1 GCSE Geography AQA Knowledge Organiser Name _______________________________________ Paper 1 Paper 2 Section A The challenge of Natural Hazards Urban Issues and Challenges Section B The Living World The changing economic World Section C Physical Landscapes in the UK The Challenge of Resource Management.
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1
GCSE Geography AQA
Knowledge Organiser
Name _______________________________________
Paper 1 Paper 2
Section A The challenge of Natural Hazards Urban Issues and Challenges
Section B The Living World The changing economic World
Section C Physical Landscapes in the UK The Challenge of Resource Management.
2
How will you be assessed in Geography?
Exam % of
GCSE Section What topics?
Number of
Marks
Pape
r 1
(1 h
our,
30
min
utes)
35%
Section A The challenge of natural Hazards. 33 Marks
Section B
The Living World 25 Marks
Section C
Physical Landscapes in the UK 30 Marks
Pape
r 2
(1 h
our,
30
min
utes)
35%
Section A
Urban Issues and Challenges 33 Marks
Section B
The Changing Economic World 30 Marks
Section C
The Challenge of Resource
Management 25 Marks
Pape
r 3
(1 h
our,
15
min
utes)
30%
Section A
Issue Evaluation 37 Marks
Section B
Fieldwork 25 Marks
What is the difference between a case study and an example?
Case studies are broader in context and require greater breadth and depth of knowledge and
understanding.
Examples are more focused on a specific event or situation, are smaller in scale and do not cover the
same degree of content.
3
Command words in Geography
In Geography you will have to answer a variety of questions to assess your understanding on a variety
of topics. In order to answer these questions well you need to make sure you know what the question
is asking you to do. To do this you need to know what all the following command words mean:
Command
word
What does it mean?
Assess
Make an informed judgement. For example, ‘Assess how effective your presentation technique(s)
were in representing the data collected in this enquiry’.
Calculate Work out the value of something.
For example, 'Using Figure 7, calculate the increase in retail sales value of Fairtrade bananas
between 2000 and 2012'.
Compare Identify similarities and differences.
For example, 'Using Figure 4, compare HDI values in Africa and South America'.
Complete Finish the task by adding given information.
For example, 'Complete the following sentences: The greatest number of category four tropical
storms happen in the ……………………. Ocean. Apart from very strong winds, one other associated
weather feature of a category four storm is…………………………'
Describe Set out characteristics. For example, 'Using Figure 9, describe the distribution of areas with
existing licenses for fracking in the UK'.
Discuss Present key points about different ideas or strengths and weaknesses of an idea.
For example, 'Discuss the effects of urban sprawl on people and the environment. Use Figure 3
and a case study of a major city in the UK'.
Evaluate Judge from available evidence. Use advantages and disadvantages and weigh up.
For example, 'Evaluate the effectiveness of an urban transport scheme(s) you have studied.
Explain Set out purposes or reasons. For example, 'Using Figure 12 and your own knowledge, explain how
different landforms may be created by the transport and deposition of sediment along the coast'
Give Produce an answer from recall. For example, 'Give one condition that is needed for a tropical
storm to form' (Specimen Paper 1, qu. 01.6).
Identify Name or otherwise characterise.
For example, 'Identify the glacial landform at grid reference 653532' (Specimen Paper 1, qu.
05.1).
Justify Support a case with evidence.
For example, 'Transnational corporations (TNCs) only bring advantages to the host country.' Do
you agree with this statement? Justify your decision. (Specimen Paper 2, qu. 02.10)
Express in clear terms.
Outline Set out main characteristics.
For example, 'Outline one way that Fairtrade helps to deal with the problems of unequal
development'.
State For example, 'State one characteristic of the course of the River Ouse in grid square 5754'
Suggest Present a possible case.
For example, 'Suggest how the sea defences shown in Figure 11 help to protect the coastline'
To what
extent
Judge the importance or success of (strategy, scheme, project).
For example, 'To what extent do urban areas in lower income countries (LICs) or newly emerging
economies (NEEs) provide social and economic opportunities for people?'
Use
evidence to
support this
statement
To select and present information to prove or disprove something.
For example, 'Weather in the UK is becoming more extreme.' Use evidence to support this
statement.
4
Skills in Geography
You need to use cartographic skills (map skills), graphical skills, numerical skills and statistical skills.
