GCSE History Revision: Paper 1. Outline of the Day 9.30-45am Paper 1 Content Overview 9.45-10.45am Hitler’s Foreign Policy and the Causes of the Second.

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GCSE History Revision: Paper 1 Slide 2 Outline of the Day 9.30-45am Paper 1 Content Overview 9.45-10.45am Hitlers Foreign Policy and the Causes of the Second World War 10.45-11.00am BREAK 11.00-12.00 Causes of the FWW 12.00-1.00pm LUNCH 1.00-2.00pm Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations 2.00-2.15pm BREAK 2.15-3.15pm Exam Technique Slide 3 Paper 1: Structure and Content Slide 4 1hr 45mins The 1 st 3 topicsanswer ALL 3! Topics you MUST answer 35mins per section = 1.5mins/mark 4marks = 6mins 6marks= 9mins 10marks = 15mins This gives 5mins to read and plan!!! Slide 5 Slide 6 Paper 1: Topic 1 Paper 1: Origins of the First World War Key Question: Why were there two armed camps in Europe in 1914? Development of the Triple Alliance, Entente Cordiale and Anglo-Russian Agreement: Britains emergence from splendid isolation Kaiser Wilhelm IIs aims in foreign policy; Weltpolitik; a place in the sun; attitudes towards Great Britain; development of the Navy The Moroccan Crises of 1905 and 1911 and their effects on the alliances The Bosnian Crisis 1908-09 and its effects on the alliances The arms race military and naval: why did countries increase the size of their armies? The Anglo-German Naval Race Key Question: Why did war break out in 1914? Aims of the Austria-Hungary and Serbia in the Balkans: the role of the Black Hand The assassination at Sarajevo: Gavrilo Princip; the response of Austria- Hungary; the ultimatum and Serbias response The events leading to war; the role of the alliances in 1914 The Schlieffen Plan and its effects on the outbreak of war; its part in bringing about Great Britains declaration of war on Germany Responsibility for the outbreak of war and the escalation of the conflict Slide 7 MAIN causes of the FWW MMilitarism AAlliances IImperialism NNationalism Slide 8 What were the MAIN causes? M - militarism (increasing the size of your army or navy) A alliances (countries promising to help each other) I imperialism (powerful countries wanting to increase their power by taking other countries) N nationalism (being prepared to fight for ones country) Can you think of any examples of how the main European countries tried to increase their power? THINK Slide 9 Alliances Triple AllianceTriple Entente1.2.3. Slide 10 Slide 11 DEFENSIVE ALLIANCES Slide 12 What is this image linked to? Slide 13 Sage and Scribe SCRIBE NAME: Who was King of Germany in 1900?When was the Triple Alliance signed? Which countries made up the Triple Alliance?What does splendid isolationism mean? What two things happened that made Britain think about ending its policy of splendid isolationism? When was the Entente Cordiale signed? Which countries signed the Entente Cordiale?What does Entente Cordiale mean? What was the German foreign policy called? (In German or English) When was the Triple Entente signed? Slide 14 Rebellion in Fez Kaiser visits Tangier The Kaiser states he supports an independent Morocco Kaiser was humiliated Germany was given two marshy strips of land in the French Congo A conference was held at Algeciras, Spain Britain believed Wilhelm was trying to set up a naval base A-H supported Moroccan independence France was given overall control of Morocco but not allowed any military presence Germany sent the gun boat the Panther to protect German interests Italy opposed Germany this weakened the TA The Kaiser was testing the strength of the Entente Cordiale Brought Europe close to war Britain signed a secret naval agreement with France to protect the north coast Germany was annoyed and humiliated Britain and Russia supported France Britain mobilised its navy in Gibraltar France felt more confident of Britains support Germany was annoyed and humiliated Germany wanted to expand its empire as part of WELTPOLITIK Slide 15 Morocco Rebellion in FezKaiser visits Tangier The Kaiser states he supports an independent Morocco Kaiser was humiliated Germany was given two marshy strips of land in the French Congo A conference was held at Algeciras, Spain Britain believed Wilhelm was trying to set up a naval base A-H supported Moroccan independence France was given overall control of Morocco but not allowed any military presence Germany sent the gun boat the Panther to protect German interests Italy opposed Germany this weakened the TA The Kaiser was testing the strength of the Entente Cordiale Brought Europe close to war Britain signed a secret naval agreement with France to protect the north coast Germany was annoyed and humiliated Britain and Russia supported France Britain mobilised its navy in Gibraltar France felt more confident