GENDER AND SOCIAL EQUITY STRATEGY - African Water Facility · gender and social equity strategy tunis october 2010 . african water facility gender and social equity strategy ii table

GENDER AND SOCIAL EQUITY STRATEGY

Tunis October 2010

AFRICAN WATER FACILITY GENDER AND SOCIAL EQUITY STRATEGY

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TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 1

1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 3

1.1. BACKGROUND AND RATIONAL ............................................................................................................. 3 1.2. GSE STRATEGY PREPARATION PROCESS............................................................................................. 4

2 GENDER, SOCIAL EQUITY AND WATER ISSUES IN AFRICA... .............................................. 5

2.1. GENDER AND SOCIAL EQUITY ISSUES IN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION ........................................ 5

2.2. MAJOR GENDER AND SOCIAL ISSUES IN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE....... 8 2.3. GENDER, SOCIAL EQUITY AND WATER IN AGRICULTURE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES ........................ 10

3 AFDB EXPERIENCES WITH GENDER MAINSTREAMING: GENERAL AND SPECIFIC TO WATER SECTOR.............................................................................................................................................. 11

3.1. GENERAL: GENDER MAINSTREAMING IN THE BANK .......................................................................... 11 3.2. SPECIFIC: BANK ’S EXPERIENCES ON GSE MAINSTREAMING IN WATER SECTOR............................... 12

3.3. BANK ’S WATER RELATED GENDER GUIDELINES AND CORE SECTOR INDICATORS............................ 13 3.4. LIMITATIONS OF BANK’S APPROACH TO GSE ISSUES IN WATER SECTOR....................................... 15

4 AFRICAN WATER FACILITY’S GENDER AND SOCIAL EQUITY S TRATEGY .................. 15

4.1. AWF EXPERIENCE AND LESSONS LEARNT IN PROMOTING GSE IN ITS OPERATIONS.......................... 17 4.2. AWF’S V ISION IN TERMS OF GENDER AND SOCIAL EQUITY .............................................................. 18 4.3. GUIDING PRINCIPLES.......................................................................................................................... 19 4.4. OVERALL GOALS AND OBJECTIVES.................................................................................................... 19

4.5. STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES..................................................................................................................... 19 4.6. OPERATIONALIZING GSE IN AWF OPERATIONS................................................................................. 20

4.7. GSE RELATED PROJECT RESULTS AND OUTCOMES........................................................................... 21 4.8. ADVERSE PROJECT IMPACTS ON GSE AND WAYS TO M ITIGATE THEM.............................................. 22

5 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS........................ ............................................................... 23

5.1. MAINSTREAMING GSE INTO OPERATIONAL STRATEGY OF THE AWF................................................23

5.2. GENDER AND SOCIAL EQUITY TOOL K IT............................................................................................ 23

6 CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY..................................................................................................... 26

TECHNICAL ANNEXES.................................................................................................................................... 1

ANNEX 1: GLOSSARY.................................................................................................................................. 1 ANNEX 2: SUMMARY /SYNTHESIS OF THE GSE-RELATED CHECKLISTS AND GUIDELINES............................ 1 ANNEX 3: GSE RELATED PROJECT INDICATORS......................................................................................... 1

ANNEX 4: GENDERED AND SOCIALLY RESPONSIVE LOGICAL FRAMEWORK ANALYSIS FOR THE AWF....... 1 ANNEX 5: PROJECT SCREENING/IDENTIFICATION REPORT FORMAT............................................................ 1 ANNEX 6: PROJECT APPRAISAL AND APPLICATION FORMATS..................................................................... 1 ANNEX 7: PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT FORMAT.................................................................................... 1

ANNEX 8: BANK ’S EXPERIENCE AND LESSONS LEARNED FROM GSE MAINSTREAMING............................. 1 ANNEX 9: ACTION PLAN ............................................................................................................................. 1 ANNEX 11: BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................... 1


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LIST OF ACRONYMS AAA Accra Agenda for Action AfDB African Development Bank ADC Area Development Committee ADF African Development Fund AMCOW African Minister’s Council on Water AWF African Water Facility AWV-FFA African Water Vision – Framework for Action CIDA Canadian International Development Agency EIA Environmental Impact Assessment FHH Female-headed Households GDD Gender-disaggregated Data GP African Development Bank’s Gender Policy 2001 GSE Gender and Social Equity GTU Gendered Toilet Units HIA Health Impact Assessment H&S Hygiene & Sanitation IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management LFA Logical Framework Analysis MDG Millennium Development Goals M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MTR Mid-Term Review of GOAP 2007 MTS Bank’s Medium Term Strategy 2008-20012 O&M Operation and Maintenance OVI Objectively Verifiable Indicators OWAS Water and Sanitation Department of the AfDB PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper RBM Results Based Management RBO River Basin Organizations RMC Regional Member Country SIDA Swedish International Development Agency STD Sexually Transmitted Diseases TOR Terms of Reference TWRM Transboundary Water Resource Management U-GPOA Updated Gender Plan of Action 2009-2011 UNDP United Nations Development Fund VDC Village Development Committee WPP Water Partnership Programme WRM Water Resource Management WSP Water and Sanitation Program of the World Bank WSS Water Supply and Sanitation WUA Water Users’ Association


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 0.1 It is anticipated that freshwater will become the most important strategic resource within the next two decades. Its control and management will become an increasing source of power and key to unlocking the economic development potential of the African sub region. However, current international commitments made in the water sector do not specifically address the equitable division of power, management, access to and control of water resources between women and men, when in most African countries women are primarily responsible for the use and management of water resources, sanitation and health at the household level. Over the years, women have accumulated an impressive store of environmental wisdom, being the ones to find water, to educate children in hygiene matters and to understand the impact of poor sanitation on health. By the same token, women and girls are often obliged to walk many hours every day fetching water, while men are rarely expected to perform such tasks. 0.2 These not withstanding, decisions about the control, use and management of water resources often do not involve women. Despite their number and prominent roles/responsibilities in relation to water resources, women often have no voice and choice in decisions relating to the kind of services they need or receive. It is therefore important to recognize gender considerations in the provision, management and conservation of water resources. 0.3 On the basis of the crucial, but often unrecognized, role of women in the water sector, the African Development Bank has developed various policy documents and checklists to mainstream gender into its operations, including those within the water sector. The most recent Update of the Gender Plan of Action (UGPOA) has emphasized the need to address the critical constraints faced by women, particularly in accessing safe drinking water and sanitation. Operationally, the UGPOA stresses the need to design projects based on concrete gender analysis which identify the most gender responsive locations for increased access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities. 0.4 The Bank’s policy and operational documents, including the UGPOA, however do not address gender issues vis-à-vis other aspects of the water sector that are relevant to the operations of AWF. For instance, GES issues relating to integrated water resources management at national or trans-boundary levels are not addressed by the Bank’s operational documents. The UGPOA, for instance, fails to address three of the four pillars of the African Water Facility (AWF): (i) Strengthening Water Governance; (ii) Strengthening the Financial Base, and (ii) Improved Water Knowledge.

0.5 In order to provide an institutional framework that will shape the operationalization of gender and social equity (GSE) issues in all Pillars of the Facility, this document has been prepared as a strategic framework to guide the analysis of gender perspectives in relation to the context-specific areas of AWF intervention. This Strategy therefore provides the Facility with a set of tools, comprising checklists and monitoring and evaluation (M&E) indicators, to mainstream gender and social equity considerations into the vision and operational activities of the AWF. 0.6 In this regard, the Strategy provides the framework for the revision of the Facility’s vision and objectives in relation to GSE. It also gives directions to AWF Task Managers and prospective applicants on social and gender analysis vis-à-vis: (i) productive/domestic uses of


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water; (ii) access and control over water resources; (iii) integrated water resources management; (iv) strengthening the financial base with regards to the water sector; and (v) improving water knowledge. The primary audience of the Strategy is the Task Managers of the AWF, in particular, and the AfDB Bank staff in general. Prospective applicants could also use the Strategy to guide them on how to mainstream GSE issues into their project proposals.

0.7 Structurally, the Strategy provides a brief account of the main gender and social equity issues within the water and sanitation sector in Africa, followed by an overview of how the AfDB addresses gender and social inequalities within the sector. The Strategy then addresses the Facility’s vision in terms of gender and social equity and provides a detailed plan on how GSE issues would be mainstreamed into AWF operations.


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1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. BACKGROUND AND RATIONAL 1.1.1 The gender dichotomy in relation to water resources is all too familiar within the African region: women labour to provide water for household needs while men make decisions about water resources management and development at both local, national and trans-boundary levels. In the water and sanitation sub sector, gender differences are observed from the division of labour whereby women and girls are traditionally responsible for fetching, transporting, storing and using water at the domestic realm, while men and boys usually source drinking water points for livestock. Women and girls are responsible for keeping public or private areas, such as huts, courtyards, latrines and water points, clean. This traditional division of labour, coupled with the rareness of water resources, further perpetuates the status quo and reinforces existing gender inequalities, as it turns to affect women and men differently in multitudes of ways, such as their participation in formal education. 1.1.2 In the area of water resources management, an uncoordinated and a sectoral approach have resulted in environmental degradation from over-exploitation of water resources, inappropriate allocations among competing uses, inequitable distribution of benefits and burdens, and inadequate operation and maintenance of water infrastructure. Inadequate involvement of both women and men has hindered programmes and projects aimed at addressing water resources management sustainably. Community participation and management approaches have failed to address gender and social equity issues largely because communities are often seen as a collection of people with a common purpose, when in reality communities are made up of individuals and groups who command different levels of power, wealth, influence and ability to express their needs, concerns and rights. 1.1.3 As communities contain competing interest groups for scarce water resources, there is competition for supplies with those at the lowest end of the power spectrum - poor women, men and other vulnerable groups- often denied privileges vis-à-vis water resources. Unequal power relations therefore place women and other vulnerable groups in a disadvantaged position. 1.1.4 It is therefore fundamental to apply a gender analysis in the allocation of resources to the water sector in order to better meet the needs all, such as women, men and marginalized groups, as the traditional people-centered approaches do not always ensure that gender perspectives are taken into account. It is also essential to develop a deliberate strategy of gender mainstreaming to ensure that issues that effect women, men and other vulnerable groups are part of the preparation, appraisal, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of projects and programmes. 1.1.5 From this perspective, the African Development Bank (AfDB) developed a Gender Policy (2001), Gender Plan of Action (GPOA) (2004-2007), the Updated Gender Plan of Action (UGPOA) and various gender-related checklists to guide its operations, including those in the water sector. These policy documents provide the overarching framework for mainstreaming gender issues into the Bank-wide operations. 1.1.6 However, the operational focus of the Facility makes it difficult to adapt the Bank’s gender mainstreaming documents, including the checklists, for the operational activities of


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the Facility. This is because, the Facility’s mandate in the water sector, encompassing the four pillars, is much broader than the AfDB’s current operational focus on water supply and sanitation. It is therefore important for the Facility to review and revise the Bank and other existing gender frameworks, including the checklists, to suit AWF operations. Developing a highly contextualised strategic framework on gender and social equity issues would enhance the Facility’s responsiveness on these issues. 1.1.7 More importantly, the AWF GSE Strategy would assist in bringing about the requisite organisational framework necessary to ensure systematic mainstreaming of GSE into the operational activities of the Facility, while simultaneously ensuring that GSE remain an on-going priority. This Strategy will therefore ensure that AWF projects and programmes will address GSE issues in order to enhance equal opportunities for: (i) water resources management at the national and trans-boundary levels, (ii) access to water supply and sanitation, and (iii) water information management. 1.1.8 This Strategy document is therefore a tool for incorporating the concerns and needs of women and marginalized groups into the operations of AWF. It is also a means of empowering women by giving them an effective voice in decisions affecting their livelihoods and by promoting their role as agents of change in the water sector. The Strategy emphasizes the benefits of entrusting and sharing the responsibility, between women and men, of taking control of water resources. The Strategy further highlights the need for capacity building at different levels, from executing agencies to the community level, to apply gender sensitive budgeting, impact analysis, monitoring and evaluation during project preparation and implementation. 1.1.9 The GSE Strategy stipulates the incorporation of GSE concerns into all AWF projects and programmes so that the needs and priorities of women, men and marginalized groups will be addressed adequately. The Strategy further emphasizes the role of women and men as active participants as well as beneficiaries of any efforts to improve: (i) access to water and sanitation; (ii) integrated water resources management; (ii) the financial base; and (iv) water knowledge. 1.1.10 The Strategy envisages support to relevant executing agencies, prospective applicants and Task Managers through training, gender budgeting and institutional capacity strengthening in gender mainstreaming. 1.2. GSE STRATEGY PREPARATION PROCESS 1.2.1 In preparing this Strategy, the approach employed involved the following:

• Identification and review of all relevant gender and social equity related documents and tools that have been produced by the African Development Bank (henceforth the Bank or AfDB). These provided the general policy framework and conceptual context to mainstream gender and social equity issues into AWF operations.

• Particular attention has been placed on the Bank’s water sector policies and initiatives as well as experiences and tools developed and utilized by the Water and Sanitation Department (OWAS).


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• Review of gender-related documents and tools of other international organizations, such as the World Bank, UNDP, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).

• Building on efforts that have already been taken by the AWF to audit its projects from a gendered perspective; in particular the qualitative desk analysis of AWF project appraisal reports.

• Consultations with the Bank staff through the Gender Help Desk and internal/inter-departmental working group meetings.

1.2.2 Main Challenges: The primary challenge in preparing this Strategy has been that neither the Bank nor most of the major international organizations includes general social equity aspects in their respective gender guidelines and action plans1. However, given the importance of social equity issues in the overall poverty reduction process, it is considered essential to include it in the current AWF Strategy. 1.2.3 As the Bank has developed other policy documents and tools to deal with social inclusion issues, such as Involuntary Resettlement, Poverty Reduction, Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, etc., these have been taken into account to provide a broader policy framework for the discussions on social equity, as well as to justify the inclusion of social equity considerations in the AWF GSE Strategy. 2 GENDER, SOCIAL EQUITY AND WATER ISSUES IN AFRICA 2.1. GENDER AND SOCIAL EQUITY ISSUES IN WATER SUPPLY AND

SANITATION 2.1.1 Africa has the lowest total water supply coverage of any region in the world.2 Currently more than 300 million people in Africa do not have access to safe water and some 313 million have no access to sanitation. This situation exacts a heavy toll on the health and economic progress of African countries. 2.1.2 As an important natural resource, availability of water together with sanitary and hygienic practices is a basic need. The link between water, sanitation, poverty, social equity and gender issues, therefore, is very strong3. This makes water a scarce resource requiring careful economic, social and environmental management. The problem of water scarcity has been exacerbated by the high population growth rate and rapid urbanization in many developing countries. 2.1.3 In the same vein, water and sanitation safety in Africa affects gender relations and has several social, cultural, institutional and economic implications.4 Cultural and social settings determine power, status, prestige, rights and obligations which in turn inform access to land, water, education, health and employment of women and other vulnerable groups.

1 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS-CEDEAO) undated document on “Integration du genre dans la gestion des resources en eau en Afrique de l’Ouest” is a welcome exception to this as youth and other vulnerable groups are considered throughout the analysis along with gender issues. 2 Bank Group’s Rural Water Resources and Sanitation Framework for Implementation (2004). 3 E.g. AfDB: Policy on Poverty Reduction (2004). 4 E.g. AfDB/ADF (OWAS) Gender Checklist for Water and Sanitation Sector, (September 2009).


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2.1.4 In Africa, women and girls are traditionally saddled with water fetching, transport, storage and usage, whilst men and boys usually source drinking water points for livestock. Women and girls are responsible for keeping public or private areas, such as huts, courtyards, latrines and water points, clean. This traditional division of labour, coupled with the rareness of water resources, affects both girls’ and boys’ school enrolment rates, as well as women’s literacy rate. The collection of water can take up to 60 percent of women and girls' time. This represents a significant contributory factor accounting for the relatively high drop-out rates amongst girls, and has subsequently undermined their participation in formal education programmes. Studies have shown that access to safe water supply and sanitation contributes to poverty reduction and economic development.