All the skills you need to know are below:
Graphical Skills Tick when
confident
Con
stru
ct t
hese
Line charts
Bar charts
Pie charts
Pictograms
Histograms with equal class
intervals
Divided bar chart
Scattergraphs
Population pyramids
Com
plete
these
choropleth
isoline
dot maps
desire lines
proportional symbols
flow lines
Cartographical Skills Tick when
confident
Con
stru
ct t
hese
Sketch maps and label them
4 and 6 figure grid references
Use scale and direction
Use gradient, contour and height
Measure straight and curved line distances
Use aerial and satellite maps
Relate cross sectional drawings to relief features
Infer human activity from map evidence
Describe physical characteristics of landscapes and vegetation
Statistical and numerical
skills
Tick when
confident
Con
stru
ct t
hese
Com
plete
these
Mean
Mode and modal class
Median
Range
Quartiles and inter-quartile
ranges
Calculate percentage
increase/decrease
Make predictions
Sketch trend lines on
scatter plots
Draw estimated lines of
best fit
Find and describe trends on
graphs
Interpolate and extrapolate
data
5
Section A: The Challenge of Natural Hazards
Tectonic Hazards
Use named examples to show how the effects and responses to a tectonic hazard vary between two
areas of contrasting levels of wealth.
HIC: Christchurch New Zealand, 2010 LIC: Haiti 2010
7.1 on the Richter scale 7.0 on the Richter scale, 25km West of the capital
city Port-au-Prince. Conservative plate margin.
Primary effects
100,000 homes were damaged 250,000 houses were destroyed or badly damaged
1 died, 2 injured 230,000 people died, 300,000 injured
Roads, bridges and railway lines were badly
damaged
The international airport (only airport in Haiti)
became unusable as it was so damaged. Roads were
damaged preventing access by emergency vehicles. Damage to roads made it difficult for people
and emergency services to move around. All hospitals were destroyed killing a large
proportion of Haiti’s doctors. Although buildings were damaged the majority
of buildings did not collapse as they were
designed to be earthquake resistant. The main prison was destroyed and 4,000 inmates
escaped.
Secondary effects
Earthquake insurance claims were $8 billion 1 in 5 jobs were lost after the earthquake
The number of people employed in construction
increased by 18% creating 4,500 jobs in the
year after the earthquake
The high temperatures that followed the earthquake
started to decay the bodies which were left in the
rubble. This spread disease.
Businesses were put out of action for long
periods causing losses of income and jobs
Cholera due to poor sanitation and people drinking
dirty water
Immediate responses
The Canterbury Art Gallery, which was designed
to be earthquake proof and stand up to the
earthquake, was turned into an Emergency
Response Centre to support those that needed
help.
Cuba sent large numbers of doctors to help.
115,000 tents were set up to provide shelter to
homeless people
Within half an hour there were 16 ambulances
that had been sent to different parts of the
city to treat the injured
4.3 million people were given food rations in the
weeks after the quake.
Medical supplies and bottled water was brought in to
try and prevent disease.
Long term responses
The central government provided 90% of all the
funds needed to rebuild the city’s water,
sewerage and road networks.
$1.1 billion was raised by 23 major charities.
After the earthquake 8,000 were ‘red zoned’,
meaning land was so badly damaged that it was
unlikely it could ever be rebuilt on to prevent
houses collapsing in the future.
The EU gave $330 million and stopped debt
repayments for 5 years.
Locals were trained how to repair broken irrigation
pipes so that food production could be increased.
6
Weather Hazards
Use a named example of a tropical storm to show its effects and responses
Primary effects Immediate responses
1.1 million tonnes of crops destroyed The president gave out a warning on television
1 Million farmers and 600,000 hectares of
farmland affected
800,000 people were evacuated
6,190 people killed People sought shelter at an indoor stadium with a
wind proof roof called the Tacloban but it
flooded and many drowned
1.1 million houses damaged or destroyed Emergency aid supplies arrived in 3 days
4.1 million people made homeless It took 3 weeks for power to be restored
Secondary effects $88 million was raised. Celebrities like David
Beckham used their status to raise publicity
about the disaster which increased donations.
Rice prices increased by 12% making it difficult
for poor people to buy.
Secondary responses
There was lots of looting as people fought over
rice supplies – 8 people were killed in stampedes.