of Britains support Germany wanted to expand its empire as part of WELTPOLITIK Slide 16 Slide 17 Where is this? Slide 18 ANNEXED = a country is taken and made part of another empire Slide 19 Bosnia, 1909-09 Austrian leader Franz Josef taking Bosnia- Herzegovina from the Turkish Sultan Slide 20 Bosnian Crisis, 1908-09 Ottoman Empire (Turkish Empire) was breaking up Serbia wanted to unite all SLAVS Yugoslavia Russia and Serbia = allies Russia called for an international conference to discuss Bosnia A-H refused to attend Germany supported A-H because of their support during Morocco Russia had to back down as it was not ready to fight Germany Serbia wanted revenge against A-H Russia was humiliated and now unlikely to back down A-H had the support of Germany even if it meant war this was important in 1914 Russia became closer to Br and Fr Slide 21 Arms Race and the First World War: Increase in Spending There was a four-fold increase in defence spending of the great powers, 1870-1914. Slide 22 Arms Race and the First World War: IMPERIALISM led to an arms race in 1900, Kaiser Wilhelm said that GERMANY wanted a place in the sun i.e., that Germany wanted an empire as big as Britains. This TERRIFIED the British. This British postcard interprets Kaiser Wilhelms statement about wanting a place in the sun it shows him making everybody in the world bow down to him. Slide 23 Arms Race and the First World War: Attitude towards war But note that militarism is also a government's attitude of mind, seeing war as a valid means of foreign policy. (GERMANY was especially militaristic.) Slide 24 Arms Race and the First World War: As well as their STANDING ARMIES, the nations introduced CONSCRIPTION, so they also had large numbers of trained RESERVES. All the nations except Britain had HUGE armies. Slide 25 Arms Race and the First World War: Navies If GERMANY was to have an empire, it needed a navy, so in 1900 Admiral Tirpitz introduced the German Navy Law, which announced a huge programme of building warships. Slide 26 Arms Race and the First World War: Navies Both BRITAIN and GERMANY started building Dreadnoughts the most advanced class of warship in the world. The Dreadnought essentially reduced everybody elses number of warships to zero. Slide 27 Anglo-German Naval Race Who is the winner? Slide 28 Arms Race and the First World War: In the end, Britains built many more Dreadnoughts than Germany. Slide 29 Naval Race Slide 30 Arms Race and the First World War: Effects The arms race was tied in to both NATIONALISM and IMPERIALISM. It increased SUSPICION and HATRED of other nations - and it gave the nations the WHEREWITHAL to wage war. Slide 31 What event is this? Slide 32 Assassination Where is Sarajevo? Who was visiting Sarajevo in June 1914? Why was he visiting Sarajevo? What was the name of the terrorist group planning to assassinate him? When was this group formed? How many members did this group have by 1914? What were the aims of this group? Which country was the group connected to? What was the name of the assassin? Slide 33 Assassination Where is Sarajevo?Bosnia Who was visiting Sarajevo in June 1914?Archduke Franz Ferdinand Why was he visiting Sarajevo?To encourage positive relations between A-H and the local people What was the name of the terrorist group planning to assassinate him? Black Hand Gang When was this group formed?1911 How many members did this group have by 1914?2,500 What were the aims of this group? unite all Serbs in to a greater Serbia Which country was the group connected to?Serbia What was the name of the assassin? Gavrillo Princip Slide 34 Steps to War 28 th JuneRussia offers support to Serbia 6 th JulyGermany declares war on France; German troops enter Belgium 23 rd JulyA-H sends ultimatum to Serbia 24 th JulyFrance declares war on Germany 28 th JulyA-H declares war on Serbia 30 th JulyGermany promises to support A-H= blank cheque 1 st AugustA-H declares war on Russia 3 rd AugustRussia mobilises its armed forces 4 th AugustAssassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 5 th AugustGermany declares war on Belgium; Britain declares war on Germany 6 th AugustGermany declares war on Russia Slide 35 Details Name the Count who wanted to go to war with Serbia How many points did A-H send Serbia in their ultimatum? Which point did Serbia not agree too? Why? What was the German plan of attack called? What was it designed to avoid? What was the treaty with Belgium called? When was it signed? Slide 36 Details Name the Count who wanted to go to war with Serbia. Count Hotzendorf How many points did A-H send Serbia in their ultimatum? 10points Which point did Serbia not agree too?point 6 Why? Gave A-H control of Serbias court system What was the German plan of attack called?Schlieffen Plan What was it designed to avoid?A war on two fronts (sides) What was the treaty with Belgium called?Treaty of London When was it signed? 