2.1.5 It has been determined that carrying water over long distances is a health hazard especially during pregnancy periods. Hence, access to clean water and proper sanitation facilities at significantly reduced distances does not only improve women’s health outcomes, but also enable them to save time that can be spent on education, income-generating activities and development projects. 2.1.6 It is well known that contaminated water is a major health risk in developing countries and because of their very frequent contact with it, women are most at risk. Globally, 1.8 million people die every year from diarrheal diseases (including cholera), 90% of them are children under age five. The lack of access to safe water and sanitation is the principal cause of diseases in most parts of Africa. Almost all Africans suffer from one of six main water related diseases including infant diarrhea, intestinal worms, cholera and guinea worm5

. In many countries in Africa, up to 80% of the under-five mortality is estimated to be caused by the lack of clean water and proper sanitary facilities. The resulting health costs include expenditure on disease control and avoidable treatment services. Water borne and hygiene related diseases also impact productivity. 2.1.7 The lack of proper sanitation, both in households and at public places, leads to significant public health consequences and spread of various infectious diseases. Lack of separated toilet facilities for girls and boys at school has often accounted for high drop-out rates amongst teenage girls, as they are unable to tend to their hygiene needs, properly, during menstruation. Lack of gendered toilet complexes (GTC) at schools, hospitals or market places can also cause problems and discomfort for female teachers, nurses, traders and the general public. 2.1.8 In many African countries, there are cultural and traditional norms with regards to sanitation, particularly household latrines. Often men will tend to have greater role in putting up latrines because of their hard labour requirements which includes digging the pits, procuring the slabs and constructing the physical structure. This may be a point of conflict

5 AfDB/ADF: RWSSI Framework for Implementation (2004)


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between men and women, as the former might prefer to use their time on other activities instead of assisting with the construction of latrines. There is, therefore, the need to involve both men and women in Hygiene and Sanitation (H&S) training and sensitization. Also community and religious leaders, teachers as well as traditional authorities can influence strongly sanitation and hygiene practices in their communities. It is therefore essential to include them in hygiene and sanitation (H&S) sensitization, as they can serve as important role models in their communities. Table 1 highlights some of the key issues in mainstreaming GSE into the WSS sector.

Table 1: Mainstreaming GSE Issues in WSS

The key issues in attempts to mainstream GSE into the water supply and sanitation sub sector include:

i) Voice: Who is voicing community preferences on the selection of WSS technologies, facility sites, arrangements for financing and management of water services?

ii) Participation: Are men and women, youth and elderly, minorities and other vulnerable groups involved in discussing water and sanitation problems and possible solutions? In some contexts it can be difficult for women, youth, and minorities or displaced people to make their voices heard. In such instances, what are the mechanisms in place to ensure that their views and participation are integrated for the purposes of sustainability and community ownership?

iii) Representation: Do extension teams have men and women on them? Do they target men and women, youth and other groups separately for consultation? In many African cultures, it can be difficult for young people, for instance, to discuss issues relating to personal hygiene in the presence of older people or women to do so in the company of men. It is therefore important to recognize and address these crucial cultural issues in order to mainstream GSE into WSS initiatives.

iv) Training: Are women, men and other disadvantaged groups, being trained as managers of community facilities? Are they trained on basic life skills to ensure transparency in decision-making and community ownership?

v) Opportunities: Have income-generating opportunities been created within the water and sanitation sector? Are they accessible to women, youth, disabled, etc?

2.1.9 Given their long-established active role in the water and sanitation sector (WSS), women generally know about current water sources, their quality and reliability, any restrictions to their use and how to improve hygiene behaviours. Yet, for many years, efforts to improve WSS services had the tendency to overlook women’s central role. While women are often more direct users of water – especially in the household – men traditionally have a greater role than women in public decision-making, including those decisions regarding water use. 2.1.10 However, evidence shows that women’s participation in activities and decision making is highly correlated with WSS project effectiveness6. Also, the benefits from incorporating gender aspects into the WSS sector will not only accrue to women, but also to men. Improvements in WSS infrastructure will help increase societal productivity and create new income. Hence, improving WSS services make economic sense for men and women. The same could be said, more generally, about other marginalized groups, such as youth and disabled, as improved access to safe water and proper sanitation will also increase their productivity by reducing health hazards. 6 E.g. The World Bank, Water, Sanitation and Gender. March 2007.


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2.2. MAJOR GENDER AND SOCIAL ISSUES IN WATER RESOURCES

MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE 2.2.1 Though women and young people’s role as water users is now widely acknowledged, they are rarely involved in managing and developing these resources, because in many cases social norms or other constraints limit their integration into decision-making bodies. The social norms especially in rural Africa can still make it difficult for women to speak up in the presence of men or to appear to be challenging male authority. Likewise, it can be culturally inappropriate for young people to question – or appear to question - the authority of their elders. 2.2.2 Constraints in terms of time and mobility due to multiple household chores, subsistence farming and informal sector related tasks, lack of or scant educational background, illiteracy and limited exposure to working life outside the household can also limit women’s possibilities to participate in public decision-making organs. Cultures that respect and place much value on age might also fail to offer many possibilities for young people to assume positions of responsibility. 2.2.3 Water, as an element that can lead to economic resources and opportunities, results in power issues that often place women and young people in disadvantaged positions and these are reflected in the management of water resources and related policies. Lack of gender-sensitive policies regarding the usage and management of water impacts women more severely because they are the primary users of water facilities for household use. Likewise, women and children bear greater health risks from poor water quality. 2.2.4 When water resources management is part of the unpaid, informal economy, it is governed by traditional male/female norms where women are often responsible parties. But once water management enters the paid, public domain, it often becomes subject to hierarchical rules which traditionally state that men are managers and women and young people carry out the decisions that they make. Hence, women’s and youths’ participation in the utilization and management of water resources must be reviewed within the broader context of their access to productive assets/resources and the social construction of gender roles. 2.2.5 As part of the broader water management and governance framework, integrated water resources management (IWRM) has come to represent a cross-sectoral policy approach to respond to the growing demands for water in the context of finite supplies. IWRM emphasizes water as an economic, social and environmental good. As such, water policies should focus on integrating gender issues into the management of water, and not only in the provision of water as traditionally been done. IWRM7 places emphasis on the fact that water resources should be managed at the lowest appropriate level8.and in doing so, should recognize the central role women play in the provision, management and safeguarding of water resources.

7 Adapted and modified from UNDP: Resource Guide Mainstreaming Gender in Water Management (www.undp.org/genderguide). (2006). 8 Whilst the above constitute some of the internationally agreed principles for IWRM, that also the Bank adheres to, other vulnerable groups, such as disabled and indigenous people and minorities in the management of water resources have so far not been included in them. This can, however, be regarded as implicit in the principle of management at lowest possible level of water resources. Bank’s IWRM Policy (2000), however, explicitly calls for the involvement of youth in water resources management.


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2.2.6 Given that water is an economic, social and environmental good, there can also be inherent conflicts between different population groups (men and women, landless, minorities and other groups), regarding its use and management. Therefore, these potentially conflicting interests should be understood and taken into account when trans-boundary or national IWRM policies and cooperative agreements are being developed. In essence, an understanding of IWRM is incomplete without a clear understanding of the differences and inequalities between and among women and men from different age and socio-economic groups – their priorities, activities, resources, and access to decision- making. 2.2.7 Women tend to have less access than men to formal decision-making authorities and are less involved in local decision-making structures. This can apply also to young people in general or certain minorities, displaced people or indigenous populations. Both women and many vulnerable groups may have less contact and experience dealing with local governments or ministry officials. This imbalance may mean that women or other vulnerable groups are not consulted on IWRM or that they may have difficulties in ensuring that their interests are represented. Although women’s political participation tends to be higher at local rather than national levels, women in practically all African countries still form a minority among decision-makers in political processes at both micro and macro levels. 2.2.8 Nevertheless, gender issues in water resources management should not focus on women alone, as the sharing of responsibilities will benefit both men and women. While in most cases women and young people need to be more involved in decision making and management, as mentioned above, men, as well as community and other leaders, should also be encouraged to participate in water resources management. 2.2.9 The key issue9

in integrating gender and social concerns within water resources projects is to involve men and women of different social and age groups in planning, on the basis of their varied skills and the contribution they actually make, rather than on the basis of what may be considered as appropriate by gender or age. Likewise, equity not only between men and women, but also between different social strata and age groups among women and men respectively, is crucial. Table 2 highlights some of the key issues in mainstreaming GSE into water resources management and governance.

9 Adapted and modified from the World Bank: Water, Sanitation and Gender (2007) and UNDP (ibid.).

TABLE 2: Mainstreaming GSE Issues in Water Resources Management and Governance Key issues to consider when mainstreaming GSE into IWRM initiatives:

� In-depth gender sensitive consultation processes

� Gender training for men and women working for the project

� Gender and social impact studies � Analysis of possible conflicting

interests between men and women � Gendered training in water control,

management and system maintenance � Water/water services should be

provided at fair and reasonable rates � Gendered perspectives in protection

of water catchment areas and management of river basins


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2.3. GENDER, SOCIAL EQUITY AND WATER IN AGRICULTURE AND RELATED

ACTIVITIES 2.3.1 In, particularly, rural Africa, there is still generally a marked gender division of labour in many economic activities. This is particularly the case in agriculture and related activities. Whereas there are considerable local and national particularities, roles assigned to women and men are largely culturally predetermined and different. Although in some countries measures have been taken to provide women with fundamental rights de jure, such as the right to own land, de facto extensive discrimination against women still persists10

. Customary practices in many African countries prevent women from inheriting land and other resources on equal footing with men, even in cases when matrilineal inheritance rules prevail. This in many ways affects their productive roles as farmers and small-scale cultivators as well as their access to credit, water and other resources. 2.3.2 Women and men have different access to and control over land and water in general. Although all generalizations should be confirmed in each situation, there is the tendency for men to have more secure land and water rights than women. There may be conflicts between use rights and legal rights or traditional tenure and formal tenure. Women tend to have access to both land and water through male family members (husband, father, or brother) rather than holding titles in their own names. Tenure has proven to be important, as it influences who can make formal decisions about land use, who is consulted on development plans and who has access to other supportive services (credit and extension, for example)11. This can affect indigenous populations and minority groups as well as displaced populations and pastoralists who often do not hold formal land titles. 2.3.3 Whereas in North Africa men predominate in agriculture, in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa, agriculture is a female intensive activity par excellance and women play crucial roles in the economic survival of their families. They perform about 90% of the work processing food crops and providing household, water and fuel wood; 90% of the work of hoeing and weeding with mainly very primitive instruments; 80% of the work of food storage and transport from farm to village; and 60 % of the work of harvesting and marketing. Inspite of this overwhelming contribution, credit facilities are mostly unavailable to the majority of women who, as described, often lack formal land titles or other collaterals. The same can apply to indigenous people and the youth. It is estimated that women in Africa receive less than 10% of the credit to small farmers and 1% of total credits to agriculture12

. 2.3.4 Women’s and men’s productive uses of irrigated water may also vary. Water projects often favour men’s uses of irrigated water. According to the UNDP13, planners often only

10 AfDB: Gender Policy 2001 11 UNDP: Resource Guide Mainstreaming Gender in Water Management. (2006). 12 AfDB: Gender Policy 2001. 13 UNDP: (2006) ibid.


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document women’s domestic water needs (washing, food preparation, cleaning, etc.) and overlook women’s other uses for water: farming, raising animals, and producing products for the market. 2.3.5 One example of clear and complementary gender division of labour is the difference between the work of women and men in the fishing industry. Studies show that men tend to fish offshore or in major inland water bodies, while women tend fish close to shore. Likewise, women tend to be more involved than men in post-harvest activities, particularly in small-scale fisheries. These differences are important, as women’s tasks have often not been counted in economic analyses or not received the same level of investment (in terms of, for example, technological support, credit, or training)14

.; 2.3.6 Other, more general, differences and inequalities between women and men may also be relevant. Depending on the specific circumstances, it may be important to understand and investigate other gender and social equity issues. For instance, illiteracy and cultural restrictions on women’s mobility could limit their participation in training activities or gain access to useful agricultural or water related information. 2.3.7 Although there is no guarantee that the inclusion of women and men as beneficiaries and active participants in irrigation initiatives will produce better environmental results, experience shows that the potential for sustainability grows with increased involvement of all affected parties. 2.3.8 Finally, the impact of climate change is likely to be particularly hard on women and children, if distances to safe water sources grow longer and access to combustibles, such as firewood become more limited. Sudden environmental shocks at the local level such as floods, etc and global changes in climate could also lead to environmental degradation and poverty. The Bank Policy on Poverty Reduction (2004) notes that the depletion of common property resources, such as water, forests, grasslands and common ponds can be attributed to the collapse of local natural resources management systems including the lack of land tenure rights and inappropriate agricultural and natural resource price policies. What is needed then amongst other mitigating measures is increasing understanding of the interdependence between poverty, gender and environmental change. 3 AFDB EXPERIENCES WITH GENDER MAINSTREAMING:

GENERAL AND SPECIFIC TO WATER SECTOR 3.1. GENERAL : GENDER MAINSTREAMING IN THE BANK 3.1.1 The Bank acknowledges that gender equality and women’s empowerment are fundamental cornerstones for achieving development results. In September 2008, the Ministers of developing and donor countries responsible for promoting development and heads of multilateral and bilateral development institutions endorsed the Accra Agenda for Action (AAA) to accelerate and deepen the implementation of the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. The AAA has specifically outlined that developing countries and donors will “ensure that development policies and programmes are designed and implemented to take

14 UNDP: ibid.


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into consideration the agreed international commitments on gender equality, human rights, disability, and environmental sustainability”. 3.1.2 In this context, the Bank has reaffirmed its commitment to provide the necessary technical and policy support to RMCs in all priority development areas and is therefore taking a leadership role in the area of gender empowerment. 3.1.3 The Bank’s Gender Policy (2001) elaborates the commitment to promote gender equality and sustainable human and economic development in Africa, and defines guiding principles to achieve these ends. The Bank’s first Gender Plan of Action (GPOA) 2004-2007 aimed: (a) to outline an approach to operationalising the Gender Policy, and (b) to identify specific activities which would further support gender mainstreaming in operations, such as developing programme tools and strategies, project tools for priority sectors, institutional capacity building and organizational support. A Mid-term review (MTR) of the first GPOA was undertaken in 2007, providing a synthesis of actions implemented by the Bank (refer to Annex 8 for the lessons learnt from the implementation of the GPOA).

3.1.4 The Updated Gender Action Plan (UGPOA) for 2009-2011 builds on lessons learnt from: (i) the MTR of GPOA conducted in 2007, (ii) the Gender Equality Institutional Assessment conducted by CIDA in 2008, (iii) the conclusions and recommendations of the President’s Working Group on Gender (September 2008), and (iv) several internal gender review notes. It outlines the gender mainstreaming and equality priority actions to support the priority areas of the Bank as outlined in ADF 11 Deputies Report of December 2007 and the Bank’s Medium Term Strategy (MTS, 2008-2012).

