SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis zogadi da SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis instituti komparativistuli literaturis qarTuli asociacia (GCLA) Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature Institute of General and Comparative Literary Studies of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Georgian Comparative Literature Association (GCLA)
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SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis zogadi da SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis instituti
Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature Institute of General and Comparative Literary Studies of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Georgian Comparative Literature Association (GCLA)
Introduction to Literary Studies
GCLAPress
Tbilisi
2
2012
literaturismcodneobis
Sesavali
GCLAPress
Tbilisi
3
2012
UDK(uak) 82.0(075.8) l-681
wigni eTmoba literaturismcodnebis sabaziso cnebebis analizs Tanamedrove mosazrebebisa da Teoriuli midgomebis gamoyenebiT. avtorTa koleqtivis naSromi gansazRvrulia literaturisa da literaturismcodneobis problemebiT dainteresebuli farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis. misi gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia rogorc filologiuri, ise, zogadad, huma-nitaruli profilis studentebTan swavlebis yvela safexurze: bakalavriatSi, magistraturasa da doqtoranturaSi.
obaSi epoqaluri Zvrebi moxda.∗ saqme is aris, rom XIX sa-ukuneSi Seswavlis sagans warmoadgenda ara imdenad teqsti, ramdenadac is, rac masSi gardatydeboda da ganxorcielde-boda, anu is, rasac sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba hqvia; yurad-Reba eqceoda agreTve gadmocemebsa da miTebs, siuJetebsa da motivebs rogorc kulturis saerTo monapovars, mwerlis biografiasa da sulier gamocdilebas. erTi sityviT, mkvle-varni koncentrirebas axdendnen ara uSualod Txzulebaze, aramed mis miRma arsebul samyarosa da misi Seqmnis pirobeb-ze. amerikeli mkvlevrebis _ rene uelekisa da ostin uore-nis miTiTebiT, amgvari disproporcia XIX s-is literatu-rismcodneobaSi gamowveuli iyo romantikul moZraobaze misi damokidebulebiTa da mWidro kavSiriT. literaturis-mcodneoba dakavebuli iyo literaturuli nawarmoebis Seq-mnis garemoebaTa SeswavliT da uSualod teqstis analizze gacilebiT naklebi energia exarjeboda. arada, germaneli mecnieris vilhelm kaizeris marTebuli SeniSvniT, litera-turuli mecnierebisaTvis mTavari TviT Txzuleba unda iyos da sxva danarCeni (fsiqologia, avtoris biografia da Sexe-dulebani, literaturuli Semoqmedebis genezisi da nawar-moebis mkiTxvelze zemoqmedeba) fakultaturi anu damxmare da meorexarisxovania.
∗ ix. saxelmZRvanelo `literaturis Teoria. XX saukunis Teoriuli koncef-ciebi da skolebi~. Tb. 2008.
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Teoriuli midgoma, anu literaturul movlenaTa ganzo-gadeba da ganxilva, xorcieldeba literaturuli teqstis agebis zogadi kanonebis mixedviT. kerZod, teqsti gaazrebu-lad danawevrdeba Semadgenel nawilebad _ misi aRnagobidan gamocalkevdeba agebis xerxebi anu sityvieri masalis erT mxatvrul mTlianobad kombinirebis saSualebebi. swored es xerxebi da saSualebebia literaturis Teoriis anu poetikis interesis obieqti. magram, Tu yuradReba mieqceva am xer-xebis warmomavlobas anu istoriul geneziss, maSin saqme istoriul poetikasTana gvaqvs. istoriuli poetika calke disciplinaa, romlis Seswavlis sagansac warmoadgens mxat-vruli (poeturi) formebisa da mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi prin-cipebis evolucia (ganviTareba) msoflio literaturis mas-StabiT. istoriuli poetika Tvals gaadevnebs gamocalkeve-buli da izolirebulad Sesaswavli xerxebisa da saSualebe-
bis ganviTarebis mTlian gzas.∗ amrigad, Teoriuli poetika Seiswavlis mxatvrul-poetu-
ri formebis funqcias da ikvlevs maTi gamoyenebis mizanSe-wonilobas, anu aanalizebs imas Tu ratom gamoiyeneba moce-muli xerxi da ra mxatvruli efeqts iZleva igi. literatu-ruli xerxis funqciuri Seswavla aris aRwerisa da klasifi-kaciis umTavresi principi. Tumca aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli istoriuli poetikis evoluciuri xedvis wertilic, raTa mxatvruli efeqtis Seswavla da interpre-tacia mocemuli xerxis istoriulad Camoyalibebuli gamo-yenebis fonze moxdes. saqme is aris, rom erTi da igive xerxi icvlis xolme mxatvrul funqcias da amitom yovelTvis ga-sarkvevia _ tradiciis damrRvevi, ese igi literaturuli modernizmis niSania igi Tu `Zveli skolis~ (anu imave tradi-ciis) Semadgeneli elementi.
∗ Tu xerxebisa da nawarmoebis genezisi ganixileba individualuri Semoqme-debis farglebSi, saqme gvaqvs `Semoqmedebis fsiqologiasTan~, romelic exeba sakiTxs, Tu rogor da ratom wers esa Tu is mwerali.
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kis amocanaa arsebuli xerxebis ara obieqturi aRwera, ara-med maTi Sefaseba, gansja da im kanonzomieri xerxis miTi-Teba da swavleba Tu rogor unda daiweros literaturuli nawarmoebi. yvela literaturul skolas Tavis Sexeduleba aqvs literaturaze, Tavisi wesebi da Sesabamisad _ Tavisi normatiuli poetika. literaturuli kodeqsebi, romlebsac sxvadasxva literaturuli wreebi aRiareben da romlebic literaturuli manifestebiT, deklaraciebiTaa gamoxatu-li, aris swored normatiuli poetikis sxvadasxva formebi (amis nimuSebia antikuri da klasicizmis epoqis poetikebi).