1839 Slide 37 Schlieffen Plan Slide 38 Effect of the SP Britain had no intention of supporting Russia Would have been difficult for Britain to convince the people to go to war over France BELGIUM = opportunity 1839 Treaty of London = scrap of paper by the Kaiser British people shocked by German aggression towards a small country like Belgium! Slide 39 Which country was responsible for war? CountryResponsibility FranceThe French were determined to get revenge on Germany for defeat in 1871 and their attempts to expand in to Morocco. BritainThe British took part in the naval race and supported France during the Moroccan Crises; it also declared war on Germany in August 1914 RussiaTsar (King of Russia) fully supported Serbia GermanyWeltpolitik threatened Britain and France A-HA-H was determined to crush Serbia SerbiaSerbia was determined to create a Greater Serbia and the BHG assassinated Franz Ferdinand Slide 40 Paper 1: Topic 2 Paper 1: Peacemaking 1918-19 and the League of Nations Key Question: How did the Treaty of Versailles establish peace? The Paris Peace Conference; the aims of Clemenceau, Lloyd George and Woodrow Wilson: the Fourteen Points The main terms of the Treaty of Versailles; Diktat; territorial changes; military restrictions, war guilt and reparations The strengths and weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles: Why Germany objected to it Key Question: Why did the League of Nations fail in its aims to keep peace? Membership 1919-39: why and how it changed; implications for the League of Nations Organisation, powers and peace keeping role: the Assembly; the Council; the Permanent Court of Justice; military and economic sanctions The Manchurian Crisis 1931-33: events; actions taken by the League; effect on the League as a peacekeeping force The Abyssinian Crisis 1935-36: events; action taken by the League; effect on the League as a peacekeeping force The reasons for the collapse of the League Slide 41 Who s Who? Slide 42 Who s Who? What did they want? ___________________________________________ ______________________ Slide 43 Slide 44 Slide 45 Slide 46 Slide 47 Make Germany suffer Self-determination Cripple Germanys economy Prevent future threats from Germany Germany should be punished but not too harshly International cooperation League of Nations A harsh treaty might lead to another war Britain and Germany to trade in the future Slide 48 Make Germany suffer Self-determination Cripple Germanys economy Prevent future threats from Germany Germany should be punished but not too harshly International cooperation League of Nations A harsh treaty might lead to another war Britain and Germany to trade in the future Slide 49 Treaty of Versailles Maths Challenge Slide 50 Question 1 A.How many soldiers were the German army allowed under the Terms of the Treaty of Versailles? Write the answer down. B.Clemenceau, Wilson and Lloyd George made up the Big Who? Write the answer down. Multiple these two answers. Now write the answer to question 1 down. Slide 51 Question 2 A.How many battleships was Germany allowed under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles? Write the answer down. B.How many points did Wilson have? Write the answer down. C.What number was the War Guilt Clause? Write the answer down. Multiple these three answers. Write the answer for question 2 down. Slide 52 Question 3 A.Subtract the question 2 answer from your question 1 answer. Now write the answer to question 3 down. Slide 53 Question 4 A.How many years were there between the Treaty of Versailles being signed and the time the reparations figure was set? Write the answer down. B.How many years was the Saar region to be given to France? Write the answer down. Multiple these two answers. Now write the answer to question 4 down. Slide 54 Question 5 A.Add the answer from question 3 with the answer to question 4. Now write the answer to question 5 down. Slide 55 Question 6 A.To the nearest year how many years did the First World War last? Write the answer down. Write the answer to question 6 down. Slide 56 Question 7 A.Add the answer from question 5 with the answer to question 6. Now write the answer to question 7 down. Slide 57 Question 8 A.What time did the Armistice ceasefire begin on 11 th November 1918? Write the answer down. B.Write the answer to question 8 down. Slide 58 Question 9 A.Subtract the question 8 answer from your question 7 answer. Your solution is: Slide 59 Solution 280619 Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28 th June 1919 28/06/19 Slide 60 Treaty of Versailles_______ TofV Land Guilt and Compensation Military Slide 61 Treaty of Versailles 28 th June 1919 TofV Land Guilt and Compensation