- 1. Indicateurs sur le genre,la pauvret et lenvironnementsur les
pays africains2014African Development Bank Banque africaine de
dveloppementGender, Poverty andEnvironmental Indicatorson African
CountriesSpecial Feature Article on:Green growth and poverty
alleviation:Risks and opportunities for AfricaArticle spcial sur le
thme :Croissance verte et allgementde la pauvret : risques
etopportunits pour l'Afrique
2. AfDB REGIONAL MEMBER COUNTRIES BYGROSS NATIONAL INCOME PER
CAPITA IN 2012A) Low Income; $785 or lessBeninBurkina
FasoBurundiCentral African Rep.ChadCongo Democratic
Rep.EritreaEthiopiaGambiaGuineaGuinea
BissauLiberiaMadagascarMalawiMaliMozambiqueNigerRwandaSierra
LeoneSomaliaTanzaniaTogoUgandaZimbabweB) Lower Middle Income;
$786-$3,115CameroonComorosCongoCote
dIvoireDjiboutiEgyptAlgeriaAngolaBotswanaCarbo
VerdeGhanaKenyaLesothoMauritaniaMoroccoNigeriaEquatorial
GuineaGabonLibyaMauritiusNamibiaSeychellesSouth AfricaTunisiaC)
Upper Middle Income; $3,116-$9,636Sao Tome and PrincipeSenegalSouth
SudanSudanSwazilandZambia 3. Gender, Poverty andEnvironmental
Indicatorson African CountriesIndicateurs sur le genre,la pauvret
et lenvironnementsur les pays africains2014Volume XVAfrican
Development BankBanque africaine de dveloppement 4. iiiGender,
Poverty andEnvironmental Indicatorson African CountriesIndicateurs
sur le genre,la pauvret et lenvironnementsur les pays
africains2014Volume XVDivision des statistiques conomiques et
socialesDpartement de la statistiqueEconomic and Social Statistics
DivisionStatistics Department 5. ivThis document was prepared by
the Economic and Social Statistics Division of the
StatisticsDepartment at the African Development Bank. Designations
employed in this publication do notimply the expression of any
opinion on the part of the African Development Bank concerningthe
legal status of any country or territory, or the delimitation of
its frontiers. While every efforthas been made to present reliable
information, the African Development Bank accepts noresponsibility
whatsoever for any consequences of its use.Published by
the:Economic and Social Statistics DivisionStatistics
DepartmentAfrican Development BankTemporary Relocation Agency
(TRA)BP 323, 1002 Tunis, BelvdreTunis, TunisiaTel.: (216) 71 103
325Fax: (216) 71 843 409Design/layout by Phoenix Design
Aid,Printing by Scanprint, DenmarkISO 14001 certified and
EMAS-approved.Ce document a t prpar par la Division des
statistiques economiques et sociales duDpartement de la statistique
de la Banque africaine de dveloppement. Les dnominationsemployes
dans cette publication nimpliquent, de la part de la Banque
africaine dedveloppement, aucune prise de position quant au statut
juridique ou au trac des frontires despays. Aprs tant defforts
raliss pour prsenter des informations aussi fiables que possible,
laBanque africaine de dveloppement se dgage de toute responsabilit
de lutilisation qui pourratre faite de ces donnes.Publi
par:Division des statistiques conomiques et socialesDpartement de
la StatistiqueBanque africaine de dveloppementAgence Temporaire de
Relocalisation (ATR)BP 323, 1002 Tunis, BelvdreTunis, TunisieTl.:
(216) 71 103 325Fax: (216) 71 843 409Design et mise en page :
Phoenix Design Aid,Impression : Scanprint, DenmarkCertifi ISO 14001
et approuv par EMAS.E-mail: [email protected] site:
http://www.afdb.org/statisticsCopyright 2014 African Development
BankISSN 1563-437X 6. vPrefaceThis is the fifteenth volume of
Gender, Poverty, and Environmental Indicators on AfricanCountries
published by the Statistics Department of the African Development
Bank Group.The publication also provides some information on the
broad development trends relating togender, poverty and
environmental issues in the 54 African countries.Gender, Poverty
and Environmental Indicators on African Countries 2014 is divided
in threemain parts: Part One presents a special feature article on
Green growth and poverty alle-viation:Risks and opportunities for
Africa. Part Two presents comparative cross-countrydata on
Millennium Development Goals, Gender, Poverty and the Environment;
and Part Threeprovides detailed country-specific data for each of
the 54 countries.Cest le quinzime volume de Indicateurs sur le
genre, la pauvret et lenvironnementsur les pays africains publi par
le Dpartement des statistiques du Groupe de la Banqueafricaine de
dveloppement. La publication fournit aussi des informations de faon
gnralesur les tendances de dveloppement relatives aux problmatiques
sur le genre, la pauvretet lenvironnement dans les 54 pays
africains.Indicateurs sur le genre, la pauvret et lenvironnement
sur les pays africains 2014comprend trois principales parties dont
la premire prsente larticle spcial sur Croissanceverte et allgement
de la pauvret : Risques et opportunits pour lAfrique. La
deuximepartie prsente des donnes comparatives croises par pays sur
les objectifs du millnairepour le dveloppement, le genre, la
pauvret et lenvironnement ; et la troisime partie fournitdes donnes
spcifiques dtailles pour chacun des 54 pays.The Staff TeamThe staff
team was led by Beejaye Kokiland comprised Maurice Mubila, A.
HilaireKadisha Mbiya, and Soltani Amina.The publication was
prepared under thegeneral direction of Charles LeyekaLufumpaquipe
de ProductionLquipe dirige par M. Beejaye Kokilcomprenait MM.
Maurice Mubila, A.Hilaire Kadisha Mbiya, et Mlle SoltaniAmina. La
publication a t ralise sousla direction de M. Charles
LeyekaLufumpaPRODUCTION TEAMQUIPE DE PRODUCTION 7. viTable of
Contentsdes matiresPreface . vPrface . vAbbreviations and Acronyms
ixAbrviations et Acronymes . ixCountry Classification by
Region/Grouping xClassification des pays par rgion/groupe . xPART I
PARTIE ISPECIAL ARTICLE :Green growth and poverty alleviation:
Risks and opportunities for Africa . 3ARTICLE SPECIAL :Croissance
verte et allgement de la pauvret: Risques et opportunits pour
lAfrique 17PART II PARTIE IICOMPARATIVE CROSS-COUNTRY TABLES
TABLEAUX COMPARATIFS CROISES PAR PAYSTHE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT
GOALS LES OBJECTIFS DU MILLENNIUM POUR LE DEVELOPPEMENTProgress
Towards Realizing the Millennium Development GoalsProgrs vers la
ralisation des objectifs du millnaire pour le dveloppement 351.
Eradication of Extreme Poverty and HungerEradiquer la pauvret
extrme et la faim . 362. Achieve universal primary educationAssurer
lducation primaire pour tous . 373. Promote gender equality and
empower womenPromouvoir lgalit des sexes et lautonomisation des
femmes 384. Reduce children under 5 years mortalityRduire la
mortalit des enfants de moins de 5 ans . 395. Improve meternal
healthAmliorer la sant maternelle . 406. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria
and other diseasesCombattre le VIH/sida, le paludisme et dautres
maladies . 417. Ensure environmental sustainabilityAssurer un
environnement durable . 428. Develop a global partnership for
developmentMettre en place un partenariat mondial pour le
dveloppement . 43Section 1. GENDER GENRE1.1 Mid-Year Population
EstimatesPopulation estime en milieu anne . 461.2 Fertility
RatesTaux de fcondit 471.3 Reproductive HealthSant de la
reproduction . 481.4 Contraceptive Use by MethodUsage des
contraceptifs par mthode 49 8. vii1.5 Contraception Use by Age
GroupUsages des contraceptifs par groupe dges 501.6 Life
ExpectancyEsprance de vie . 511.7 Infant Mortality RatesTaux de
mortalit infantile 521.8 Access to SchoolingAccs au systme scolaire
531.9 Internal Efficiency and IlliteracyEfficacit interne et
analphabtisme . 541.10 Gross School Enrolment RatiosTaux bruts de
scolarisation 551.11 Teaching StaffPersonnel enseignant . 561.12
Participation of WomenParticipation des femmes 571.13 Gender
EmpowermentGender Empowerment . 58Section 2. POVERTY PAUVRET2.1
Human Development IndexIndice de dveloppement humain . 602.2
Population in Poverty (%)Population en pauvret (%) . 612.3 Income
DistributionRpartition du revenu . 622.4 Nutrition StatusStatut de
la nutrition . 632.5 Health StatusStatut de la sant . 642.6 Access
to Health ServicesAccs aux services de sant . 652.7 Mortality
TrendsTendance de la mortalit . 662.8 Health Services
PersonnelPersonnel des services de sant 67Section 3. ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONNEMENT3.1 Urbanization ProfileProfil de lurbanisation .
703.2 Forest Cover and StructureEtendue et structure des forts
713.3 Land Use (000 ha)Surperficies utilises (000 ha) . 723.4 Water
Resources and WithdrawalsRessources en eau et retraits 733.5
Industrial EmissionsEmissions industrielles 743.6 Energy
UseUtilisation de lnrgie . 753.7 Population and Forest
ResourcesPopulation et ressources en fort . 76 9. viiiPART III
PARTIE IIICOUNTRY TABLES TABLEAUX PAR PAYS1. Algeria - Algrie 782.
Angola . 823. Benin - Bnin . 864. Botswana . 905. Burkina Faso .
946. Burundi . 987. Cabo Verde 1028. Cameroon - Cameroun . 1069.
Central African Rep. - Rp. Centrafricaine . 11010. Chad - Tchad . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 11411. Comoros - Comores . 11812. Congo . 12213. Congo,
Dem. Rep. - Congo, Rp. Dm 12614. Cte dIvoire . 13015. Djibouti .
13416. Egypt - Egypte . 13817. Equatorial Guinea - Guine
Equatoriale . 14218. Eritrea - rythre . 14619. Ethiopia - thiopie .
15020. Gabon . 15421. Gambia - Gambie 15822. Ghana . 16223. Guinea
- Guine . 16624. Guinea Bissau - Guine Bissau . 17025. Kenya 17426.
Lesotho 17827. Liberia - Libria . 18228. Libya - Libye . 18629.
Madagascar 19030. Malawi . 19431. Mali 19832. Mauritania -
Mauritanie . 20233. Mauritius - Maurice . 20634. Morocco - Maroc .
