bömer,M.,Nkere,C.,Kumar,P.L.&Seal,S.E.2015.RapidandspecificdetectionofYammosaicvirusbyreverse-transcriptionrecombinasepolymeraseamplification.JournalofVirologicalMethods,222:138–144.[Doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.06.011]

Patil,B.L.&Kumar,P.L.2015.Pigeonpeasterilitymosaicvirus:alegume-infectingEmaravirusfromSouthAsia.MolecularPlantPathology,16(8):775–786.[Doi.No.10.1111/mpp.12238]

Kumar,P.L.,Hanna,R.,Alabi,O.J.,Soko,M.M.,Oben,T.T.,Vangu,G.H.P.&Naidu,R.A.2011.Bananabunchytopvirusinsub-SaharanAfrica:investigationsonvirusdistributionanddiversity.VirusResearch,159:171–182.

GeraldOtti,G.,Bouvaine,S.,Kimata,B.,Mkamillo,G.,Kumar,P.L.,Tomlins,K.,Maruthi,M.N.2016.HighthroughputmultiplexrealtimePCRassaymethodforthesimultaneousquantificationofDNAandRNAvirusesinfectingcassavaplants.AppliedMicrobiology(forthcoming).

Seal,S.,Turaki,A.,Muller,E.,Kumar,P.L.,Kenyon,L.,Filloux,D.,Galzi,S.,Lopez-Montes,A.&Iskra-Caruana,M.-L.2014.TheprevalenceofbadnavirusesinWestAfricanyams(Dioscoreacayenensis-rotundata)andevidenceofendogenouspararetrovirussequencesintheirgenomes.VirusResearch,186:144–154.

Otherevidenceofleadership,large-programmanagementanddeliveryInitiatedBBTVAlliancein2009,forBBTDcontrolinAfrica;LeddiseasecomponentofGLCI,fundedbyBMGF,whichledtothemappingofcassavabrownstreakinEastAfricaandalsodevelopmentofdiagnosticcapacity;Led,planthealthcomponentofseedyamofYIIFSWAprojectfundedbyBMGF;AdvisorymemberandobserveroftheInter-AfricanPhytosanitaryCouncil.

RoleintheGenebankPlatformLiaisonwithCGIARGHUsonneedsassessmentandpriorities;linktoAFSCRPsonRTB,MAIZEandDCLASS.

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Name:IsabelLÓPEZNORIEGA

CurrentpositionandaffiliationPolicyspecialist,BioversityInternational

ProfilePolicyresearch,analysisandadvocacyintheareaofplantgeneticresourcesforfoodandagriculture;designandcoordinationofmulti-countryprojectsontheconservationanduseofcropdiversity,involvingresearchanddevelopmentpartnersatlocal,nationalandinternationallevels;capacitybuildingfortheimplementationofinternationalconventionsongeneticresources;representationintheCGIARCentres(upto2012)andBioversityInternationalinthegoverningbodiesandnegotiatingworkinggroupsoftheConventiononBiologicalDiversity,theTreatyonPlantGeneticResourcesforFoodandAgriculture,andtheWIPOIntergovernmentalCommitteeonIntellectualPropertyandGeneticResources,TraditionalKnowledgeandFolklore.

Employment2006toPresent:ScientistandPolicyspecialist,BioversityInternational2000–2006:JuniorresearcherattheUnescoChairfortheEnvironment,UniversidadReyJuanCarlos,Madrid

EducationMAInternationalBiodiversityLaw,UniversidadReyJuanCarlos,Madrid,SpainLaw,fiveyeardegree,UniversidadComplutensedeMadrid,Spain

SelectedpublicationsLópezNoriega,I.2016.Defensiveprotectionoffarmers’varieties.In:M.Halewood(ed.).Farmers'Crop

VarietiesandFarmers'Rights:ChallengesinTaxonomyandLaw.Routledge,London&NewYork.Jarvis,D.I.,Hodgkin,T.,Brown,A.,Tuxill,J.,LópezNoriega,I.,Smale,M.&Sthapit,B.2016.CropGenetic

DiversityintheFieldandontheFarm.PrinciplesandApplicationsinResearchPractices.YaleUniversityPress,NewHaven&London.

Maggioni,L.,LópezNoriega,I.,LapeñaGarcía,I.&Engels,J.2015.CollectingplantgeneticresourcesinEurope:asurveyoflegalrequirementsandpracticalexperiences.In:B.Coolsaet,F.,Batur,A.Broggiato,J.PitseysandDedeurwaerdere(eds.).ImplementingtheNagoyaProtocol:ComparingAccessandBenefit-sharingRegimesinEurope.Brill/Nijhof,Enschede,Netherlands.

Halewood,M.,LópezNoriega,I.&Louafi,S.(eds.).2013.CropGeneticResourcesasaGlobalCommons.Challengesininternationallawandgovernance.Routledge,London&NewYork.

LópezNoriega,I.,Halewood,M.,Galluzzi,G.,Vernooy,R.,Bertacchini,E.,Gauchan,D.&Welch,E.2013.HowPoliciesAffecttheUseofPlantGeneticResources:TheExperienceoftheCGIAR.Resources,2(3):231–269.

Otherevidenceofleadership,large-programmanagementanddelivery2012–2016Grantmanagerandcoordinatoroftheproject“Improvingseedsystemsforsmallholderfarmers’foodsecurity”,US$2million,fundedbySDCandimplementedinfivecountries.2006–2016MemberoftheBioversityteaminchargeoftheGeneticResourcePolicyInitiative,ca.US$10million,fundedbyDGISandimplementedin13countriesandtworegions.2006–2012Policy-relatedassistancetoCGIARCentresundertheSystem-wideGeneticResourceProgramme.

RoleintheGenebankPlatformPolicyspecialist.

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Name:CharlotteLUSTY

CurrentpositionandaffiliationGenebankProgramCoordinator,GlobalCropDiversityTrust

ProfileProjectmanagement,geneticresourcesconservation,animal-plantinteractions,botany

Employment2008topresentSeniorScientist,GlobalCropDiversityTrust,Italy&Germany2000–2007Scientist,BioversityInternational,France1994–2000ResearchOfficer,UNEP-WorldConservationMonitoringCenter,UK1991–1993FieldResearcher,JaneGoodallInsitute,Tanzania

EducationBSc(Hons)DegreeinZoology(2.1)UniversityofEdinburgh

Selectedpublications:Lusty,C.,Guarino,L,Toll,J.&Lainoff,B.2014.Genebanks:past,presentandoptimisticfuture.In:NVan

Alfen(ed.).EncyclopediaofAgricultureandFoodSystems.AcademicPress.McCouch,S.etal.2013.Agriculturefeedingthefuture.Nature,499:23–24.doi:10.1038/499023aNgohNewilah,G.,Lusty,C.,VandenBergh,I.,Akyeampong,E.,Davey,M.W.,&Tomekpe,K.2008.

EvaluatingbananasandplantainsgrowninCameroonasapotentialsourceofcarotenoids.Food-GlobalScienceBooks,2(2):,135–138.

Davey,M.W.,E.Stals,E.,G.NgohNewilah,G.,K.Tomekpe,K.,C.Lusty,C.,R.Markham,R.,R.Swennen,R.,&J.Keulemans,J.2007.SamplingstrategiesandvariabilityinfruitpulpmicronutrientcontentsinWestandCentralAfricanbananasandplantains(Musaspecies).JournalofAgriculturalandFoodChemistry,55(7):.2633–2644.