Military Colonies = mandates Alsace-Lorraine=France Danzig=Free City North Schleswig=Denmark West Prussia and Posen = Poland Saarland = LoN for 15 yearsAnschluss forbidden Army limited to 100,000 No conscription 6 battleships No subs or aircraft Rhineland demilitarised Article 231=War guilt clause 6.6billion set in 1921 Pay until 1984!Young Plan 1929 Slide 62 Was it fair? Yes it was fair British and French casualties=9million 750,000 homes destroyed Britain=1billion in debt to USA Food shortages Devastation in Belgium and France Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: 34%pop; 54% industry; 89% coalmines Treaties St Germain (Austris)=lost Bosnia, Herzegovinian and Croatia; restiricted army to 30,000. Neuilly(Bulgaria)=Lost land to Greece and Yugoslavia; Armed forced limited to 20,000; 100million in reparations. Trianon (Hungary) = Lost land to Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia; lost 3 million people to other states; due to pay reparations. Sevres (Turkey) = Lost land to Greece other land became a LofN mandates; Palestine. No it was not fair 10% of land All colonies 12.5% population 50% of iron and steel industries War guilt clause No German representative Economy in ruins Army restrictions too small German people split up Slide 63 StrengthsWeaknesses Brought peace to EuropeGermany was left very unhappy Fairer that other treaties A-H was divided Germany could not afford to make reparation payments Germany had imposed a much harsher treaty on Russia (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918) The treaty did not punish Germany enough to stop her seeking revenge Wilson put too much faith in the loN Strengths and Weaknesses of the TofV Slide 64 TASK: For each of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, say whether you think its main aim was: Do you think this term was fair/unfair/unsure? Explain your answer. Germany had to pay 6,600 million, called reparations, for the damage done during the war. Germany forbidden to have submarines or an air force. She could have a navy of only 6 battleships. Germany lost land in Europe Germany could only have an army of 100,000 men. Germanys colonies were given to Britain and France. Germany was split in two so that the newly created Poland could have access to the sea. Alsace-Lorraine given back to France. Germany could never unite with Austria Demilitarised the Rhineland - Germany was not allowed to place any troops in the Rhineland, the strip of land, 50 miles wide, next to France. War Guilt: Germany had to accept the blame for starting the war. Germany could not join the League of Nations. Slide 65 Slide 66 Slide 67 The League of Nations Slide 68 Membership of the League 1919 1929 1939 Germany USSR USA Italy Britain 1934 1933 Slide 69 Membership of the League 1919 1929 1939 France Japan Germany USSR USA Italy Britain NEVER JOINED 1934 1933 1937 1926 Slide 70 Covenant 26 rules (articles) Registration of all treaties to avoid secret alliances Reduction of arms so no future arms race Collective security to solve problems Slide 71 The League of Nations Encourage co-operation Stop aggression Disarmament Improve social conditions AIMS Slide 72 Structure The Assembly Each country one vote The Council Met several times a year and in emergencies 5 permanent members Each had right to veto any idea The Secretariat Kept records - civil service Permanent court of International Justice Based at The Hague Settle disputes peacefully No power of enforcement Slide 73 Slide 74 What event is this source commenting on? What is the message of this cartoon? Slide 75 Slide 76 List the key events of the Manchurian crisis and explain how they show the failure of the League. Slide 77 September 1931 - Railway attacked in Japanese controlled Manchuria Italy was putting its own interests first. Invading Manchuria in order to tackle problems brought on by the Depression of the 1930s. February 1932 Manchukuo Japan set up a puppet government in Manchuria China appealed to the LofN. Japan said it was solving a local problem and acted in this way as a form of self-defence. September 1932 Lytton Report states that Japan acted unlawfully The LofN sent an official to investigate Japans claims of self- defence. The Report took 12mths to compile. The report was approved 42 votes to 1Japan being the one! February 1933 Japan invades the rest of Manchuria Despite the LofN stating that Japan had done wrong nothing was done! Japan continued to expand on the same principle of self-defence. Economic sanctions were not an option as the USA was its main trading partner. Also Britain did not want to risk its colonies in SE Asia by upsetting Japan. It was too far away to start a war over. March 1933 Japan withdrew from the League and invades Jehol province The League was powerless. The