21035. Mozambique . 21436. Namibia - Namibie . 21837. Niger 22238.
Nigeria - Nigria 22639. Rwanda 23040. So Tome & Principe .
23441. Senegal - Sngal . 23842. Seychelles 24243. Sierra Leone .
24644. Somalia - Somalie 25045. South Africa - Afrique du Sud
25446. South Sudan - Soudan du Sud 25847. Sudan - Soudan . 26248.
Swaziland 26649. Tanzania - Tanzanie 27050. Togo . .27451. Tunisia
- Tunisie 27852. Uganda - Ouganda . 28253. Zambia - Zambie .
.28654. Zimbabwe 290 10. Definition of Statistical Terms
297Dfinition des termes statistiques . 305Data sources .
.316Sources des donnes . 317ixAbbreviations and Acronyms
Abrviations et acronymesAfDB African Development BankAIDS Acquired
Immune Deficiency SyndromeAMU Arab Maghreb UnionBAD Banque
africaine de dveloppementCEA Commission conomique pour
lAfriqueCen-SAD The Community of Sahel-SaharanStatesCEDEAO
Communaut conomique des tats delAfrique de lOuestCEMAC Communaut
conomique et Montairede lAfrique CentraleCOMESA Common Market of
Eastern and South-ernAfricaECA Economic Commission for AfricaECOWAS
Economic Community Of West AfricanStatesFAO Food and Agriculture
Organization ofthe United NationsFNUAP Fonds des Nations Unies pour
la popu-lationOCDE/CAD Organisation de coopration et dedveloppement
conomiques/ComitdAssistance au DveloppementOECD/DAC Organisation
for Economic Co-operationand Development/ Development
Assis-tanceCommitteeODA Official Development AssistanceONUSIDA
Programme commun des Nations unissur le VIH/SIDAPMR Pays membres
rgionaux de la BADRMCs Regional Member Countries of the AfDBSADC
Southern African Development Commu-nityUDEAC Union Douanire des
Etats de lAfri-queCentraleUEMOA Union conomique et montaire
ouestafricaineUMA Union du Maghreb ArabeUNAIDS The Joint United
Nations Programmeon HIV/AIDSUNFPA United Nations Population
FundUNICEF United Nations Childrens FundUNESCO United Nations
Educational and Scien-tificOrganizationWAEMU West African Economic
& MonetaryUnionWHO World Health OrganizationUnits - Unitsm3
Cubic metre / mtre cubeDR Donnes les plus rcentesha HectareKm2
Square Kilometre / Kilomtre carrKey Symbols - Principaux symboles
Data not availableDonne non disponible- Magnitude zeros / Grandeur
nulle0 or 0.0 Magnitude less than half of the unitGrandeur
infrieure la moiti de lunitn.a. Not applicable / Non applicable 11.
xCountry Classification by Region/GroupingClassification des pays
par rgion/groupeCentral Africa - Afrique centraleCameroon -
CamerounCent. Afr. Rep. - Rp. Centraf.Chad - TchadCongoCongo, DRC -
Congo, RDCEquat. Guinea - Guine quat.GabonSo Tom & PrincipeEast
Africa - Afrique de lEstBurundiComoros - ComoresDjiboutiEritrea -
rythreEthiopia - thiopieKenyaRwandaSeychellesSomalia - SomalieSudan
- SoudanTanzania - TanzanieUganda - OugandaNorth Africa - Afrique
du NordAlgeria - AlgrieEgypt - EgypteLibya - LibyeMauritania -
MauritanieMorocco - MarocTunisia - TunisieSouthern Africa - Afrique
australeAngolaBotswanaLesothoMadagascarMalawiMauritiusMozambiqueNamibia
- NamibieSouth Africa - Afrique du SudSwazilandZambia -
ZambieZimbabweWest Africa - Afrique de lOuestBenin - BninBurkina
FasoCabo VerdeCte dIvoireGambia - GambieGhanaGuinea -
GuineGuinea-Bissau - Guine-BissauLiberia - LibriaMaliNigerNigeria -
NigriaSenegal - SngalSierra LeoneTogoAmu - UmaAlgeria - AlgrieLibya
- LibyeMauritania MauritanieMorocco - MarocTunisia - TunisieCen
-SADBenin - BninBurkina FasoCent. Afr. Rep - Rp. Centrafr.Chad -
TchadComoros - ComoresCte dIvoireDjiboutiEgypt - gypteEritrea -
rythreGambia - GambieGhanaGuinea - GuineGuinea-Bissau -
Guine-BissauKenyaLiberia - LibriaLibya - LibyeMaliMauritania -
MauritanieMorocco - MarocNigerNigeria - NigriaSo Tom &
PrincipeSenegal - SngalSierra LeoneSomalia - SomalieSudan -
SoudanTogoTunisiaComesaBurundiComoros - ComoresCongo, DRC - Congo,
RDCDjiboutiEgypt - EgypteEritrea - rythreEthiopia -
thiopieKenyaLibya - LibyeMadagascarMalawiMauritius -
MauriceRwandaSeychellesSudan - SoudanSwazilandUganda -
OugandaZambia - ZambieZimbabweEcowas - CedeaoBenin - BninBurkina
FasoCabo VerdeCte dIvoireGambia - GambieGhanaGuinea -
GuineGuinea-Bissau - Guine-BissauLiberia - LibriaMaliNigerNigeria -
NigriaSenegal - SngalSierra LeoneTogoSadcAngolaBotswanaCongo, DRC -
Congo, RDCLesothoMadagascarMalawiMauritius -
MauriceMozambiqueNamibia - NamibieSeychellesSouth Africa - Afrique
du SudSwazilandTanzania - TanzanieZambia -
ZambieZimbabweUdeac/CemacCameroon - CamerounCent. Afr. Rep. - Rp.
Centraf.Chad - TchadCongoEquat. Guinea - Guine quat.GabonWaemu/
UemoaBenin - BninBurkina FasoCte dIvoireGuinea-Bissau -
Guine-BissauMaliNigerSenegal - SngalTogo 12. 1Part/Partie 1Special
Feature ArticleArticle dintrt spcial 13. GREEN GROWTH AND POVERTY
ALLEVIATION: RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR AFRICA3Green growth and
poverty alleviation:Risks and opportunities for Africagrowth on the
continent must take account offive dimensions: consumers,
resources, tal-ent,capital, and innovation (Ibid). The
AfricanDevelopment Bank (AfDB) (2013a) recognizesthat, in order to
be sustainable, the devel-opmentagenda must move away from
thebusiness-as-usual (BAU) scenario. Hence,there is no alternative
to green growth. Inthe Banks view, green growth means takingaction
today to avoid losses and costs in thenear future.Future costs may
increase: (i) by delayinginvestment in education; (ii) from
contin-uednatural resource degradation; and(iii) from expanding
urban settlementsin areas vulnerable to floods or erosionwith
infrastructure that is not sufficientlyresilient (AfDB) (2013a:
32).Departure from the BAU development modelis a course that
African leaders have ac-cepted.In his keynote address during
SouthAfricas Green Growth Summit in 2010, Pres-identZuma observed:
We have no optionbut to manage our natural resources in
asustainable way... We have no choice butto develop a green economy
(Zuma, 2010:4). So important is divergence from the BAUapproach
that the AfDBs Ten-Year Strate-gy(2013 to 2022) contains two
objectivesbased on inclusiveness and green growth.Green growth
offers an opportunity to de-signinfrastructure and manage urban
spac-esand natural capital in a way that doesnot degrade the
continents environmentand economic base (AfDB, 2013a). To
con-tinueon the resource-intensive path takenin other parts of the
world would create abiocapacity deficit and a range of
environ-ABSTRACTGovernments in Africa are eager to min-imizethe
risks associated with greengrowth and enhance the opportunities
itbrings. Green growth is a departure fromthe resource-intensive
business-as-usualgrowth of the past that has led to the
de-pletionof natural and other resources. Themain risks discussed
in this paper are lowlevels of green growth readiness; potentialfor
dumping entry-level clean technologies;and conditional trade for
green growth. Op-portunitiesinclude the completion of old
re-newableenergy mega-projects and a chanceto build
climate-resilient infrastructure andsettlements. The paper also
discusses poli-cyinitiatives such as readiness
parameters;mainstreaming green growth; avoiding a one-size-fits-all
approach; prioritization of large,quick-win endeavours; better
institutional co-ordination;and developing a Green GrowthIndex
(GGI) for monitoring and evaluation.Key words: green growth,
poverty reduction,Africa, risks, opportunitiesINTRODUCTIONGreen
growth is not a new phenomenon(Savaresi, 2012). However, the
financialmeltdown of 2008 has triggered the recentemphasis on the
topic, as global leadershave decided to tackle long-standing
en-vironmentalchallenges, such as food andenergy, along with the
economic crisis. Africahas been designated the new global
growthfrontier (Accenture, 2010), but due diligenceis needed when
green growth initiatives areundertaken, particularly those aligned
toexternal interests. The transition to greenThe transitionto green
growthon the conti-nentmust takeaccount of fivedimensions:
con-sumers,resourc-es,talent, capital,and innovation.Green
growthoffers an oppor-tunityto designinfrastructureand manageurban
spaces andnatural capital ina way that doesnot degradethe
continentsenvironment andeconomic base. 14. GREEN GROWTH AND
POVERTY ALLEVIATION: RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR AFRICA4mental
decay problems. By contrast, greengrowth presents Africa an
opportunity todevelop resource-efficientgrowth pathways,through the
use of proven and cost-effectivetechnologies.While abundant
opportunities exist, greengrowth is not without risks to African
econ-omies.Two examples are: (1) the forced shiftfrom exporting
bottled wine to bulk contain-ersin South Africa (Ntombela, 2013)
that ledto job loss, and (2) the food miles saga inwhich the East
African Community (EAC) hor-ticultureindustry dumped flowers in the
mid-tolate-2000s (Garside et al., 2008). However,the cost of doing
nothing is huge for Africa,whose resource-based
sectorsagricul-ture,mining, forestry and fisheries
(UNECA,2012a)remain the largest employment pro-viders.Green growth
should maintain andenhance the natural capital that will
consti-tutean important source of jobs, income andlivelihoods for
the vast majority of the Africanpeople (ibid.: 3).GREEN GROWTH:
CURRENTDEBATES AND UNDERSTANDINGBowen and Fankhauser (2011) observe
thatgreen growth has become a buzzword andslogan in the policy and
academic commu-nities.Similarly, Schmalensee (2012) notesthat ...
