‘GENDER LENS’ IN VALUE CHAINS ANALYSIS FOR DECENT WORK written by Linda Mayoux ILO WEDGE Programme ???
‘GENDER LENS’IN
VALUE CHAINS ANALYSIS FOR
DECENT WORK
written by
Linda Mayoux
ILO WEDGE Programme
???
ILO DECENT WORK
AGENDA
OVERALL GOAL
of the global economy should be to provide opportunities for ALL PEOPLE to obtain
decent and productive work in conditions of freedom, equity, security
and dignity.
FOUR STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES:
Employment creation
Promoting fundamental
rights at work
Improving social
protection
Strengthening social
dialogue
apply not only to the formal sector, but also to the informal sector where the majority of very poor
women and men are working
WHY GENDER?
Gender equality is of central concern to this Decent Work Agenda for ‘ALL PEOPLE’:
• As a goal in and of itself as part of ILO commitment to women’s human rights as stated in international agreements, particularly 1979 Convention on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) signed by the majority of ILO member governments and ILO’s organisational gender policy.
• As an essential strategy for poverty reduction because of women’s higher representation amongst the poor and also women’s responsibility for children and family welfare.
• As an essential strategy for economic growth and the need to eliminate current gender discrimination against women in economic growth policies. Unless gender discrimination is eliminated, economic growth will be substantially decreased.
VCA FOR DECENT WORK
HEURISTIC AND
ANALYTICAL
FRAMEWORK
•Who is involved?
Where? Why?
•Who gets what? W
hy?
•Power relations and
chain governance
•Institu
tions and
contextual influences
FOCUS?
eg one particular
enterprise, s
pecific
production proce
ss,
whole industr
ial or
commodity
secto
r or
specif
ic target
group?
PURPOSE?
Eg in
crea
sing
prof
its,
upgr
adin
g or
impr
ovin
g wor
king
cond
itions
and
worke
r inc
omes
PLANNING A
ND
STRATEGIC LEARNIN
G
TOOL
•‘leve
rage points‘ and
potential p
oints of
interventio
n
•potential c
oherence in
interventio
ns at d
ifferent
levels
•networki
ng between
people at diffe
rent leve
ls
No ‘definitive map – depends
on:
STAGES IN VCA
1.SCOPINGWHAT?
in relation to main purpose and
intended beneficiaries
2.STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS WHO? identify the different
actors and interests at
different points in the chain.
3. FIRST
MAPPING
WHERE?
the supply,
production, marketing
and/or consumption
chains : different
markets/products,
activities, types of
productive unit,
geographical location,
stakeholders and
roles at different
levels.
5. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
WHY?barriers to entry, different
interests and power relations and contextual
factors which explain inequalities and/or
inefficiencies/blockages in the chain.
6. AC
TION
LEA
RN
ING
WH
AT TO
DO
?
potential ‘leverage’
points and/or
interventions for
upgrading the chain as
a whole and/or
redistributing values in
favour of those at the
bottom.
4. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:
HOW MANY WHO GET WHAT WHERE?
the relative distribution of 'values ' at different points of the chain, numbers of
people involved, proportions of ‘value’ going to different
stakeholders.
SUSTAINABLEACCOUNTABILITY
‘GENDER LENS’:KEY CHALLENGES
• Not easy
• All pervasive
• Different dimensions
• Different levels
• Interlinked
• ‘Vicious circles’
• ‘Virtuous spirals’BROAD FRAMEWORK
GENDER FRAMEWORK
HOUSEHOLDINDIVIDUAL
ECONOMIClevels of income
control over incomes
rights to property and labour'ownership'
'worker',production/
reproductionmarket/non-market
SOCIAL'culture'
kinship and familycontrol of sexuality and mobility
social responsibilities and support structures
VIOLENCE AND SANCTIONS
POLITICAL'personal is
political'individual
autonomy and rights
decision-makinglegal frameworksinstitutional rules
policy and decision-making
PSYCHOLOGICALconfidence
independencestereotypes
unconscious reactionsaspirations
learning/'indoctrination'
HOUSEHOLD
COMMUNITY
MARKET
NATIONAL
INTERNATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS
POWER
VULNERABILITY
VOICE
CAPABILITY
GENDERGOALS
EQUALITYof opportunity,
power and resources
EMPOWERMENT to make realisable
and informed choices
EQUITY of OUTCOMES
‘rich tapestry of life’
Personal difference and choice
Enabling environment to eliminate ‘power over’
requires not only removing discrimination but
mainstreaming:Intra-household
Non-market Informal processes
Participatory structures
crosscutting inequalitiesbetween women:poverty, ethnicity, marital status, age, education, health status etc
Participatory empowerment process and targeted support for women:
•Power to: skills, resources•Power within: confidence, awareness and aspirations for change
•Power with: organisation for change
•Power over: involving men in this process of change
+
SCOPING
CHAIN UPGRADING:EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY
mainstreaming women’s human rights
1) Where in the value chain are women located? Where are men located? Are these key growth areas? Areas which present a blockage to upgrading?