League did not have the resources to remove Japan by force. Aggressive behaviour wins! Slide 78 Abyssinia - Timeline December 1934 October 1935 December 1935 May 1936 1937 Slide 79 Abyssinia - Timeline December 1934Italian troops provoke a clash at Wal Wal October 1935Italian invasion begins December 1935Britain and France produce Hoare-Laval Plan. Large parts of Abyssinia to be given to Italy in return for Italian withdrawal. Public outcry- plan abandoned May 1936Haile Selassie was forced in to exile and the Italian conquest complete November 1936Rome-Berlin Axis signed 1937Italy withdraws from the League Slide 80 CAUSESEVENTSEFFECTS ON THE LEAGUE Manchurian Crisis Abyssinian Crisis Manchurian and Abyssinian Crises Slide 81 Abyssinia was the only independent Africa country in that area Wall Street Crash in 1929 meant that Japan lost trade with the USA. Japan invaded the next province Jehol Manchuria was rich in natural resources China appealed to the League for help. Lytton Commission was set up to investigate Chinese soldiers were accused of blowing up part of the Japanese railway The League condemned the actions of Japan and told Japan to leave the area. The League encouraged aggressive actions from Germany and Italy Well at WalWal were attacked. Italy invaded. Mussolini wanted to increase Italys power Haile Selassie appealed to the League for help Italy wanted revenge for defeat in 1896 The League had failed to deal effectively with Japan The League imposed sanctions on glass, rubber and weapons Britain and France were not willing to support the League by providing an army Britain and France tried to get Italy to agree to the Hoare-Laval Pact this would give Italy 2/3 of Abyssinia League members were not willing to stop aggressive countries Britain and France were undermining the League The League was no longer taken seriously Slide 82 CAUSESEVENTSEFFECTS ON THE LEAGUE Manchurian Crisis Wall Street Crash in 1929 meant that Japan lost trade with the USA. Manchuria was rich in natural resources Chinese soldiers were accused of blowing up part of the Japanese railway China appealed to the League for help. Lytton Commission was set up to investigate Japan invaded the next province Jehol The League condemned the actions of Japan and told Japan to leave the area. Britain and France were not willing to support the League by providing an army The League had failed to deal effectively with Japan The League encouraged aggressive actions from Germany and Italy Abyssinian Crisis Abyssinia was the only independent Africa country in that area Mussolini wanted to increase Italys power Italy wanted revenge for defeat in 1896 Well at WalWal were attacked. Italy invaded. Haile Selassie appealed to the League for help Britain and France tried to get Italy to agree to the Hoare-Laval Pact this would give Italy 2/3 of Abyssinia The League imposed sanctions on glass, rubber and weapons League members were not willing to stop aggressive countries Britain and France were undermining the League The League was no longer taken seriously Slide 83 Questions on the League Why did it fail? Economic depressionOrganisationAimsPowersUSSR/USABritain/FranceGermany/Italy/JapanAbyssinia/Manchuria Slide 84 The league of nations failed because it Weak The League did not have any real power. Apart from shame, sanctions didnt work and it did not have its own army. America The strongest nation after the First World War never joined. Structure The Leagues organisation was disorganised so it took a long time to do anything. Members couldnt agree but decisions had to be unanimous. Depression World-wide depression causes countries to look for more land and power. Countries were more worried about themselves and not world peace. Unsuccessful The more the League failed the more people mistrusted it. In the end countries just ignored it. Members The Leagues main members let it down. Big bullies The League showed it could deal with smaller countries in the 1920s. However when powerful countries like Germany, Italy and Japan defied the League the League was too weak to stop them TASK: Find an example to support each of these reasons. Slide 85 WeakThe League did not have any real power. Apart from shame, sanctions didnt work and it did not have its own army. AmericaThe strongest nation after the First World War never joined. StructureThe Leagues organisation was disorganised so it took a long time to do anything. Members couldnt agree but decisions had to be unanimous. DepressionWorld-wide depression causes countries to look for more land and power. Countries were more worried about themselves and not world peace. UnsuccessfulThe more the League failed the more people mistrusted it. In the end countries just ignored it. MembersThe Leagues main members let it down. Big