3.1.5 The MTS emphasizes an overall focus on results and development outcomes with “greater selectivity and improved quality at entry as gender mainstreaming principles”. In this regard, the MTS has emphasized the need to make a greater contribution to gender opportunity and equity as a basic guiding principle for all of its operations (see Annex 8 for a list of tools developed on GSE mainstreaming within the Bank). 3.2. SPECIFIC : BANK ’S EXPERIENCES ON GENDER MAINSTREAMING IN

WATER SECTOR 3.2.1 The Bank’s approach to gender mainstreaming specifically in the water and sanitation sector is anchored within its Policy on Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM 2000) and its Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Initiative (RWSSI) (2004). A number of water and gender related aspects are also found in the Bank’s general gender tools, such as the UGPOA and Core Sector Indicators (2009). 3.2.2 The IWRM Policy (2000): stipulates that social analysis and identification of critical social issues at the onset of projects should be undertaken to enable the incorporation of appropriate responses for mitigating negative impacts. It mandates the Bank to support water resources projects and policies that: (i) give due recognition to the role of women, alongside men, as custodians of domestic water consumption and as agricultural and food producers


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who have interests in irrigation; (ii) improve women’s access to and control over production factors, services and infrastructure facilities; (iii) reduce the domestic workload of women; (iv) create opportunities for women to improve their knowledge and capacities; (v) seek women’s active participation in decision-making at domestic, local, national and international levels; and (vi) strengthen women’s organisations. 3.2.3 The Bank’s RWSSI (2004): was conceived primarily to address the problem of low access to water and sanitation in rural Africa and to redress the urban bias of its previous investment programs. Similar to the Bank’s IWRM (2000) Policy, the RWSSI initiative (2004) also provides many important elements for the AWF’s GSE Strategy. This is particularly the case with initiatives falling under the AWF Pillar II (Meeting the Water Needs). 3.2.4 In view of the provisions made by the Bank to integrate gendered perspectives into its water initiatives, it is essential for AWF to develop its own GSE approach in harmony with the Bank’s overall approach to these issues in spite of the fact that the mandate of the AWF transcends that of the Bank’s Water and Sanitation Department (OWAS). In fact, since all the above mentioned policies and tools deal mainly with water and sanitation and water resources management, they relate basically to initiatives falling under AWF Pillars I and II (Strengthening Water Governance and Investment to Meet Water Needs) and are of less relevance for Pillars III and IV (Improving Water Knowledge and Strengthening the Financial Base). This Strategy therefore draws on additional resources from other development partners to augment the shortfall and provide strategic guidance for mainstreaming gender and social equity into Pillars III and IV of the AWF. 3.3. BANK ’S WATER RELATED GENDER GUIDELINES AND CORE SECTOR

INDICATORS 3.3.1 The UGPOA states that achievements in water will help further gender equality and achieve universal primary education. As such, the UGPOA mandates the Bank to design operations based on concrete gender analysis which identify the most gender responsive locations for: (i) promotion of increased access to safe drinking water through reduced walking distances to up to 0.5 km, and (ii) safe drinking water and sanitation facilities in schools and universities as well as health centers. 3.3.2 The Medium-Term Strategy (2008-2012) and the Reports of ADX-IX Plenipotentiaries recognize the importance of gender equality in Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation (DWSS) programmes and projects. The Bank also draws on the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), the Millennium Development Goal Review Report and the Results-Based Country Strategy Paper (RBCSP), all of which constitute its urban, semi-urban and rural DWSS intervention framework. The objectives are to improve the population’s living conditions by enhancing access to safe drinking water supply and sanitation services. 3.3.3 The Water and Sanitation Department of the Bank (OWAS) also identifies the following actions, expected results and indicators in the UGPOA and Results Framework in Table 3 below.


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3.3.4 The Core Sector Indicators (CSI)15 address only Water and Sanitation issues, not other aspects of the water sector, such as water management or governance. Water is also mentioned among one of the CSIs relating to agriculture, but this does not include any reference to gender. The CSIs include nine indicators for water and sanitation, out of which only four specifically mention women with none addressing any other vulnerable group, such as youth or disabled. The four indicators that relate to women and water and sanitation sector are listed in Table 4 below. Table 3: Results and indicators relating to water sector in the UGPOA and Results Framework (2009-2011)

Table 4: List of Core Sector Indicators - Water and Sanitation

Outcome indicators: People with access to improved drinking water sources resulting from the project intervention (number), of which are female (percentage) People with access to improved sanitation facilities resulting from the project intervention (number), of which are female (percentage) Output indicators: People educated through hygiene programs that are part of the project intervention

15 Bank’s Guidelines for Core Sector Indicators, approved by Ops.Com 6 May, 2009.

Action Sequencing (start date)

Responsible (lead & support)

Results Indicators

First intervention area: Investment Activities for Promotion of Women’s Economic Empowerment The Bank will mainstream all actions in its investments and programming work that promotes gender equality and women’s economic empowerment Increasing access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities

2009 OWAS with OSUS Improved school completion rates and improved health and hygiene standards

Ratio of girls to boys enrolment in primary schools; Number of women and men in water management and maintenance committees; Percentage prevalence of water borne diseases

Second Intervention Area: Institutional Capacity Building and Knowledge building Priority attention will be given to strengthening the capacity of local gender and women’s ministries and agencies with a view to ensure homegrown gender equality and empowerment strategies that are country owned Build capacity to mainstream gender issues in the RMCs

2009 ORVP OWAS OINF OSHD OSAN OSGE With OSUS

Improved country ownership, improved implementation capacity to mainstream gender in the national development process;

Percentage increase in RMC priority line ministries annual budget to gender mainstream activities


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(number), out of which are female (percentage) New collective bodies (committees, associations, groups) formed to manage the use of water responsibility that are resulting from the project intervention (number), of which include women as members (percentage)

3.4. LIMITATIONS OF BANK’S APPROACH TO GSE ISSUES IN WATER

SECTOR 3.4.1 The UGPOA does not focus directly on vulnerable groups, other than women, which, according to the Action Plan, are covered by the Bank through following best practices in its operations. The Bank has developed policy and strategy documents on participation and engagement of civil society and involuntary resettlements. There are also guidelines on preparing a resettlement plan and environmental and social impact assessment. However, the Bank does not have a specific policy or strategy on integration of other vulnerable groups such as disabled people, minorities and young people, although a number of other policies do mention one or several of such vulnerable groups. 3.4.2 By limiting itself to purely gender issues and not the wider social equity concerns, the UGPOA does not provide a framework for social equity issues, such as enhancing participation of (unemployed) youth, disabled, minorities and others in the water and sanitation sub-sector. Nevertheless, as mentioned above, measures relating to such vulnerable groups have been given due consideration in this Strategy. 3.4.3 The UGPOA also does not address other aspects of water sector that are particularly relevant to the AWF. Other than access to safe drinking water and sanitation and some indicators on water sector management, there are no specific references to other aspects of water, such as IWRM at national or trans-boundary levels and water for agriculture or energy, which are key areas of intervention of the AWF (cf. Table 1 below). As a result, neither the UGPOA, nor the Bank’s Core Sector Indicators (CSI) do provide specific or detailed GSE related guidance in the form of expected results or indicators for three of the four pillars of the Facility (water governance, strengthening the financial base and water knowledge). 3.4.4 What the UGPOA does, however, is to reiterate the general policy framework and principles for promoting gender equity and women’s empowerment, which is quite useful to set the stage for defining the general context and guiding principles for incorporating GSE into AWF operational activities. The Bank’s gender policy and UGPOA also emphasize systematic use of gender analysis for all Bank’s operations, which includes gathering of gender disaggregated data (GDD) and undertaking gender budgeting. These are particularly relevant for the AWF, as discussed below (See Annex 10 for the relevant social equity related policy instruments in the Bank). 4 AFRICAN WATER FACILITY’S GENDER AND SOCIAL EQUITY

STRATEGY 4.0.1 This Strategy presents a framework through which the AWF will mainstream GSE issues into its operational activities, from inception through appraisal to monitoring and evaluation. It also provides guidelines on how to integrate GSE issues throughout the project appraisal report and other operational documents of the AWF.


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4.1. AWF EXPERIENCE AND LESSONS LEARNT IN PROMOTING GSE IN ITS

OPERATIONS 4.1.1 The AWF undertook a qualitative desk assessment16 of the extent to which social equity and gender issues have been integrated into its project appraisal reports. The assessment revealed that although considerable efforts have been made, there are, nevertheless, ambiguities and lack of consistency in mainstreaming GSE into the operational activities of the Facility. Using qualitative measurement, on the basis of some identified GSE indicators, the assessment showed that out of a total of 61 project appraisal documents reviewed, about 12 projects did not incorporate GSE issues, 28 projects had minimal levels of integration and 21 had average integration of GSE. None of the projects reviewed had extensively incorporated issues of GSE. 4.1.2 The desk assessment recommended that the following actions should be undertaken in order to strengthen the integration of GSE in AWF operations:

• Strengthen the articulation of gender/social equity content of projects

• Strengthen what and how GSE should be integrated

• Ensure the necessary balance between activities, technical capacity and budget

• Strengthen the definition and use of performance indicators

• Strengthen project M&E

• Adjust the AWF PAR format to better accommodate GSE issues

• Strengthen screening process criteria for cross cutting issues

• Provide Task Managers with means for strengthening integration of gender/social equity in project preparation, implementation and supervision.

4.1.3 Although the assessment provided indications on the status of the Facility vis-à-vis GSE issues, it should be pointed out that the approach adopted had some limitations. First, the fact that the assessment focused on the project appraisal reports could have undermined the possibility of unearthing key GSE activities in project implementation. The approach further had the setback of being unable to provide any quantitative assessment of funds allocated for the promotion of GSE activities in the projects audited. The extent to which GSE issues were integrated into the projects which had minimal to moderate coverage is therefore unclear. Clarity on this would have helped to provide a more accurate estimation of the overall level of GSE activities in the assessed projects/programmes. Nonetheless, the assessment provided a springboard to commence the process of institutionalizing GSE into AWF operations.

16 AWF: Qualitative Desk Assessment of Social Equity and Gender Components in 61 AWF Projects (undated manuscript)


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4.2. AWF’S VISION IN TERMS OF GENDER AND SOCIAL EQUITY 4.2.1 The AWF’s goal and vision is to assist RMCs to meet the goals and targets for the water sector that were established by the African Water Vision (AWV) and the Framework for Action (FFA). In this manner the AWF directly responds to the original intent of AMCOW when it resolved to set in motion the establishment of the Water Facility as an essential requirement for achieving the African Water Vision and for the implementation of the FFA. 4.2.2 From this perspective the Facility strives to contribute to the attainment of ten different vision statements as set out in AWV. Table 5 below articulates the Vision statements and provides GSE implications for each statement. Table 5: African Water Vision Statements and their GSE implications

Water Vision for Africa Statements GSE Implications There is sustainable access to safe and adequate water supply and sanitation to meet basic needs of all.

Planning, implementation and M&E of WSS should be based on gender/socio-economic analysis and participatory approaches. WSS accessible, affordable and benefits all population groups, including women and marginalized groups.

Water inputs towards food and energy security are readily available.

Productive and domestic uses of water by men and women of different age and social groups should be satisfied.

Water for sustaining ecosystems and biodiversity is adequate in quantity and quality.

The roles of women and other vulnerable groups in sustaining ecosystems and biodiversity within communities should be understood, acknowledged and promoted.

Water resources institutions have been reformed to create an enabling environment for effective and integrated management of water in national and transboundary water basins, including management at lowest appropriate levels.

Management bodies should include women and other disadvantaged groups at all levels. Capacity building needs of women and marginalized groups should be taken into account and responded to in order to allow them to function efficiently in such bodies.

Water basins serve as a basis for regional cooperation and development, and are treated as natural assets for all within such basins.

Regional cooperation agreements and legal frameworks should take into account GSE concerns. There should be mechanisms in place for conflict resolution where all population groups, including women and disadvantaged groups, are able to voice their concerns.

There is adequate number of motivated and highly skilled water professionals.

Promotion of female professionals’ involvement in the water sector. Capacity building needs of women and others should be assessed and addressed. Water sector professionals should be trained and sensitized on gender and social equity issues.

There is an effective and financially sustainable system for data collection, assessment and dissemination for national and trans-boundary water basins.

Collection of data and dissemination of ensuing knowledge and information should take into account the concerns and needs of all population groups, including poor farmers, landless, women, indigenous populations, etc. Information dissemination should be accessible and should benefit disadvantaged groups.

There are effective and sustainable strategies for addressing natural and man-

Voices and concerns of all population groups should be taken into account when designing strategies. The


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made water resources problems, incl. climate variability and change.

impacts of climatic change on women and children – e.g. longer distances to fetch water and combustibles, etc. should be well understood and mitigating measures designed.

Water is financed and priced to promote equity, efficiency, and sustainability.

Water prices should be flexible so as to allow access to clean water for the most vulnerable population groups (such as FHH, disabled, HIV/AIDS victims, etc.)

There is political will, public awareness and commitment among all for sustainable water resources management, including the mainstreaming of gender issues and youth concerns and the use of participatory approaches.

Social equity issues, concerns of minorities, women, indigenous and disabled people should be mainstreamed in water resources management.

4.3. GUIDING PRINCIPLES 4.3.1 The fundamental guiding principles for mainstreaming gender and social equity issues into the operations of the AWF are as follows:

� Women and vulnerable groups are central to the provision and management of water.

� Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, including women and other vulnerable groups.

� Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and as such, the role of women and vulnerable groups should be duly recognized in the use, management and control of water resources as an economic good.

� Women and vulnerable groups should be actively involved in water projects

4.4. OVERALL GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 4.4.1 The overall goal of AWF is to add momentum to the implementation of the AWV 2025: “An Africa where there is an equitable and sustainable use and management of water resources for poverty alleviation, socio-economic development, regional cooperation, and the environment”. Gender aspects or even women’s empowerment are not explicitly mentioned in this objective. It could be said that gender issues are implicit in the goals of poverty alleviation, socio-economic development and environmental management. Below, the Strategy incorporates GSE into the four strategic objectives of the AWF. 4.5. STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES 4.5.1 The AWF has four main strategic objectives. In Table 6 below, each of the strategic objectives and corresponding expected outcomes are presented next to how AWF would integrate gender and social equity issues in them.


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Table 6: Strategic Objectives and Outcomes of AWF: Implications on GSE

Strategic Objective / Outcome Implication on GSE

Strengthening Water Governance: RMCs and regional organizations have increased capacity to govern their water resources effectively based on IWRM principles and trans-boundary cooperative arrangements.

GSE issues would be included, strengthened and operationalised in all policies and strategies governing trans-boundary/regional cooperative arrangements.

Investments to Meet Water Needs: Advances made in meeting water needs through direct project investments and widespread adoption of innovative technologies and approaches.

Integrated analysis of productive and domestic uses of water would be conducted for all investments to meet water needs.

WSS and other water needs (e.g. agriculture, energy, etc) of all, including women and vulnerable groups, would be met.

Initiatives would be based on participatory approaches.

Gender Disaggregated Data (GDD) would be used and included in M&E systems.

Management structures would include women and other vulnerable groups in leadership positions.

Innovative approaches and technologies would be used based on gender and socio-economic analysis and proper understanding of the needs, roles and responsibilities of different population groups.

Strengthening the Financial Base; RMCs and regional organizations benefit from increased financial resources.

Increased financial resources would be channeled to initiatives that increase access to WSS for all population groups, including women, children, minorities and disabled groups.

Gender budgeting would be applied to all initiatives

Improved Water Knowledge; Improved capacity for informed decisions making at all levels to guide water development planning and implementation.

Women, minorities, landless, poor, etc would be able to access and benefit from improved water knowledge and information systems.

Specific water information needs of different population groups would be taken into account.

Water related information would be disseminated in such ways that it will benefit the most vulnerable groups.

4.6. OPERATIONALIZING GSE IN AWF OPERATIONS 4.6.1 Key Challenges: The main challenge in identifying GSE indicators for AWF funded projects is that areas covered by the AWF are quite diverse. Moreover, previous attempts to develop GSE-related indicators for these different areas have been uneven. There are multitudes of indicators developed by the Bank17 and other partners (World Bank, UNDP etc) relating to GSE in water and sanitation and even water governance sub sectors, which are covered by the AWF pillars I and II. However, hardly any previous work has been done on

17 ADB/ADF (ORQR) Guidelines for the Use of Core Sector Indicators, 6 May 2009 ADB/ADF (OWAS) Checklist for Gender Mainstreaming in the Water and Sanitation Sector, September 2009 ADB/ADF: UGPOA 2009-2011, 31 July 2009


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developing GSE responsive indicators in areas such as water financing and improved water knowledge, which fall under the AWF pillars III and IV. In view of this challenge, the Strategy draws on varied sources to generate the relevant indicators to support AWF operational activities under all four Pillars of the Facility. 4.6.2 While indicators for the first two Pillars of the Facility have largely been informed by previously developed indicators by the Bank and other partners, indicators for the last two Pillars have more or less been developed afresh, as shown in Annex 2 & 3. 4.6.3 GSE Responsive M&E framework: The AWF Operational Strategy (2007) presents a logical framework analysis for the Facility. It includes not only the four main pillars of AWF operations, but also the subsectors within each pillar. In line with the Operational Strategy, this GSE strategy outlines a gendered and socially responsive Logical Framework Analysis for the Facility’s initiatives, as presented in Annex 4. The logical framework highlights, in italics, examples of how and where GSE issues could be introduced at each level of analysis. 4.7. GSE RELATED PROJECT RESULTS AND OUTCOMES 4.7.1 The positive impact, results and outcomes of a project on GSE depends primarily on the type of initiative concerned. This notwithstanding, it is essential to highlight some expected outcomes in accordance with the Pillars of the AWF (details in Annex 2 & 3). Brief illustrations of some of these expected outcomes are mentioned in Table 7 below: Table 7: Positive GSE Results and Outcomes of Interventions

Pillar I: Strengthening Water Governance

• GSE issues strengthened and operationalised in national and riparian policy documents, cooperative agreements and legal frameworks;

• National and riparian plans, policies and cooperative agreements have mechanisms in place for conflict resolutions as well as to ensure that voices of all concerned population groups are heard;

• Women and other vulnerable groups are represented in national and riparian management structures and hold positions of responsibility;

• Improved capacities of national and riparian water sector professionals to deal with GSE issues.