Lusty,C.&J.Yuen,J.2005.Documentingthe‘3M’ApproachinGeneticResourcesPolicyInitiative.GRPIworkingpaper.

Oldfield,S.,Lusty,C.&MacKinven,A.1998.Theworldlistofthreatenedtrees.WorldConservationPress.

Otherevidenceofleadership,large-programmanagementanddeliverCoordinatesthecurrentGenebankCRP.CoordinatedandplayedakeyroleinthegenebankcostingstudywhichleadtothepublicationofShands,H.,Hawtin,G.&MacNeil,G.2010.TheCosttotheCGIARCentresofmaintaininganddistributinggermplasm.Alsomanagedormanagedcomponentsofthefollowinglargeprojects:“SecuringtheBiologicalBasisofAgricultureandPromotingNewandFullerUseofCropGeneticResources”fundedbyBillandMelindaGatesFoundation;HarvestPlusChallengeProgrammeinitiativetoaddressmicronutrient-deficiencieswithhigh-provitaminAplantaincultivars;GlobalConservationStrategyforMusa;“ConservationandSustainableManagementofTrees”,fundedbytheGovernmentoftheNetherlands.

RoleintheGenebankPlatformPlatformCoordinator

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Name:AliceMUCHUGI

CurrentpositionandaffiliationsJanuary2014todateGeneticResourceUnitManager,WorldAgroforestryCentre(ICRAF)Nairobi.

ProfileMorethan15years’experienceinresearchonsustainableutilizationandconservationofindigenousplantgeneticresources.Researchmainlyonmorphological,biochemicalandgeneticcharacterizationofplantgermplasm

EmploymentHistory2007–2013:Consultant,GeneticResourceUnitManager,WorldAgroforestryCentre(ICRAF)Nairobi.2002–2013:SeniorLecturer:DeptofBiochemistryandBiotechnology,KenyattaUniversity,Kenya.2001–2002:Lecturer:NairobiTechnicalTrainingInstitute,Kenya

EducationPhDinPopulationGenetics,KenyattaUniversity,KenyaMScinBiotechnology,KenyattaUniversity,KenyaBScinAgriculture,EgertonUniversity,Kenya

Selectedpublications:Makueti,J.T.,Otieno,G.,Tchoundjeu,Z.,Muchugi,A.,Tsobeng,A.,Asaah,E.&Kariba,R.2015.Genetic

diversityofDacryodesedulisprovenancesusedincontrolledbreedingtrials,JournalofPlantBreedingandCropScience,7(12):327–339.DOI:10.5897/JPBCS2015.0511

Gwali,S.,Vaillant,A.,Nakabonge,G.,LamorisOkullo,J.B.,Eilu,G.,Muchugi,A.&Bouvet,J.M.2014.Geneticdiversityinsheatree(Vitellariaparadoxasubspeciesnilotica)ethno-varietiesinUgandaassessedwithmicrosatellitemarkers.Forests,TreesandLivelihoods,24(3):163-175.

Macharia,M.W.,Run,S.,Muchugi,A.&Palapala,V.2014.GeneticstructureanddiversityofEastAfricantaro(ColocasiaesculentaLSchott)AfricanJournalofBiotechnology,13(29):2950–2955.

Russell,J.R.,Hedley,P.E.,Cardle,L.,Dancey,S.,Morris,J.,Booth,A.,Odee,D.,Mwaura,L.,Omondi,W.,Angaine,P.,Machua,J.,Muchugi,A.,Milne,I.,Kindt,R.,Jamnadass,R.&Dawson,I.K.2014.tropiTree:AnNGS-BasedEST-SSRResourcefor24TropicalTreeSpecies.PLoSONE,9(7):e102502.[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102502]

Wanjala,B.W.,Obonyo,M.,Wachira,F.N.,Muchugi,A.,Mulaa,M.,Harvey,J.,Skilton,R.A.,Proud,J.&Hanson,J.2013.GeneticdiversityinNapiergrass(Pennisetumpurpureum)cultivars:implicationsforbreedingandconservation.AoBPLANTS,5:plt022;doi:10.1093/aobpla/plt022

Muchugi,A.,Muluvi,G.M.,Kindt,R.,Kadu,C.A.C.,Simons,A.J.&Jamnadass,R.H.2008.GeneticstructuringofimportantmedicinalspeciesofgenusWarburgiaasrevealedbyAFLPanalysis.TreesGeneticsandGenome,4:787–795.

Muchugi,A.M.,Lengkeek,A.G.,Agufa,C.A.C,Muluvi,G.M.,Njagi,E.N.M.&Dawson,I.K.2006.GeneticvariationinthethreatenedmedicinaltreePrunusafricanainKenyaandCameroon:implicationsforcurrentmanagementandevolutionaryhistory.SouthAfricanJournalofBotany,72:498–506.

Otherevidenceofleadership,large-programmanagementanddeliverICRAFFocalpersonCRPGenebanks(2012–2016),managingGenebankinNairobiandfieldgenebanksinsixregions.ProjectPILakeVictoriaResearch(VicRes)Grant(2008–2011)implementedinKenya,UgandaandTanzania.

RoleintheGenebankPlatformICRAFGenebankManager-Focalpointpersonintheplatform.OverseeactivitiesintheConservationandUseModules.

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Name:Marie-NoëlleNDJIONDJOP

CurrentpositionandaffiliationHeadofGeneticResources,AfricaRiceCenter(AfricaRice),Cotonou,Benin

ProfileScientistandmanagerinagriculturalresearchfordevelopment,withprogressivecareerasPost-Doctoralfellow,AssociatePrincipalScientistandPrincipalScientistatinternationallevels.AttainedDoctorateDegreeinPlantBiologywithemphasisonbiochemistryandmolecularbiology,andwithstrongbackgroundinresearchfordevelopmentinricegeneticresourcesandbiotechnologyforriceimprovement;researchmanagementandcoordination;andleadershipandteammanagement.Receivedthe2005DirectorGeneral’sServiceawardforanimpressivecontributiontoresourcemobilizationandstrengtheningscientificcapacityatTheAfricaRiceCenter(AfricaRice).ReceivedDr.RobertJ.CarskyMemorialAwardinrecognitionofoutstandingserviceandcontributiontotheAfricaRiceCenter(AfricaRice)fortheperiod2011–2012.

Employment2013todate:HeadofGeneticResources(AfricaRice)2012to2013:SeniorMolecularBiologistandGRiSPTheme1LeaderforAfrica(AfricaRice)

EducationPhDinPlantBiology,UniversityofMontpellierMScinNutritioninDevelopingCountries,UniversityofMontpellierMScinMolecularandCellularBiology,UniversityofMontpellierBScinBiochemistryandMolecularBiology,UniversityofMontpellier

Selectedpublications:Numberofpublicationsininternationaljournals:23.Hirschindex(WebofScience):9

Wang,M.,Yu,Y.,Haberer,G.,Marri,P.R.,Fan,C.,Goicoechea,J.L.,Ndjiondjop,M.N.&Wing,R.A.2014.ThegenomesequenceofAfricanrice(Oryzaglaberrima)andevidenceforindependentdomestication.NatureGenetics,46:982–988.