bulliesThe League showed it could deal with smaller countries in the 1920s. However when powerful countries like Germany, Italy and Japan defied the League the League was too weak to stop them Slide 86 Source B A cartoon in Punch, a British magazine, 28 July 1920. The rabbit is saying I dont have any weapons (I am practically defenceless) so I must defeat him with a powerful stare. Slide 87 Source B A cartoon in Punch, a British magazine, 28 July 1920. The rabbit is saying I dont have any weapons (I am practically defenceless) so I must defeat him with a powerful stare. Study Source B. Source B explains one of the weaknesses of the League of Nations in 1920. Do you agree that the lack of an armed force was the main weakness of the League of Nations when it was set up in 1920? Explain your answer by referring to the purpose of the source, as well as using its content and your knowledge. (6 marks) Slide 88 Paper 1: Hitlers Foreign Policy and the Origins of the Second World War Key Question: How did Hitler challenge and exploit the Treaty of Versailles 1933-March 1938? Hitlers aims in foreign policy The return of the Saar, 1935 The beginning of rearmament in Germany; withdrawal from the Disarmament Conference 1933; non-aggression pact with Poland 1934; reintroduction of conscription from 1935; Anglo-German Naval Agreement 1935 The remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936 Anschluss with Austria 1938 Key Question: Why did Chamberlain's policy of appeasement fail to prevent the outbreak of war in 1939? Reasons for and against appeasement The Sudeten Crisis and Munich Agreement, 1938 The collapse of Czechoslovakia, March 1939 The role of the USSR 1938-39: the Nazi-Soviet Pact Poland and the outbreak of war Responsibility for the outbreak of war Paper 1: Topic 3 Slide 89 How did Hitler challenge and exploit the Treaty of Versailles 1933-March 1938? Hitlers aims in foreign policy The return of the Saar, 1935 The beginning of rearmament in Germany; withdrawal from the Disarmament Conference 1933; non-aggression pact with Poland 1934; reintroduction of conscription from 1935; Anglo- German Naval Agreement 1935 The remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936 Anschluss with Austria 1938 Slide 90 Timeline 1933Germany leaves the League of Nations Jan 1934Hitler signs 10yr non-aggression pact with Poland July 1934Mussolini prevents Anschluss with Austria Jan 1935Saar returned to Germany April 1935Stresa Front formed June 1935Anglo-German Naval Agreement October 1935Mussolini invades Abyssinia March 1936Rhineland remilitarised October 1936Rome-Berlin Axis 1936-39Spanish Civil War May 1937Chamberlain becomes Prime Minister APPEASEMENT March 1938Anschluss with Austria September 1938Munich Conference March 1939Collapse of Czechoslovakia August 1939Nazi-Soviet Pact September 1939Attack on Poland and the outbreak of WWII Slide 91 Timeline 1933 Jan 1934Hitler signs 10yr non-aggression pact with Poland July 1934Mussolini prevents Anschluss with Austria Saar returned to Germany April 1935 June 1935Anglo-German Naval Agreement October 1935Mussolini invades Abyssinia Rhineland remilitarised October 1936Rome-Berlin Axis 1936-39Spanish Civil War May 1937Chamberlain becomes Prime Minister APPEASEMENT March 1938 Munich Conference Collapse of Czechoslovakia August 1939 September 1939Attack on Poland and the outbreak of WWII Slide 92 1919, Treaty of Versailles = Germany stabbed in the back Slide 93 This is what he SAID he wanted, now lets see what he actually did. Hitlers Aims Slide 94 Unite all German speaking people in one single country. Put right all the harm the Treaty Of Versailles has done to Germany and make Germany great again. Get lebensraum [living space] for all the Germany people. We need colonies and land to house our huge population. This is what he SAID he wanted, now lets see what he actually did. Hitlers Aims Slide 95 It was necessary for us [the Nazi Party] to dig ourselves into the minds of the people as the enemies of the peace treaties so that the people give us their confidence. MEIN KAMPF, 1923 This is what he SAID he wanted, now lets see what he actually did. Hitlers Aims What does this source mean? Which parts of the treaty would he want to reverse to gain support? Slide 96 How did Hitler plan to achieve these aims? Take back land lost Bring the 7million German speakers in Austria and 4 million in Czechoslovakia and Poland in to his empire Build up the armed forces to make Germany great again Expand in the east and destroy Communism Slide 97 German Foreign Policy 1933-35 Rearmament 10yr Non-Aggression Pact Failed Anschluss Anglo-German Naval Agreement Slide 98 German Foreign Policy 1933-35 Slide 99 1932 Disarmament Conference France= never disarm 1933 Hitler withdrew from Conference 1935 Gr introduced