Pillar II: Investments to meet water needs

• Different water and sanitation related needs of all population groups are met;

• Improved health and productivity, less water borne diseases including cholera;

• Less time used for fetching water and caring for the sick;

• Lower child and maternal mortality rates;

• Less health related expenses at household and community levels;

• Women’s increased participation in income-generating activities, time used for education and leisure;

• Increased school enrolment and lower drop-out rates, including girls;


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• Women and other vulnerable groups take part in management structures and have positions of responsibility

• Women and men of various age and social groups able to take part in planning; implementation, monitoring and evaluation of water and sanitation projects;

• Improved capacities to deal with GSE issues;

• Changes in attitudes and behaviour regarding hygiene and sanitation (H & S). Pillar III: Strengthening the Financial Base

• Resources increasingly used to improve access, governance, management, and control of water resources by women and other vulnerable groups;

• Innovative approaches that are gender sensitive and pro poor, such as micro-credit, are used to improve access of women and other vulnerable groups to water and sanitation

• Gender budgeting applied in the sector to lead to more resources being channeled to initiatives that will increase access, management and control over water resources by women and other vulnerable groups

Pillar IV: Improving Water Knowledge

• Women and other vulnerable groups can access and benefit from improved water-related knowledge and information systems, leading to better informed decisions.

4.8. ADVERSE PROJECT IMPACTS ON GSE AND WAYS TO M ITIGATE THEM 4.8.1 Some projects/programmes could have unintended adverse impacts on GSE, depending on the type of activities under those initiatives. For example, one of the major risk factors with large infrastructure projects, such as construction of dams and river basins, is the need to relocate population groups involuntarily. The Bank’s Policy on Involuntary Relocations (2003) provides comprehensive guidelines on how to mitigate the GSE related negative impacts in such cases, and should be consulted in such instances. 4.8.2 In the case of larger infrastructure type WSS projects, possible presence of migratory labour force could be a potential risk factor in terms of increased sexual violence and spread of HIV/AIDs and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among local populations, especially women and children. In such cases, sensitization of local populations and migratory labour force alike is needed. 4.8.3 There is a tendency in some development projects to take women’s unpaid work as granted and ignore their already very charged time use and multiple domestic and income-generating activities. A gender analysis of roles, responsibilities and needs of men and women of various age and social groups is necessary. When a part or all of counterpart contribution to a project is provided in-kind (e.g. un-paid labour to dig or provision of sand), it is important to ensure that women will not be excessively burdened with the provision of unpaid labour, whilst only men benefit from income-generating possibilities. 4.8.4 Initiatives that seek to promote attitudinal or behaviour changes, such as those promoting hygiene and sanitation (H&S), run the risk of not sufficiently considering the needs and preparedness for change among the population concerned. Examples abound of badly conceived projects that lead to under utilization or misuse of resources because the real


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concerns of the population were either misunderstood or not properly addressed. Initiatives of such nature should therefore adopt a participatory approach involving community leaders, men and women’s groups, religious leaders and other groups. 5 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS 5.0.1 Experience shows that mainstreaming gender and social equity into procedures needs a vision, a defined policy framework, institutional backing, clear guidelines, as well as appropriate tools to operationalize the policies and strategies. The general policy framework for AWFs operations in promoting gender and social equity are defined by the Bank’s Gender Policy and UGPOA, as well as other policies promoting social equity such as the IWRM Policy (2000) and the RWSSI (2004). This section outlines how to mainstream GES into all the relevant documents and tools of the Facility such as the Operational Strategy and the Appraisal Report. The section also describes how the gender and social equity toolkit (comprising the GSE checklists and M&E indictors) developed for this Strategy has been presented in the Technical Annexes of the Strategy. 5.1. MAINSTREAMING GSE INTO OPERATIONAL STRATEGY OF THE AWF 5.1.1 The AWF Operational Strategy Document clearly defines the general policy directions and operational activities to be implemented in order to achieve its goal of mobilizing and applying resources to assist African countries to meet the targets established by the African Water Vision and the Millennium Development Goals. 5.1.2 Although the AWF Operational Strategy acknowledges the importance of gender, it does not analyze GSE issues in any detail. As such, the Operational Strategy can be described as “gender-neutral”. In order to make the AWF Operational Strategy become gender and socially responsive, the Facility has, in this current GSE Strategy:

• Incorporated gender and social equity concerns into the overall Logic Model for the AWF, including defining appropriate results and indicators (see Annex 4).

• Defined the expected results and indicators to monitor and evaluate the impact of the AWF funded projects on gender and social equity (see Annex 4).

• Integrated GSE issues under the objectives and outcomes of each Pillar (See Annex 2).

• Refined approaches and project selection criteria to include gender and social equity issues (see Annex 5).

5.1.3 In order to guarantee systematic mainstreaming of gender and social equity in all parts of the project cycle, it is essential to include these factors into the tools and instruments that are used by the AWF. This has been done and presented in the Technical Annexes below. For ease of reference, the ensuing explains how GSE issues could be integrated into the project cycle. 5.2. GENDER AND SOCIAL EQUITY TOOL K IT 5.2.1 The GSE toolkit comprises a series of checklists, developed according to the AWF Pillars and operational documents, such as the screening report, appraisal report and


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application report format. The toolkit also comprises a set of M&E indicators and sub sector indicators to guide project/program log-frame development, monitoring and evaluation. Although the specific details of the toolkit in the technical annexes, the following paragraphs briefly highlights some of the issues to be considered at different stages of project development. 5.2.2 Screening Report: During the screening and/or identification of a project/program, specific gender and social equity concerns should be included in the identification and screening reports at each step (Rationale, Objective, Description and Value Added by AWF Support). The reports should identify project/programme beneficiaries by gender and age/social groups where possible. If possible, mechanisms to reward the gender sensitiveness and social responsiveness of the initiatives should be discussed at this stage of the project cycle. The AWF will include the extent to which GSE issues have been integrated into the project proposal as one of the criteria for funding projects. The Gender and Social Equity Toolkit for TMs (see Annex 5) includes a review of the main chapters of the identification/screening report format and provides guidance on how to integrate GSE into these reports. 5.2.3 Appraisal Report: The GSE toolkit gives detailed guidance on how to incorporate GSE issues into the appraisal report format in Annex 7. Essentially, the project appraisal report should outline the main gender dimensions of the country’s development strategy (including PRSP, MDG Country reports) and sector strategies as well as the Bank Country Strategy Paper (CSP). The appraisal reports should also assess whether the gender issues determined at the earlier stages of the project design have been incorporated as part of the overall rationale of the project. 5.2.4 The following four important aspects should also be considered at appraisal:

• Assessing the capacity of the Implementing or Executing Agency (IA, EA) to deal with GSE issues in project implementation (staff capacities and previous experience with similar projects and approaches);

• Assessing the capacity-building needs of the EA and/or the Project Management Unit (PMU) staff to create required competencies for effective implementation of the defined gender mainstreaming activities in the project;

• Identifying existing governmental and non/governmental structures and organizations responsible for gender and social equity issues, such as ministries of women and children’s affairs, and considering if these could be partners in the project planning/implementation/monitoring and evaluation;

• Identifying lessons learnt and best practices from other donors regarding mainstreaming GSE and explore possible ways of incorporating these into the project.

5.2.5 Application Format : All applications to the AWF should consider and describe the gender and social equity dimensions of the proposed project(s). Applications should define gender-specific indicators to be followed and an assessment of expected impacts (positive/negative) of the planned initiative on women and other marginalized groups, where possible. Applicants should also provide gender disaggregated data, if possible, for all baseline information. Projects and programmes to be financed should, as and when possible, set up M&E systems that follow up on gender and social equity issues.


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5.2.6 Applicants should also specify a breakdown of proposed budgets in terms of GSE aspects, such as capacity-building, training and sensitization of women and other vulnerable groups. This would assist the Facility to analyze the share of funds dedicated to the promotion of GSE issues. 5.2.7 Detailed guidelines for prospective applicants on how to integrate GSE issues into their applications can be found in Annex 6. 5.2.8 Supervision and Monitoring: During supervision and monitoring of AWF projects, the Facility will strive to include a gender expert or a socio-economist in the mission teams to ensure that GSE issues are highlighted and addressed. Particular attention will be paid to the following key issues during supervisions and monitoring:

• Gender-aggregated data on all the project/programme results and impacts, where possible.

• Data on the expected positive/unintended adverse impact of the initiative on women and other disadvantaged groups; corrective measures, if necessary, put in place.

• Results of the implementation of GSE activities incorporated in the project design. 5.2.9 Project Completion Report (PCRs): would identify any innovative gender/social equity aspects and benefits brought by the project/programme. They would also analyse whether these can be disseminated and replicated elsewhere. At the same time, it is equally important to record and analyse possible shortcomings in reaching gender and social equity related objectives of the project as well as the reasons for such failures. 5.2.10 The standard PCR format should include questions relating to the GSE impacts (both the expected positive/unintended negative and possible corrective measures) of the initiative. The PCR would be presented using gender-disaggregated data, where possible. A detailed proposal on how to incorporate GSE aspects in the PCR is provided in Annex 7 below. 5.2.11 Budget: The AWF would assess, in quantitative terms, the share of funds that will be dedicated to the promotion of gender and social equity in its initiatives using gender budgeting techniques. This will increase efficiency in the distribution of funds to achieve policy goals. 5.2.12 Usually gender budgeting is applied to government finance, but it can be applied to any budget for which any committee is responsible. Both the Bank’s UGPOA (2009-2012) and the Gender Guidelines on Governances (2009) present arguments in favour of gender budgeting. The simplest way to obtain such data would be to request prospective applicants to provide an estimated budget breakdown in terms of the proportional distribution of the budget on activities involving women, men and other vulnerable groups (see Annex 6 for details). 5.2.13 Lessons learnt: In further attempts to enhance the Facility’s responsiveness on GSE issues, the Facility will collect and update a “lessons learnt” database on useful experiences in promoting gender and social equity issues in its projects and programmes. Posted on the Facility’s website, these experiences would be shared in the form of short reports, videos, photographs or graphs highlighting useful lessons for all stakeholders, including the wider AfDB, RMCs, and water related actors.


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5.2.14 Training: Periodic workshops on gender and social equity would be organized for all AWF staff, drawing on both external and internal (Bank) resources such as the Gender Help Desk and the Quality Assurances and Results Unit (ORQR) of the Bank. 6 CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY

6.1 There are several potential ways of integrating and strengthening gender and social equity issues within the African Water Facility’s operations. The GSE Strategy adopts the most relevant and practical steps for the Facility to further the integration of GSE issues into its operational activities. In sum, this strategy has:

• Redefined the vision and strategic orientation of the Facility to become GSE responsive through various checklists and M&E framework developed and attached in the technical annexes below.

• Revised various processing documents (application, screening, appraisal and PCR reports) to provide strategic guidance on how to strengthen, systematically, GSE issues at all stages of AWF project cycle.


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TECHNICAL ANNEXES

ANNEX 1: GLOSSARY Access to Water Supply and Sanitation: Access to safe drinking water or adequate sanitation is defined by the percentage of the population using improved drinking water sources or improved sanitation facilities. Gender: Refers to the social meanings given to being either female or male in a given society. It may also be defined as the economic, social, political, and cultural attributes and opportunities associated with being male or female. These meanings and attributes vary from one society to another, are time bound and changeable. Gender Analysis: The systematic assessment of policy and practice on women and men respectively and on the social and economic relationships between the two. Gender Blindness: The inability to perceive that there are different gender roles and responsibilities and, consequently, the failure to realise that policies, programmes and projects may have different impact on women and men. Gender Budgeting: The application of gender mainstreaming to the distribution of financial resources. It is not a separate or special budget for women, but a process of disaggregating budgets by gender to discover the extent to which policies that have gendered implications are differently funded. Its main importance is to assess the extent to which economic and financial resources are allocated in gender equal or unequal ways. Gender budgeting will also facilitate the application of gender equality policies via a financial lens. Gender (Sex) Disaggregated Data: The Collection of information and the analysis of results on the basis of gender, e.g. data on the status and socio-economic roles of different groups of men and women or data based on the biological attributes of women and men. Gender Equity (in water sector): Gender equity refers to process of ensuring that both women and men participate proportionately in the processes of decision-making, as well as share the burden and benefits of improved water resources Gender Needs: These arise out of the relative positioning of women and men in relation to the Gender Division of Labour. They are usually different for women and men. One separates generally between practical and strategic gender needs. Gender Roles: Refers to socially constructed different needs, roles and expectations of women and men from various social groups. These vary in place and time. Innovation: A change in technology or management that improves the productivity, efficiency or effectiveness of water use. Innovative aspects of projects and activities are those that focus on introducing and piloting new or improved technologies, making better use of existing technologies, or implementing new approaches to improve institutional effectiveness and the use of resources.


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Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM): A comprehensive approach to water resources development and management that views water as a single resource with competing uses and inter-linkages with the ecological, social and economic systems. Leverage: Ability to multiply the effect of resource use, such as leveraging the use of AWF funds through partnerships. National Water Resources Management (NWRM): The development and management of national water resources using an IWRM approach. Private Sector Participation (PSP): Involvement of the private sector in water resources management including development and operation. This can take several forms, with different features with respect to asset ownership, operation and maintenance, commercial risk and duration. Sex-disaggregated Data: Gives the number or percentage of females and males. Social Equity: Used in this context to refer to measures to improve the access to, participation in and control over by various social groups (poor, landless, ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities, youth, elderly, indigenous people, disabled, HIV/AIDS victims, internally and externally replaced people, etc.) safe water and improved sanitation, water governance and information related to water Social Equity: Incorporating a social equity perspective is defined in this Strategy as measures to improve access to, participation in and control over safe water and sanitation, water governance and information related to water by different social strata and other vulnerable groups, such as disabled, children/youth, elderly, HIV/AIDS victims, ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities, indigenous people as well as internally and externally displaced people. Transboundary Water Resources Management (TWRM): The development and management of surface as well as groundwater resources that cross borders of countries, or constitute borders between countries, using an IWRM approach. Water Governance: The range of political, social, economic, institutional and administrative systems that are in place to develop and manage water resources, and the delivery of water services, at different levels for social, economic and environmental uses. Water Resources Management (WRM): The institutionalised activities of water resources development, utilisation, allocation, conservation and control.


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ANNEX 2: SUMMARY /SYNTHESIS OF THE GSE-RELATED CHECKLISTS AND

GUIDELINES Table A2.1. below presents some general questions/issues on gender and social equity which could be considered and possibly incorporated during project identification and appraisal. The questions and issues are generic to all the four pillars of the Facility and therefore should serve as a guide on integrating gender and socio-economic issues in all proposed projects. Specific additional issues relating to each of the four pillars are presented in from Tables 2.2-2.5. Table A2.1: Generic GSE Checklist for all the Four Pilllars (Consider one or more of the following questions as and when appropriate)

Rationale and Objectives

• Are the specific water related needs, roles and responsibilities of men, women, youth, elderly, different social strata, disabled, minorities, etc. reflected in the project/programme?