Ndjiondjop,M.N.,Futakuchi,K.,Cisse,F.,Baimey,H.,&Bocco,R.2012.Fieldevaluationofricegenotypesfromthetwocultivatedspecies(OryzasativaL.andOryzaglaberrimaSteud.)andtheirinterspecificsfortolerancetodrought.CropScience,52(2):524–538.[DOI:10.2135/cropsci2011.05.0]

Bocco,R.,Lorieux,M.,Seck,P.A.,Futakuchi,K.,Manneh,B.,Baimey,H.&Ndjiondjop,M.N.2012.Agro-morphologicalcharacterizationofapopulationofintrogressionlinesderivedfromcrossesbetweenIR64(Oryzasativaindica)andTOG5681(Oryzaglaberrima)fordroughttolerance.PlantScience,183:65–76.

Ndjiondjop,M.N.,Manneh,B.,Cissoko,M.,Drame,N.K.,GleleKakai,R.,Bocco,R.,Baimey,H.&Wopereis,M.2010.Droughtresistanceinaninterspecificbackcrosspopulationofrice(Oryzaspp.)derivedfromthecrossWAB56-104(O.sativa)×CG14(O.glaberrima).PlantScience,179:364–373.

Albar,L.,Bangratz,M.,Hébrard,E.,Ndjiondjop,M.N.,Jones,M.P.&Ghesquière,A.2006.MutationsintheeIF(iso)4GtranslationinitiationfactorconferhighresistanceofricetoRiceyellowmottlevirus.PlantJournal,47:417–426.

Otherevidenceofleadership,large-programmanagementanddeliveryIworkedwithseveralprojectsformorethanUS$1.7millionfundedbyTheGenerationChallengeProgramme.3-yearUSAID-fundedprojecttosupportthetrainingofscientistsandyoungstudentsfromNARScountries,andtoinvestinfacilitieswiththeviewtoestablishmolecularbiologylaboratoriesintheNARScountries.

RoleintheGenebankPlatformGenebankmanager.ImplementactivitiesofConservationandUseModules.

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Name:Matija,Obreza

CurrentpositionandaffiliationInformationSystemsManager,GlobalCropDiversityTrust

Profile20yearsofexperienceindesignanddevelopmentofsoftwareapplications.HemovedfromtheprivatesectortoIITAin2007,whereheimplementedaseriesofITsolutions,includingbarcodingthegenebankcollections.MatijajoinedtheCropTrustin2013tomanagedevelopmentofGenesys,theglobaldatabaseonPGRFAmaintainedingenebanksaroundtheworld.SincethenMatija’sroleextendedtoincluderesponsibilityforinternalITsystemsoftheCropTrustaswellasoverseeinginformationneedsofallprojectsimplementedbytheorganization.

Employment2014–2016:InformationSystemsManager,GlobalCropDiversityTrust2013–2014:GenesysIIProjectManager,GlobalCropDiversityTrust2011–2013:SoftwareDeveloper,CELSTEC,OpenUniversiteitNederland2007–2011:SoftwareDevelopmentServiceManager,InternationalInstituteofTropicalAgriculture.

EducationBScinComputerandInformationScience(levelISCED5A)atUniversityofMaribor,Slovenia.

SelectedpublicationsN/A

Otherevidenceofleadership,large-programmanagementanddeliveryN/A

RoleintheGenebankPlatformSoftwaredeveloperandmanagerofGenesys,Backstoppingofinformationmanagementactivitiesinthegenebanks

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Name:ThomasPAYNE

CurrentpositionandaffiliationHead,Wellhausen-AndersonWheatGeneticResourcesCollection;Head,InternationalWheatImprovementNetwork.CIMMYT-Mexico;

ProfileWheatbreeder,pathologistEmployment2005topresent:Head,Wellhausen-AndersonWheatGeneticResourcesCollection.CIMMYT-Mexico.2000topresent:Head,InternationalWheatImprovementNetwork.CIMMYT-Mexico.2003–2005;2009–present:Secretary,CIMMYTBoardofTrustees.2001–2003:Assistant/InterimDirector,WheatProgram.CIMMYT-Mexico..1997–2000:RegionalWheatBreeder/Pathologist.CIMMYT-Ethiopia.1994–1997:TeamLeaderandWheatBreeder.CIMMYT-Zimbabwe.1991–1994:FacultativeandWinterWheatBreeder.CIMMYT-TurkeyandCIMMYT/ICARDA-Syria.

EducationPhD.WinterWheatBreeding.UniversityofNebraska.Major:Agronomy–PlantBreeding.MSc.OatsBreeding.UniversityofMinnesota.Major:PlantBreeding.

SelectedpublicationsPrashantVikram,JorgeFranco,JuanBurgueno-Ferrera,HuihuiLi,and18others.2016.Unlockingthe

geneticdiversityofCreolewheats.2016.NatureScientificReports,6:Articlenumber:23092[doi:10.1038/srep23092].

HuihuiLi,etal.,2015.AhighdensityGBSmapofbreadwheatanditsapplicationfordissectingcomplexdiseaseresistancetraits.BMCGenomics,16:216[DOI10.1186/s12864-015-1424-5]

Sehgal,D.,Vikram,P.,Sansaloni,C.P.,Ortiz,C.,Pierre,C.S.,Payne,T.,Ellis,M.,Amri,A.,Petroli,C.D.,Wenzl,P.&Sukhwinder-Singh.2015.Exploringandmobilizingthegenebankbiodiversityforwheatimprovement.PLoSONE,10(7):e0132112.[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132112]

Vivi,N.,Arief,I.H.,DeLacy,J.C.,,Payne,T.Singh,R.,Braun,H.-J.,Tian,T.,Basford,K.E.&Dieters,M.J.2015.Evaluatingtestingstrategiesforplantbreedingfieldtrials:redesigningaCIMMYTInternationalWheatNursery.CropScience,55:164–177[doi:10.2135/cropsci2014.06.0415]

Hazekamp,Th.Payne,T.S.&SackvilleHamilton,N.R.2014.Assessingriceandwheatgermplasmcollectionsusingsimilaritygroups.GeneticResourcesandCropEvolution,61:841–851[DOI10.1007/s10722-014-0079-4]

Ortiz,R.,etal.,2008.WheatgeneticresourcesenhancementbytheInternationalMaizeandWheatImprovementCenter(CIMMYT).GeneticResourcesandCropEvolution55(7):1095–1140.

Mathews,K.L.,Chapman,S.C.,Trethowan,R.,Pfeiffer,W.,vanGinkel,M.,Crossa,J.,Payne,T.,DeLacy,I.,Fox,P.N.&Cooper,M.2007.GlobaladaptationpatternsofAustralianandCIMMYTspringbreadwheat.TheoreticalandAppliedGenetics,115(6):819–835[DOI10.1007/s00122-007-0611-4]

Trethowan,R.M.,vanGinkel,M.,Ammar,K.,Crossa,J.,Payne,T.S.,Cukadar,B.,Rajaram,S.&Hernandez,E.2003.Associationsamongtwentyyearsofinternationalbreadwheatyieldevaluationenvironments.CropScience,43:1698–1711.

Pretorius,Z.A.,Singh,R.P.,Wagoire,W.W.&Payne.T.S.2000.DetectionofvirulencetowheatstemrustresistancegeneSr31inPucciniagraminisf.sp.triticiinUganda.PlantDisease,84:203.