wonderful slogans dont necessarilylead to wonderful actionsor even
sensibleones.... Indeed, it is not just that green growthlacks a
commonly accepted definition; rather,different groups often utilize
the phrase tomean or imply different things (ibid.: S2).Green
growth has been linked to environ-mentalsustainability, low carbon
transition,climate-resilient growth and development,and a new
impetus for economic develop-Table 1: Defining green growthAuthor
(Year/Page) Green Growth Definition/ExplanationsWorld Bank (2012:
100) Green growth is about transforming our production and
consumption processesfrom a dirty, environmentally unsustainable
model to a sustainable one. Like anystructural transition, it
inevitably entails transition costs, which green growthpolicies
must seek to minimize.OECD (2013: 2) Green growth promotes a
cost-effective and resource-efficient way of guidingsustainable
production and consumption choices. When designed to reducepoverty
and manage nearterm trade-offs, green growth can help
developingcountries achieve sustainable development.AfDB (2013b:
1-2) Green growth protects livelihoods; improves water, energy and
food security;promotes the sustainable use of natural resources;
and spurs innovation, jobcreation and economic development. The
Bank will support green growth byfinding paths to development that
ease pressure on natural assets, while bettermanaging
environmental, social and economic risks. Priorities in reaching
greengrowth include building resilience to climate shocks,
providing sustainableinfrastructure, creating ecosystem services
and making efficient and sustainableuse of natural resources
(particularly water, which is central to growth but mostaffected by
climate change).Sierra LeoneGovernment Agendafor Prosperity
(AfDB2013a: 14)Green growth means developing infrastructure, energy
and cities sustainably;managing renewable and non-renewable natural
resources efficiently; andbuilding resilience for the benefit of
citizens.South AfricanGovernment (DEA,2013: 10)Green growth means a
sustainable development path that is based onaddressing the
interdependence between economic growth, social protectionand
natural ecosystems. 15. GREEN GROWTH AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION: RISKS
AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR AFRICA5ment. What then is green growth? Table
1summarizes some of the definitions.The Organisation for Economic
Cooperationand Development (OECD) has been drivingthe green growth
agenda since 2008. In theOrganisations view, Governments that
putgreen growth at the heart of development canachieve sustainable
economic growth andsocial stability, safeguard the environment,and
conserve resources for future genera-tions(OECD, 2013: 2). Such
reconciliationof economic development and
environmentalsustainability prevents natural capital
deg-radationand climate change, and promotessocial security,
outcomes that are critical forAfrica. The World Bank (2012: 1)
describescurrent growth patterns as not only unsus-tainable,but
deeply inefficient.Green growth discussions inevitably
includedegradation of natural capital and climatechange. The United
Nations EnvironmentalProgramme (UNEP) report presents statisticson
the costs of climate change adaptation:by 2020, annual global
adaptation costsfrom emissions could amount to US$7 to15 billion.
Even where the emissions gap isclosed and we get onto a pathway to
holdwarming below 2C, by 2050, adaptationcosts could hover around
US$ 35 billion peryear (UNEP, 2013a: v). For Africa, the
reportestimates an annual bill of US$50 billion by2050; US$350
billion by 2070 is possibleif the trend in global warming
continues.According to the report, essential sectorssuch as water
supply, infrastructure and ag-riculturewill demand the highest
adaptationcosts in SSA.Given the central role and relevance of
theAfDB on the continent, the Banks defini-tionsof green growth and
related elementsare used in this study. The AfDBs Ten-YearStrategy
for 2013 to 2022 seeks to promoteinclusive growth and an emphasis
on sus-tainabilitythrough a gradual transition towardgreen growth.
Based on the AfDBs definition,green growth extends beyond reducing
car-bonemissions and must contain elementsthat reduce
intergenerational poverty andincome inequality. According to the
AfDB,green growth means making smart in-vestmentsnow that address
food security,sustainable infrastructure, energy and
urbansettlement; that better manage natural re-sources(land, fish
stock, water and forests);and that build resilience to natural
disastersand climate change.The AfDB recognizes that green
growthbuilding blocks are already in place on thecontinent (AfDB,
2012: 155), including na-tionalplans of action for adaptation,
sus-tainableland management, integrated waterresource management
and other initiativescreated to promote resource use
efficien-cy.Strategic Environmental Assessments(SEA), for example,
may assist in evaluatingthe impact of development on natural
capitalas the UNEPs Threshold T21 model gainstraction, given that
it has already been usedby Kenya and South Africa. The AfDB
(Ibid)advocates green growth mainstreaming intodevelopment
planning. This means the rightinstitutions must be put in place at
the righttime, and provide the right incentives for pub-licand
private green investments. PovertyReduction Strategy Papers
(PRSPs), coun-tryvisions and national development plansare critical
entry platforms for green growthmainstreaming. To move swiftly
toward greengrowth, the AfDB suggests that African coun-triesand
associated organizations have diag-nosticsin support of efficient
and sustainabledevelopment trajectories; revamp policies,incentives
and enforcement capacities; ex-pandfinancing options; and monitor,
trackand adapt development efforts.Monitoring, tracking and
willingness to adaptare instrumental in devising a Green
GrowthIndex (GGI). The use of gross domestic prod-uct(GDP) as a
measure of development suc-cesshas been challenged (AfDB, 2012).
Tothis end, a GGI would incorporate new indi-catorssuch as the
state of natural capital;resource efficiency; and the resilience of
live-lihoodsand sectors to environmental, social,economic and
political shocks and hazards....by 2020, annualglobal
adapta-tioncosts fromemissions couldamount to US$7to 15
billion.Even where theemissions gap isclosed and we getonto a
pathwayto hold warmingbelow 2C, by2050, adaptationcosts could
hoveraround US$ 35billion per year. 16. 1990 1999 2005 2008 2010
2015GREEN GROWTH AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION: RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES
FOR AFRICA6East Asia and the PacicLatin America and CaribbeanSouth
Asia1990 1999 2005 2008 2010 2015ENDEMIC POVERTY, EMPLOYMENTAND
GREEN GROWTHEndemic poverty is a major challenge in
Afri-ca,particularly its impact on women (Zuma,2013). The
Millennium Development Goals(MDGs) have been the most effective
in-strumentto fight poverty, but the situationremains critical in
Sub-Saharan Africa. Forexample, of the 1.2 billion people
reportedto be living below the poverty line (less thanUS$1.25 a
day) in 2010, 48% were in Afri-ca.The continued economic slowdown
afterthe 2008 global financial crisis has meantthat people are
still losing their jobs. Greengrowth is viewed as a mechanism that
mayaddress perennial intergenerational poverty.In an assessment of
Africas progress towardattaining the MDGs, the AfDB (2013c:
xiii)observed a mixed pattern of success andfailures, improvements
and challenges, inno-vationsand obstacles. The major challengeshave
been translating economic growth intosustainable jobs, improving
service delivery,and reducing income, gender and spatial
in-equalities.Figure 1 presents poverty levels inAfrica relative to
those of other continents.Despite a decline, Africas poverty rates
(ex-cludingNorth Africa) remain high. In 1990,an estimated 56.5% of
the population livedbelow US$1.25 per day; the estimate for2010 was
48.5%. This is in sharp contrastto East Asia and the Pacific where
the fig-urefell 56.2% to 12.5%. Most regions areforecasting to have
fewer than 6% of theirpopulations living on less than US$1.25
perday by 2015 (the end of the MDGs); withonly South Asia and
Africa projected to havealarmingly high rates of 23.2% and
42.3%,respectively (AfDB, 2013c).According to the International
Labour Organi-sation(ILO, 2012: vii), the
resource-intensivedevelopment model of the past will lead torising
costs, loss of productivity and disrup-tionof economic activity.
Projections sug-gestthat under the BAU scenario,
productiv-itylevels will have dropped by 2.4% in 2030,and by 7.2%
in 2050. The BAU developmentmodel is also considered to be
inefficientwith regard to productive employment anddecent work.
However, efforts toward envi-ronmentalsustainability and green
growthhave witnessed job creation. Globally, sincethe 2008
financial crisis, job growth in therenewable energy sector has
averaged 21%annually; at the end of 2010, this sector
em-ployedclose to 5 million people (Ibid). Energyefficiency is
another key employment sector,with ecosystems services also
contributingsubstantially. In the European Union, an esti-mated14.6
million jobs directly and indirectlyprotect biodiversity and
restore habitats andforests. Africa tends to gain jobs in
forestprotection through Reducing Emission fromDeforestation and
Forest Degradation plus(REDD+) projects. Globally, an annual
invest-mentof US$30 billion could yield close to8 million jobs
under REDD+. The ILO main-tainsthat the potential for job loss due
togreen growth has been exaggerated (Ibid); infact, eight key
sectors are being transformedthrough green growthagriculture,
forestry,fishing, energy, resource-intensive
manufac-turing,recycling, building, and transport.Engel and Kammen
(2009) maintain that thewind energy sector will create
sustainablegreen jobs. Citing Boettcher et al., they sup-portthis
contention with data for Germany,Percentage706050403020100Figure 1:
Regional poverty rates (% population livingbelow
US$1.25/day)Source: Data from AfDB, 2013c: 2Europe and Central
AsiaMiddle East and North AfricaAfrica (excluding North Africa)
Green growthis viewed as amechanism thatmay address
per-ennialintergener-ationalpoverty. 17. GREEN GROWTH AND POVERTY
ALLEVIATION: RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR AFRICA7Spain and Denmark.