• Will the project/programme benefit all the various population groups (cf. above)? How?

• Is the proposed project/programme in line with the country’s and Bank’s current policies and strategies regarding promotion of social equity, gender issues and women’s empowerment (including PRSP and MDG Country strategies, Bank’s Gender Policy 2001, Updated Gender Action Plan 2009-2011)?

• Can this initiative help to strengthen or operationalise gender and social equity aspects within the country’s water sector development strategies and policies?

• Are social equity/gender aspects incorporated/mainstreamed in the project/programme’s objectives?

• Will women’s/youth/etc empowerment and participation be pursued in the project/programme?

Project Description

Project Design:

• Has a participatory approach been adopted in planning the project/programme and have all the concerned population groups been consulted?

• Is planning for the project based on an integrated analysis of productive and domestic uses of water?

• Has a gender analysis or a socio-economic baseline study been carried out?

• What specific strategies and activities, if any, have been identified and put in place to mainstream gender and social equity issues in the project/programme? Are these budgeted for and included in the M&E systems in place?

• Have organizations (mixed and women’s groups, youth and disabled people’s organizations, networks) that are influential and can become partners in project planning, implementation and evaluation been identified and consulted?

• Have existing governmental structures that promote gender and socio-economic issues (such as Ministries of Women’s and Children’s Affairs, Gender, and Community Development) been consulted and has use been made of their expertise and lessons learnt?

• Have lessons learnt from previous AfDB or AWF funded projects/programmes in incorporating GSE aspects in water sector been made use of in planning of this initiative?


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• Are there any other donors/actors in the country/countries focusing on gender & social equity issues within water sector that the proposed Bank project could possibly complement or use as a platform?

• Have lessons learnt from other donors in incorporating GSE aspects been identified and made use of when planning this initiative?

• Have gender and social equity related indicators been identified and included in the M & E systems?

• Have the capacity-building needs of women and other disadvantaged groups been identified and budgeted for?

• Have negative/adverse socio-economic and gender-related impacts, if any, of the project/programme been identified?

• If yes, are there measures in place to mitigate possible adverse impacts, if any, and have these been budgeted for?

• Have women and other disadvantaged groups been involved in various management structures?

Implementation:

• Does the project management structure provide expertise on gender and social equity? (E.g. is there a gender/diversity focal person/unit in the EA and is he/she/it involved extensively in the implementation and monitoring of the project activities?).

• If not, how could such expertise be obtained? (e.g. capacity building, short term consultancies).

• Is there a gender balance in the project staff and among the management? If not, how could such balance be promoted (capacity building, recruitment)?

• Are all the project staff trained in gender mainstreaming and social equity and are they accountable for the gender and social equity responsiveness of the project?

Monitoring and evaluation:

• Does the initiative collect and include gender-disaggregated data in its M&E systems as and when possible?

• Consider project outcomes/results with respect to differences in needs and priorities of women and men from diverse age and socio-economic groups, as well as those of the disabled and other marginalised groups

• Does the evaluation team have the expertise to look at gender and social equity issues in the specific context of the project/programme?

• Gender-disaggregated data collected throughout the project/programme?

• Will women’s, men’s and other groups’ access to, or control of the water resources improve as a result of this project/programme? If yes, how?

• Will the project/programme contribute to water related management structures becoming more gender sensitive and socially responsive? If yes, how?

• Promotion of donor co-operation in water sector as regards gender and social equity issues?

• Expected long-term (strategic) gender and social equity implications after the project/programme is finished?

• Will the project/programme generate increased interest in the gender and social dimensions within the water sector?


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• Will the project/programme promote increased involvement of women professionals within the water sector?

Value Added by the AWF Support

• Does the project/programme include innovative approaches towards incorporating gender/social equity issues that can be disseminated and replicated within the Bank and elsewhere?

• Can AWF support be leveraged for raising more funds from other donors interested in promoting gender and social equity issues within the water sector?

Table A2.2. below presents some questions/issues on gender and social equity which could be considered and possibly incorporated during project preparation and appraisal (as well as application) of initiatives falling under the first Pillar (Strengthening Water Governance). Note that issues that can be relevant for all the four pillars (already given in table 2.1. above) are not repeated below. Table A2.2: AWF Pillar - Strengthening Water Governance (Please refer to table B1 and consider in addition one or more of the following questions as and when appropriate)

Rationale and Objective

• Can this initiative help to strengthen or operationalise gender and social equity aspects within the transboundary/riparian/national water sector strategies and policies?

• Can this initiative strengthen or operationalise GSE aspects with transboundary/riparian cooperative agreements?

Project Description

Project Design:

• How will the various transboundary/riparian population groups benefit from the project’s results?

• Estimate, if possible, share/percentage of each of the following among the intended beneficiaries of this project/programme; women, men, youth, elderly, different social groups, disables’, minorities, etc.

• Have their views been incorporated in the project design? If there are conflicting views/needs, how will these be addressed?

• Have possible sources of conflict been identified between various socio-economic groups regarding the use and management of water and related land resources?

• Are there mechanisms in place for conflict resolutions and are women and other vulnerable groups able to raise their concerns in these?

• In case of involuntary relocations have compensation issues been solved in a gender sensitive and socially responsive way, taking into account that women, indigenous people, etc. often lack formal land entitlements and related water use rights? Do these take into account both individual and collective usufructory and tenancy rights?

• Have women and other disadvantaged groups been involved in various management structures (such as Village or Area Development Committees, Water Users Associations)


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and also in leaderships positions? Are there minimum quotas (e.g. at least 30% women/men)?

• Have women’s and other disadvantaged groups’ capacity-building needs (e.g. basic literacy or bookkeeping training, training in meeting techniques, etc.) been identified and budgeted for?

• Have women, poor, disabled, etc. been consulted also when it comes to selection of sites for water points, technology choices, etc.?

• Are women and other possibly disadvantaged groups involved in O&M of any facilities to be created and have they received such training?

• Are there ways that the project/programme can create income-generating activities for women, youth, disabled and other possibly disadvantaged groups?

Implementation:

• Are gender sensitive training materials available for this project/programme? Are these adaptable also to the needs of illiterates, minorities, indigenous people, etc.? If not, can they be developed within the framework of this project and are they budgeted for?

• Are gender/social equity concerns included in sector reviews, policy workshops and other activities that are part of policy development?

• Are gender/social equity issues on the agenda of annual sector meetings and policy implementation reviews?

• Is gender/socio-economic expertise included in policy development and implementation teams?


• Will the project/programme contribute to transboundary/riparian/national/regional water related management structures becoming more gender sensitive and socially responsive? If yes, how?

• Promotion of donor co-operation in IWRM and water governance as regards gender and social equity issues?

• Will the project/programme generate increased interest in the gender and social dimensions of integrated water resources management?


• Can AWF support be leveraged for raising more funds from other donors interested in promoting gender and social equity issues within the IWRM?

Table A2.3. below presents some questions/issues on gender and social equity which could be considered and possibly incorporated during project preparation (application) and appraisals of initiatives falling under the second pillar of the Facility (Investments to Meet Water Needs). Note that issues that could be relevant for all the four pillars, that have already been mentioned in Table 2.1, are not repeated.


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Table A2.3: AWF Pillar: Investments to Meet Water Needs (Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene, Water for Productive Uses, Project and Programme Preparation)

(Please refer to Table B1 and consider in addition one or more of the following questions, as and when appropriate)


• Please refer to Table 2.1.

Project Description

Project Design:


Implementation:

• Have women and other disadvantaged groups been involved in various management structures (such as Village or Area Development Committees, Water Users Associations) and also in leaderships positions? Are there minimum quotas (e.g. at least 30% women/men)?


• Have women, poor, disabled, etc. been consulted also when it comes to selection of sites for water points, technology choices, etc.?

• Are women and other possibly disadvantaged groups involved in O&M of any facilities to be created and have they received such training?

• Are there ways that the project/programme can create income-generating activities for women, youth, disabled and other possibly disadvantaged groups (e.g. women’s or disables’ groups could manage public toilet and washing facilities, water kiosks, production of bricks or sanitary slabs, etc.)?

• Are gender sensitive training materials available for this project/programme? Are they also adaptable to the needs of illiterates, youth, indigenous people, minorities, etc.? If not, can they be developed within the framework of this initiative and are they budgeted for?

• Are also men involved in hygiene & sanitation sensitization and training?

• Is H & S training provided in culturally adequate ways (e.g. separate groups for men and women, youth and elderly, if and when appropriate)?

• Are there measures in place to increase the participation of youth in project activities (such as promotion of sanitation clubs in schools, etc.?)

• Are teachers/religious and traditional leaders and local authorities sensitized in hygiene and sanitation issues (in order to guarantee multiplicatory impacts as such authority figures can set examples in improved hygienic and sanitation practices for communities involved)?

• In case of involuntary relocations have compensation issues been solved in a gender sensitive and socially responsive way, taking into account that women, indigenous people, etc. often lack formal land entitlements and related water use rights? Do these compensations take into account both individual and collective usufructory and tenancy rights so that women, indigenous people and others do not risk to lose their access to water


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and possible sources of livelihood?


• Refer to Table 2.1.

• Will hygiene and sanitation related attitudes and practices among various population groups, including women, men, youth, poor, etc. improve as a result of this project?



Table 2.4. presents some questions/issues on gender and social equity which could be considered and possibly incorporated during project preparation (application) and appraisals of initiatives falling under the third pillar of the AWF (Strengthening the Financial Base). Note that issues that could be relevant for all the four pillars, already given in table 2.1, are not repeated below. Table A2.4: AWF Pillar – Strengthening the Financial Base (Please refer to table 2.1. and consider in addition one or more of the following questions as and when appropriate)



Project Description

Project Design:

• Are innovative and gender-sensitive financial instruments such as micro-credit, gender budgeting, etc. part of this initiative?

• If yes, will also women, youth and other potentially marginalised groups be increasingly able to access credits, receive training and other support?

Implementation:

• Refer to Table 2.1. Monitoring and evaluation:

• Will women’s, men’s, youth’, disabled people’s, etc. access to safe water and improved sanitation be strengthened at least in the long term as a result of this project/programme? If yes, how?


• Refer to Table 2.1. Table 2.5 below presents some questions/issues on gender and social equity which could be considered and possibly incorporated during project preparation (application) and appraisal of initiatives falling under the fourth pillar of the AFW (Improving Water Knowledge). Note that issues that could be relevant for all the four pillars (given in Table 3.1. above) are not repeated below. Table A2.5: AWF Pillar – Improving Water Knowledge


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(Consider one or more of the following questions as and when appropriate)

Rationale and Objectives

• Refer to table 2.1.

• Are the specific water information/knowledge related needs, roles and responsibilities of men, women, youth, elderly, different social strata reflected in the initiative?

• Will this project/programme improve access to water related information and knowledge for women and men, youth, poor, illiterates and other population, age and socio-economic groups?

Project Description

Project Design:

• How will the specific water related information needs of women, poor farmers, minorities, indigenous people, etc. be taken into account by this initiative?

• How will the improved water information systems benefit all population groups, including women, poor, illiterates, etc.?

• How will water related knowledge and information be made more accessible to poor, women, subsistence farmers, indigenous people, etc.? (e.g. radio emissions in local languages, through village meetings and extension workers, training materials for illiterates, using mobile phone technologies for information dissemination where possible, etc.)

• Have funds been budgeted for information dissemination to various population groups, including women’s groups?

• Can the initiative generate increased interest in the gender and social aspects of water-related knowledge and information systems?

• Can the project promote increased involvement of female professionals in the field? Implementation:

• Are gender/social equity concerns included in sector reviews, policy workshops and other activities that are part of policy development?

• Are gender/social equity issues on the agenda of annual sector meetings and policy implementation reviews?

• Is gender/socio-economic expertise included in policy development and implementation teams?


• Will women’s, men’s, youth’, disabled people’s, poor farmers’ etc. access to water-related information improve as a result of this project/programme? If yes, how?


• Does the project/programme include innovative approaches towards disseminating water-related knowledge and information so that it reaches and benefits various population groups? Can this kind of systems be replicated elsewhere?


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ANNEX 3: GSE RELATED PROJECT INDICATORS In the Table 3.1, some examples of GSE responsive indicators are given for each of the four main pillars of AWF operations. These can be used and possibly incorporated when developing, monitoring and evaluating projects/programmes funded by AWF. These include both outcome and output indicators. Table 3.1: Examples of Possible GSE Indicators Relating to the four AWF Pillars

Pillar I: Strengthening Water Governances

• Number of IRWM /NWRM policies and institutional frameworks that include GSE aspects and have plans on how to operationalise these?

• Number of transboundary arrangements, legislative frameworks and regional programmes for river basins that take into account GSE issues?

• Number of national and regional water sector policies that take into account GSE aspects?

• M/F ratio among staff in regional and national structures.

• Gender sensitive training materials developed.

• Existence of managerial structures with expertise on gender (e.g. a gender desk/focal person) in the IE.

• Budget: percentage of funds earmarked for activities that benefit men/women/both.

• Number of total of disputes related to land/water rights /involuntary relocations resolved (in favour of men/women/minorities, etc) over a given period of time.

• Percentage of M/F actively participating in land allocation committees.

• GSE issues on the agenda of annual and review meetings.

Pillar II: Meeting Water Needs

• People with access to improved drinking water sources resulting from the project intervention (percentage M/F)?

• People with access to improved sanitation facilities resulting from the project intervention (M%/F %)?

• People educated through H&S programmes that are part of the project intervention (M%/F %)

• Ratio of girls to boys enrolment in primary education.

• Ratio of girls to boys among school dropouts.

• Percentage prevalence of water borne diseases.

• Cases of water borne diseases among the population (e.g. cases treated by clinics and hospitals).

• Child and maternal mortality ratios.

• Time saved by women/children due to improved access to water.

• M/F ratio of public toilets in schools, hospitals, market places etc.

• Percentage of public toilets (schools, market places, hospitals) accessible for physically disabled?

• Percentage of population (M/F %) /school children who wash hands before meals, after toilet


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use, etc.?

• Percentage of teachers trained in hygiene/sanitation issues?

• Number of adequate materials developed in local languages?

• Percentage of youth (M/F) involved in sanitation clubs, etc.

• Number of information sessions held in minority languages, etc.

• Gender sensitive training materials developed in local languages.

• Share of women, youth, disables, and other possibly disadvantaged groups in VDCs, ADCs, WUAs, etc.

• Share of women, etc. in leadership positions in these?

• Existence of managerial structures with expertise on gender (e.g. a gender desk/focal person) in the IE.

• Budget: percentage of funds earmarked for activities that benefit men/women/both.

• Percentage of F/M participating in WSS activities.

• Percentage of women among persons trained in maintenance and repair (M/F ratio), health education etc. (M/F ratio).

• Percentage of women in charge of operation, maintenance and repair of facilities.

• Improvement in women’s, men’s, youths’ etc knowledge about water, sanitation, personal hygiene, health , use of water.

• Individual or groups of women/men/youth/disables collect or produce inputs for the project (stones, gravel, sand for construction, pump parts, well pipes, latrine slabs, water carrying and storage containers, pottery basis for hand washing, etc.).

• Women able to use time saved for some these activities: income generation, education and training, leisure.

• GSE issues on the agenda of annual and review meetings.

Pillar III: Strengthening the Financial Base

• Percentage of funds that benefit directly or indirectly women, men, disabled, etc other vulnerable groups;

• Budget: percentage of funds earmarked for activities that benefit men/women

• Number of women’s groups, disabled people’s networks etc. that have been able to access credits from micro-credit schemes etc. ;

• Amount of funds made available to them;

• Existence of managerial structures with expertise on gender (e.g. a gender desk/focal person) in the IE

• GSE issues on the agenda of annual and review meetings,

• Gender budgeting applied


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Pillar IV: Improving Water Knowledge

• Availability of information systems that benefit also women, poor farmers, illiterates and other vulnerable groups;

• Budget: percentage of funds earmarked for activities that benefit men/women/both

• Existence of managerial structures with expertise on gender (e.g. a gender desk/focal person) in the IE

• Number of M/F farmers with access to water related knowledge and information

• Number of water related information sessions/radio emissions/etc targeting local populations

• Number of training materials in local languages and suitable also for illiterates

• GSE issues on the agenda of annual and review meetings

Sources of information and verifications: National and regional data sources, plans and policy documents, cooperative agreements, baseline studies before and after the project activities, etc.