2) Why? Do women or men have the necessary skills for quality production? Access to/control over resources for investment? Networks? Motivation? Power?
3) In what ways do contextual gender inequalities affect access to necessary skills and/or control over resources? Individual? Household? Market? National? International? Power, autonomy, vulnerability, voice?
4) Which would be the best ‘basket of interventions’ at different levels to increase women’s contribution to chain upgrading?
How can interventions at different levels of the value chain contribute to increasing gender equality?
1. Through developing new role models of successful women’s entrepreneurship?
2. Through increasing incomes and control over incomes of low paid women within the value chain?
3. Through strengthening women’s voice and bargaining power within households, enterprises and policy-making processes?
SCOPINGWOMEN’S RIGHTS AND
EMPOWERMENT targeted affirmative
strategy
1) Are women getting equal access to entrepreneurship and employment?
2) Do women and men get equal shares of the value at different points along the chain?
3) Are women or men excluded from the most profitable parts of the chain?
4) Why and what can be done?
5) What sorts of social protection might be needed?
6) How can women be equally involved in social dialogue?
SCOPINGDECENT WORK AGENDA:EQUITY OF OUTCOMES
effective pro-poor development
1) What gendered assumptions are being made? eg in definitions of ‘enterprise’, ‘ownership’, ‘worker’ and so on?
2) Are potentially ‘invisible’ women’s activities within households or in temporary work and putting out systems relevant and adequately addressed?
3) Are gendered power relations within and between enterprises relevant and addressed?
4) Are gender differences and inequalities within markets and at the consumer level relevant and adequately addressed?
5) Are gender implications of macro-level policies included in the scope of the investigation?
SCOPING
CROSS-CUTTING
CONCERNS
GENDER ISSUES IN METHODOLOGY
• Does the research team have the appropriate gender balance to do the investigation?
• Are women researchers available to discuss gender issues with women? Is it best for women or men researchers to discuss gender issues with men?
• Do women and men have sufficient training in gender sensitive questioning?
• What are the likely key areas of sensitivity which will need to be taken into account? Might this require a strategy for progressive introduction of particular questions? What sort of preparation might be needed?
• At what stage might a separate or mixed sex participatory discussions be useful?
STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS
women who may be less visible – in ancillary activities, temporary
work, putting out systems and homeworking
women who may be significant actors in
‘male-owned’ enterprises as eg
managers, supervisors and unpaid workers (generally termed ‘helpers’) or home
managers
women involved in enterprises or trading activities which might
be displaced by some types of
upgrading strategies
men in ‘female-owned’
enterprises
‘Gender balance’
men who are vulnerable to
displacement by policies aiming to
benefit women in value chains upgrading.
differences and potential conflicts of interest not only between women and men, but also between
womeneconomic status
ageeducation
marital statusethnicity
health status
PRELIMINARY MAPWHO WHERE?
DESIGN
MARKETINGTRADERSMARKETS
INPUTS
PRODUCTION
PROCESS
CONSUMPTION
‘Female markets’ ‘Female products’
MANAGEMENTsupervisors?
SUPPLIERS:PRODUCERS
TRADERSPutting-out workers?
Homeworkers?
LABOURTemporary?Ancillary?
Homeworkers?Unpaid family?
OWNERSHIPco-owners?
Have all female stakeholders/activities been included?HOUSEHOLD
MEMBERS
SPINNERSANCILLARY
Factory Homeworkers
HOUSEHOLDMEMBERS
spin, warp, weft
CONSUMPTION
PRODUCERS
WEAVERS(traditional
sector, Addis)
TRADERS
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS: HOW MANY WHERE
GET HOW MUCH?
MANAGEMENT
DESIGN
How many women/men? Arrow size, colour and visibility
Who gets what share of value?Line size, style, colour
Governance? visibility
OWNERSHIP
TRADERS
TRADERS
QUALITATIVEWHY?