In Germany, 22.3 giga-watts(GW) of installed wind energy
wouldcreate 80,000 jobs in the value chain. ForSpain, 14.7 GW of
installed capacity ofwind energy would create 31,500 jobs; andfor
Denmark, 3.1 GW of installed capacityof wind energy would create up
to 21,600jobs. These figures are important for Africasgreen growth
mainstreaming efforts, as theyindicate the potential that lies in
the windenergy sector.In a recent report on direct employment
inSouth Africa (IDC, DBSA and TIPS, 2011),the Industrial
Development Corporation, theDevelopment Bank of Southern Africa,
andthe Trade and Industrial Policy Strategies es-timatedthe
short-term (2011 to 2012), medi-um-term (2013 to 2017) and
long-term (2018to 2025) potential for green jobs in the
formaleconomy in four sectors: energy generation,energy and
resource efficiency, emissionsand pollution mitigation, and natural
resourcemanagement. An estimated 98,000 new jobswould be created in
the short term; 255,000in the medium term; and 462,000 in the
longterm.MAINSTREAMING GREEN GROWTHINTO DEVELOPMENT PLANSIf the
continent is to tackle poverty throughgreen growth, it must be
mainstreamed intodevelopment policy documents such as theAfrican
Union Agenda 2063, Regional Eco-nomicCommunity (REC) visions,
nationalvisions, poverty reduction strategies, andnational
development plans. Policies devel-opedbefore the 2008 financial
crisis containvirtually no green growth elements; but somepolicies
formulated since then incorporateelements of green growth.The AfDB
and OECD (2013) identified a num-berof enabling tools for
mainstreaming greengrowth national and international policy
ar-chitecture,overseas development assistance(ODA), technology
transfer, research and de-velopment,financing, and skills training
thatwould result in employment in green jobs.Sustainable
infrastructure, efficient naturalresource management, and improved
resil-iencebuilding were identified as quick-winareas that is, they
offer opportunities forinitiatives that are relatively cheap and
easyand that can be quickly implemented. Com-monthemes for green
growth mainstreaminginto national development planning included:use
of inter-ministerial mechanisms, SEA andenvironmental impact
assessment, demon-strationprojects to raise awareness,
policysequencing and institutional mechanisms,education at primary
level about the impor-tanceof conserving natural capital,
capacitydevelopment across ministries and organiza-tions,and
enhanced data collection (espe-ciallyon natural capital).Although
not explicitly addressing greengrowth, a 2013 background document
tothe African Union Agenda 2063 calls forinclusive growth and
sustainable develop-ment(African Union, 2013) in the context
ofpoverty that is still rampant on the conti-nent(ibid.: 19).
Ugandas Vision 2040 ex-pressesthe desire for green growth and
aclean environment in which ecosystems aremanaged sustainably. The
Rwanda 2013-2018 Economic Development and PovertyReduction Strategy
clearly mainstreamsgreen growthone of the five priority are-asis a
green growth approach to econom-ictransformation (Rwanda
Government,2013). The government views environmen-talmainstreaming
as a base for promotinggreen growth and investment that may leadto
poverty eradication in Rwanda. A greengrowth approach is predicted
to result inthe development of sustainable cities andvillages and
promote innovation in industryand the private sector.Rwanda has
pioneered climate-resilientgreen growth (Climate and Knowledge
De-velopmentNetwork CDKN, 2013). Thecountrys Green Growth and
Climate ResilientStrategy resulted in the establishment of
theRwanda Fund for Environment and ClimateChange (FONERWA), which
received 22.5million from the British International Climate 18.
GREEN GROWTH AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION: RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR
AFRICA8Fund in June, 2013. This made FONERWAthe largest
demand-based green climatefund in Africa. FONERWA finances
projectsin four areas: conservation and sustainablenatural resource
management; research anddevelopment, technology transfer and
imple-mentation;environment and climate changemainstreaming; and
environmental impactassessments. As well, 20% of the fund
isreserved for the private sector, and 10%, forlocal districts. The
main challenge is limitedcapacity in evaluating bids and in
projectmanagement, with which CDKN will assistuntil 2015. The Green
Growth and ClimateResilient Strategy identified 14 Programs
ofAction and six quick-wins, among which aregeothermal energy
reserves, soil manage-ment,and climate-resilient roads
infrastruc-tureand networks.South Africa is on the forefront of
greengrowth transition. In 2011, the country es-tablishedthe Green
Fund amounting toabout US$800,000 (Nhamo, 2013). Otherfunding
mechanisms include a US$2.5 billonloan facility from the Industrial
DevelopmentCorporation. However, South Africas mostcommonly cited
green growth initiativespertain to energy the Industrial
PolicyAction Plan calls for one million solar waterheaters to be
installed in residential areas byDecember 2014. In its economy
modelling,South Africa focused four on sectors: naturalresources
management, agriculture, trans-port,and energy (UNEP, 2013b). A
group ofexperts identified these sectors as havingthe potential for
rapid and sizeable payoffs,particularly in terms of employment and
re-latedspin-offs.Renewable energy notably wind and ge-othermalis
proving to be a growth area inKenya (Ellis et al., 2013) and
Ethiopia (Fed-eralDemocratic Republic of Ethiopia, 2012).A
geothermal fund from the German Devel-opmentBank (KfW), launched in
2012, pro-vides20 million to 50 million for feasibilitystudies and
exploration for projects in Ken-ya,Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and
Ethiopia.Ethiopias Climate Resilient Green EconomyStrategy (CRGES)
is directed toward sus-tainabledevelopment (Federal
DemocraticRepublic of Ethiopia, 2012), targeting hydro-powerand
geothermal energy. In October2013, Ethiopia inaugurated the
continentslargest geothermal farm, which had attract-edUS$4 billion
from the American-Icelan-diccompany Reykjavik Geothermal
(GlobalPost, 2013). The farm will generate 1,000megawatts (MW) and
is predicted to be thesingle largest foreign direct investment
inthe country. After its completion in 2017, the6,000-MW Grand
Renaissance Dam on theNile, which was developed in line with
thegovernment green growth transition policy,will be Africas
largest artificial dam (Ibid).The US$179-million Ashegida Wind Farm
inTigray State, commissioned in October 2013(Smith, 2013), has a
capacity of 120MW andreceived funding from France. However,
700farmers lost part or all their land, and al-thoughthey were
financially compensated,it was not sufficient.Mozambique regards
green growth as ameans to achieve inter-generational equi-ty(Rio
Pavilion, 2012). During the Rio+20Summit, President Armando Emilio
Guebu-za,in launching the green growth roadm-ap,noted that green
growth transition thattakes into account the countrys rich
naturalcapital will help Mozambique have an inclu-sivemiddle-income
by 2030. The program isfinanced by the African Development Bankwith
technical support from the WorldwideFund for Nature. The green
growth modelis expected to promote sustainable greenjobs while
conserving the environment. Threeinterrelated focal areas were
identified forsuccessful green growth transition:
sustain-ableinfrastructure; sustainable and efficientuse of natural
capital; and the resilience andadaptive capacity of livelihood.
Table 2 sum-marizessteps taken by selected countries ingreen growth
transition.With technical assistance from the AfDB(AfDB, 2013a),
Sierra Leone has planned itsgreen growth transition. From 2013 to
2017,green growth mainstreaming will occur under 19. GREEN GROWTH
AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION: RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR AFRICA9Table
2: Green growth engagement processes from selected countriesCountry
Selected green growth engagement landmarksSierra Leone 2012: AfDB
Technical Assistance for green growth transitionthe Agenda for
Prosperity (A4P2), which iden-tifieseight priority areas: economic
diver-sification,natural resource management,accelerating the MDGs
for human develop-ment,international competitiveness,
employ-mentand labour strategy, social protection,1 Natural
capital, tenure, consultation, agriculture,fisheries, forests,
water, energy, cities, greentechnology, climate resilience, human
capital,extractives, economic resilience and equity, andcatalytic
funds (cross-cutting).2 A4P is the popular term for Sierra Leones
PovertyReduction Strategy. 2013: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
(PRSP 3) (2013-17), commonly known as theAgenda for Prosperity
(A4P), which is consistent with a green growth approach 2013:
Publication on Green Growth Sierra Leone: Transitioning towards
green growth Stocktaking and the way forward 2013: Green growth
mainstreaming agenda defined to 2017 under the A4PSouth Africa
2007: Long-Term Mitigation Scenario 2009: US$7.5 billion stimulus
package launched (11% allocated to environment-relatedareas such as
railways, energy-efficient buildings, water, and wastemanagement)
2010: National Green Economy Summit 2010: Industrial Action Plan 2
(IPAP 2) proposed installation of one million solar waterheaters
across the country 2011: Hosted UNFCCC COP17 in Durban 2011: Green
Economy Accord (300,000 new green jobs by 2020) 2012: New Growth
Path 2012: National Development Plan-Vision 2030 (Chapter 5
dedicated to Low-CarbonDevelopment) 2013: Proposed carbon tax by
2015 2013: South Africa Green Economy Model (SAGEM) prioritizing
natural resourcemanagement, agriculture, transport and energy
sectors 2014: Ongoing work on Long-Term Adaptation Strategy 2014:
Ongoing work on policy and strategy framework for green economy in
contextof sustainable developmentMozambique 2011: Roadmap for a
Green Economy GER (with development partners includingAfDB) 2012:
Inter-ministerial Steering Group established under GER and
comprising MICOA,MPD, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Foreign
Affairs and Cooperation and CONDES2012: Technical training of
members of Steering Group 2012: Regional Consultations of GER 2012:
Launch of Roadmap for a Green Economy during Rio+20 Summit 2013:
Green Economy Action Plan (three pillars identified 15 subsectors1)
2014: Work toward full integration of Green Economy Action Plan
into Five-YearNational Development Plan (2015-2019)Source:
Authorgovernance and public sector reform, andgender. The
government sees opportunitiesarising through sustainable management
ofboth renewable and non-renewable naturalcapital. Green growth is
an opportunity togain international recognition and a moreefficient
and competitive economic basethat will create sustainable jobs and
attractdevelopment finance, even from the privatesector. The
enabling conditions for the imple-mentationof the A4P, as well as
for the greengrowth agenda, are political leadership,
ad-equatepolicies and incentives, governanceand capacity, national
budget, information 20. GREEN GROWTH AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION: RISKS
AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR AFRICA10and analytical tools, a role for the
privatesector, development partner support, andcommunications.
These constitute a basis forcreation of monitoring and evaluation
tools,such as a national Green Growth Index (GGI).GREEN GROWTH AND
POVERTYREDUCTION: RISKS ANDOPPORTUNITIESGreen growth poses
potential risks to trade(UNCSD, 2011). The African Union
empha-sizesthat green growth should not be usedas a trade barrier
or to impose conditionson developing countries; neither should it
beused by developed countries as a pretext fornot fulfilling their
pledges and commitmentsto developing countries (Keane, 2011: 6).