RoleintheGenebankPlatformGenebankmanager,MemberofExecutiveCommitteeofA15GroupandManagementTeam,Oversee“Frontrunner”positionforGRIN-Globaldevelopmentandadoption.ActivitiesinConservationandUseModules.

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Name:NicolasROUX

CurrentpositionandaffiliationSeniorscientist,GeneticResourcesGroupLeader,BioversityInternational,Montpellier,France.

ProfileMaininterestingeneticresourcesandmorespecificallyintheconservationanduseofvegetativelypropagatedcrops.28yearsexperienceinresearchonbananasandplantains(Musaspp.)fromplanttotissueculture,cellculture,cytogeneticsandDNAsequences.

Employment2003topresent:Seniorscientist,GeneticResourcesGroupLeader,BioversityInternational,Montpellier,France.2002–2003:Consultant,MusaGenomeResourceCentreattheInstituteofExperimentalBotany(IEB),Olomouc,CzechRepublic.1993–2002:ResearchScientist,FAO/IAEALaboratoriesinSeibersdorf,Austria.1990–1993:LaboratorydirectorforAgricarc.a.,HaciendaCarabobo,Caracas,Venezuela.

EducationPhDPlantBotany,PalackyUniversity,Olomouc,CzechRepublic.MScBiotechnology,Horticulture,SuperiorIndustrialInstituteofState,Gembloux,Belgium

SelectedpublicationsKagy,V.,Wong,M.,VandenBroucke,H.,Jenny,C.,Dubois,C.,Ollivier,B.,Cardi,C.,Mournet,P.,Tuia,V.,

Roux,N.,Dolezel,J.&Perrier,X.2016.TraditionalbananadiversityinOceania:anendangeredheritage.PLoSONE,11(3):e0151208[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151208]

Čížková,J.,Hřibová,E.,Christelová,P.,VandenHouwe,I.,Häkkinen,M.,Roux,N.,Swennen,R.&Doezel,J.2015.MolecularandcytogeneticcharacterizationofwildMusaspecies.PLoSONE,10(8):e0134096.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134096

Cenci,A.,Guignon,V.,Roux,N.&Rouard,M.2014.GenomicanalysisofNACtranscriptionfactorsinbanana(Musaacuminata)anddefinitionofNACorthologousgroupsformonocotsanddicots.PlantMolecularBiology,85(1-2):63–80.

Hribova,E.,Christelova,P.,Roux,N.&Dolezel,J.2013.AsimpleandrobustapproachforgenotypinginMusaceae.ActaHorticulturae,no.986:241–246.

D'Hont,A.,Denoeud,F.,Aury,J.M.,Baurens,F.C.,Carreel,F.,Garsmeur,O.,Noel,B.,Bocs,S.,Droc,G.,Rouard,M.&Roux,N.2012.Thebanana(Musaacuminata)genomeandtheevolutionofmonocotyled-onousplants.Nature,488(7410):213–217.http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11241

Otherevidenceofleadership,large-programmanagementanddeliveryLeadingtheMusaGeneticResourcesGroupatBioversityInternational,MusaNetCoordinator,GMGCCoordinator,GeneticResourcesThemeLeader(Theme1)ofRoots,TubersandBananas(RTB)CRPduringPhase1.

RoleintheGenebankPlatformFocalpointforBioversityInternational.RoleinConservationandUseModules.Cryopreservation,genomicstogenebanks,newmethodsforvirusindexingandsanitation.

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Name:HariDeoUPADHYAYA

CurrentpositionandaffiliationHead,Genebank,andPrincipalScientist,ICRISAT,Patancheru,India

ProfileExperience:18years(1997topresent)asgeneticresourcesspecialistand24yearsasgroundnutbreederatICRISATPatancheru,India.

Employment:2009topresent:PrincipalScientistandHead/Director(Genebank),ICRISAT,Patancheru,India2010–2013:AssistantDirector,GrainLegumesResearchProgram,ICRISAT,Patancheru,India1991topresent:SeniorGroundnutBreeder,ICRISAT,Patancheru,India1987–1991:OilseedBreeder,andHeadofOilseedProject,Univ.Agric.Sci.,Dharwad,India

EducationPhD,PlantBreeding,GBPantUniv.Agric.Technology,Pantnagar,IndiaMSc,PlantBreeding,GBPantUniv.Agric.Technology,Pantnagar,India

SelectedpublicationsUpadhyaya,H.D.,Bajaj,D.Naroliya,L.Das,S.VinodKumar,C.L.L.Gowda,S.Sharma,A.Tyagi,andS.K.

Parida.2016.Genome-widescansfordelineationofcandidategenesregulatingseed-proteincontentinchickpea.FrontiersinPlantScience,7:302.

Upadhyaya,H.D.,S.L.Dwivedi,S.Singh,K.L.Sahrawat,andS.K.Singh.2016.Geneticvariationandpost-floweringdroughteffectsonseedironandzincinICRISATsorghumminicorecollection.CropScience.56,374-384.

Lasky,J.R.,Upadhyaya,H.D.,Ramu,P.,Deshpande,S.,Hash,C.T.,Bonnette,J.,Juenger,T.E.,Hyma,K.,Acharya,C.,Mitchell,S.E.,Buckler,E.S.,Brenton,Z.,Kresovich,S.&Morris.G.P.2015.Genome-environmentassociationsinsorghumlandracespredictadaptivetraits.ScienceAdvances

Kujur,A.,Bajaj,D.,Upadhyaya,H.D.,Das,S.,Ranjan,R.,Shree,T.,Saxena,M.,Badoni,S.,Kumar,V.,Tripathy,S.Gowda,C.L.L.Sharma,S.Singh,S.Tyagi,A.&ParidaS.2015.Agenome-wideSNPscanacceleratestrait-regulatorygenomiclociidentificationinchickpea.NatureScientificReports,5:11166

Westengen,O.T.,Okongo,M.A.Onek,L.Berg,T.Upadhyaya,H.D.Birkeland,SKhalsa,.S.D.K.Kristoffer,H.K.H.Ring,N.C.Stenseth,andA.K.Brysting.2014.EthnolinguisticstructuringofsorghumgeneticdiversityinAfricaandtheroleoflocalseedsystems.PNAS111:14100–14105.

Morris,G.P.,Ramu,P.,Deshpande,S.P.,Hash,C.T.,Shah,T.,Upadhyaya,H.D.,Riera-Lizarazu,O.,Brown,P.J.,Acharya,C.B.,Mitchell,S.E.,Harriman,J.,Glaubitz,J.C.,Buckler,E.S.&Kresovich.S.2013.Populationgenomicsandgenome-wideassociationstudiesofagroclimatictraitsinsorghum.PNAS110:453–458.

Upadhyaya,H.D.,Dronavalli,N.,Dwivedi,S.L.,Kashiwagi,J.,Krishnamurthy,L.,Pande,S.,Sharma,H.C.,Vadez,V.,Singh,S.,Varshney,R.K.&Gowda,C.L.L.2013.Mini-corecollectionasaresourceforidentifyingnewsourcesofvariation.CropScience,53:2506–2517.

