Framework on Gender, Climate Change, and Nutrition (GCAN) Elizabeth Bryan ([email protected]) with Sophie Theis, Jowel Choufani, Alex De Pinto, Ruth Meinzen-Dick, and Claudia Ringler Environment and Production Technology Division International Food Policy Research Institute
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Gender-Sensitive, Climate-Smart Agriculture for Improved Nutrition in Africa South of the Sahara
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• Ensure social inclusion and gender equality: who is adopting and benefitting from CSA and who is not?
• Mitigate potential harm: how can we catch and reduce unintended negative consequences related to gender and nutrition?
• Enhances CSA effectiveness and impact: How can we maximize the contribution of both men and women?
• Achieve co-benefits/other development outcomes: how will CSA maximize nutrition benefits through health, diets, and care?
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Generic Framework
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Adapted Framework, Household Level
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Elements Influenced by Nutrition
Physical capabilities and productivity
Link between diet choices and environmental outcomes
CSA practices have implications for nutrition
Undernutrition as a consequence of cc
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Where are the Gender Differences?
Gender differences in capacities
Different preferences and decision-making power
Feedback loops may be different
Different impacts
Different influence on the pathways
How We Use the GCAN Framework
• Frame synthesis of literature on climate change, gender and nutrition in selected countries
• Guide engagement with missions during week-long engagements
• Identify research gaps on key elements and relationships in the country context
• Support integration of gender and nutrition in climate risk screening activities
• Develop tools for use during project implementation
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The Climate Signal
What Are the Climate Trends and Risks?
• Historical trends and impacts
• Projections of changes in temperature, rainfall, and variability
• Future impacts on key crops
Nigeria: Precipitation Change, 1980-2010, mm
Statistically significant at 10% level
Source: AgMERRANote: Regression at each pixel using the annual mean daily maximum temperature of the warmest month
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Absorptive and Adaptive Capacity
How Does Nutrition Affect Absorptive and Adaptive Capacity?
• Priorities: • Global Hunger Index 2016• Stunting in children under 5 years: (WHO cutoff ≥20%).• Wasting in children under 5 years: (WHO cutoff ≥5%)• Overweight and Obesity in women ≥20 years
• Micronutrient deficiencies (varies with urban/rural, wealth quintile)• Anemia in women of reproductive age• Anemia in preschool-aged children• Zinc deficiency in preschool-aged children• Vit A deficiency in children and women
• Some key factors include:• Livelihood activities and assets• Access to productive resources (e.g. land, inputs)• Different climate change and risk perceptions • Institutions (e.g. social norms)• Access to information
Women face more constraints to responding to climate change
Maximize nutrition “entering” the food value chain
New production locations,
diversification, CO2
fertilization, focus on women farmers,
extension
Aflatoxin control,
refrigeration
Fermentation, drying,
fortification, product
reformulation (reduce salt,
sugar, unhealthy fats)
Moving food from areas of shortage to
areas of surplus,
targeting of vulnerable
groups
Improved varieties, bio-fortification,
fertilizer, irrigation
Messaging on the
importance of nutrition and sustainability,
benefits of certain foods
Home fortification
(fish powders), training in
nutritious food preparation, time mgmt,
food preservation
Women have different preferences but limited decision-making authority
Questions to consider:• What are key livelihood roles of men and women?• What might specific needs and preferences be for CSA?• How are decisions made in the household and
community? • How much input do women have?
Evidence shows that women have less decision-making authority • e.g. decisions about which irrigation technology to
adopt, who can use it, who benefits from it
How Do CC and CSA Responses Influence Nutrition and Gender Outcomes?
Climate Changes and Responses Affect Food Prices and Nutritional Outcomes
Sources: Global Panel (2016); Hauenstein Swan, S., and B. Vaitla(2007); Hendrix, C. (2016); Breisinger, C. et al. (2012)
• Need to consider
implications of climate
change on production and
the effects on food prices
• Also how responses to
increasing food prices
affect nutrition
• Food price volatility poses
risks for everyone – from
farmers to consumers
Will CSA close or exacerbate gender inequalities in agriculture?
WEAI IrrigatorsGender
Parity IndexNon-
irrigatorsGender Parity
IndexContributors to disempowerment
Ethiopia 0.82 0.9 0.85 0.91
•Group membership•Leisure time•Speaking in public•Credit access•Control over use of income
Ghana 0.82 0.86 0.8 0.87
•Credit access•Workload•Group membership
•Control over use of income
•Leisure time
Tanzania 0.88 0.96 0.86 0.92
•Group membership•Credit access•Leisure time•Speaking in public•Autonomy in production
Entry Points for Gender Transformative, Nutrition-Sensitive CSA• Need to improve enabling conditions for women both within and outside the
household
• Strengthen capacity of organizations on gender and cross sector programming
• Consider nutrition and gender along the entire value chain (not just production/consumption)
• Use tools and indicators for assessing gender and nutrition in CSA
• More gender-transformative and nutrition-sensitive programs that:• Involve both men and women in the design of programs, technologies and
approaches to CSA • Ensure that both men and women have access to information, groups,
credit, social protection programs, etc.• Gender disaggregated M&E to track outcomes for women/men• Consider the nutrition risks of climate change and implications of CSA