Ina report in preparation for the Rio+20 Sum-mit,the African
Ministerial Conference onthe Environment (AMCEN) was frank
abouttrade barriers associated with green growth trade ... should
not unduly distort marketsand competition. Specifically,
environmentalconcerns should not be used as a pretext fortrade
protection (AMCEN, 2011: 7). Howev-er,the global transition to
green growth hascreated non-tariff barriers that the
continentcannot avoid, such as the need to reduce thecarbon
footprint of products and services. Forinstance, the South African
fruit industry mustnow export wine in bulk as identified
earlier.Nhamos (2013: 128) conceptual frameworkfor assessing green
growth readiness is use-fulwhen debating risks associated with
greengrowth transition in Africa. The frameworkidentifies six
interlinked readiness conditions:high-level political commitment
and champi-oning;institutional set-up and capacity
de-velopment;finance; green growth policy in-cubation(including
legislation development);research and development, technology
andinnovation, and intellectual property rights;and programs and
projects (design, imple-mentation,monitoring and evaluation).Green
growth readiness may be lower-orderor higher-order (Nhamo, 2013).
Lower-orderreadiness pertains to the presence of func-tionalgeneral
environmental and governancelegislative frameworks. Specifically, a
countryshould have functional policies on environ-ment,water,
forestry, disaster risk reduction,poverty reduction, sustainable
development,and waste management. As well, environ-mentalrights
should be embedded in con-stitutionsand/or major
environment-relat-edpolicies. At higher-order levels of greengrowth
readiness, countries have formulat-edpolicies that address issues
such as lowcarbon development, climate change, andpure green
growth. UNECA (2012b: 11) hasnoted the limited first-order
readiness in WestAfrica: ... a review of domestic
sustainabledevelopment reveals that up to now, mostWest African
countries have yet to devisetheir National Strategy for Sustainable
Devel-opment.Further, UNECA observes that poorgovernance, political
instability and conflicthave led to the displacement of people
andthe destruction of socio-economic ties andresources needed for
green growth transition.Lack of coordination between Regional
Eco-nomicCommunities (RECs) and their mem-berstates is yet another
challenge for greengrowth; in most cases, countries act aheadof
their RECs (UNECA, 2012b).The OECD (2013) identifies five
challengesassociated with green growth transition indeveloping
countries, particularly, those inAfrica (Box 1).Although the
renewable energy sector of-ferslarge and relatively quick returns
fromgreen growth, developing wind farms, solarparks, geothermal
farms and hydro plantsdisplaces the local population. The
resultscan be devastating, with some individualslivelihoods
completely destroyed. Govern-ment-forced relocation and
compensationare always contested people either donot wish to be
relocated, or compensationis insufficient. For instance, The
Guardian(2013) reported that communities displacedby 1950s and
1960s mega hydropower pro-jectssuch as Kariba, Akosombo and
Ingadams are still fighting for compensation andeconomic
rehabilitation today. 21. GREEN GROWTH AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION:
RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR AFRICA11Box 1Special challenges for
green growth in developing countries:1. A large informal economy
that accounts for up to 75% of nonagricultural jobs in Sub-Saharan
Africa.This complicates implementation of the economic, fiscal and
regulatory policy instruments needed forgreen growth.2. High levels
of poverty and inequality. Targeted policies to avoid negative
effects on the poorest arerequired, but capacities for designing
and financing such policies are limited.3. Weak capacity and
resources (public and private) for innovation and investment limit
developingcountries ability to find and exploit opportunities that
emerge from a green growth agenda.4. An urgent need for rapid
development, economic growth and welfare improvement. In
lower-incomecountries, where natural assets are frequently
abundant, the welfare benefits from transitioning to greengrowth
are not as evident as those from conventional economic development,
particularly in the shortterm.5. Few mechanisms to ensure that
those who protect natural assets (such as forest land for
carbonsequestration) receive large enough financial incentives to
maintain them. Without strong incentives, thepolitical viability of
green growth will be weakened.Reducing Emissions from Deforestation
andForest Degradation Plus (REDD+) is one ofthe green growth
mechanisms in Africa. FERN(2013) recognizes more advances in
REDD+implementation in the DRC than in any otherCongo Basin nation,
but it also raises con-cerns.Projects are propelled forward
withlimited readiness, especially at the grassrootslevel. Many
donors fail to acknowledge prob-lemsand portray the REDD+ in the
DRC as ahuge success. FERN observed that the mid-termreview of the
2010 DRCs ReadinessPreparation Proposal (R-PP) found manygaps and
weaknesses, yet the World Bankand partners pushed the country to
the invest-mentand implementation phase. Among thekey concerns was
the lack of inclusivenessin the consultations. Fairhead et al.
(2012)examined the problem of land grabbing ingreen growth
transition. Karumbidza andMenne (2010) reported that massive
tracksof land were being taken up in the DRC forREDD+ and biofuels
farming purposes. Othercountries on the radar of foreign
investorsinclude Tanzania, Madagascar, and Zambia.The carbon market
is another area that in-volvesgreen growth. The market,
createdthrough the three mechanisms in the 1997Kyoto Protocol, has
been turbulent since theglobal financial crisis. A tonne of CO2
sold atUS$50.17 in 2008, but by December 2013had fallen to less
than US$1 (Business Daily,2013). The drop in carbon prices and
disputesabout the single global climate change treatypresent a risk
to using the carbon market toaid green growth transition in Africa.
Giventhat a considerable amount of land is cur-rentlyreserved for
REDD+ projects, the fateof such land is uncertain if its use value
con-tinuesto fall in line with the carbon market.Kastrinos (1995)
argued that environmentalregulation under green growth brings
moreopportunities than risks. Based on 1992 fig-ures,he predicted a
jump in the global en-vironmentalmarket from US$210 billion
toUS$570 billion in 2010. This growth was es-timatedfor the air
pollution control and mon-itoringand waste management and
waste-watertreatment sectors. The AfDB (2012)advises that Africa
move beyond hardwarefinancing on technology transfer and start
toevaluate needs and appropriate and
cost-ef-fectivetechnologies.Green growth transition can give
urgencyto finalizing older renewable energy plans.For instance,
completion of the SouthernAfrican Power Pool depends on
installationof infrastructure along the Inga River in theDRC. The
Batoka Gorge hydropower on theSource: OECD (2013: 8) 22. GREEN
GROWTH AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION: RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR
AFRICA12Zambezi River between Zambia and Zimba-bweis another
example. In addition, the highcarbon footprint of African products
that areprocessed mainly from coal-fired electrici-tyand
diesel-powered generators could bemitigated by greening national
electricitygrids toward renewable energy (wind, hydro,geothermal
and solar).In a study of green growth opportunities andrequirements
in Egypt, Ellis (2012: 4) identi-fiedthree broad sectors: renewable
energygeneration and applications, the constructionindustry, and
the agricultural waste sector.She describes green growth
opportunitiesas those that achievethe triple goals of (i) economic
growth, (ii)social inclusivity, and (iii)
environmentalsustainability. The social dimension isaddressed by
prioritizing these oppor-tunitiesin terms of their potential to
gen-eratejobs, thus allowing the benefits ofthese new opportunities
to be shared ina socially inclusive manner.For the renewable energy
generation and ap-plicationssector, the potential for wind andsolar
power was discussed; for solar specif-ically,photovoltaic, solar
water heating, andconcentrated solar power.The UNEP (2013c)
addresses the issues ofgreen growth and trade. The
organizationregards greening trade not only as an op-portunity,but
an imperative.If we are to reverse the global declineof
biodiversity, mitigate the release ofgreenhouse gases, halt the
degradationof lands, and protect our oceans, theninternational
trade must become sustain-ableand responsible. Further, if we areto
succeed in eradicating poverty, we willneed to ensure that trade
benefits thepoor (UNEP, c v).The UNEP document on green economy
andtrade identifies agriculture, fisheries,
manu-facturing,renewable energy and tourism asrelevant to the
African green growth tran-sition.To enhance trade in
environmentalgoods and services, the UNEP specifies arange of
enabling conditions: investment andspending, market-based
instruments, nation-alregulatory frameworks, and
internationalframeworks, all supported by dialogue andcapacity
development (ibid.).POLICY RECOMMENDATIONSNeed to enhance green
growth readiness:Only a few African countries are
relativelyprepared to undertake the green growth tran-sitionagenda,
based on the framework spec-ifyingsix green growth readiness
parameters:high-level political commitment and
cham-pioning;institutional capacity development;finance; green
growth policy incubation andreform; research and development,
technol-ogyand innovation, and intellectual proper-tyrights; and
programs and projects. Sub-stantialcommitment and financial
resourcesare needed at both the continent-wide andnational levels
to prepare governments forgreen growth transition.Mainstreaming
green growth in develop-mentpolicies: The continent must
main-streamgreen growth into development pol-iciessuch as African
Union Agenda 2063(currently under preparation), Regional
Eco-nomicCommissions visions, poverty reduc-tionstrategies,
national visions, and nationaldevelopment plans. If the continent
is to re-mainon a sustainable growth and develop-mentpath, there is
no alternative.Prioritizing agriculture: Given the predom-inanceof
agriculture in African economies,green growth must make it a
priority. Newagro-ecological maps must be developed toinform policy
and green growth.Avoiding green growth as a non-tariff
bar-rier:Although green growth is a welcome initi-ative,Africa must
work on competitiveness is-sues.If green growth brings non-tariff
barriersassociated with carbon border adjustments,the continent
might find it unpalatable. 23. GREEN GROWTH AND POVERTY
ALLEVIATION: RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR AFRICA13Dealing with
increasing natural disasters:The need to address climate change is
atthe heart of green growth in Africa. Lobby-ingshould continue to
convince top globalemitters and developed economies to reducetheir
emissions to achieve a range within 2Cof pre-industrial levels and
to honor the annu-alUS$100-billion Green Climate Fund pledg-es.As
well, the loss and damage mechanismunder the UNFCCC adaptation work
programmust be refined so that affected countries areadequately
compensated.Financing: All available financing for greengrowth
should be mobilized, especially domes-ticsources. Models like
Rwandas FONERWA,South Africas Green Fund, and Ethiopian
re-newableenergy FDI determinants are viablestarting points. With
green growth funds beingsought worldwide, to be competitive,
Africamust have workable mechanisms in place. Thisdoes not,
however, obviate the need for duediligence in underwriting
contracts.Avoiding one-size-fits-all approach: Differ-entcountries
are at different stages of greengrowth transition, and their
policies and pathsdiffer in terms of detail. This is as it should
be,because a one-size-fits-all approach will notwork. African
countries have diverse resourceendowments and each country must
prioritizequick-win sectors. At the national level, coun-triesmust
tailor the global green growth agen-dato their unique domestic
situation. Smallisland nations, for example, have
identifiedsmall-scale fisheries and aquaculture, tourism,water,
energy and waste as impact sectors forgreen growth
transition.Better institutional coordination: The na-tureof green
growth requires the involvementof every line ministry. However,
fights forgreen growth portfolio control, in order toaccess
resources, are common in Africancountries. Each country must
identify whatform of green growth co-ordination is bestin its
particular case. A model that devolvesresponsibility to every line
ministry seems towork, although the question of resources hasto be
addressed at another level.Green Growth Index (GGI): An indicator
isneeded to measure, report and verify greengrowth progress. To
this end, an Africa-wideGGI is proposed. Details will be
consideredonce the concept is approved by
relevantstakeholders.Enhancing trade in green goods and
ser-vices:The market for environmental goodsand services is
growing, driven mainly by anew generation of consumers,
particularlyin Europe and other developed regions. Thisgives Africa
yet another reason to undertakegreen growth. Because the risks of
carbonemissions are increasing, and with the singleclimate treaty
in sight for 2020, African gov-ernmentsshould work to incorporate
morerenewable energy in their national electricitygrids. This will
lower the emissions factors,which are a key parameter in the
calculationof products carbon footprints.Dealing with green/clean
technologydumping potential through procurement:Given the low
levels of research and develop-mentin Africa, most green technology
will beimported. There is a chance that developed re-gionswill dump
entry-level green/clean tech-nologiesin Africa, offered at
favorable pricesand as part of aid and trade packages. Asa result,
Africa would benefit only minimallyfrom green growth transition,
particularly inlowering the carbon footprint of
products.CONCLUSIONBecause green growth is a relatively newconcept,
controversy remains about whatit really means. However, the
literature pub-lishedsince 2008 has helped clarify someconcepts, so
understanding of the majorbuilding blocks of green growth is
relativelygood. Africa has some of the worlds poorestcountries, so
any (green) growth opportunityis welcome, provided it is inclusive
and incor-poratesequity elements. Given that Africa isan agro-based
economy, considerations ofgreen growth for poverty eradication
shouldaddress this sector, particularly with regardto employment.
