•GDP: Spending Y = C + I + G + NX Money MV = PY •Circular flow Spending—Output—Income •Measuring GDP and Price Indexes •Unemployment Rate •Laborforce •Natural rate •Interest rate: nominal and real •Consumption function C = C0 + mpc x Yd •Aggregate Demand: C + I + G + NX •Shifts •Aggregate Supply: Short-run— Long-run •AD—AS Equilibrium •Automatic adjustment via price •Keynesian intervention •Monetary Policy •Tools •Effects •Phillips Curve •Inflation— Unemployment Tradeoff ? •Expectations and “natural rate” •Economic Growth •Factor growth— investment •Technology
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GDP: Spending Y = C + I + G + NX Money MV = PY Circular flow Spending—Output—Income Measuring GDP and Price Indexes Unemployment Rate Laborforce Natural.
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•GDP: Spending Y = C + I + G + NX Money MV = PY
•Circular flow Spending—Output—Income
•Measuring GDP and Price Indexes•Unemployment Rate
•Laborforce•Natural rate
•Interest rate: nominal and real•Consumption function
GDP: Real and Nominal• Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Gross Domestic Product (GDP): the market
value of all final goods and services produced within a country during a year.
GDP = C + I + G + Ex – Im GDP = C + I + G + Ex – Im
= C + I + G + NX= C + I + G + NX• Real GDPReal GDP adjusts for inflation
$GDP = P x Q $ GDP = GDP Deflator x Real GDP$ GDP = GDP Deflator x Real GDP
Real GDP = Q = $GDP/P = Nominal GDP divided by
(deflated by) the GDP Price Deflator
Price Indexes (Base Year = 100)Price Indexes (Base Year = 100)• Consumer Price Index (CPI)Consumer Price Index (CPI)
– cost over time of a typical bundle of goods and services purchased by households.
CPI = Cost of Typical Market Basket CPI = Cost of Typical Market Basket NowNow
divided bydivided by
Cost of the Same Basket in Base YearCost of the Same Basket in Base Year
Inflation Rate = {Change in CPI} Inflation Rate = {Change in CPI} ÷ {Initial CPI}÷ {Initial CPI}
• GDP Price Deflator (GDP Price Index)GDP Price Deflator (GDP Price Index)– measures average prices over time of all
goods and services included in GDP.
2006 2007
Quantity Price Quantity Price
Cars
Computers
Oranges
10
4
1,000
$2,000
$1,000
$1
12
6
1,000
$3,000
$500
$1
$GDP in 2006 = $GDP in 2007 =
% Growth =
2006 Base Prices
GDP in 2006|2006= GDP in 2007|2006=
% Growth =
P in 2006|2006 = P in 2007|2006=
2007Base Prices
GDP in 2006|2007= GDP in 2007|2007=
% Growth =
P in 2006|2007 = P in 2007|2007=
2006 – 2007 Average Price Base
GDP in 2006|avg P= GDP in 2007|avg P=
% Growth =
P in 2006|avg P = P in 2007|avg P=
UnemploymentUnemployment
Rate ofUnemployment
= number unemployednumber in the Labor Force
Unemployment rate: % of Unemployment rate: % of labor forcelabor force not working. not working.
• Unemployed persons: not working and looking• Labor force: Employed + unemployed
noninstitutionalized persons 16+ years of age• Underemployed workers are treated as employed• Discouraged workers are not in the labor force
• “Natural” or normal rate of unemployment (NAIRU)(NAIRU)Seasonal UnemploymentFrictional Unemployment: searching for jobsStructural Unemployment: Imperfect match between employee skills and requirements of available jobs.• Cyclical Unemployment : Results from business cycle
Interest Rates: Nominal and RealInterest Rates: Nominal and Real
• Nominal Interest Rate (i): the interest rate observed in the market.
• Real Interest Rate (r): the nominal rate adjusted for inflation ().
r = i - r = i - • Low real interest rates spur business