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ANNEX 4: GENDERED AND SOCIALLY RESPONSIVE LOGICAL FRAMEWORK

ANALYSIS FOR THE AWF In the ensuing, an outline for a gendered and socially responsive Logical Framework Analysis for AWF is presented. It is based on the model presented in the Operational Strategy of the African Water Facility (2007) and includes not only the four main pillars of the AWF operations, but also the subsectors within each pillar. Note that the GSE related indicators, already above in Annex 3, will not be repeated here. Examples of how and where GSE aspects could be introduced at each level of the analysis are highlighted and given in bold italics.


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LOGICAL FRAMEWORK ANALYSIS for the AWF HIERARCHY of OBJECTIVES, (% of Planned budget)

EXPECTED RESULTS PERFORMANCE INDICATORS, SOURCE, PERIODICITY INDICATIVE TARGETS and TIMEFRAME

GOAL: IMPACT: Long term - by 2025 Mobilise and apply resources to finance water development activities in Africa to meet the targets and goals for the water sector that were established by the African Water Vision and the Millennium Development Goals. Applying resources to financing water development activities according to the guidelines set by AfDBs Gender Policy (2001) and Updated Gender Plan of Action 2009-2011, and other relevant Gender and Social Equity Policies and Tools of the Bank.

An Africa where there is an equitable and sustainable use and management of water resources for poverty alleviation, socio-economic development, gender equity and women’s empowerment, regional cooperation, and the environment.

Indicators: • Access to safe water and sanitation services by all, including female headed

households, poor, disabled, etc. • Water secured to meet needs (agriculture, energy, etc.) Both male and female,

subsistence level and commercial farmers able to access and benefit of improved water security.

• Better livelihood (reduction in water related disease, higher school enrolment, lower rates for school drop-outs for girls, gender empowerment, lower child and maternal mortality rates, less expenses used on health by households, women’s time use improved )

Source: National statistics and reports on MDGS, UN JMP report, ADB reports, baseline studies Periodicity: Annual review

• MDG targets met

• AWV-FFA targets met

OBJECTIVES : OUTCOMES: Medium term - by 2015 Strengthening water governance, meeting water needs, strengthening the financial base and improving water knowledge. Taking into account the needs, roles and responsibilities of women, youth, disabled and other vulnerable groups in all aspects of water sector development Including GSE aspects in all project and programmes funded by the AWF

Improved Water Governance RMCs and regional organisations have increased capacity to govern their water resources effectively based on IWRM principles and transboundary cooperative arrangements. Transboundary cooperative agreements to include GSE aspects. Water needs met Advances made in meeting water needs through direct project investments and widespread adoption of improved technologies and approaches. Different needs, roles and responsibilities of women and men in water sector acknowledged. Women and other vulnerable groups included in project planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. Financial Base Strengthened RMCs and regional organisations benefit from increased financial resources These increased financial resources will increasingly benefit women, men, disabled people, youth and other vulnerable groups Improved Water Knowledge Increased capacity for informed decision making at all levels and across all stakeholders to guide water sector development planning and implementation. All population groups, incl. Women, illiterates, etc other vulnerable groups, able to access and benefit of improved water knowledge.

Indicators: 1. No. of RMCs with effective IWRM policies, strategies and institutions that

acknowledge GSE aspects 2. Number of river basins with shared water agreements and effective cooperative

mechanisms that acknowledge GSE aspects 3. Amount of follow-on investments attributable to innovative AWF investment projects

to meet water needs in a gender and socially responsive way 4. Overall amounts of water sector investments in RMCs and RECs arising from AWF

activities These investments to benefit the most vulnerable population groups and women

5. Improvement in type and quality of data and information used for planning and implementation. Women and other vulnerable groups can access and benefit of water related knowledge and information

Source: Systematic baseline survey; AWF supervision missions and project appraisal processes Supervisory missions to include expertise on GSE; National statistics and reports; AMCOW, ADB, regional and international organisations reports Periodicity: Annual

1. Projects underway in 50 RMCs in support of IWRM based policies, strategies and effective institutions. Support to inclusion and strengthening GSE aspects in such policies, strategies and institutions.

2. All the 10 prioritised basin defined by NEPAD and AMCOW having shared water agreements and joint programmes Water agreements and joint programmes include GSE issues.

3. 5 fold leveraging in water sector investments arising from innovative AWF projects Increasing investments in projects/programmes that benefit women and the most vulnerable groups

4. Up to €1,000 million in finances available to water sector Increased finances available for projects & programmes benefiting the most vulnerable sectors of the society

5. All RMCs and RECs benefiting from improved water data, information and knowledge. Local populations, poor farmers, women, etc., able to access and benefit from improved water-related knowledge and information systems


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ACTIVITIES OUTPUTS By 2010 unless noted otherwise National Water Resource Management: Provide support to RMCs to improve or establish IWRM policies and institutional frameworks, and prepare strategies and implementation plans Provide support to RMCs in strengthening and operationalising GSE aspects in IWRM policies and institutional frameworks, strategies and implementation plans. (14% of budget)

NWRM Implementation Progressive adoption of IWRM policies and institutional frameworks, and preparation of strategies and implementation plans in RMCs IWRM policies and institutional frameworks to include GSE aspects and plans on how to operationalise these

NWRM 1. Assessment of the status of IWRM in RMCs. Assessment of status of GSE issues in

these 2. Progress in supporting RMCS to strengthen or develop a comprehensive IWRM

Framework, and to prepare IWRM strategies and action plans, Supporting RMCs in strengthening and operationalising GSE aspects in IWRM strategies and action plans.

3. Allocation of water rights for meeting needs of all users, including women, minorities and other vulnerable population groups, and ensuring environmental sustainability.

4. Programmes for ecosystem conservation Source: AWF annual report/ AMCOW Report Periodicity: Regular monitoring of progress in IWRM in RMCs. Regular annual reporting by the AWF

NWRM 1. Assessment of the status of IWRM in all

RMCs by 2008 2. At least 20 RMC supported in specific areas of

IWRM, based on status assessment 3. Water rights implemented in gender sensitive

and socially responsive way in 20% of RMCs 4. Ecosystem conservation programmes in 20%

of river basins

Transboundary Water Resource Management: Support joint development of framework agreements, cooperative mechanisms and joint planning processes for shared waters. Support to strengthening and operationalising GSE aspects in framework agreements, cooperative mechanisms and joint planning processes. (8% of budget)

TWRM Progressive development of legislative frameworks, cooperative arrangements and regional programmes for all priority river basins. These frameworks, cooperative arrangements and regional programmes include GSE aspects.

TWRM 1. Progress in development of shared visions and legislative frameworks for river

basins. Inclusion of GSE aspects in these. 2. Number of RBOs strengthened through cooperative arrangements and capacity

building also in GSE issues 3. Number of regional programmes and master plans prepared and including GSE

issues Source: Reports by NEPAD, AMCOW , RBOs; AWF Periodicity: Regular monitoring of RBOs and RECs

TWRM 1. Legislative frameworks under development in

8 river basins 2. These take into account GSE issues such as

adequate compensation for involuntary relocations, access to land and water rights of women, minorities, indigenous people and other vulnerable groups, etc.

3. 7 RBOs strengthened with adequate capacity for TWRM

4. Regional programmes completed or under preparation in 4 river basins

Investment to Meet Water Needs Provide investment resources for innovative small-scale water and sanitation infrastructure which will directly meet needs of all population groups, including specific needs of women, disabled people, etc., and catalyse substantial additional investments. Support to programme and project preparation at national and regional levels. (55% of budget)

Advances in Meeting Water Needs Strategic and innovative investment in small scale projects which meet water needs and lead to replication of technologies and good practices. Increased number of quality water and sanitation projects proposals submitted for funding. Project proposals integrate GSE aspects and funds are budgeted for their promotion.

Investments to Meet Water Needs 1. Number of pilot projects that are scaled up 2. Number of people (M/F ) with sustainable access to an improved water source and

sanitation 3. Specific sanitation needs of disabled covered 4. Direct contribution or catalytic role of AWF project to water productivity for food

production 5. Amount of donor funds provided to projects/programmes 6. Amount of private sector investment arising from AWF project preparation support. Source: National, regional, ADB and AWF reports Periodicity: Monitoring by AWF on annual basis

Investments 1. At least half of all projects lead to follow-on

investments 2. Basic WSS needs met for 300,000 people, incl.

men, women, disabled, etc. 3. 0.1% increase in productivity 4. €400 million in donor funds per year 5. €80 million in private sector investments per

year


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Strengthen Financial Base Improve environment for sustainable financing; increase availability and access to financing. Promote innovative, gender sensitive and pro-poor approaches in finances for water and sanitation, such as micro-credit. Promote gender budgeting. (7% of budget)

Additional Financing Mobilised Improved environment for sustainable financing and increased access to funds. Funds increasingly channelled to improve the water security of women, children and the most vulnerable population groups. Innovative approaches towards water finance developed such as micro-credits, etc. Gender budgeting promoted in water sector.

Strengthen Financial Base 1. Number of RMCs with effective and equitable cost recovery policies and water

financing plans 2. Amount of micro-credit made available for SMEs, NGOs 3. Number of women’s’ associations, disabled people’s networks etc. among these

and amount of micro/credit made available for them Source: National, regional, ADB and AWF reports Periodicity: Monitoring by AWF on annual basis

Strengthen Financial Base 1. Half of RMCs with water financing plans

2. €50 million in micro-credit for SMEs and NGOs

Information and Knowledge Systems: Support the collection of data and information; establishment and enhancement of information management, knowledge and research capabilities at national and regional levels Collection of gender disaggregated data when possible ,making improved information accessible for poor, women, etc other vulnerable groups. (8% of budget)

Better Information and Knowledge Systems: Information management systems operational in RMCs, RBO and RECs. Knowledge/research activities generating water wisdom. Water wisdom that meets also the needs of women, poor farmers, indigenous people etc other vulnerable groups Water related information and knowledge is disseminated to women, poor farmers, etc.

Information and Knowledge: 1. Improvement in type and quality of data & information used for planning and

implementation 2. Number of countries/regions covered by situation assessment 3. Progress in establishing or strengthening national/regional information systems that

also collect and disseminate information to meet the needs of poor, women, etc. 4. Progress in establishing or strengthening regional/national knowledge-based

organisations, programmes or research institutions Sources: National reports; regional reports prepared by AMCOW; AWF quarterly and annual progress Periodicity: Regular monitoring of progress in RMCs. Regular annual reporting by AMCOW and AWF Baseline studies

Information and Knowledge: 1. 50% of RMCs and RECs benefiting from

improved water data, information and knowledge.

2. Status assessments completed in all countries/regions by 2008

3. At least 26 countries and 5 river basins with information systems that also take into account the needs of poor, women, etc.

4. Knowledge/research improved in 26 countries and 5 river basins

Monitoring and Evaluation: Support the establishment of water sector M&E systems and capabilities at national and regional levels. Support to setting up systematic M&E tools for GSE aspects (5% of budget)

Improvements in Monitoring and Evaluation M&E systems and reporting mechanisms established and in operation at national and regional levels. These systems include systematic monitoring and reporting on GSE aspects

Monitoring and Evaluation: 1. Number of country/regional situation assessments with GSE aspects and related

indicators included 2. Development of a framework for a Pan-African approach to water sector M&E with

a focus on GSE aspects and indicators included 3. Progress in establishing or strengthening national/regional M&E system that also

include GSE aspects 4. Number of countries regularly monitoring achievements in meeting targets and

producing reliable reports. Reporting to include gender-disaggregated data when possible

Sources: National reports; regional reports prepared by AMCOW; AWF quarterly and annual progress Periodicity: Regular monitoring of progress in RMCs. Regular annual reporting by AMCOW and AWF

Monitoring and Evaluation: 1. Country assessments completed by 2008. 2. M&E framework completed by 2009. 3. At least 26 country and 5 regional M&E

systems operational with GSE aspects included

4. At least 26 countries producing regular and reliable M&E reports with GSE included

Assumptipon/Risks and Mitigation Measures

Operational • Failure to mobilize sufficient funds for investment > design a resource mobilisation strategy under leadership of AMCOW and NEPAD • Failure to prioritize water in national strategies > strengthen political commitment and ensure that AMCOW plays a pro-active role

• Failure to acknowledge gender and social aspects in national water sector strategies>> strengthen political commitment and ensure that AMCOW plays a pro-active role. Awareness creation and dialogue • Conflict situations and lack of political commitment to cooperate on TWRM > awareness creation and dialogue.

Internal • Inadequate AWF institutional capacity > increase number of permanent professional staff; capacity building, gender balance in staff, gender sensitization of staff, pressure for secondments; develop relationships with ADB operations

departments; use consultants to meet short term needs; use in-house expertise on GSE


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ANNEX 5: PROJECT SCREENING/IDENTIFICATION REPORT FORMAT Table 5.1. (below) provides guidance on possible gender and social equity issues that could be considered at the stage of screening and or identifying a project. Further guidance can be sought from Annex 2-4. Proposed amendments of the screening report format and contents have been marked with italics and highlighted. Table A6.1. Project Screening/Identification Report Format

Identification Report Project Information Details COUNTRY

NAME OF ACTION

LOCATION SCOPE: REGION [ ], BASIN [ ], COUNTRY [ ], TOWN [ ], MULTI-VILLAGE/TOWNS []

RECIPIENT

EXECUTING AGENCY(IES)

FOCUS AREA DURATION IDENTIFICATION #

TOTAL COST

TOTAL COST (AWF Grant)

Estimate how much of this will be used to promoting the GSE aspects, such as gender training/sensitization, capacity building of staff and stakeholders, specific actions for women’s or youth and other vulnerable groups’ empowerment)?

Rationale Consider one or more of the following questions as and when appropriate:

• Are the specific water related needs, roles and responsibilities of men, women, youth, elderly, different social strata, minorities, and other vulnerable groups reflected in the project/programme?

• Will the project’s/programme’s anticipated positive outcomes be felt by all the various population groups (cf. above)?

• Is the proposed project/programme in line with the country’s (or countries’) current strategic thrusts and those adopted in PRSP and MDG Country strategies as regards gender and social equity issues?

• Is the initiative in line with the Bank’s policies and strategies regarding promotion of gender issues and women’s empowerment (Gender Policy 2001, Updated Gender Action Plan 2009-2011)?

• Pillar I: What are the main gender and social dimensions of the current national/riparian development and sector policies, cooperative agreements and strategies on IWRM and how are these reflected in the project/programme design?

• Pillar I: Can this initiative help to strengthen and operationalise gender and social equity aspects within the national/riparian IWRM strategies and policies?


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• Pillar II: What are the main gender and social dimensions of the current country development and sector policies and strategies on WSS and how are these reflected in the project/programme design?

• Pillar II: Can this initiative help to strengthen and operationalise gender and social equity aspects within the national/sectoral WSS strategies and policies?

• Are there any other donors/actors in the country/countries focusing on gender & social equity issues within water sector that the proposed Bank project could possibly complement or use as a platform?

Project Objective

The sector goal of the project

• Are social equity/gender aspects incorporated/mainstreamed in the project/programme’s objectives?

The objective of the project

• How will the objectives for women’s/youth/etc participation and empowerment be pursued in the project/programme?

Project Outputs

• Consider project outcomes/results/outputs with respect to differences in needs and priorities of women and men from diverse age and socio-economic groups, as well as those of the disabled and other marginalised groups

• Pillars I, II, III: Will women, men and other groups’ access to, or control of, the water resources improve as a result of this project/programme?

• Pillars I, II: Will the project/programme contribute to water related management structures (such as Water Users’ Associations, boards, ADCs, VDCs, etc) becoming more gender sensitive and socially responsive? If yes, how?

• Pillar I: Will the project/programme generate increased interest in the gender and social dimensions of integrated water resources management?

• Pillar II: Will the project/programme promote increased involvement of women professionals in the area of water governance?

• Pillar II Does this initiative promote donor co-operation in the WSS as regards gender and social equity issues?