Green growth impact sectors 24. GREEN GROWTH AND POVERTY
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and climate-resilientinfrastructure and cities. A smooth
greengrowth transition cannot be achieved witha one-size-fits-all
approach. Resources thatwill ensure green growth readiness need
tobe allocated mainly from national coffers.This paper presents
critical policy issues that 25. GREEN GROWTH AND POVERTY
ALLEVIATION: RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR
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Excellency,President JG Zuma on the occasionof National Womens Day
celebrationsmarking 100 years of womens strugglesThulamahashe
Stadium, Bushbuckridge,Limpopo. 26. 16 27. CROISSANCE VERTE ET
ALLGEMENT DE LA PAUVRET : RISQUES ET OPPORTUNITS POUR
LAFRIQUE17Croissance verte et allgement dela pauvret : risques et
opportunitspour lAfriqueRSUMLes gouvernements africains sont
dtermi-ns rduire au minimum les risques lis la croissance verte et
doptimiser les oppor-tunitsoffertes par ce modle de croissance.La
croissance verte est une rupture avec lemodle de croissance forte
intensit de res-sourcesqui a longtemps prvalu par le pass,et qui a
entran la diminution des ressourcesen gnral et des resssources
naturelles enparticulier. Les principaux risques examinsdans le
prsent document sont : les faiblesniveaux de prparation la
croissance verte ;lventualit dun dumping des technologiespropres
lmentaires ; et les changes assor-tisde conditions dans le cadre de
la crois-sanceverte. Au nombre des opportunitsfigurent lexcution de
mgaprojets portantsur les nergies renouvelables anciennes et
lapossibilit de mettre sur pied des infrastruc-tureset des
tablissements lpreuve duclimat. Le document examine galement
desinitiatives stratgiques telles que les para-mtresde ltat de
prparation ; lintgrationde la croissance verte ; le fait dviter
uneapproche unique ; laffectation de la priorit des projets
denvergure impact rapide ;une meilleure coordination
institutionnelle ;et la mise au point dun indice de croissanceverte
(ICV) aux fins de suivi et dvaluation.Mots cls : croissance verte,
rduction dela pauvret, Afrique, risques, opportunitsINTRODUCTIONLa
croissance verte nest pas un phnomnenouveau (Savaresi, 2012).
Cependant, la crisefinancire de 2008 a suscit un engouementrenouvel
pour cette thmatique, les diri-geantsmondiaux ayant dcid de relever
desdfis environnementaux de longue date telsque lalimentation et
lnergie, paralllement la recherche de solutions permettant de
sur-monterla rcession. LAfrique a t dsignecomme la nouvelle
frontire de la croissancemondiale (Accenture, 2010), mais il faut
fairepreuve de prudence et de diligence raison-nablelors de la
prise dinitiatives en faveurde la croissance verte, surtout celles
qui sontalignes sur des intrts extrieurs. La transi-tionvers la
croissance verte sur le continentafricain doit tenir compte de cinq
dimensions :les consommateurs, les ressources, le talent,le capital
et linnovation (ibid.). La Banqueafricaine de dveloppement BAD
(2013a)reconnat que, pour tre viable, le programmede dveloppement
doit scarter du scnariodu maintien du statu quo. Autrement dit,
ilnexiste pas dalternative la croissance verte.Du point de vue de
la Banque, la croissanceverte signifie quil faut prendre des
mesuresaujourdhui pour viter de subir des pertes etdencourir des
cots dans un futur proche.Les cots futurs peuvent augmenter : i)
silon ninvestit pas temps dans lduca-tion; ii) du fait de la
dgradation continuedes ressources naturelles ; et iii) si
lestablissements urbains stendent deszones vulnrables aux
inondations ou lrosion, dotes dinfrastructures qui nesont pas
suffisamment rsilientes (BAD,2013a : 32).Les dirigeants africains
ont accept descarter du modle de dveloppementclassique. Dans son
propos liminaire tenu enLa transitionvers la crois-sanceverte surle
continentafricain doit tenircompte de cinqdimensions :
lesconsommateurs,les ressources, letalent, le capitalet
linnovation. 28. CROISSANCE VERTE ET ALLGEMENT DE LA PAUVRET :
RISQUES ET OPPORTUNITS POUR LAFRIQUE182010 loccasion du Sommet sur
la crois-sanceverte en Afrique du Sud, le prsidentZuma a dclar :
Nous navons gure dautrechoix que de grer nos ressources
naturellesde manire durable. [] Nous navons pasdautre choix que de
dvelopper une co-nomieverte (Zuma, 2010 : 4 ; traduction).Labandon
de lapproche traditionnelle est siimportant que la Stratgie
dcennale de laBAD 2013-2022 contient deux objectifs fon-dssur la
croissance inclusive et la transitionvers la croissance verte. La
croissance verteoffre une occasion de concevoir les
infrastruc-tureset de grer les espaces urbains et lecapital naturel
dune manire qui ne porte pasatteinte lenvironnement du continent ni
sa base conomique (BAD, 2013a). Restersur le sentier de la
croissance forte inten-sitde ressources emprunt par dautres
r-gionsdu monde pourrait entraner un dficitde biocapacit et une
panoplie de problmeslis la dgradation de lenvironnement.
Enrevanche, la croissance verte offre lAfriqueune opportunit
demprunter des chemins decroissance conomes en ressources, grce
lutilisation de technologies prouves offrantun bon rapport
cot-efficacit.Si elle prsente des opportunits normes,la croissance
verte nest pas dnue de toutrisque pour les conomies
africaines.Voicideux exemples : 1) la transition force
delexportation du vin en bouteille lexporta-tionde gros barils de
vin en Afrique du Sud(Ntombela, 2013) a entran des pertes
dem-plois; 2) la saga des kilomtres alimentaires,qui a vu
lindustrie horticole de la Commu-nautde lAfrique de lEst (EAC)
dverserdes fleurs de la moiti la fin de la dcen-nie2000 (Garside et
al., 2008). Cependant,le cot de linaction est lev en Afrique,o les
secteurs centrs sur les ressources agriculture, exploitation
minire, fort etpche (CEA, 2012a) restent les principauxpourvoyeurs
demplois. La croissance vertedevrait maintenir et renforcer le
capital na-turelqui constituera une importante sourcedemplois, de
revenus et de moyens desubsistance pour lcrasante majorit
despopulations africaines (ibid. : 3).CROISSANCE VERTE : DBATS
ENCOURS ET COMPRHENSIONBowen et Fankhauser (2011) font remarquerque
la croissance verte est devenue unterme la mode et un slogan dans
les po-litiqueset les communauts acadmiques.De mme, Schmalensee
(2012) relve quedes slogans magnifiques ne se traduisentpas
forcment en actions exceptionnelles ni mme en des actes dignes
dintrt.En effet, cela ne sexplique pas uniquementpar le fait que la
croissance verte na pasde dfinition communment accepte ; plu-tt,des
groupes diffrents emploient cetteterminologie pour signifier ou
dire implici-tementdes choses diffrentes (ibid. : S2).La croissance
verte a t associe la du-rabilitenvironnementale, la croissanceet au
dveloppement faible intensit decarbone et lpreuve du climat, ainsi
quune nouvelle dynamique en faveur du dve-loppementconomique.