The government of the Philippines launched ‘Build
Back Better’ campaign to rebuild buildings to
withstand future Typhoons
Mangroves were replanted
Flooding caused ground water to be contaminated
by sea water and sewage, this increased disease
and infection.
New storm surge warning system put in place
An oil barge crashed into rocks due to the heavy
wind causing 800,000 litres of oil to leak
damaging the mangrove swamps and contaminated
fishing waters.
A ‘no build zone’ was put in place along the coast
to prevent people getting flooded by another
storm surge.
Typhoon Haiyan
In November, 2013 Typhoon Haiyan battered the coast of the Philippines with wind speeds of up to
314km per hour. Strong winds caused a storm surge to create a lot of coastal flooding.
7
Extreme Weather in the UK
In the specification: An example of a recent extreme weather event in the UK to illustrate:
• Causes
• Social, economic and environmental impacts
• How management strategies can reduce risk
The record rainfall and flooding in Cumbria 2009
Causes
• 400mm of rainfall fell in 3 days (the average Cumbria would get in a month!)
• The ground was saturated and so no more water could soak in, it flowed straight down the
steep slopes of the Lake District for 36 hours.
• The rivers were finding it difficult to cope. The River Derwent was 10m wider than normal
and flowing 25 times faster than normal.
Impacts
Environmental Water erosion by the River Derwent triggered landslides along the banks. The
river tore loose many trees and destroyed local ecosystems and habitats of
animals.
Social Police Officer Bill Barker was killed when a bridge collapsed due to high water.
1,500 homes were destroyed, many people were injured. River water was
contaminated with sewage which brought health risks.
Economic Many businesses were closed and could not open for a long time afterwards. 6
important local bridges were damaged.
How can management strategies reduce risk in Cumbria?
• New flood defences have been built costing £4.5 million and paid for by central
government and local community.
• The Environment Agency (EA) has started sending flood risk messages directly to people’s
smart phones.
• To encourage tourism back and kick-start the economy the ‘West Cumbria Development
Agency’ paid for advertisement saying “Cumbria: open for usual”.
• People are ‘future proofing’ their houses by having stone floors instead of carpets so it
doesn’t cost as much if flooding happens again.
• Hundreds of trees are being planted in the river basin to increase interception and reduce
the amount of water reaching the river.
8
Test yourself
1. Where is the location of your HIC earthquake case study?
2. What year was the Earthquake in Gorkha Nepal?
3. Give 3 primary effects of the Gorkha Nepal earthquake.
4. Give 3 primary effects of the HIC earthquake.
5. How many tourists died from the avalanche on Mt Everest caused by the earthquake.
6. How much did the HIC earthquake and the LIC earthquake cost?
7. How many million dollars were raised to provide the people of Gorkha with emergency food and
shelter?
8. The Red Cross provided shelter for how many million people in Gorkha?
9. A landslide was a mud flow was caused by a broken water pipe in which town?
10. What year did Typhoon Haiyan happen?
11. Give three primary effects of Typhoon Haiyan.
12. How many weeks did the Philippines not have power for?
13. Give three secondary responses of Typhoon Haiyan?
14. What happened to the oil barge?
15. How many people were made homeless?
16. How many people were killed in Typhoon Haiyan?
17. In the UK, Cumbria flooded in 2009. How many mm of precipitation fell in how many days?
18. Give three management strategies to try and reduce the flood risk in Cumbria.
19. Give two social impacts of the Cumbria floods.
20. What was the name of the river that flooded in Cumbria?
The challenge of natural Hazards possible questions- could you answer them?
Remember to PEEL for 6/9 markers. Point, evidence, explanation, link back to the question.
Suggest reasons why people continue to live in areas at risk from a tectonic hazard. [4 Marks]
Evaluate how monitoring, prediction, protection and planning can reduce the effects of tropical storms. [9
Marks]
Using a named case study of a tropical storm assess the primary and secondary effects of the storm. [6 Marks]
Using a named case study of a tropical storm assess the immediate and long term responses to the storm. [9
Marks]
Discuss the evidence for climate change from the beginning of the last age to the present day. [6 Marks]
Discuss the effects of climate change on people and the environment. [6 Marks]
Outline the evidence which suggests that weather is becoming more extreme in the UK. [4 Marks]
Using an example of a recent extreme weather event in the UK discuss the social, economic and environmental
impacts it had on the UK. [6 marks]
In reference to a recent extreme weather event in the UK outline how management strategies can reduce risk.
