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by: Lanny Hartanti
Gene Expression &Regulation
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Summary
A.Gene Expression Translation
Transcription A biochemical Model
B. Gene Regulation Repressor
Activator Feedback Control Models for gene regulation network
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DNA and RNA have a backboneof sugar - phosphate
DNA
RNA
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DNA is stored in the Nucleus
Each DNA molecule is a
Chromosome
Number of chromosomes
varies for each species
A DNA molecule has sectionsthat code for a protein
called Genes
Gene protein
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Gene Expression
Gene is just a small part of DNA. The gene expressionfollows the process of:
DNA RNA Protein
Gene expression shows big difference betweenprokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Most of the
models of gene networks proposed in literatureare for prokaryotic cells.
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Transcription
Transcription from DNA toRNA is based on the base pair.However RNA doesnt have T, instead it has U,
which pairs with Ajust as T does.
RNA is an intermediarybetween DNA and Protein
mRNA carries the information onhow to make a proteinfrom nucleus to ribosome
Other RNAs involved in proteinsynthesis: tRNA and rRNA
How is the information convertedfrom DNA to RNA to protein?
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e expression involves two steps
TranscriptionWhat happens?
Where does it takeplace?
Translation
What happens?
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Transcription: from DNA to mRNA
The Parts involved:A (only one side is the template)
le nucleotides (to make the new mRNA)
NA polymerase (enzyme)
Product: mRNA
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After transcription and before translation,mRNA needs to be edited
Capping and tailingadds extra nucleotides
RNA splicingcut and paste
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Translation: from mRNA to protein
The parts involved:
mRNAtRNARibosomes (rRNA)amino acids (attached totRNA)
The processInitiationElongation
Codon recognitionPeptide bondformation
TranslocationTermination
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Regulation of Gene Expression
Internal Regulation: Control
takes place during many stepsof gene expression
Valve = regulation step
During each regulation step:
If necessary molecules(usually other proteins) arenot present, valve is not openand process stops
Most important step is transcription
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Transcription factors are a group ofproteinsthat control transcription step
Transcriptionfactors turngenes on byttaching to enhancers
Making it easier forRNA polymerase tobindto DNA and begin
transcription
What happens
if there are no
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External Regulation:
signals from the outside control geneexpression
1. Signal molecule (likehormone)
produced by anothercell
2. it binds to receptor proteinsin cell
membrane3-4. This starts a signaltransduction pathwayseries ofmolecular changes thatconverts a signal into a response
This pathway activates atranscription factorallows transcription of DNA into RNA
And translation of RNA into protein
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REGULASI TINGKAT GEN
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THANK
YOU