Otherevidenceofleadership,large-programmanagementanddeliveryAsAssistantResearchProgramDirector,GrainLegumes,providedcriticalsupportinmanagingglobalresearchprogramonGrainLegumesatICRISAT:ImplementedGPGprojectsandupgradedgenebankfacilityatPatancheruandregionalgenebanksinAfrica;BMZ/GTZprojectpromotingon-farmconservationandutilizationAsia(india)andAfrica(Kenya,Tanzania,Uganda).

RoleintheGenebankPlatformHeadofICRISATgenebank,implementtheactivitiesatthemaingenebankatPatancheru,IndiaandthreeregionalgenebanksinAfricaandimplementactivitiesofConservationandUseModules,assistinmanagementoftheGenebankPlatform.

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Name:PeterWENZL

CurrentpositionandaffiliationIncomingGeneticResourcesProgramLeader,CIAT,Colombia

ProfileCharacterizationofgeneticresourcestoidentifyandmobilizenovelvariationthatacceleratesgeneticgainsinbreedingprograms.Genotypingserviceprovision;configurationofgenotypingassaysforavarietyofpurposes.Informationmanagementattheinterfacebetweengenebanksandbreedingprograms.

Employment2015–2016:DivSeekLiaison,GlobalCropDiversityTrust,Germany2010–2014:Leader,SeedsofDiscovery(SeeD)Project,CIMMYT,Mexico2009–2010:Manager,CropInformaticsTeam,CIMMYT,Mexico2002–2009:PrincipalScientist,DiversityArraysTechnology(DArT)Pty.Ltd.,Australia

EducationPhD,PlantPhysiology&Genetics,UniversityofVienna,AustriaMSc,BiochemistryandBiophysics,UniversityofVienna,Austria

SelectedpublicationsSehgal,D.,Vikram,P.,Sansaloni,C.P.,Ortiz,C.,Pierre,C.S.,Payne,T.,Ellis,M.,Amri,A.,Petroli,C.D.,Wenzl,

P.&Singh,S.2015.Exploringandmobilizingthegenebankbiodiversityforwheatimprovement.PLoSONE,10:e0132112

McCouch,S.etal.2013.Feedingthefuture.Nature,499:23–24.Bedo,J.,Wenzl,P.,Kowalczyk,A.&Kilian,A.2008.Precision-mappingandstatisticalvalidationof

quantitativetraitlocibymachinelearning.BMCGenetics,9:35.Wenzl,P.,Raman,H.,Wang,J.,Zhou,M.,Huttner,E.&Kilian,A.2007.ADArTplatformforquantitative

bulkedsegregantanalysis.BMCGenomics,8:196.Wenzl,P.,Carling,J.,Kudrna,D.,Jaccoud,D.,Huttner,E.,Kleinhofs,A.&Kilian,A2004.Diversityarrays

technology(DArT)forwhole-genomeprofilingofbarley.ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,101:9915–9920.

Otherevidenceofleadership,large-programmanagementanddeliveryLedCIMMYT’sSeeDprojectteamof15IRSandca.70staffoverall;SeeDsystematicallyidentifiesandmobilizesusefulgeneticvariationingenebanksintomaizeandwheatbreedingprograms.Substantiallycontributedtothestart-upandsuccessofabiotechcompanythatprovideshigh-throughputgenotypingandinformaticsservicestoplantbreedersandresearchers.CompletedtheEmergingLeadersTrainingProgram,ThunderbirdSchoolofGlobalManagement,ArizonaStateUniversity,Phoenix,USA.

RoleintheGenebankPlatform(a)contributetodevisingstrategiestoincorporategenotypingforquality-controlpurposesinthe

ConservationModule;(b)contributetoshapingtheUseModule,particularlybyforminginterfacesto‘genomics-of-genebanks’

projects;(c)actasliaisontotheGeneticGainsPlatform

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Annex4.InteractionsbetweentheGenebankPlatform,CRPsandotherusers

The table below summarizes the interactions between the Genebank Platform and the Agri-FoodSystemCRPs,GlobalIntegratingCRPs,otherPlatformsandoutsideusers.ThetablelistsactivitiesbytheGenebankPlatformthatcontributebenefits to theCRPs/Platforms/userandbenefits receivedbytheGenebankPlatformfromtheactivitiesofthesameCRPs/Platforms/users.ThetablecombinesinformationfromthesharedCRPdraftproposalsandtheGenebankPlatformproposal.DiscussionsconcerningintegrationbetweenCRPsandPlatformshavebeenadhocuntilnow.Furtheriterationsandfine-tuningwillberequired,basedonone-to-oneinteractionswitheachCRPandPlatform,onceallproposalshavebeenfinalized.

CRP

ConservationModule:Supportandimproveessentialgenebankoperations

UseModule:Empowereffectiveuseofgeneticresources

PolicyModule:Engageingeneticresourcespolicydevelopmentandcompliance

Comments

AgrifoodSystemsCRPs

DCL

Contributes:Sourceandrepositoryofgermplasmanddata.

Capacitystrengthening.

Receives:

Noveltraitandallelecreation(FP2).

Developandtestfarmerpreferredvarieties(FP3).

SOPsfornurseryresearchandseedhealthmaintenance(FP4).

Contributes:Developanddelivertoolsandservicesforusers,suchassubsetsofgermplasmbasedonprioritiesandneedssetbytheprimaryusers.

Improveddatatopromoteuseofdiversity

Receives:

Varietydeploymentmanagementsystemsandphenotypingplatform(FP3).

Innovationstomanageabioticandbioticstressestofacilitateaccessanduse(FP4).

Contributes:

Assistancedealingwithgeneticresourcesaccessandbenefit-sharingissues(underITPGRFA,NagoyaProtocol,etc)

Opportunitiesforcoordinatedengagementininternationalgeneticresourcespolicymakingprocesses

Contributes&Receives:

SpecificlinkwithDCLFP3(Variety&hybriddevelopment)regardingaccesstogeneticmaterialandPGR-relatedknowledgeandFP4,regardingthedevelopmentofguidelinesonrestorationmethodsbasedongeneticdiversityandlocallyadaptedvarieties.

LinkswithFP2(Pre-breedingandtraitdiscovery),FP3(Variety&hybriddevelopment)andFP4(Integratedlandwaterandcropmanagement).

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CRP




Comments

Receives:

InformationonCRP’sexperiencesunderdifferentpolicyframeworks.

FTA

Contributes:

Sourceandrepositoryofgermplasmanddata.

Feedbackongermplasmevaluation.

Collaborationoncollectingwheretherearethreatstoinsituconservedtreegeneticresources.


Receives:

Treegeneticresources.

Contributes:

Developanddelivertoolsandservicesforusers,suchassubsetsofgermplasmbasedonprioritiesandneedssetbytheprimaryusers.


Receives:

Flowbackofinformationonuseofaccessions

Contributes:

Assistancedealingwithgeneticresourcesaccessandbenefit-sharingissues(underITPGRFA,NagoyaProtocol,etc.).

Opportunitiesforcoordinatedengagementininternationalgeneticresourcespolicymakingprocesses.


SpecificlinkagewithFP1whichtacklesPGRpolicyissuesatlocal,nationalandinternationalscales.

Receives:


MainlyworkingwithFP1:Treegeneticresourcestobridgeproductiongapsandpromoteresilience.

Livestock

Contributes:Sourceandrepositoryofforagegermplasmanddata.