[4 marks]
To what extent can mitigation and adaptation can manage the effects of climate change [6 Marks]
9
Section B: The Living world
Local ecosystem
In the specification: “An example of a small scale UK ecosystem to illustrate the concept of
interrelationships within a natural system, an understanding of producers, consumers, decomposers,
food chain, food web and nutrient cycling”.
Epping Forest, Essex
• There is a food web consisting of thousands of species that rely on each other.
Producers Consumers Decomposers
• Oak, ash and beech
trees create a canopy
• A shrub layer of holly
and hazel
• Brambles and ferns
• 177 species of moss
and lichen
• 38 species of birds
• Roe deer
• Newts and frogs live
in ponds
• Foxes
• Pheasants
• 700 species fungi
How is the ecosystem interdependent?
• Most trees are deciduous so they drop their leaves in winter – an adaption to the climate-
so they do not get frost damage and conserve their energy when they cannot
photosynthesis.
• The decomposers turn the leaves to humus thereby returning the leaves nutrients to the
soil in spring ready for the trees to soak up these nutrients through their roots and grow
new leaves in Spring. This is nutrient cycling.
• Animals and birds eat berries which is helpful to the plants as it transports their seeds
around through droppings.
10
The Tropical Rainforest
In the specification: A case study of a tropical rainforest to illustrate:
• Causes of deforestation – subsistence and commercial farming, logging, road building,
mineral extraction, energy development, settlement, population growth
• Impacts of deforestation – economic development, soil erosion, contribution to climate
change.
The Amazon Rainforest – causes of deforestation
Causes of deforestation
Resource exploiting activities
Logging Timber companies come into to log trees like mahogany and teak to sell them to
make money. They clear all the other trees out of the way to get to these trees.
Mineral
extraction
There are 50,000 hectares of land being used for gold mining. All the trees are
cleared in this area and the mines release chemicals which get onto the Amazon
River. Carajas iron ore mine in Brazil is the world’s biggest.
Energy
Development
150 dams have been built in the river to provide Hydro Electric Power (HEP) such
as the Belo Monte scheme, which flood vast areas of rainforest. Brazil get 85% of
their energy from these dams.
Illegal trade
in wildlife
Hunting, poaching and trafficking in wildlife is big business. The Golden headed lion
tamarind and the jaguar are killed for their fur. Baby sloths are sold as pets.
What activities are causing the forest to be cleared?
Commercial
farming -
cattle
Much of the rainforest has been cleared for livestock rearing – cattle for beef.
This accounts for 80% of clearing the rainforest. However the land cannot be used
for long as the soil quality rapidly declines and with it the grass and so more forest
has to be cleared.
The forest is cleared to grow plantations of bananas and palm oil. In the Amazon
they are growing sugar cane as a biofuel to fuel the growing number of cars in
Brazil.
Subsistence
farming
Local native people have been using the rainforest for 1000’s of years. They have
been clearing small patches of land to grow crops. This is sustainable as these
people are part of the ecosystem here. Forests also get chance to regrow.
Road
building
The Trans-Amazonian highway was built to start connecting cities and make travel
easier in Brazil – this opened up huge areas of the rainforest which were previously
remote and safe from loggers.
Settlement
and
population
growth
As Brazil’s population boomed everyone needed a place to live and a job. The
government gave many people an area of rainforest that they could farm to
release pressure on the cities. This caused a lot deforestation through ‘slash and
burn’ farming. Population in Manaus is now over 2 million.
Many of the world’s rainforests are in LICs of NEEs. They want to develop and often owe money
to HICs to get richer and pay back their debts. The easiest way to do this is to exploit their
resources – their rainforests.
11
The Amazon Rainforest - Impacts of deforestation
Impacts of deforestation – economic development, soil erosion, contribution to climate change.
Impacts of deforestation
Global warming The canopy of trees absorbs huge amounts of Carbon Dioxide (making it a
Carbon sink) from the atmosphere. The more trees that are felled, the more
Carbon Dioxide there is in the atmosphere. Also fire is often used to clear the
rainforest which releases more CO2. This makes it one of the major
contributors to global warming and climate change.
Loss of
biodiversity
The number of species will be reduced and endemic species will become extinct.
In the Amazon 38 species are now extinct due to shrinking habitats.