• Pillar II: Can the initiative generate increased interest in the gender and social dimensions of WSS?

• Pillar II: Can the project promote increased involvement of women professionals in the area of WSS?

• Pillar III: Will the project/programme lead to increased use of innovative gender-sensitive and pro-poor financing mechanisms, such as micro-credit?

• Pillar III: Will the project/programme encourage increased use of gender budgeting?

• Pillar IV: Will the project/programme result in improved access to water-related information also for poor, illiterate, women, etc.?


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Project Description

• Has a participatory approach been adopted in planning the project/programme and have all the concerned population groups been consulted (women, men, girls, boys, different social groups, disabled, HIV/AIDS victims, etc.)?

• Is planning for the project based on an integrated analysis of productive and domestic uses of water?

• Has a gender analysis or a socio-economic baseline study been carried out?

• Have gender-disaggregated databases been developed and can they be used throughout the project to monitor impact on women, men, and different social strata?

• Have objective verifiable indicators (OVI) been developed for monitoring the project outcome and income on various population groups?

• Have obstacles (such as illiteracy and lack of skills, social norms and values) that may hinder the participation of men and women, youth, disabled, etc. been identified?

• Have expected positive and negative/adverse socio-economic and gender-related impacts of the project/programme been identified?

• Pillars I, II: Are there ways that the project/programme can create income-generating activities for women, youth, disabled and other possibly disadvantaged groups?

• Pillars I, II: Has a threshold been set (e.g. minimum 30 % or 50%) for women’s representation in the management structures such as Village Development Committees, Area Development Committees, Water users Associations?


• Pillars I, II: Have women, poor, disabled, etc. been consulted when it comes to selection of sites for water points, technology choices, etc.?

• Pillar II: Are women and other possibly disadvantaged groups involved in O&M of any possible facilities to be created and have they received such training? Has this training been budgeted for?

• Pillar II: Are women/youth/ etc. elected also in leaderships positions? Are there minimum quotas (e.g. at least 30% women/men)?

• Are gender sensitive training materials available for this project/programme? If not, can they be developed within the framework of this project and are they budgeted for?

• Pillar II: Are also men involved in hygiene & sanitation sensitization and training?

• Pillar II: Are there measures in place to increase the participation of youth in project activities (such as promotion of sanitation clubs in schools, etc?)

• Pillar II: Are teachers/religious and traditional leaders and local authorities sensitized in hygiene and sanitation issues so as to guarantee multiplicatory impacts as such authority figures can set examples in improved hygienic and sanitation practices for communities involved?

• Pillar III: Are innovative and gender-sensitive financial instruments such as micro-credit, gender budgeting, etc. part of this initiative?

• Pillar III: If yes, will also women, youth and other potentially marginalised groups be able to access credits, receive training and other support?


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• Pillar IV: How will the water related information systems and improved knowledge be disseminated / made available also for poor farmers, illiterate farmers, women, etc?(E.g. radio transmissions in local languages, information materials in local languages, using mobile phone technology where available, etc.).

• Pillar IV: Have funds been allocated to information dissemination to various population groups, including women’s groups?

• Pillar IV: Can the initiative generate increased interest in the gender and social aspects of water information systems?

• Pillar IV: Can the project promote increased involvement of female professionals in the field? Activities include:

• Refer to Tables 2.1-2.5 for some examples of GSE related activities.

Project partners :

• Have Ministries of Gender and Women’s Affairs been consulted? Have important local networks, NGOs etc such as Women’s Associations, Disabled People’s Forums, etc. been consulted and involved as project partners?

Co-donor(s) : Eligibility of Recipient ASSESSMENT For Non-State Recipients:

African Commitment

Africa-based or partnered

Legal base Management Capacity • Does the project management structure provide the

necessary expertise on gender and social equity?

• Is there a gender/diversity focal person/unit in the EA and is he/she/it involved extensively in the implementation and monitoring of the project activities?

• Is there a gender balance in the project staff and among the management? If not, how could such balance be promoted (capacity-building, recruitment)?

• Are all the project staff trained in gender mainstreaming and social equity and are they accountable for the gender and social equity responsiveness of the project?

Financial Capacity

Technical Capacity • Capacity to Promote GSE Aspects

Local Credibility

National Support


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Eligibility of Action ASSESSMENT

RELEVANCE (focal area of AWF)

National / Local Priority

Recipient’s self help measures

Beneficiary Ownership and Commitment

• Have both women and men of various age and social groups been consulted and are they involved as beneficiaries?

Beneficiary Credibility and Institutional Sustainability

Social, Gender and Environmental Impact

• Pillar I, II, III: Will women’s, men’s, youth’, disabled people’s etc. access to safe water and improved sanitation be strengthened as a result of this project/programme? If yes, how?

• Pillar IV: Will women’s, men’s, youth’, disabled people’s, poor farmers’, etc. access to water-related information improve as a result of this project/programme? If yes, how?

• What are the expected long-term (strategic) gender and social equity implications after the project/programme is finished?

Conclusion of eligibility

VALUE ADDED BY THE AWF SUPPORT

• Does the project/programme include innovative approaches towards incorporating gender/social equity issues that can be disseminated and replicated within the Bank and elsewhere?

• Can AWF support be leveraged for raising more funds from other donors interested in promoting gender and social equity issues within the IWRM?

CONCLUSIONS ASSESSMENT Relevance of Action

Capacity of Implementing Agency

• What are the capacities of the implementing Agency to promote GSE issues?

Outstanding Issues

Readiness for Processing (Preparation and Appraisal)

RECOMMENDATIONS [ ] Do not retain [ ] Retain in long term pipeline [] Retain for immediate processing


A6-1

ANNEX 6: PROJECT APPRAISAL AND APPLICATION FORMATS Table 6.1. presents some questions and issues on gender and social equity which could be considered and, where possible, incorporated when preparing project applications/proposals. These questions could serve as a guide on integrating gender and socio-economic issues in a proposed project during the preliminary preparation of application for support from the AWF. In view of the similarities between the application format and the appraisal report format, this section presents questions/issues on gender and social equity that are pertinent to the appraisal and generic to all the AWF pillars. Some examples of issues specific to each pillar are also included, but for more detailed tables presenting both application and appraisal report formats and issues that are specific to each pillar of the AWF, refer to Tables 2.1-2.5 . TABLE 6.1: Gender and Social Equity Issues in the AWF Appraisal Format (Generic for all pillars)

BACKGROUND (max 3 pages) 1.1. Origin of the Project: 1.2. Sectoral Priorities:

• Pillar I: Can this initiative contribute to gender/social equity issues being strengthened/operationalised in water sector policies/strategies?

• Pillar I: Identify transboundary/national/sectoral policies and strategies on IWRM/NWRM/TWRM and consider how gender/social equity issues are incorporated in them.

• Pillar II: Identify national/area WSS policies and strategies and consider how gender/social equity issues are incorporated in them.

• Consider whether the country’s/countries’ current strategic thrusts and those adopted in PRSP and MDG Country Plan on water sector take gender and social issues into consideration

1.3. Problem Definition:

• Has a participatory approach been adopted in planning the project and have all the concerned population groups been consulted (women, men, girls, boys, elderly, different social strata, disabled, minorities, indigenous people, HIV/AIDS victims, etc.)?

• Are the specific water-related needs, roles and responsibilities of men, women, youth, elderly, disabled, HIV/AIDS victims, etc. reflected in the project/programme?

• Identification of elements of discrimination and inequality of opportunity in needs, roles and responsibilities (women, men, youth, disabled, etc.)

• Pillar I: Can this initiative contribute to gender/social equity issues being strengthened/operationalised in IWRM/NWRM/TWRM policies/strategies?

• Pillar I: How will the various local/transboundary/riparian populations (women, men, youth, elderly, disabled, etc) benefit from the project’s results?

• How will the project’s expected positive impacts be reflected on the various groups of beneficiaries (cf. above) – which will benefit most and how?

• Provide gender-disaggregated data on impacts throughout the project, whenever possible.


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• Pillars I, II: How will men’s and women’s/youth/etc. participation be pursued in the project/programme?

• Have specific strategies been identified for women and men?

• Pillar IV: Are the specific water information related needs of women, men, youth, elderly, disabled, minorities, indigenous groups, poor farmers, etc. reflected in this initiative? How?

1.4. Objectives of the Project:

• Refer to tables 2.1-2.5 1.5. Beneficiaries and Stakeholders:

• Clearly identify whether the beneficiaries will consist of men, women, disabled, minorities, youth, etc. Give percentage of each group if possible.

• How have their interest and concerns been incorporated in the project/programme design? Are there conflicting views/needs, and if yes, how will these be addressed?

• Identification of organisations (mixed groups, women’s, youth and disabled peoples’ groups, networks) that are influential and may become partners in project planning, implementation and evaluation.

• Identify and liaise with the existing governmental and non-governmental structures that promote gender and socio-economic issues (such as the Ministries of Women’s and Children’s Affairs, Adult literacy programmes, etc.) and make use of their expertise and the lessons learnt.

• Consider ways of including the above in the project/programme as stakeholders and partners and ascertain whether the project may utilize these as vectors for the mobilization of funds, liaising with other partners of the water sector and those involved in gender and social equity issues.

1.6 Justification for AWF Support:

• Does this project correspond to gender and social equity priorities as outlined in agency or government policy documents?

• Has the applicant projected demonstrated credibility, knowledge of local values, commitment to gender/sensitivity and promotion of women’s economic advancement, networks and structures required to carry out the indicated activities;

• Pillars I, II: Would this project/programme enhance women’s and other possibly disadvantage groups (such as youth, disabled, minorities’, indigenous peoples, HIV/AIDS victims’) role in water governance/WSS?

• Does this project/programme contain innovative approaches towards promoting women, youth, poor, minorities etc that could be disseminated and replicated elsewhere in the Bank’s projects/programmes?

THE PROJECT 2.1. Impacts:

• Will the project/programme contribute to strengthening/operationalising gender/social aspects within water sector?

• Will the project/programme promote increased involvement of women professionals in water sector?


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• How will the various local populations (women, men, youth, elderly, disabled, etc) and especially the most vulnerable population groups among them benefit from the project’s results?

• Evaluate possible negative gender-related and socio-economic impacts of the project/programme and describe what will be done to mitigate them

• Show if and how the project will generate increased interest in gender and social equity dimensions of water governance

• Show whether and how the project/programme will contribute to strengthening/operationalising gender/social aspects of water governance

• Will the initiative generate increased interest in gender and social equity dimensions of water information systems?

• Will gender roles/responsibilities change as a result of this project (e.g. men taking more part in household S&H, women taking more part in management of water resrouces)? If yes, in what way? How will the project contribute to these changes (e.g. gender quotas, sensitization or training)?

Outcomes:

• Show how progress will be made in obtaining positive gender-related and socio-economic outcomes of the project

• NB. In the following, there are some possible examples of such gender-related and social outcomes:

• Pillar I: Improved and sustainable management of national or transboundary water resources that will ultimately benefit all population groups, including women, poor, disabled, etc.;

• Pillar I: Gender and social equity aspects of transboundary/national/sectoral policies and strategies relating to TWRM/IWRM/WSS are enhanced and operationalized ;

• Pillar I: The specific water-needs, responsibilities and roles of various population groups (such as poor female and male water users or subsistence farmers versus industries, etc.) are taken into account in the water sector planning and governance;

• Pillars I, II: Women, men, children, disabled people, HIV/AIDS victims, etc. have better access to safe water;

• Improved maternal, infant and child health,

• Pillar II: More time for women and children to education/training, leisure, income-generating activities, etc.

• Pillar II: Changes in gender role towards more diversity; women less inhibited in taking part in discussions and decision-making, assuming leadership positions, etc. Men taking more interest in water resources management at the household level, etc.

In the following there are examples of some GSE related indicators to measure the project / programme outcomes. (cf also Annex 3):

• Pillar II Average distance to closest safe water source?

• Pillars I, II: Percentage of households with increased access to safe water source

• Average daily time used daily for collecting water (est. before and after)

• Pillars I, II: Productive activities (M/F/etc.): income-generating such as beer brewing, food processing, restaurants, irrigating gardens, cultivation and water vending. Estimates share of


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those M/F/etc. that are involved in them before and after the project?

• Pillars I, II: Incidences of diarrheal, cholera, dysentery, malaria and the waterborne diseases and parasites, such as guinea worm (data from baseline study or from local health authorities); Time(hours per week/month/year) used in caring for sick)

• Pillar II: Education: has girls’ or disabled children’s enrolment and retainment in schools increased? Drop-out rates for M/F? Rates (M/F) for repeating classes?

• Pillar II: Do women/children/disabled etc use time saved by increased access to safe water for any of the following: education, training, community participation, market production, trading, fruit gathering, agricultural labour, sewing, other (specify).

• Pillars I, II: Percentage of M/F in various management structures and in leadership positions?

• Pillar II: Number and percentage of school children, teachers, community leaders, etc trained in sanitation and hygienic practices and involved in sanitation clubs, etc?

• Pillar II Number of sanitation facilities available for men/women/boys/girls in schools/hospitals, market places/households?

• Pillar II: Gender and social equity aspects of national/sectoral policies and strategies relating to WSS are enhanced and operationalized

• Pillar II: Gender and social equity aspects of national/sectoral policies and strategies relating to WSS are enhanced and operationalized

• Pillar III: More funds will be available for making safe water and hygiene accessible for all population groups (women, men, girls, boys, disabled, etc.)

• Pillar IV: More water-related information and knowledge will be available to and accessible for all population groups (women, men, poor farmers, disabled, etc.) who will be able to use such information for making informed decisions

• Pillar IV: More gender-sensitive and socially responsible projects/programmes will be developed in the water sector thanks to improved water information systems

• Pillar IV: Poor farmers, water users, etc. will be able to make more informed decisions due to access to improved water information knowledge and systems;

2.3. Outputs:

• Percentage of M/F in various water management structures and in leadership positions at all levels (local, national, area, transboundary)

• Average distance to closest safe water source,

• Percentage of households with increased access to safe water source

• Average daily time used daily for collecting water (estimates of before and after)

• Productive activities (M/F): income-generating activities such as beer brewing, food processing, irrigating gardens, cultivation and water vending, etc. (Estimated share of M/F/etc involved in these activities before and after the project?

• Incidences of diarrheal, cholera, dysentery, malaria and the waterborne diseases and parasites, such as guinea worm (data from baseline study or from local health authorities);

• Time(hours per week/month/year) used in caring for sick (est. before and after)

• Education: has girls’, boys’ and disabled children’s enrolment and retainment in schools increased? Drop-out rates for M/F? Rates (M/F) for repeating classes?

• Do women/children/disabled etc use time saved by increased to safe water for any of the


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following: education, training, community participation, market production, trading, fruit gathering, agricultural labour, sewing, leisure, other (specify) If yes, specify increase in hours/week(month/year.

• Number of women, and other groups’ trained in basic literacy, bookkeeping, etc?

• Number or percentage of Executing Agency staff, including management, trained in gender and social issues in water sector?

• Pillar I: Women, men, youth, disabled, etc are part of the water management and governance structures at all levels- local, area, national and transboundary - and able to voice their specific concerns

• Pillar II: General populations, school children etc using hygienic and sanitation facilities and practices,

• Pillar II: Decreased household expenditure on health and less time spent on caring for the sick,

• Pillar II: Increased enrolment and retainment of girls, boys and disabled in schools, less dropouts and repeating classes, etc.

• Pillar II: Income-generating activities generated by the project/programme

• Pillar III: More gender-sensitive and socially responsible projects/programmes will be developed in the water sector thanks to improved financial basis

• Pillar III: Innovative and gender-sensitive ways to channel more funds for development of better access to WSS will be developed (E.g. micro-credit and revolving funds)

• Percentage of M/F etc. in staff and among managers of the EA

• Percentage of staff that has been gender-sensitized

• Pillar IV: Number of water-related information sessions to local populations,

• Pillar IV: Number of radio programmes in local languages on water-related knowledge and information for local populations,

• Pillar IV: Number of developed water-related information materials for illiterates

• Pillar IV Times using mobile phone technology, where possible, to disseminate water related information to local populations, etc.