Receives:

Contributes:



Contributes:


Opportunitiesforcoordinated

KeycollaboratorwillbeFP3:AnimalFeedsandForages

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CRP




Comments

Knowledgeaboututilizationofgeneticresources.

Frameworkforenhanceduseofforageseedmaterial.

Database&informationmanagement.

Receives:Flowbackofinformationonuseofaccessions

Flowbackofinformationonuseofaccessions

engagementininternationalgeneticresourcespolicymakingprocesses

Receives:


Maize



Receives:

Characterizationandexplorationofthegenomicdiversityofmaizetoidentifyanddevelopgeneticdiversityforusebybreedingprograms(FP2).

Contributes:



Receives:

Toolsforphenotypingandgenotypingmaizegermplasmforunlockingusefultraits,andutilizinggeneticresourcesinbreedingfortargettraits(FP3).

Databasemanagement/decisionsupportsystems(FP2).

Contributes:

Resourcesandsupporttodealwithgeneticresourcesaccessandbenefit-sharingissues(underITPGRFA,NagoyaProtocol,etc.).


Receives:


Strongermaizeseedsystems(FP3).

KeycollaboratorsareFP2:NoveldiversityandtoolstoincreasegeneticgainsandFP3:Stresstolerantandnutritiousmaize.

Rice

Contributes:Sourceandrepositoryofgermplasmanddatatoincreasethediversityusedinbreedingactivities.

Contributes:


Contributes:

Assistancedealingwithgeneticresourcesaccessandbenefitsharingissues(underITPGRFA,NagoyaProtocol,etc.).

KeypartnersareFP4:GlobalRiceArrayandFP5:Newricevarieties.

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CRP




Comments


Receives:

LinktotheInternationalRiceInformaticsConsortium(IRIC)(FP5).

Useofstoredriceseeds(FP5).

Knowledgeandadviceabouthealthandlongevityofstoredseeds(FP5).


Receives:

Dataintegrationplatformtostoreandanalyselargedatasetgeneratedfromphenotypingandgenotyping.

Knowledgeoftraitsandgenesfordifferentclimateconditions(FP4)

Physicalphenotypingplatform(FP5).


Receives:


RTB

Contributes:Sourceandrepositoryofhealthyclonalgeneticresourcesanddata.



Receives:

Enhancedandcharacterizedgeneticdiversity(FP1).

Methodsformoreefficient,cost–effectiveandsecuremethodsforexsitu

Contributes:



Frameworkforenhanceduseofclonalmaterial.


Receives:

Molecularandphenotypiccharacterizationofmaterial,includingCWR

Contributes:



CollaborationtoinfluencechangesinpolicyandregulatoryframeworksforenhancingconservationandsafeexchangeofRTBgeneticdiversity.

CollaborationmainlythroughRTBFP1:DiscoveryresearchforenhancedutilizationofRTBgeneticresources;toalesserextentFP2:AdaptedproductivevarietiesandqualityseedofRTBcropsarekeycollaborators(forpre-breedingactivities).

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CRP




Comments

conservation(FP1).

Markersystemstomonitorgeneticintegrity(FP1).

Strengthenedseedproductiontechnologies,seedqualitycontrolandimproveddiseasediagnostics(FP2).

(FP1).

Wheat



Receives:

Newknowledge,dataperaccession(FP2&3).

Efficientseeddeliverysystems(FP3).


JointlyensureinternationalgermplasmexchangeanduseofPGRFAbyresearchers(FP2&3).

Contributes:



Frameworkforenhanceduseofgeneticmaterial.


Receives:

Developingofphenotypingnetwork(FP2&3).

Contributes:



Receives:


KeyinteractionwithFP2:NoveldiversityandtoolsforimprovinggeneticgainsandbreedingandFP3:Bettervarietiesreachfarmersfaster.

GlobalIntegratingCRPs

A4NHContributes:

Sourceandrepositoryof

Nodirectlinks;willlinkthroughappropriateAFSCRPs.

Nodirectlinks.

Module1willlinkwithA4NHFP1:Biofortificationin

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CRP




Comments

germplasmanddata.


Receives:

Contributiontothegeneticcharacterizationofstaplecropsandunder-utilizedplantgeneticresources.

thegeneticcharacterizationofPGR.

CCAFS




Jointcasestudies,foresightactivities,analysesofglobalmovementsandusesofgeneticresourcesforclimatechangeadaptationandmitigationandrelatedpolicyframeworks,andeconomicanalysisinCCAFSCoA1.3.

LinkspecificallybetweenPolicyModuleandCCAFSFP1:‘Prioritiesandpoliciesforclimate-smartagriculture’.

PIMNodirectlinks.

Nodirectlinks.

ProvidesandReceives:

Researchpartnershipassessingtheimpactsofchangesintheglobalpolicylandscapegoverningtheconservation,exchange,anduseofgeneticresourcesforfoodandagriculture,particularlyfornationalresearchsystems.

InteractionmainlythroughthePolicyModulewithPIMFP1:Flagship1,Cluster1.2on‘Technologicalinnovationandsustainableintensification:Sciencepolicyandinnovationsystemsforsustainableintensification’andFP5:GovernanceofNaturalResources

WLE Nodirectlinks. Nodirectlinks. Nodirectlinks.

Platforms

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CRP




Comments

GeneticGains

Contributes:


Informationonworkflows(GGPM2).


InteractionwithGGPM3(Genotyping/sequencingtools&services)andM4(“Phenotypingtools&services”)insupportofseedcharacterizationandautomation.

Contributes:

Integrationoftooldevelopmentandserviceprovision.

Jointworkshopsandonlinemeetingstoavoidduplicationofeffortsandtoenhancecross-compatibilityoftools.Specifically,coordinationwithGGPmodules1(“Breedingprogramexcellence”)and5(“Bioinformaticsanddatamanagementtools&services”).

Receives:

Toolsthatfacilitategermplasmuse(fromGGPM5).

Contributes:


Opportunitiesforcoordinatedengagementininternationalgeneticresourcespolicymakingprocesses

Receives:

Informationonplatform’sexperiencesunderdifferentpolicyframeworks.

Linksprovidedthroughrepresentationinthemoduleexpertadvisorygroups.

BigData

Contributes:

TBD

Receives:

TBD

Contributes:

Integrationoftooldevelopmentandserviceprovision.

Jointworkshopsandonlinemeetingstoavoidduplicationofeffortsandtoenhancecross-compatibilityoftools.

Receives:

TBD

Nodirectlinks.

UsersoutsideCGIAR

NARS,universities

Contributes:


Contributes:

Developanddelivertoolsandservicesforusers,suchassubsetsofgermplasmbasedon

Contributes:

CapacitybuildingforcomplianceandimplementationoftheITPGRFAandother

TherewillberepresentativesofNARSinMultistakeholderPGRPolicyGroup.

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CRP




Comments

Safekeepingofsafetyduplicates.

Backstopping&supportfornationalphytosanitaryagencies.

Capacitystrengthening(phytosanitaryprocedures,genebankoperations,seedlongevity,QMS,datamanagement,collecting).

Receives:


Partnershipindiversitystudies,collecting,capacitydevelopment,certainservices(e.g.regeneration,disease-indexing)forsomecrops.

prioritiesandneedssetbytheprimaryusers.


Capacitybuilding(datamanagementtopromotetheuseofdiversity,Genesys).