Disruption to
the water cycle
When trees are felled evapotranspiration is reduced which reduces the amount
of moisture in the atmosphere and therefore reduces rainfall. The lack of
rainfall makes the climate warmer and drier which changes the climate.
Soil erosion and
fertility
The canopy acts as protection for the soil from the heavy rain. As soon as it is
removed the heavy rain soon washes away the thin layer of fertile topsoil. Once
this happens nothing will be able to grow - the eroded soil also silts up rivers.
River pollution Mercury is used in mining gold. This is washed into rivers and poisons the fish.
Decline of
indigenous
tribes
There are only 240 tribes in the Amazon left. Many have been forced out of
their homes to make way for large dam, mining or road projects. Most displaced
people end up in cities. These people have lost their culture and heritage and
addiction to alcohol or drugs is common. Their knowledge is also lost. Luckily
they have recently been given more rights and there are still 1 million people
living in the Amazon.
12
Cold Environments
In the specification: A case study of a cold environment illustrate:
• Development opportunities in cold environments: mineral extraction, energy, fishing,
tourism
• Challenges of developing cold environments: extreme temperatures, services,
inaccessibility.
Svalbard, Norway -
• Challenges of cold environments: extreme temperatures, access to services, inaccessibility.
Development Opportunities
Farming - In the rural areas of the people make their money from agriculture. The most common
animal are the semi-domesticated Caribou, or reindeer, it is not possible to run a commercial
arable farm. Agriculture makes up 22% of the economy.
Fishing Fishing waters around Svalbard may be some of the most valuable in the world.
There are many areas that contain good stocks of fish and there is a lot of
money to be made. However, the seas around Svalbard are some of the most
dangerous on the planet and every year ships are lost at sea.
Mineral
extraction
The area is rich in minerals like copper, uranium, lead, zinc and coal. Not all of
these minerals have been exploited because of the harsh climate. The most
important natural reserve in the region is oil, although the nearest oil fields are
100s of miles away people are still worried about pollution from oil extraction.
Energy -
Hydroelectric
HEP made from water from the many mountain rivers and springs.
Tourism • The National Parks offer tourists the chance to see the glaciers,
landscape and Northern Lights
• Snow buggy riding and other winter extreme sports.
• People enjoy boating big game fishing.
• The heritage of Native people is celebrated at the Svalbard Museum.
The Islands of Svalbard
With temperatures of -50 Degrees Celsius in the winter Svalbard is a very difficult
environment to live. However the communities have that survive here have to find strategies to
adapt to this harsh climate and make a living.
13
Challenges of developing cold environments
Extreme
Temperatures
and Global
Warming
People have to cope with extremely col and extremely long winters. The sense of cold
dark isolation is both a physical and mental challenge. The houses that people live in
and transportation that people use have to cope with this and therefore most people
travel by snow-mobile and have well insulted homes.
Global warming might make some things more bearable for the people but it is
changing the nature of the islands. The ice and snow are melting faster and causing
floods, the wildlife that has adapted to the cold is struggling and in some areas the
mosquitoes are making life horrible in the Summer. Nobody is sure what the future
holds for the people and ecosystems of Svalbard.
Services The provision of services is very expensive. This is because much of the energy and
The seed vault- One of the most
important buildings in the world.
14
Test yourself
1. Give two species of tree which is logged for timber in the Amazon Rainforest.
2. How many hectares of rainforest are being used for gold mining?
3. What type of energy development is the Amazon Rainforest being used for?
4. Brazil is deforesting the Amazon to make way for biofuels – what is the biofuel?
5. Why can deforestation add to global warming?
6. Gold mining is causing river pollution in the Amazon. Why?
7. How many tribes are in the Amazon?
8. How can deforestation lead to soil erosion in the Amazon?
9. What animal is farmed creating huge amounts of deforestation?
10. What is the name of the large road which was built through the Amazon rainforest to connect
major cities in Brazil?
11. In Svalbard, what % does agriculture make up in the economy?
12. What challenges does global warming represent?
13. Suggest what the biggest challenge is for younger people living here
14. Name three minerals or metals that are extracted and sold to make money.
15. Suggest why tourism could lead to opportunities and challenges here
heating has to be transported and stored under very difficult conditions. People
often rely on wearing very insulated clothing in the home to reduce heating costs.
Inaccessibility The community spirit in Svalbard is strong, and it need to be! The people look out for
each other and make sure that even with hash weather there is a place for all the
locals to meet regularly, it is usually a pub!