Quentend-on doncpar croissance verte ? Le tableau 1 rsumecertaines
de ses dfinitions.LOrganisation pour la coopration et le
d-veloppementconomiques (OCDE) a t lefer de lance du programme de
croissanceverte depuis 2008. Du point de vue de cetteOrganisation,
les gouvernements qui placentla croissance verte au coeur du
dveloppe-mentpeuvent parvenir un dveloppementconomique durable et
la stabilit sociale,sauvegarder lenvironnement et prserverles
ressources pour les gnrations futures(OCDE, 2013 : 2). Une telle
rconciliation dudveloppement conomique et de la
durabi-litenvironnementale vite la dgradation ducapital naturel et
le changement climatique,tout en favorisant la scurit sociale,
touteschoses essentielles pour lAfrique. La Banquemondiale (2012 :
1) dcrit les modles decroissance actuels comme tant non
seule-mentpeu durables, mais aussi foncirementinefficaces.Les dbats
autour de la croissance verte sontinvitablement centrs sur la
dgradation ducapital naturel et le changement climatique.Le rapport
du Programme des Nations Unies La croissanceverte offre uneoccasion
deconcevoir lesinfrastructures etde grer les es-pacesurbains etle
capital natureldune manirequi ne porte pasatteinte
len-vironnementducontinent ni sa base cono-mique. 29. CROISSANCE
VERTE ET ALLGEMENT DE LA PAUVRET : RISQUES ET OPPORTUNITS POUR
LAFRIQUE19pour lenvironnement (PNUE) prsente desstatistiques sur
les cots de ladaptation auchangement climatique : lhorizon 2020,les
cots annuels mondiaux de ladaptationpourraient tre compris entre 7
et 15 mil-liardsde dollars. Le PNUE estime que mmelorsque le
plafond des missions aura tatteint et que nous serons revenus sur
unsentier permettant de contenir le rchauffe-mentsous la barre de 2
C, dici 2050, lescots de ladaptation pourraient se situer au-tourde
35 milliards de dollars par an (PNUE,2013a : v). Concernant
lAfrique, le rapportestime que la facture annuelle slvera 50
milliards de dollars par an lhorizon2050 ; la barre des 70
milliards de dollarslan pourrait mme tre franchie si la
ten-danceactuelle du rchauffement climatiquese maintient. Selon le
rapport, les secteursessentiels tels que lalimentation en eau,
lesinfrastructures et lagriculture auront besoindes cots
dadaptation les plus levs enAfrique subsaharienne.Les dfinitions de
la croissance verte et deslments connexes proposes par la BADsont
utilises dans la prsente tude eugard au rle central et la
pertinence dela Banque sur le continent africain. La
Stra-tgiedcennale de la BAD pour la priode2013-2022 vise promouvoir
la croissanceinclusive et de mettre laccent sur la
dura-bilit,moyennant une transition progressivevers la croissance
verte. Sur la base de laTableau 1 : Dfinitions de la croissance
verteAuteur (Anne/page) Dfinition/explications de la croissance
verteBanque mondiale(2012: 100)La croissance verte est le fait de
transformer nos processus de production etde consommation pour
passer dun modle sale et peu durable sur le planenvironnemental un
modle durable. Comme toute transition structurelle, unetelle
mutation induit ncessairement des cots de transaction que les
politiques enmatire de croissance verte doivent sefforcer de rduire
au minimum.OCDE (2013: 2) La croissance verte constitue un moyen
conomique et dun bon rapport cot-efficacitdorienter des choix de
production et de consommation durables.Lorsquelle est conue pour
rduire la pauvret et grer des compromis moyenterme, la croissance
verte peut aider les pays en dveloppement parvenir unecroissance
durable.BAD (2013b: 1-2) La croissance verte protge les moyens de
subsistance ; amliore la scurit deleau, la scurit nergtique et la
scurit alimentaire ; encourage lutilisationdurable des ressources
naturelles ; stimule linnovation, la cration demploiset le
dveloppement conomique. La Banque appuiera la croissance verteen
recherchant des chemins de croissance qui librent la pression sur
lesbiens naturels, tout en assurant une gestion plus rationnelle
des risquesenvironnementaux, sociaux et conomiques. Les priorits
dans la ralisation dela croissance verte comprennent le
renforcement de la capacit dadaptationaux chocs climatiques, la
mise en place dinfrastructures viables, la cration deservices
cosystmiques et la promotion de lutilisation efficace et durable
desressources naturelles (en particulier leau, qui est primordiale
la croissance touten constituant la ressource la plus affecte par
le changement climatique).Gouvernement dela Sierra LeoneProgramme
dactionpour la prosprit(BAD2013a: 14)La croissance verte sentend du
dveloppement durable des infrastructures,de lnergie et des villes ;
de la gestion rationnelle des ressources naturellesrenouvelables et
non renouvelables ; et aussi du renforcement de la
capacitdadaptation des citoyens.Gouvernement sud-africain(DEA,
2013:10)La croissance verte est un sentier de dveloppement durable
fond sur la gestionde linterdpendance entre la croissance
conomique, la protection sociale et lescosystmes naturels....
lhorizon 2020,les cots annuelsmondiaux deladaptation pour-raienttre
comprisentre 7 et 15 mil-liardsde dollars.Le PNUE estimeque mme
lorsquele plafond desmissions aura tatteint et que nousserons
revenus surun sentier permet-tantde contenirle rchauffementsous la
barre de2 C, dici 2050, lescots de ladap-tationpourraientse situer
autourde 35 milliards dedollars par an. 30. CROISSANCE VERTE ET
ALLGEMENT DE LA PAUVRET : RISQUES ET OPPORTUNITS POUR
LAFRIQUE20dfinition propose par la Banque, la crois-sanceverte
stend au-del de la rductiondes missions de gaz carbonique et
doitcomporter des lments susceptibles derduire la pauvret
intergnrationnelle etles ingalits en matire de revenus. Au sensde
la BAD, la croissance verte implique deraliser, ds prsent, des
investissementsintelligents dans la scurit alimentaire,les
infrastructures durables, lnergie et lestablissements urbains, des
investissementsqui permettent de mieux grer les
ressourcesnaturelles (terres, stocks de poisson, eau etforts) et
qui renforcent la capacit dadapta-tionaux catastrophes naturelles
et au chan-gementclimatique.La BAD reconnat que les piliers de la
crois-sanceverte existent dj sur le continentafricain (BAD, 2012 :
155), notamment desplans daction nationaux dadaptation, lagestion
durable des terres, la gestion int-gredes ressources en eau et
dautres ini-tiativescres pour garantir lefficience danslutilisation
des ressources. Par exemple,des tudes environnementales
stratgiquespourraient aider valuer limpact du dve-loppementsur le
capital naturel mesure quele modle T-21 du PNUE gagne du terrain,
caril a dj t utilis avec succs par le Kenyaet lAfrique du Sud. La
BAD (ibid.) plaide pourlintgration de la croissance verte dans
laplanification du dveloppement. Cela signi-fiequil faut mettre en
place les institutionsappropries au bon moment, en veillant
cequelles fournissent des incitations appro-pries linvestissement
public et priv vert.Les documents de stratgie de rduction dela
pauvret (DSRP), les visions nationaleset les plans nationaux de
dveloppementconstituent des plateformes dentre essen-tielles
lintgration de la croissance verte.Pour acclrer les progrs vers la
croissanceverte, la BAD recommande aux pays africainset aux
organisations associes de poser desdiagnostics qui appuient des
trajectoires dedveloppement efficaces et durables ; deredynamiser
les politiques, les mesures inci-tativeset les capacits de mise en
applica-tion; dlargir les options de financement ; etdassurer le
suivi, la traabilit et ladaptationdes efforts de dveloppement.Le
suivi, la traabilit et la volont de sadap-tersont essentiels la
mise au point dindicede croissance verte (ICV). Lutilisation du
pro-duitintrieur brut (PIB) en tant que mesuredu succs du
dveloppement a t remiseen cause (BAD, 2012). cet gard, un
ICVdevrait intgrer de nouveaux indicateurs telsque ltat du capital
naturel, lefficacit desressources et la capacit dadaptation
desmoyens de subsistance et des secteurs auxchocs et autres menaces
dordre environ-nemental,social, conomique et politique.PAUVRET
ENDMIQUE, EMPLOISET CROISSANCE VERTELa pauvret endmique est un
enjeu majeurpour lAfrique, particulirement en raison deson impact
sur les femmes (Zuma, 2013). Lesobjectifs du Millnaire pour le
dveloppement(OMD) ont t linstrument le plus efficacede lutte contre
la pauvret, mais la situationdemeure critique en Afrique
subsaharienne(PNUD, 2013a). A titre dexemple, lAfriqueabritait 48 %
de la population de 1,2 milliardvivant sous le seuil de pauvret
(cest--direavec moins de 1,25 dollar par jour) en 2010.Le
ralentissement conomique continu ob-servaprs la crise financire
mondiale de2008 a entran des pertes demplois pour unnombre accru de
personnes. La croissanceverte est perue comme un mcanisme
sus-ceptiblede rsoudre le problme pos parla pauvret
intergnrationnelle persistante.Dans une valuation des progrs
ralisspar lAfrique vers latteinte des OMD, la BAD(2013c : xiii) a
relev un rsultat mitig, mar-qupar des russites et des checs,
desamliorations et des dfis, des innovationset des obstacles. Les
principaux dfis ontconsist traduire la croissance conomiqueen
emplois durables, damliorer la prestationde services et de rduire
notamment les in-galitsdans les revenus et entre les sexes.
Lafigure 1 prsente les niveaux de pauvret enAfrique,
comparativement la situation quiprvaut dans les autres continents.
La croissanceverte est peruecomme un mca-nismesusceptiblede rsoudre
leproblme pospar la pauvret in-tergnrationnellepersistante. 31.
CROISSANCE VERTE ET ALLGEMENT DE LA PAUVRET : RISQUES ET
OPPORTUNITS POUR LAFRIQUE21En dpit dun dclin, les taux de pauvret
delAfrique ( lexclusion de lAfrique du Nord)restent levs. En 1990,
prs de 56,5 % dela population africaine vivaient avec moins de1,25
dollar par jour ; en 2010, ce chiffre tait de48,5 %. Ces donnes
contrastent fortementavec celles de lAsie de lEst et du Pacifique,o
le taux de pauvret est tomb de 56,2 % 12,5 %. La majorit des rgions
prvoientde baisser moins de 6 % le ratio de leurspopulations vivant
avec moins de 1,25 dollarpar jour dici 2015 (anne dchance desOMD).
Les prvisions indiquent que seuleslAsie du Sud et lAfrique
continueront den-registrerdes taux de pauvret trs levs, delordre de
23,2 % et 42,3 %, respectivement(BAD, 2013c).Selon lOrganisation
internationale du Travail(OIT, 2012 : vii), le modle forte
intensi-tde ressources du pass entranera descots levs, une perte de
productivit et laperturbation de lactivit conomique. Lesprojections
indiquent quen vertu du mo-dledu maintien du statu quo, les
niveauxde productivit auront baiss de 2,4 % en2030 et de 7,2 % en
2050. Le modle dedveloppement dit du maintien du statuquo est
galement jug inefficace en ce quiconcerne les emplois productifs et
le travaildcent. Cependant, des efforts vers la
dura-bilitenvironnementale et la croissance verteont favoris la
cration demplois. lchellemondiale, depuis la crise financire de
2008,la cration demplois dans le secteur desnergies renouvelables a
t en moyennede 21 % annuellement. En fin danne 2010,ce secteur
employait prs de cinq millionsde personnes (ibid.). Lefficacit
nergtiqueest un autre secteur cl demploi, grce une contribution
notable des services co-systmiques.Dans lUnion europenne, unnombre
estimatif de 14,6 millions demploisprotgent directement ou
indirectement labiodiversit et restaurent les habitats et lesforts.