conscription 1935 Br, Fr & It = Stresa Front against Germany TofV= unfair FR = not act alone 1934 - Germany and Poland signed a 10yr non-aggression pact Hitler promised not to take Polish corridor Pleased Britain 1934 Austrian Nazi Party encouraged to rebel Austrian Chancellor Dollfuss killed Mussolini moved army to Austria to prevent Hitler from achieving Anschluss Hitler not strong enough so backed down 1935 Britain pleased with Hitler Germany navy limited to 35% of British navy Britain agreed to German rearmament Br acted without Fr or It 1938 = 800,000 men; 47 u-boats; 2,000 aircraft Slide 100 Saar Slide 101 What were the terms of the TofV? Under control of LofN for 15yrs France allowed to taker coal during that time 15 years a PLEBISCITE LofN or Germany? Slide 102 Saar Plebiscite 90% to reunite with Germany LEGAL reversal of the TofV Slide 103 Rhineland Slide 104 Rhineland, March 1936 Describe 7 th March 1936 Germany in to the Rhineland Broke the TofV and Locarno Pact League condemned the action Explain German troops told to retreat if confronted Br & Fr more concerned with Mussolini and Abyssinia Fr = not prepared to act without Br Br = Hitler not doing anything wrong marching on to his own backyard No one wanted war Br = TofV unfair Assess Hitler = reversed TofV = confidence Hitler = more popular in Germany Rome-Berlin Axis (fascists working together) Failure of the LofN to keep peace Slide 105 ANSCHLUSS = UNION WITH AUSTRIA Unite all German speakers Rumours of Nazi plot to overthrow Austrian Gov Schuschni gg = appeal to Hitler for help Seyss- Inquart = Min of Interior = in charge of the police Riots by Austrian Nazis = not stopped by police Schuschnig g = PLEBISCITE to decide whether to join with Germany Hitler = troops to border, called for Schuschni gg to resign Br&Fr did nothing Seyss- Inquart = Chancellor Germans invited to restore order Slide 106 Austrian Plebiscite, April 1938 80,000 opponents arrested and put in concentration camps April = plebiscite 99.75% - YES vote for NAZIS Slide 107 RESULTS LofN = not consulted Br = TofV too harsh Br = feared communism more Austria = resources for Hitler to use TofV = reversal Hitler = more confident Germany = land on 3 sides of the Sudetenland Austrians welcomed Germany Slide 108 Why did Chamberlain's policy of appeasement fail to prevent the outbreak of war in 1939? FOR APPEASEMENTAGAINST APPEASEMENT Slide 109 Why did Chamberlain's policy of appeasement fail to prevent the outbreak of war in 1939? FOR APPEASEMENTAGAINST APPEASEMENT Avoid a war at all costsHitler could not be trusted broken promises since 1933 DepressionBritain looked weak and encouraged Hitler League of Nations had failedBetrayed countries protected by the TofV Communism feared more than fascismHitler increased strength and power Slide 110 Sudetenland, 1938 Slide 111 Why did Hitler want the Sudetenland? Unite all German speaking people = 3million in the Sudetenland Czech government accused of treating German speakers unfairly Henlein = Czech Nazi campaigned for independence from Czech Slide 112 Munich Agreement Met at Bertesg aden, near Munich Hitler demands the Sudetenl and Areas with 50%+ German s to German y Czechs &Franc e agree Meeting at Godesber g Hitler makes new demands - land to Poland and Hungary Britain rejects demands war preparatio ns begin Munich = Gr, Br, Fr, It Sudetenlan d to Hitler Slide 113 Importance of the Munich Agreement Hitler = Sudetenland without fighting Czechoslovakia betrayed Peace preserved Czechoslovakia = vulnerable to invasion Germany = more resources Britain speeded up rearmament USSR felt left out and betrayed Slide 114 Czechoslovakia Munich Agreement = break up of Czechoslovakia October&November 1938 = Poland&Hungary gained land from Czechoslovakia March 1939 = Slovaks press for independence too! Hitler marches in to Czechoslovakia to restore order Br&Fr protested but did not directly oppose! Slide 115 ResultRank End of appeasement Hitler could not be trusted Memel (Lithuania) back to Germany Br&Fr signed an agreement to protect Poland Britain guaranteed the independence of Romania and Greece Hitler withdrew from the 10yr non-aggression pact with Poland and the Anglo-German Naval Agreement Slide 116 What event? Slide 117 Slide 118 Slide 119 Nazi-Soviet Pact Slide 120 Nazi Soviet Pact When?Why?What?Who? Slide 121 Nazi Soviet Pact When? August, 1939 Why? Stalin prepare USSR for future attack Stalin unhappy with Br&Fr leaving him out of Munich Stalin= Br and Fr using Germany against USSR Hitler avoided a war on 2 fronts Br&Fr lost a possible ally What? Not to fight against each other in the event of war Secret agreement to divide Poland Who? Ribbentrop = Germany & Molotov= Russia Slide 122 Invasion of Poland April 1939 = Hitler demands Danzig Believed Br and Fr wouldnt go to war over Danzig 3 rd September 1939 = Br declared war on Germany 1 st September 1939 Slide 123 Recap Put the following events in chronological order Slide 124 Munich Agreement Anglo-German Naval Agreement The retaking of the Saar Czechoslovakia Invasion of Poland Nazi-Soviet Pact Rearmament Anschluss (2 nd attempt) Rhineland Slide 125 Slide 126 Responsible for war? EVENT SCORE Rearmament Anglo-German Naval Agreement The retaking of the Saar Rhineland Anschluss (2 nd attempt) Munich Agreement Czechoslovakia Nazi-Soviet Pact Invasion of Poland Slide 127 International History, 1900-49 Test yourself 1.Which British Prime Minister is most closely associated with appeasement? 