Lack of
economic
opportunity
It may seem that there are lots of things to do in Svalbard but the case is that for
young people there is often a lack of choice for people. This can lead to many younger
people deciding to immigrate to the mainland of Norway to find work and further
their education.
Watch out for the Polar bears!
The Northern lights
15
16. What animals do you have to watch out for and how do people protect themselves?
17. What could global warming mean for the future of the Ptarmigan in Svalbard?
18. How can people be affected by the long cold winters here?
19. Suggest why fishing is so dangerous here.
20. Explain why the seed vault is so important.
The Living world possible questions- could you answer them?
Remember to PEEL for 6/9 markers. Point, evidence, explanation, link back to the question.
Assess the strategies used to manage the rainforest sustainably. [6 marks]
Assess the strategies used to reduce the risk of desertification. [6 marks]
Discuss the causes of deforestation in a named case study. [9 marks]
Evaluate the impacts of deforestation. [9 marks]
The value of tropical rainforests to people and the environment is enormous. To what extent do you
agree? [6 marks]
Assess the opportunities for development in a cold environment you have studied. [9 marks]
Assess the opportunities and challenges for development in a cold environment you have studied. [9
marks]
Assess the human and physical causes of desertification. [9 marks]
Describe and explain the strategies used to reduce the risk of desertification. [6 marks]
16
Section C: Physical Landscapes in the UK
Coastal Landscapes: An example of a section of coastline in the UK to identify its major landforms of
erosion and deposition.
Geol
ogy and rock structure on
the Dorset coast
Dorset has a variety of major landforms of
erosion and deposition.
Landform of erosion Landform of deposition
Lulworth Cove – created on a concordant
coastline where erosional processes like hydraulic
action and abrasion break through limestone
creating a narrow gap. Erosion continues to the
clay behind the limestone creating a cove.
Studland Bay and sand dunes – a low energy zone
created constructive waves creating a beach. A
large number of sand dunes have been formed
behind this.
Durdle Door – an arch made of limestone Hurst Castle – spit
Seacombe – cliffs
Old Harry – stack made from chalk
Concordant
coastline
West Bay
Discordant
coastline
17
Coastal realignment in Medmerry
An example of a coastal management scheme in the UK to show:
• the reasons for management
• the management strategy
• the resulting effects and conflicts
Reasons for management
The Environment Agency (EA) considered the area to be at risk from flooding. The only thing
protecting it was a shingle ridge and every year expensive (£200,000) beach reprofiling was having to
take place. This became unsustainable. If this area was breached 348 properties in Selsey would be
in danger along with a water treatment plant and a busy main road– it was last breached in 2008
costing £5 million.
18
The management strategy
• A new embankment was created from clay from the area two km in land.
• Behind the embankment they built a channel to drain excess water.
• Rock armour was built against the embankment to offer more support – 60,000 tonnes of it
was imported from Norway.
• Once the embankment was in place they made a 110m breach in the shingle bank to allow
the sea to flood the area, creating a salt marsh.
Positive effects Controversy and conflicts
Social Chances of flooding have been reduced
and so far has protected people’s homes.
There has been a new footpath and
cycle path built making it a nice area for
people to live.
Some locals think the EA should not have
given up land to the sea so quickly and
should have carried on protecting it.
Some people believe that this was a lot of
money to spend in one area – money better
spent elsewhere.
Economic Tourism is increasing especially
birdwatchers who are coming to the
saltmarshes.
The flooded area will become an
important nursery that will boast the
local fishing industry. The saltmarshes
are being used to graze cattle to make
expensive ‘salt marsh beef’.
It was very expensive (£28 million). Can
this be justified if it only cost £0.2 to
protect per year?
Good quality farmland had to be lost – is
this really less valuable than buildings?
After all we need farmland to have food
security.
Environmental 3000 hectares of inter tidal habitats
have been created. This has encouraged
many birds and is now managed by the
RSPB.
Although habitats have been created for
sea birds, habitats of badgers and other
land animals were lost.
19
The River Severn and its estuary
An example of a river valley in the UK to identify its major landforms of erosion and deposition.
The River Severn
Landforms of erosion
• Interlocking spurs in the upper course near the
source in the Plynlimon Hills.