LAfrique tend crer des emploisdans la protection des forts par le
biaisdes projets du Mcanisme pour la rductiondes missions lies au
dboisement et ladgradation des forts, et pour lutilisationFigure 1
: Taux de pauvret rgionaux (% de la popula-tionvivant avec moins de
1,25 dollar par jour)Asie de lEst et PaciqueAmrique latine et
CarabesAsie du Sud1990 1999 2005 2008 2010 2015Source : Donnes de
la BAD, 2013c: 2durable des terres (REDD+). Dans le mondeentier, un
investissement de 30 milliards dedollars pourrait gnrer prs de huit
millionsdemplois au titre du REDD+. Pour lOIT, lepotentiel de perte
demplois du fait de lacroissance verte a t exagr (ibid.). En
r-alit,huit secteurs cls sont en train dtretransforms par le biais
de la croissance verte agriculture, forts, pche, nergie,
produc-tionmanufacturire haute intensit de res-sources,recyclage,
btiment et transports.Selon Engel et Kammen (2009), le secteurde
lnergie olienne crera des emploisverts durables. Citant Boettcher
et al., ilstayent leur assertion par des donnes pourlAllemagne,
lEspagne et le Danemark. EnAllemagne, 22,3 gigawatts (GW)
dnergieolienne installe pourraient crer 80 000 em-ploisdans la
chane de valeur. En Espagne,14,7 GW de capacit installe pourraient
crer31 500 emplois, et au Danemark, 3,1 GW decapacit installe
dnergie olienne pour-raientgnrer 21 600 emplois. Ces chiffressont
importants pour les efforts dintgrationde la croissance verte en
Afrique, car ils in-diquentle potentiel que recle le secteur
delnergie olienne.Dans un rapport rcent sur les emplois di-rectsen
Afrique du Sud (IDC, DBSA et TIPS,Pourcentage706050403020100Europe
et Asie centraleMoyen-Orient et Afrique du NordAfrique (sauf
Afrique du Nord)East Asia and the PacicLatin America and
CaribbeanSouth Asia1990 1999 2005 2008 2010
2015Percentage706050403020100Europe and Central AsiaMiddle East and
North AfricaAfrica (excluding North Africa) 32. CROISSANCE VERTE ET
ALLGEMENT DE LA PAUVRET : RISQUES ET OPPORTUNITS POUR
LAFRIQUE222011), lIndustrial Development Corporation,la Banque de
dveloppement de lAfriqueaustrale et les stratgies de politiques
com-mercialeet industrielle ont estim le potentiel court terme
(2011-2012), moyen terme(2013-2017) et long terme (2018-2025)
decration demplois verts dans lconomieformelle dans quatre secteurs
: la produc-tiondnergie ; lefficacit nergtique et desressources ;
lattnuation des missions etde la pollution ; et la gestion des
ressourcesnaturelles. Un nombre estimatif de 98 000emplois nouveaux
pourraient tre crs court terme ; 255 000 moyen terme ; et462 000
long terme.INTGRER LA CROISSANCEVERTE DANS LES PLANS
DEDVELOPPEMENTSi le continent souhaite sattaquer la pau-vreten
sappuyant sur la croissance verte,il est ncessaire dintgrer la
croissance co-logiquedans les documents de politique dedveloppement
tels que lAgenda 2063 delUnion africaine, les visions des
commis-sionsconomiques rgionales (CER), les vi-sionsnationales, les
stratgies de rductionde la pauvret, et les plans nationaux de
d-veloppement.Les politiques labores avantla crise financire de
2008 ne contiennentpratiquement aucun lment de croissanceverte ;
mais certaines politiques laboresdepuis cette priode comportent des
aspectsde la croissance verte.La BAD et lOCDE (2013) ont retenu
uncertain nombre doutils essentiels pour lin-tgrationde la
croissance verte, savoir :larchitecture des politiques nationales
etinternationales, laide publique au dvelop-pement(APD), le
transfert de technologie, larecherche-dveloppement, le
financement,et la formation professionnelle, qui pourraientgnrer
des emplois dans les secteurs verts.Des infrastructures durables,
une gestion ef-ficacedes ressources naturelles, et le
ren-forcementdes capacits de rsilience ontt identifis comme des
domaines impactrapide cest--dire des domaines qui offrentdes
possibilits de formuler des initiativesrelativement peu coteuses,
faciles mettreen oeuvre, et pouvant tre mises en oeuvrerapidement.
Les thmes communs relatifs lintgration de la croissance verte dans
laplanification du dveloppement national taitles suivants :
utilisation des mcanismes in-terministriels; valuation
environnementalestratgique (EES) et valuation de limpact
surlenvironnement ; projets de dmonstrationvisant accrotre la
sensibilisation ; dfinitionde la squence des politiques et
mcanismesinstitutionnels, ducation au niveau primairesur
limportance de la conservation du ca-pitalnaturel ; renforcement
des capacitsdans les ministres et les organisations, etamlioration
de la collecte des donnes (enparticulier, celles relatives au
capital naturel).Mme si la croissance verte ny est pas
abor-deexplicitement, un document de travaillabor en 2013 pour
soutenir lAgenda 2063de lUnion africaine lance un appel en
faveurdune croissance inclusive et dun dvelop-pementdurable (Union
africaine, 2013) face la pauvret qui svit sur le continent (ibid.:
19). Le projet Vision 2040 de lOuganda ex-primele souhait de
parvenir une croissanceverte et dtablir un environnement propredans
lequel les cosystmes sont grs demanire durable. La stratgie de
dvelop-pementconomique et de rduction de lapauvret du Rwanda pour
2013-2018 intgreclairement la croissance verte lune des
cinqpriorits tant ladoption dune dmarche decroissance verte en vue
de la transforma-tionconomique du pays (gouvernement duRwanda,
2013). Le gouvernement considrelintgration environnementale comme
unebase pour promouvoir la croissance verte etlinvestissement, ce
qui pourrait conduire lradication de la pauvret au Rwanda. Onestime
quune trajectoire de la croissanceverte devrait dboucher sur le
dveloppementde villes et de villages durables et
promouvoirlinnovation dans lindustrie et le secteur priv.Le Rwanda
est un prcurseur de la crois-sanceverte lpreuve du changement
clima-tique(Climate and Knowledge Development 33. CROISSANCE VERTE
ET ALLGEMENT DE LA PAUVRET : RISQUES ET OPPORTUNITS POUR
LAFRIQUE23Network CDKN, 2013). La stratgie pour lacroissance verte
et la rsilience aux alas cli-matiquesa abouti la cration du Fonds
natio-nalde protection de lenvironnement et de luttecontre le
changement climatique (FONERWA),qui a bnfici dune dotation de 22,5
millionsdeuros accorde par le British InternationalClimate Fund en
juin 2013. Cet appui financiera fait du FONERWA le plus important
fondsvert climatique ax sur la demande en Afrique.Le FONERWA
octroie des financements dansquatre domaines, savoir : la
conservation etla gestion durable des ressources naturelles ;la
recherche et le dveloppement ; le transfertet la mise en oeuvre de
technologies ; la priseen compte des questions relatives
lenvi-ronnementet le changement climatique ; etles valuations
dimpact environnemental.En outre, 20 % des fonds sont destins
ausecteur priv, et 10 % aux districts locaux.Le principal problme
concerne les capacitslimites en matire dvaluation des offres etde
gestion de projets, lacune que le CDKNpermettra de combler jusquen
2015. La Stra-tgiepour la croissance verte et la rsilienceaux alas
climatiques a identifi 14 programsdactions et six projets impact
rapide, parmilesquels les rserves dnergie gothermique,la gestion
des sols, et les infrastructures et lesrseaux routiers lpreuve du
changementclimatique.LAfrique du Sud est lavant-garde de
latransition vers une croissance verte. En 2011,le pays a cr un
Fonds vert dot denviron800 000 dollars EU (Nhamo, 2013). Parmiles
autres mcanismes de financement figurenotamment une facilit de prt
accorde parlIndustrial Development Corporation, dunmontant de 2,5
milliards de dollars EU. Ce-pendant,les initiatives en faveur de la
crois-sanceverte les plus souvent cites ont trait lnergie le plan
daction pour une politiqueindustrielle plaide pour linstallation
dun mil-lionde chauffe-eau solaires dans les zonesrsidentielles
dici dcembre 2014. Dans lamodlisation de son conomie, lAfrique
duSud a mis laccent sur quatre secteurs, savoir la gestion des
ressources naturelles,lagriculture, les transports et lnergie
(PNUE,2013b). Un groupe dexperts a considr cessecteurs comme
pouvant gnrer des gainsrapides et importants, en particulier en
termesdemplois et de retombes y affrentes.Les nergies
renouvelables, en particulier lesnergies olienne et gothermique,
saffir-mentcomme un domaine fort potentiel decroissance pour le
Kenya (Ellis et al., 2013)et pour lthiopie (Rpublique
dmocratiquefdrale dthiopie, 2012). Un fonds gother-miquefinanc par
la Banque allemande dedveloppement (KfW), lanc en 2012
(SinclairKnight Merz, 2012), accorde entre 20 millionsdeuros et 50
millions deuros aux tudesde faisabilit et dexploration, dans le
cadrede projets mens au Kenya, en Ouganda,en Tanzanie, au Rwanda et
en thiopie. LaStratgie pour une conomie cologiquersiliente face au
changement climatique(CRGES) est axe sur le dveloppementdurable
(Rpublique dmocratique fdraledthiopie, 2012), et cible les nergies
hydro-lectriqueet gothermique. En octobre 2013,lthiopie a inaugur
le plus grand complexegothermique du continent, qui a mobilisun
financement de quatre milliards de dol-larsEU de lentreprise
amricano-islandaiseReykjavik Geothermal (Global Post, 2013).
Lecomplexe gothermique produira 1 000 m-gawatts(MW) et devrait
constituer le plusgrand investissement direct tranger dansle pays.
Aprs son achvement en 2017, lebarrage Grand Renaissance sur le Nil,
dunecapacit de 6 000 MW, ralis conformment la politique
gouvernementale de transitionvers une croissance verte, sera le
plus grandbarrage artificiel dAfrique (ibid.). Le parc
o-liendAshegoda, dans ltat