Receives:

LinkswillgenerallybethroughAFSCRPs,althoughforseveralCentersandcrops,especiallythosenotcoveredbyAFS-CRPs,therearedirectlinkswithusersingeneratingcharacterization/

evaluationdata.

geneticresourcespoliciesandlaws.

Contributes&

Receives:Knowledgeexchange.

CapacitybuildingforimplementingtheITPGRFA.

Farmergroups

Contributes:


Receives:

Partnershipsincollecting.

Contributes:



Contributes&

Receives:

Knowledgeexchange.

Directlinkswithfarmers/farmergroupswilllikelyberareandusuallythroughtheCRPs;theyareoftentheresultofhistoricallinksandprojects.

Therewillbefarmerrepresentativesin

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CRP




Comments

Sourceofgermplasmanddata.

Somespecialrelationshipslinkingtoinsituconservation.

Receives:

LinkswillgenerallybethroughAFSCRPs,althoughforseveralCentersandcrops,especiallythosenotcoveredbyAFS-CRPs,theremaybedirectlinkswithusersingeneratingcharacterization/

evaluationdata.

MultistakeholderPGRPolicyGroup.

PrivateSector

Contributes:

Sourceandrepositoryofgermplasm.

Receives:

ExchangeofPGRFA.

LinkswillgenerallybethroughAFSCRPs,althoughforseveralCentersandcrops,especiallythosenotcoveredbyAFS-CRPs,theremaybedirectlinkswithusersingeneratingcharacterization/

evaluationdata.

Contributes&

Receives:

Knowledgeexchange

TherewillberepresentativesofPSinMultistakeholderPGRPolicyGroup.

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Annex5a.IntellectualAssetmanagement

ThePlatform’smanagementofgeneticresourceswillcomplywiththeCGIARPrinciplesontheManagementofIntellectualAssets(CGIARIAPrinciples)ingeneral,andarticle4.2inparticular,whichstates:

“FacilitatedaccesstoPlantGeneticResourcesforFoodandAgriculturewithinthepurviewoftheTreatyshallbeprovidedinaccordancewiththeTreatyandtheseCGIARIAPrinciples.Inaddition,theacquisitionortransferofanyothergeneticresourcesbytheCentersshallbeconductedinaccordancewithallapplicablelawsincludingthoseimplementingtheCBD,aswellastheseCGIARIAPrinciples.”

Inthisquotation,‘Treaty’referstotheInternationalTreatyonPlantGeneticResourcesforFoodandAgriculture(ITPGRFA).TheelevenCGIARCentershostinginternationalcollectionsof‘intrust’PGRFA(pursuant to their 1994 In Trust Agreements with FAO) signed agreements in 2006 with theGoverning Body of the ITPGRFA (pursuant to its Article 15) placing those collections under theITPGRFA’s framework. (Full texts of those agreements are available on the ITPGRFA’s website.)Following these agreements,which came into force in January 2007, each Center ‘recognizes theauthorityoftheGoverningBodytoprovidepolicyguidancerelatingtoexsitucollectionsheldbyitandsubjecttotheprovisionsoftheTreaty.’Furthermore,theCGIARCentersundertaketomake‘intrust’ germplasm available to recipients using the standard material transfer agreement (SMTA)adoptedbytheGoverningBodyin2006.TheywillalsousetheSMTAtoredistributematerialsthattheyreceiveafterJanuary2007,undertheSMTAoranyformoftransferagreementthatallowstheCentertodoso.

Onoccasion,theCGIARgenebanksmaytransfergermplasmthathasbeenimprovedbytheCentersandwhich incorporatesmaterials received from themultilateral system (definedas ‘PGRFAunderDevelopment’inArticle2ofSMTA).Insuchcases,thegenebankswillusetheSMTAfortransferringsuchmaterials,thoughtheymayaddconditions,aspermittedundertheSMTAparagraph6.6.Anysuchadditionalconditionswillalsobeinconformitywithsection6oftheCGIARIAPrinciples,whichestablishes the conditions under which CGIAR Centers may enter into ‘limited exclusivity’, and‘restrictive use’ agreements for the transfer of Centers’ intellectual assets. The genebanks willreport to the Governing Body information on all their SMTA transfers, following instructionsprovidedbytheGoverningBody.

NewcollectingofgeneticresourcesbytheCGIARCenterswillbeincompliancewithapplicablelaws,includingdomesticlawsimplementingtheITPGRFA,theConventiononBiologicalDiversity,andtheNagoyaProtocolonaccessandbenefitsharing.

EachparticipatingCenterwillenlisttheparticipationofitsIntellectualPropertyFocalPoint(IPFocalPoint) to make plans for, and monitor, its intellectual asset management practices under theGenebank Platform. The IP Focal Points will report upon those practices in their annual CenterIntellectualAssetsReporttotheConsortiumOffice,asrequiredunderparagraph10.1.2oftheCGIARIAPrinciples.CompliancewiththeIAPrincipleswillbemonitoredthroughthePlatformManagementTeamandlinkedtothetrackingofoutputs/deliverables.WherethePlatformManagementTeamhasconcerns, itwilladdressthePlatformscientistsandrelevantCenter IP focalpointsdirectly.Whereconcernspersist, thePlatformCoordinatorwillalert theCGIARGeneralLegalCounselandrequestadvice and assistance. Full compliance with the CGIAR IA Principles and the genebanks’

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commitments pursuant to their 2006 agreements with the Governing Body will be included inpartnershipcontractsunderthisPlatform.Annex5b.OpenAccessmanagement

The platform will ensure that all of its information products are made publicly available inconformitywiththeCGIAROpenAccessandDataManagementPolicy(OAPolicy)andalsowiththeexpectations under the ITPGRFA (Articles 13.2.a, 17; SMTA 6.9) that non-confidential informationabout materials in the multilateral system will be made available through a global informationsystem. Research papers, policy briefs, conservation protocols, training materials, writtensubmissionstointernationalpolicyfora,willbemadepubliclyavailablethroughthePlatforms’ownwebsiteorpublicationinopenaccessjournals.Softwareandwebtoolswillbemadeavailableunderopenaccesslicenses.

All CGIAR genebanksmake their data publicly available and searchable, as part of the strategy topromotemore effective use. Genesys provides a common portal for access to information on allCGIAR accessions and is recognized as an element of the ITPGRFA’s Global Information System(GLIS). It collates data from international and national genebanks into a single, public, searchabledatabaseunderasignedagreementwitheachdataprovider,whichstatesthatprovidersshouldonlyprovide data that can be made publicly available globally through Genesys or other databases.GenesysisbeingmanagedanddevelopedbytheGlobalCropDiversityTrustundertheguidanceofadedicated Advisory Committee. The ‘Conservation’ and ‘Use’ Modules will contribute to theenhanced functioning of Genesys, and develop new tools and methods for sharing, associating,harvestingandvisualizingaccession-leveldata.

Data collected as part of policy-linked research (for example, trends in Centers’ and partners’acquisitions, distributions, and uses of genetic resources, data, and traditional knowledge, underdifferentpolicyregimes)willbemadeavailableinconformitywiththeOAPolicy.