HOUSEHOLDINDIVIDUAL
ECONOMIClevels of income
control over incomes
rights to property and labour'ownership'
'worker',production/
reproductionmarket/non-market
SOCIAL'culture'
kinship and familycontrol of sexuality and mobility
social responsibilities and support structures
VIOLENCE AND SANCTIONS
POLITICAL'personal is
political'individual
autonomy and rights
decision-makinglegal frameworksinstitutional rules
policy and decision-making
PSYCHOLOGICALconfidence
independencestereotypes
unconscious reactionsaspirations
learning/'indoctrination'
HOUSEHOLD
COMMUNITY
MARKET
NATIONAL
INTERNATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS
POWER
VULNERABILITY
VOICE
CAPABILITY
Opportunities/ constraints on
women’s/men’s access and control:
Individual, Household,
Community, Markets,
Institutions,Macro-level
INSTITUTIONAL MARGINALISATION
MARKETEXCLUSION
INTRA-HOUSEHOLDINEQUALITY
LEGISLATIONREGULATION
HOUSEHOLDMEMBERS
spin, warp, weft
INCREASING MARKET ACCESS
OF WOMEN WEAVERS
DESIGN
OWNERSHIP
TRADERS
TRADERS
INFORMATIONDiscriminationlack of mobility
NETWORKSlack of mobility
ACCESSdiscriminationharassment
TECHNOLOGYdesigned for
men
CAPITALfinancialexclusion
SK
ILLS
LABOURunpaid
domestic work
PROPERTYrights
powerlesslack of confidence
fatalism
DEPENDENCYNO AUTONOMY
InactionWhere
to start?
VICIOUS CIRCLESINTERLINKEDMUTUALLY
REINFORCING
INSTITUTIONAL MAINSTREAMING
MARKETINCLUSION
INTRA-HOUSEHOLDEQUALITY
GENDER EQUITABLELEGISLATIONREGULATION
INCREASING MARKET ACCESS
OF WOMEN WEAVERS
OWNERSHIPProperty rights
redefinition and reaffirming
women’s rights
INFORMATIONTRADE FAIRSNETWORKING
TECHNOLOGYdesigned for
women
FINANCE for production, assets, reduce vulnerability, labour saving technology
SKILLStechnical, design,
managerial, business, negotiation, assertiveness
LABOURdomestic
technology
Integrating gender
awareness for men
in all trainings
Gendermainstreamin
gand
affirmative action
EQUALITY?EMPOWERMENT?
EQUITY?
VIRTUOUS SPIRALS:
LEVERAGE POINTS
SUSTAINABLE ACCOUNTABILITY:PARTICIPATORY ACTION
LEARNING SYSTEMPARTICIPATORY
RESEARCH
PARTICIPATORY TRAINING
INFORMATIONNETWORKS
DIAMONDSMost empowered
Empowered
Less empowered
Disempowered/powerless
Household equality diamondLooks at concepts of household equality, where the most households are above or below this ideal, the criteria used and the numbers and characteristics of ideal households and very bad households.
Empowerment diamondLooks at whether most people consider themselves, or could be considered, powerful, how many people are very powerful or very powerless, what criteria are used and why.
Violence Diamond,ANANDI, India
Looks at different levels of violence: from ‘acceptable levels of violence’ to extreme, numbers of people and strategies.
Violence happens everyday in form of – verbal abuse, fight over money, daily consumption of alcohol by everyday by men, minor beating fight over “meal not tasty” by husband, slapping etc. is something that they have to learn to live with.
Peace and relief 6 women – all
single, widowed or unmarried
Extreme violence 5 women"Beating till you get
wounded (bleeding) and you feel like committing suicide
is extreme, unbearable violence"
Woman being beaten up with stick and other sharp weapon, Bleeding, Cloths torn, and cloths ablaze, Liquor bottle in hand the man, kerosene bottle nearby , Bigamy by husband leading to feeling of loneliness/ humiliation/denial followed by physical abuse by husband, Father-in-law and brother -in-law abusing women Woman trying to hang herself- committing suicideCalling woman a witch(dakan) or "childless"(vanziyan)Marriage of 17-18 year old girl with boy barely 12-13yrs.
CHALLENGE/SOLUTION TREE
• Has one central challenge as the trunk• Has the causes/sub-challenges
grouped, quantified and prioritised as roots
• Potential solutions for causes as branches differentiated by things people themselves can do individually, what they can as a group
• Necessary outside inputs as beneficial insects which they hope will come along, but which they cannot rely on
• These are then tracked over time as ripe, unripe or withered fruits.
• Along each branch can be a mini-road journey to set targets to reach the fruits or targets.