2.Name three countries that were appeased by Britain in the 1930s. 3.In which year did Japan invade Manchuria? 4.How large an army was Germany restricted to by the Treaty of Versailles? 5.Which African state was invaded by Italy in 1935? 6.Why did Britain try to turn a blind-eye to Mussolini's aggressive foreign policy in 1935? 7.In which war did both Germany and Italy support the fascist dictator General Franco? 8.Which clause of the Treaty of Versailles was broken by Germany in 1936? 9.Which country became part of Germany after the Anschluss of 1938? 10.What was the name of the largely German-speaking area of Czechoslovakia? 11.Who was the leader of the Sudeten Germans? 12.Essentially what was agreed to at the Munich Conference of 1938? 13.Which Polish port was claimed by Germany in 1939? 14.Which agreement between Germany and Russia prevented Russia from declaring war on Germany in 1939? 15.What is the German word for the eastward expansion of Germany's frontiers in the 1930s and 40s which aimed to provide new lands for the German people? 16.Why was Britain reluctant to formalise a defensive alliance with Russia in the 1930s? Slide 128 Know what each question is about 4 marks 6 marks 10 marks Slide 129 Exam Technique Slide 130 4 mark questions Based on simple knowledge Need to be more than just bullet points You need to describe (use knowledge to show) what is happening E.g. Think about what the league tried to do Explain what they did Slide 131 So Firstly the League of Nations tried to solve the Abyssinian crisis by... This was where... This would help solve the crisis because... Secondly the League tried to solve the Abyssinian crisis by... This was where... This would help solve the crisis because... P Ev Ex P Ev Ex L2-2 L2-3 L3-4 Slide 132 6 mark questions You Must use the source You must use your knowledg e Slide 133 So Firstly I agree with the content of the source as it shows... This tells me that... (In addition this source was made by...which...) HOWEVER, I also disagree with the source from my own knowledge... I know that the League was also weak because... In conclusion Make a link, bring something new- develop your conclusion P EvEx PEvEx L2-2 L3-4/5 L4- 2 sides L4-6 Slide 134 10 mark questions Dead easy to get good marks! Mini essay question It tells you what to talk about PEE to be used Argue one side Then the other Good conclusion to get top marks Slide 135 Use this grid to help you!!! On the one handOn the other hand Describe Explain Assess Slide 136 Use this grid to help you!!! On the one handOn the other hand Describe Land that Germany lost Danzig Saar Colonies Reparations enormous 6.6 billion Explain Why Germany hated this 12.5% of pop 10% of land Industrial areas Pride strength Why Germany hated this Economic collapse- WWI War guilt unfair Not agreed until 1921 Punishing the wrong government Assess (Conclusion) Impact on the economy Harder to recover Cant make reparations payments led to 1923 Ruhr and hyper inflation Humiliation- troops in Ruhr How do they link? Which is most important? Slide 137 Use this grid to help you!!! On the one handOn the other hand Describe Land that Germany lost Danzig Saar Colonies Reparations enormous 6.6 billion Explain Why Germany hated this 12.5% of pop 10% of land Industrial areas Pride strength Why Germany hated this Economic collapse- WWI War guilt unfair Not agreed until 1921 Punishing the wrong government Assess (Conclusion) Impact on the economy Harder to recover Cant make reparations payments led to 1923 Ruhr and hyper inflation Humiliation- troops in Ruhr How do they link? Which is most important? L1-1 L2-3/5 L3-6/8 L4-9/10 Slide 138 Examination Question Which was the more important as a reason for the failure of the League of Nations The Manchurian Crisis, 1931-32 The Abyssinian Crisis, 1935-36? Slide 139 Answering the question Introduction: Which crisis do you think was the more serious? Main Body: Describe the two crises briefly (remember beginning, middle and the end) Explain why you believe one was more important. Conclusion: The ________________was more important because it led to