The Platform will institutionalize the same processes for ensuring compliance with open accessstandardsasforintellectualassetsstandards.ThePlatformManagementTeamwillassumeultimateresponsibility for ensuring that the Platform complies with OA Policy and ITPGRFA-relatedexpectations. Intellectual Property Focal Points of participating Centers will assist in planning,monitoring, and reporting their Centers’ open access practices under the Platform; theywill alsomeet together (virtually) to discuss best practices and identify challenges for the Platform as awhole. The Modules will submit annual reports to the Platform Coordinator concerning theirinformationproductsandtheirmanagementofthemconsistentwiththeiropenaccessobligations.

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Annex6.References

Bantilan,M.C.S.&Joshi,P.K.1996.Returnstoresearchanddiffusioninvestmentsonwiltresistance

inPigeonpea.ICRISATImpactSeries,no.1.Brush,S.B.(2004)Farmers’Bounty:LocatingCropDiversityintheContemporaryWorld.Yale

UniversityPress.FAO.2014.GenebankStandardsforPlantGeneticResourcesforFoodandAgriculture.Rev.ed.

Rome.Galluzzi,G.,Halewood,M.,Noriega,I.L.&Vernooy,R.2015.Twenty-fiveyearsofinternational

exchangesofplantgeneticresourcesfacilitatedbytheCGIARgenebanks:acasestudyoninternationalinterdependence.ITPGRFAResearchStudy,No.9.

Halewood,M.,Sood,R.,SackvilleHamilton,R.,Amri,A.,VandenHouwe,I.,Roux,N.,Dumet,D.,Hanson,J.,Upadhyaya,H.D.,Jorge,A.&Tay,D.2013.Changingratesofacquisitionofplantgeneticresourcesbyinternationalgenebanks:settingthescenetomonitoranimpactoftheInternationalTreaty.In:M.Halewood,I.LopezNoriegaandS.Louafi.(eds).CropGeneticResourcesasaGlobalCommons:Challengesininternationalgovernanceandlaw.Routledge,Oxon,UK.

Heisey,P.&Day-Rubenstein,K.2015.UsingCropGeneticResourcestoHelpAgricultureAdapttoClimateChange:EconomicsandPolicy.USDA-ERSEconomicInformationBulletin,No.139.

Khoury,C.2016.Perscomm.LópezNoriega,I.,Halewood,M.,Galluzzi,G.,Vernooy,R.,Bertacchini,E.,Gauchan,D.&Welch,E.

2013.HowPoliciesaffecttheuseofplantgeneticresources:TheexperienceoftheCGIAR.Resources,2(3):231–269.

McCouch,S.R.,McNally,K.L.,Wang,W.&SackvilleHamilton,R.2012.Genomicsofgenebanks:acasestudyinrice.AmericanJournalofBotany,99(2):407–423.

Johnson,N.L.,Pachico,D.&Wortmann,C.S.2003.TheimpactofCIAT’sgeneticimprovementresearchonbeans.In:CropVarietyImprovementandItsEffectonProductivity;TheImpactofInternationalAgriculturalResearch.CABIPublishing.

Robinson,J.&Srinivasan,C.2013.Case-studiesontheimpactofgermplasmcollection,conservation,characterizationandevaluation(GCCCE).SPIA-CGIAR.

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Annex7.Abbreviations

A15A4NH

Article15GroupofgenebankmanagersAgricultureforNutritionandHealthCRP

ABS accessandbenefitsharing

AFS-CRP Agri-foodSystemCRP

API applicationprogramminginterface

AVRDCBioversityCBD

TheWorldVegetableCenter,TaiwanBioversityInternational,RomeConventiononBiologicalDiversity

CCAFS ClimateChange,AgricultureandFoodSecurityCRP

CGN CentreforGeneticResources,theNetherlands

CGRFA CommissiononGeneticResourcesforFoodandAgriculture,FAO

CIATCIMMYTCIPCLIPNet

InternationalCenterforTropicalAgriculture,ColombiaInternationalMaizeandWheatImprovementCenter,MexicoInternationalPotatoCenter,PeruCenters’IPFocalPointsNetwork

CoP communityofpractice

CRISPR clusteredregularly-interspacedshortpalindromicrepeats

CRISPR/cas9 CRISPR-associatedendonuclease

CropTrust GlobalCropDiversityTrust

CRP CGIARresearchprogram

CWR cropwildrelative(s)

DOIEB

digitalobjectidentifiersExecutiveBoard

EMBRAPAFAC

EmpresaBrasilieradePesquisaAgropecuária,BrazilFinanceandAdministrationCommittee,CropTrust

FAO FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations

FC FundCouncil,CGIAR

FIGS FocusedIdentificationofGermplasmStrategy

FTA Forests,TreesandAgroforestryCRP

G×E geneticbyenvironment[interaction]

GFAR GlobalForumonAgriculturalResearch,Rome

GHU germplasmhealthunit

GIS geographicalinformationsystem

GIZ DeutscheGesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeitGmbh.,

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Germany

GLIS GlobalInformationSystemoftheITPGRFA

GOAL genebankoperationsandadvancelearning

GOBII GenomicandOpensourceBreedingInformaticsInitiative

GPG2GRIN

GlobalPublicGoodsproject2ndphase(BioversityInternationalcoordinated)GeneticResourcesInformationNetwork

GRPC GeneticResourcesPolicyCommittee

GWAS genome-wideassociationstudy

IA intellectualasset(s)

IAC IndependentAdvisoryCommittee,GenebankPlatform

ICARDAICRAFICRISAT

InternationalCenterforAgriculturalResearchintheDryAreas,LebanonWorldAgroforestryCenter,KenyaInternationalCropsResearchInstitutefortheSemi-AridTropics,India

IDOIITAILRIIP

intermediatedevelopmentoutcomeInternationalInstituteofTropicalAgriculture,NigeriaInternationalLivestockResearchInstitute,Kenyaintellectualproperty

IPPC InternationalPlantProtectionConvention,FAO

IPK Leibniz-InstitutfürPflanzengenetikundKulturpflanzenforschung,Germany

IPR intellectualpropertyright

IRRIITPGRFA

InternationalRiceResearchInstitute,thePhilippinesInternationalTreatyonPlantGeneticResourcesforFoodandAgriculture,FAO

MSBMT

MillenniumSeedBank,UKManagementTeam,GenebankPlatform

NARS nationalagriculturalresearchsystem(s)

NBPGRNGOOA

NationalBureauofPlantGeneticResources,Indianon-governmentalorganizationopenaccess

ORT onlinereportingtool

PGR plantgeneticresources

PGRFA plantgeneticresourcesforfoodandagriculture

PUI persistentuniqueidentifier

RDAQMS

RuralDevelopmentAdministration,RepublicofKoreaqualitymanagementsystem

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SGRP SystemwideGeneticResourcesProgram

SGSV SvalbardGlobalSeedVault,Norway

SINGER SystemwideInformationNetworkonGeneticResources

SLO systemleveloutcome

SMTA standardmaterialtransferagreement

SNP Single-nucleotidepolymorphism

SOP standardoperatingprocedure

SPCSRF

SecretariatofthePacificCommunity,NewCaledoniaStrategyandResultsFramework,CGIAR

UPOV InternationalUnionfortheProtectionofNewVarietiesofPlants,Switzerland

USDA UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture

Platz der Vereinten Nationen 753113 Bonn, Germany

+49 228 85427 122+49 228 85427 144

[email protected]

Genebanks Platform Full Proposal - CGIAR Genebank Platform

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