• Waterfalls in the upper course like Break-its-
neck (right)
• Rapids in the upper course like Jack Field Rapids
Landforms of erosion and deposition
Both of the following are found in Caersws:
• Meanders
• Oxbow lakes
Landforms of deposition
• The River Severn Estuary is made from deposition from the river and the sea.
• It has a very high tidal range – 15m.
• It has large mudflats which are visible at low tide with small creeks running through them.
• The Estuary is very wide- 3.2km at its widest point
• There are bores that funnel up the river at certain times of the year. This is a tidal wave.
20
Jubilee River flood-relief channel
An example of a flood management scheme in the UK to
show:
• why the scheme was required
• the management strategy
• the social, economic and environmental issues.
The Jubilee River is a relief channel for the River Thames, it
runs through Berkshire just South of Eton and North of
Windsor. The building of the River Channel was funded by the Environment Agency (EA).
Why was the scheme required?
• It is part of the Thames flood plain and is very low lying and therefore prone to flooding.
• Windsor (home of the Queen) is a popular tourist destination and Eton has a famous public
school therefore it is important both economically and socially to protect these two areas.
• There are many built up areas and therefore lots of impermeable areas. This has resulted
in flash flooding in the past which damaged many expensive properties.
The Management Strategy
• The river channel was completed in 2002.
• It was designed to take the pressure off the Thames during periods of high discharge.
• Its banks were made into new wildlife habitats.
The social, economic and environmental issues
Social Economic Environmental
Is it acceptable to protect
wealthy property at the
sacrifice of less wealthy
property?
3,000 properties were
protected in the wealthy
Windsor and Eton but this put
It is the most expensive flood
relief scheme in the UK. It cost
£110 million. The EA ran out of
money and local councils had
businesses had to make up the
shortfall. The upkeep of the
Jubilee River and the weirs are
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extra discharge into the river
Old Windsor – this caused the
huge floods in 2014 (the biggest
since 1947).
very expensive. The concrete weirs are very
ugly and algae collects behind
them which disrupts the natural
ecosystem.
Paddle boarders were promised
a navigable river but instead
there are sections which are too
dangerous to cross.
Insurance costs in Old Windsor
are now very high due to the
increased risk of flooding.
In 2014 there was flooding in
Old Windsor downstream of the
Jubilee River re-joined the
Thames. This flooded the built
environment and natural
habitats.
Test yourself
1. Give two named landforms of erosion on the Dorset coast.
2. Give two named landforms of deposition on the Dorset coast.
3. Give two reasons why Medmerry needed a different coastal management strategy and why was
costal realignment chosen?
4. How many tonnes of rock armour were used to line the embankments?
5. Give one social, economic and environmental positive of the coastal realignment scheme at
Medmerry.
6. Give one social, economic and environmental negative of the coastal realignment scheme at
Medmerry.
7. What is your example of a river valley?
8. Give 5 features of your river valley – try and be specific if you can – e.g. what is the waterfall
called in the upper course?
9. The Jubilee flood relief scheme was a flood relief channel for which river?
10. Which two urban areas were being protected from flooding by building the Jubilee flood
relief channel?
11. When was the Jubilee flood relief channel finished?
12. Give one social, economic and environmental issue with the Jubilee flood relief channel.
Physical landscapes in the UK possible questions- could you answer them?
Remember to PEE for 6/9 markers. Point, evidence, explanation, link back to the question.
Assess the different management strategies that can be used to protect coastlines from the effects
of physical processes. [6 marks]
Use a named case study to assess the different management strategies that have been used to
protect coastlines. [6 marks]
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Evaluate the different management strategies that can be used to protect river landscapes from the
effects of flooding. [6 marks]
Use a named case study to evaluate the different management strategies that have been used to
protect river landscapes from the effects of flooding. [6 marks]
Using an example from a section of coastline in the UK, explain how erosion and deposition can shape
a coastline. [6 marks]
Discuss the importance of geology and rock types in shaping the coastline. [6 marks]
“Hard engineering is a more effective coastal management strategy than soft engineering.” To what
extent do you agree? [6 marks]
A case study of a major city in an LIC
1. The location and importance of the city, regionally, nationally and internationally
• Lagos is located in Nigeria, West Africa
2. Causes of growth: natural increase and migration
Lagos has a rapid natural increase. This is because Nigeria has a high birth rate and a
decreasing death rate. It is also due to push and pull factors which are pushing people away
from rural areas and pulling people to the urban centre of Lagos. This is migration.