2.4 Activities:

• Verify how the other donors active in the water governance field incorporate gender and socio-economic issues in their operations and ascertain whether the project may utilize these as vectors for the mobilization of funds, liaising with other partners of the water governance field and those involved in gender and social equity issues

• Identify lessons learnt from donors in the water sector in mainstreaming gender and socio-economic issues and make use of them in project/programme planning

• Budget for a baseline study with socio-economic and gender components or a gender analysis; identification of needs, roles and responsibilities in the sector

• Identify and liaise with the existing governmental and non-governmental structures that promote gender and socio-economic issues (such as the Ministries of Women’s and Children’s Affairs, Adult literacy programmes, etc.) and make use of their expertise and the lessons learnt

• Consider ways of including the above in the project/programme as stakeholders and partners and ascertain whether the project may utilize these as vectors for the mobilization of funds,


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liaising with other partners of the water sector and those involved in gender and social equity issues

• Ensure that M&E systems in place collect and monitor gender-disaggregated data throughout the project cycle, when possible

• Identify objectively verifiable indicators (OVI) to monitor and evaluate the project/programme

• Identify the capacity building needs and train/sensitize EA staff and management in gender and social issues in water sector, if needed

• Pillar IV Design strategies for information dissemination to various population groups (men, women, youth, indigenous populations, etc.) such as radio programmes in local languages, information materials to illiterates, using mobile phone technologies where possible, etc.

2.5. Risks:

• Have obstacles that may hinder the participation of men and women, youth and disabled from all sectors of society been identified and strategies put in place to deal with these and have these been budgeted for?

• Pillars I, II: Estimate whether the project’ will have unintended negative impacts on the various population groups, such as women, men, girls, boys, youth, disabled, etc. ? (E.g. involuntary relocation, risk of increased pandemics or sexual violence as a consequence of migratory labour force, etc.)

• Pillars I, II: What are the mitigation measures put in place for alleviating possible negative impacts, if any, and have they been budgeted for? (Compensation plans for involuntary relocation, sensitization, etc.)

• Pillar III: Will the project be able to ensure that improved finances for water sector will lead to more gender-sensitive and socially responsive projects/programmes in the WSS? (E.g. involve a gender/diversity focal point/unit to design such strategies)

3. IMPLEMENTATION (max 5 pages) 3.1. Recipient: Project Organization and Institutional Analysis

• Percentage of M/F etc. in staff and among managers of the EA

• Percentage of staff that has been gender-sensitised?

• Is there gender balance within the staff of the EA? If not, how can it be promoted (short-term consultancies, recruitment)

• Are EA staff including management sensitized in gender and social equity issues? If not, how could this be achieved (training, capacity building)

• Is there a gender focal point/person or unit responsible for monitoring and evaluating the gender and social impacts of the project/programme?

• Does the Recipient have previous experience in implementing projects with gender and social aspects?

• How does the Implementing Agency promote gender and social equity issues among its staff and in its policies and strategies?

3.3. Project Supervision Plan:


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3.4. Monitoring, Evaluation and Performance Measurement Plan:

• Gender expertise included in monitoring and evaluation missions and there are complementarities in the tasks of the mission teams

• Monitoring/evaluation to consider project outcomes/results with respect to differences in needs and priorities of women and men from diverse age and socio-economic groups, as well as those of the disabled

• Gender disaggregated data

• Evaluators to seek the input of both women and men from different socio-economic groups and analyse differences and similarities

• Monitoring/evaluation TORs to specify that gender and social equity issues and questions will be addressed in monitoring/evaluation

• Evaluators to estimate whether the project objectives and indicators related to gender and social equity were achieved? If not, why not? If yes, what were the factors most responsible for success?

• Evaluators to estimate whether systematic efforts made to ensure that the project was gender sensitive

• If so, what steps were taken and how well did they work?

• If systematize efforts were not undertaken, why not?

• Can the project/programme results/lessons learnt be replicated elsewhere? 4. PROJECT BENEFITS:

• Identify possible innovative gender and socio-economic aspects in the project/programme

• Evaluate progress made in obtaining positive gender-related and socio-economic outcomes of the project/e.g. Pillar III: Increased finances to respond to the water needs of the most vulnerable population groups

• Pillar III, Will the initiative generate increased interest in gender and social equity dimensions of water finances (e.g. gender budgeting)?

• Pillar I, II, Will the project/programme contribute to strengthening/operationalising gender/social aspects within water sector?

• Will the project/programme promote increased involvement of women professionals in water sector?

4.1. Sustainability

• Identify possible innovative gender and socio-economic aspects in the project/programme

• What are the long-term and strategic gender and social equity implications after the project/programme is finished?

• Gender equity should also be assessed as indicated in Appendix 1. ANNEXES:

• Baseline socio-economic and gender related information on the country/countries/area


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ANNEX 7: PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT FORMAT In the following some suggestions are made on how to integrate GSE issues in the PCR Format. Please note that the numbering refers to the Project Completion Report Format and that only the relevant parts of this document are reproduced below. Suggestions on GSE inputs are underlined and highlighted. 2.1 BASIC DATA

TOTAL PROJECT COSTS Relate to the cost tables in the Project Appraisal Report (PAR). Break down into foreign exchange and local cost

TOTAL PROJECT COSTS As revised /Estimate share of Costs dedicated to GSE aspects out of the total.

SUPERVISION

Number and dates of AWF Supervision missions and dates. Distinguish between AWF Headquarters missions and Bank Field Office missions. Give a frank assessment of these missions. Were these missions useful to project execution? In what way? Could they have been improved? In what way? Where gender and social equity issues involved in the agenda of these missions? In what way?

2.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.2.1 The Recipient shall provide a project description outlining the impact, outcomes, outputs and activities as detailed at appraisal and presented in the Project Appraisal Report (PAR), and indicate if it is the same at the end of the project. If it is different, provide a description of the changes, and indicate why they were made, when they were made and why, and their consequences on the final outcomes of the project in terms of costs, inputs and outputs. Describe specifically the GSE aspects, their impact, outcomes, outputs and activities.

2.4 ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT

2.4.1 The Recipient shall provide a description of the Executing Agency (EA) or Project Management Unit’s (PMU) responsible for project implementation (including staffing, technical assistance, training), and give the organizational chart in the Attachment 1. EAs/PMUs capacity to deal with GSE issues.

2.4.2 The Recipient shall provide a description of the Unit responsible for monitoring and control of the implementation of the project, including any Project Steering Committee; and also depict the organizational chart in the Attachment 1 (of the format).

2.4.4 The Recipient shall give an account of the EA/PMU’s operational performance. Also relating to promotion of GSE aspects.


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2.6 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 2.6.1 The Recipient shall provide a report on the execution of the project component by component including what was achieved as compared to what was programmed. Report on each component’s GSE related impacts, if any.

2.6.2 The Recipient shall give quantitative and qualitative evaluation of achievements. Provide GDD when possible.

2.6.5 The Recipient shall include its assessment of the Performance of the various actors involved in execution of the Project. This should be carried out as indicated hereunder.

• The Executive Agency (EA) or Project Management Unit. The EA should be assessed in terms of:

• Competence in promoting GSE aspects

• The Consulting Firm, where applicable. The Consulting Firm should be evaluated in terms of:

• Competence in promoting GSE aspects

• The Community, where applicable: The Community should be assessed in terms of:

• Share of women/men/youth, etc taking part in the project activities. In which ways?

• The AWF should be evaluated in terms of: • Support in promoting GSE aspects

2.7 PROJECT PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT

2.7.2 The Recipient shall give the actual results in terms of outcomes and outputs achieved compared to those that were specified in the Appraisal Report. Outcomes and outputs related to promotion of gender and social equity issues?

2.7.3 The Recipient shall; (i) indicate the gaps between target results and actual results achieved; (ii) include any corrective actions or mitigating measures that have been implemented; and (iii) highlight results programmed but not eventually accomplished outlining the reasons why and the lessons learnt. Where the targets for GSE promotion reached? If not, why? Where any corrective measures taken?

2.8 GRANT UTILISATION 2.8.5 The Recipient shall provide details of the project expenditure by Project Component (Expenditure Category). When there is difference between appraisal approved budget and actual expenditure, the difference should be commented upon and explained (i.e. cost overruns due to underestimation, cost under runs due to overestimation, delays in implementation due to factors such as inefficiency in execution and natural calamities should


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be mentioned. Breakdown of funds used to promote GSE aspects in the project. Where these sufficient for the purpose? 2.9 OVERALL OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE 2.9.2 Give an account of the future plans of the project, to include;

• Promotion of GSE aspects Lessons Learnt 2.9.4 From the above the Recipient shall prepare a catalogues of the lessons learnt. Include those regarding GSE

3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

3.1 Conclusions: These shall include a summary of the achievements of the project; the lessons learned; and any other relevant observations. Specific reference should be made to gender and social equity aspects.

3.2 Recommendations for future actions for scaling up and out (addressed to AWF). How could projects of this type be more gender sensitive and socially responsive?


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ANNEX 8: BANK ’S EXPERIENCE AND LESSONS LEARNED FROM GSE

MAINSTREAMING Although the Bank has shown sensitivity and awareness in promoting women’s empowerment and gender equality, the prevailing best practices are yet to be fully embedded in the Bank’s way of doing business. According to the MTR of the GPOA (2004-2007), the main lessons learnt are the following:

• The Bank has not put a sufficiently high premium on mainstreaming gender issues at project and programme design stage. In many Country Strategy Papers (CSPs), for instance, gender issues appear as an “add-on” and limited use is made of gender analysis.

• Weak outreach to task managers to empower them with the necessary gender mainstreaming tools, guidelines, and related training.

• Lack of institutional accountability mechanisms as regards mainstreaming gender issues in the Bank’s work.

The UGPOA requires the Bank to focus on the following three intervention areas:

• Supporting investment activities which promote women’s economic empowerment;

• Institutional capacity and knowledge building both at the Bank and for RMCs;

• Supporting RMC governance and policy reform for strengthened gender mainstreaming in the national development process.

Tools Developed The Bank has developed several tools to assist in mainstreaming gender and women’s empowerment in its operations. These include:

• Gender Policy, OESU June 2001

• Gender Plan of Action (GPOA) 2004-2007

• Updated Gender Plan of Action (UGPOA) 2009-2011 (31 July 2009)

• Checklist for Gender Mainstreaming in Governance Programmes (July 2009)

• Checklist for Gender Mainstreaming in the Water and Sanitation Sector (September 2009)

• Gender Mainstreaming Checklist for Health Sector: Project Cycle (February 2010)

• Gender Mainstreaming Checklist for Education Sector: Project Cycle (February 2010)

• Gender Mainstreaming in the Project Cycle: Checklist for Infrastructure Sectors (February 2010)

3.4.2. The Bank has established a gender related Key Performance Indicator (KPI) at the institutional level and revised the formats for projects and programmes to require clear gender analysis and periodic reporting on gender-related progress.


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3.4.3. Some gender-related indicators, with specific ones relating to water and sanitation, are included in the Guideline for the use of Core Sector Indicators (2009). In addition, the Quality Assurances and Results Unit (ORQR) is mandated to assist sector operations in mainstreaming relevant cross-cutting issues. A Gender Help Desk has been established with the view of assisting the Bank’s Task Managers to mainstream gender equality in all lending and non-lending operations.


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ANNEX 9: ACTION PLAN Table A9.1: Recommendations for mainstreaming gender and social equity issues in the AWF operations

Level Action needed Timetable (status)

Responsible

AWF Operational Strategy Document

Mainstreaming GSE concerns in the document

2010-2011 AWF

Indicators and LF Identifying gender sensitive and socio-economic indicators for all pillars of the AWF operational programme Mainstreaming GSE in the Logical Framework

Draft produced) AWF/Consultant

Application formats Preparing a checklist to guide applicants on how to include GSE concerns throughout. Placing these on the AWF website for applicants’ easy reference

Draft produced AWF/Consultant AWF

Screening report format

Preparing and providing the TMs with a checklist to guide them in screening project proposals from a GSE point of view

Draft produced AWF/Consultant

Appraisal Report Format

Preparing and providing the TMs with a checklist to guide them in screening project proposals from a GSE point of view


Project Completion Report Format

Guidelines on how to integrate GSE issues


Strategy Framework GSE strategy document Draft produced AWF/Consultant Supervision, monitoring and evaluation and completion missions

Include GSE expertise, either local or international when appropriate

2010 and beyond AWF

AWF web site Collecting and disseminating GSE “lessons learnt/best practices” on AWF web site Placing the above materials on the web site

2010 onwards AWF

Qualitative Desk appraisal on GSE components

Finalising and publishing 2011 AWF

Training and sensitization

Providing GSE training programmes for TMs

2011 and with regular 2-3 year intervals

AWF with other relevant Bank Departments

Budget Analyzing what share of the overall operational budget of AWF has been dedicated to GSE components and setting targets for this (gender budgeting)

All new projects as of 2011 and beyond

AWF


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ANNEX 10: RELEVANT SOCIAL EQUITY RELATED POLICY INSTRUMENTS AND

TOOLS OF THE AFDB In the Bank’s Vision, poverty reduction represents the overarching goal, although the Bank does not have specific guidelines or policies on promoting “social equity” in its operations. Neither are there specific guidelines on the integration of disabled, youth, or minorities. However, the Bank has developed, inter alia, the some policy and strategy documents which have direct relevance for the promotion of social equity within the AWF operational framework:

• Involuntary Resettlement Policy (November 2003)

• Bank Policy on Poverty Reduction (February 2004)

• Integrated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Guidelines (October 2003)

• Environmental and Social Assessment Procedures (ESAP) (2004)

• Gender Policy (2001);

• Guidelines for the Implementation of Bank Group's Policy on Population (2003)

• Bank Group's Policy on Population (2000)


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ANNEX 11: BIBLIOGRAPHY

African Development Bank/African Development Fund: Policy for Integrated Water Resources Management (2000)

AfDB/ADF (OESU): Gender Policy 2001

AfDB/ADF (PSDU): Involuntary Resettlement Policy (November 2003)

AfDB/ADF: Integrated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Guidelines (October 2003)

AfDB/ADF (PSDU): Bank Group Policy on Poverty Reduction (February 2004)

AfDB/ADF: Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Framework Guidelines (2004)

AfDB: Gender Plan of Action (GPOA) 2004-2007

AfDB: Updated Gender Plan of Action (UGPOA) 2009-2011 (31 July 2009)

AfDB/ADF (OWAS): Checklist for Gender Mainstreaming in the Water and Sanitation Sector September 2009

AfDB: Checklist for Gender Mainstreaming in Governance Programmes (July 2009)

AfDB: Checklist for Gender Mainstreaming in the Water and Sanitation Sector (September 2009)

AfDB: Gender Mainstreaming Checklist for Health Sector: Project Cycle (February 2010)

AfDB: Gender Mainstreaming Checklist for Education Sector: Project Cycle (February 2010)

AfDB Gender Mainstreaming in the Project Cycle: Checklist for Infrastructure Sectors (February 2010)

AfDB (OWAS): Tanzania NRWSP Preparation Report May 2010 (draft).

AfDB (ORQR): Guidelines for the Use of Core Sector Indicators. (6 May 2009)

African Development Bank: Operational Strategy of the African Water Facility (2007)

AWF: Operational Procedures (2005)

AWF: Instrument for the Establishment of the African Water Facility Special Fund (2005)

AWF: Qualitative Desk Assessment of Social Equity and Gender Component in 61 AWF Projects (undated manuscript).

CEDEAO : Integration du genre dans la gestion des ressources en eau en Afrique de l’Ouest

UNDP : Resource Guide Mainstreaming Gender in Water Management (www.undp.org/genderguide) (2006)


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UNICEF: School Sanitation and Hygiene in Uganda. Ministry of Education and Sports. The Republic of Uganda. (2006)

World Bank: Checklist for Integrating Gender in Water Issues (www.worldbank.org/water/gender) (Undated website)

World Bank: Water, Sanitation and Gender. Gender and Development Group. (March 2007)

GENDER AND SOCIAL EQUITY STRATEGY - African Water Facility · gender and social equity strategy tunis october 2010 . african water facility gender and social equity strategy ii table

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