XIX saukuneSi arsebuli poetika iyo zogadi da normati-uli poetikis problemaTa nazavi, erTgvari simbiozi. `wese-bi~ ara mxolod aRiwereboda, aramed wesdeboda kidec . es faqtobrivad iyo XVII saukuneSi dadgenili da ori aseuli wlis ganmavlobaSi literaturaSi gabatonebuli franguli klasicizmis poetika. mdore literaturuli evoluciis pi-robebSi, _ rodesac cvalebadobis dinamika nakleb Sesag-rZnobi iyo, _ am poetikis moTxovnebi adamianebs sityvieri xelovnebis ganuyofel Tvisebad esaxebodaT. magram klasi-cistebsa da romantikosebs Soris momxdarma literaturul-ma ganxeTqilebam XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, axal, romantizmis poetikas daudo saTave; romantizms mohyva naturalizmi; Semdeg _ simbolizmi, futurizmi da a.S. literaturul sko-laTa revoluciurma cvlilebebma daamsxvria sayovelTao normatiuli poetikis Seqmnis SesaZleblobis iluzia: rome-lime mimdinareobis mier wamoyenebul literaturul nor-mebs pirwmindad uaryofdnen sapirispiro literaturuli skolis warmomadgenlebi. yvela literaturul skolas saku-Tari esTetikuri principebis sayovelTaobis pretenzia hqonda, magram misi literaturuli gavlenis daqveiTebasTan erTad misi principebic devalvacias ganicdida da ufasur-deboda. swored aseTia literaturis ganviTarebis Sinagani kanoni.
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literaturuli kritika
literaturuli kritika aris literaturuli moRvawe-obis _ literaturuli nawarmoebis ganmartebisa da Sefa-sebis _ saxeoba. igi aris literaturul nawarmoebze mimar-Tuli imgvari diskursi, romelic aqcents akeTebs nawarmo-ebis wakiTxvis gamocdilebaze _ is aRwers, interpretacias ukeTebs da afasebs nawarmoebis sazrissa da efeqts. lite-raturuli nawarmoebis gansjisa da Sefasebisas kritikuli analizis saSualebebad gvevlineba simpaTia-antipaTia, TviT-igiveoba, TviTproeqcia; Tu literaturis istoriisa da Te-oriisaTvis idealuri adgili universiteti iyo, kritika sa-lonSi ukeT grZnobda Tavs, radgan misi dasabamieri forma maRali wris adamianTa Soris msjeloba iyo. kritikam karga xania salonidan beWdur periodul gamocemaTa sivrceSi gadainacvla.
kritika TviT literaturis Tanatolia, radgan litera-turuli nawarmoebis avkargianoba misi gamoCenisTanave ga-nisjeboda. TumcaRa asakiT literaturis kbilaa, magram sta-tusiT, Zalian didxans, literaturuli kritika damxmare da gamoyenebiTi xasiaTisa iyo, romelic nawarmoebis zogad Se-fasebas da Semdgomi wakiTxisaTvis rekomendacias an gakicx-vas gulisxmobda. JamTa svlaSi misi funqcia gamoikveTa, gamocalkevda rogorc literaturis Teoriisagan, ise _ literaturis istoriisagan. am ukanasknelisagan gansxvave-biT, literaturul kritikas ainteresebs Tanamedrove li-teraturuli procesi da amitom warsulis movlenebsac aw-myosTan mimarTebiT ganixilavs. sakvlevi masala literatu-rismcodneobis yvela dargisTvis erTia, magram literatu-ruli kritika masalisadmi midgomiT gamoirCeva: misi mizani da amocana Zalze axloa TviT literaturis mizansa da amo-
canasTan∗ da, rac umTavresia, Tanamedrove mkiTxvelis co-
∗ dRes literaturis mizansa da amocanaze aRar aris aqcenti, magram kriti-kisa da literaturis saerTo amocanebze saubrisas mxedvelobaSi unda gvqondes maTi istoriuli ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapi.
Teoria, kritika _ teqstis analizis procesSi iyeneben gar-kveul xerxebs. maTgan calke unda gamovyoT da `Janrulad~ gavmijnoT teqstis analizis ori tipi _ komentari da interpretacia.
komentari erTgvarad afarToebs teqsts da misTvis es tipiuri qmedebaa _ teqstis komentirebisas analizis siv-rceSi Semodis da aRiwereba imgvari teqstsgare faqtebi da movlenebi, rogoricaa: avtoris biografiis an teqstis isto-riis faqtebi, sxva adamianTa gamoxmaurebani teqstze; teq-stSi naxsenebi garemoebani, _ magaliTad, istoriuli movle-nebi; teqstis gamogonebulobis xarisxi; teqstis urTierT-mimarTeba epoqis enobrivi da literaturuli normebisadmi, romlebic CvenTvis, sityvaTa moZvelebulobisa gamo, SesaZ-loa nakleb gasagebic ki iyos xolme; normisgan gadaxris sazrisi, romelic SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos avtoris uunarobiT, sxva normisadmi mimdevrobiT an normis Segne-buli rRveviT da a.S. komentirebisas teqsti nawevrdeba uamrav elementad, romlebic gvagzavnis konteqstTan am si-tyvis yvelaze farTo gagebiT.
interpretaciisas vlindeba da Tavs iCens teqstis met-naklebad SekavSirebuli da mTliani sazrisi, romelic kerZo sazrisad unda miviCnioT teqstis mTelTan mimarTebiT; igi yovelTvis amodis raRac gacnobierebuli Tu gaucnobiere-beli ideuri wanamZRvrebidan da yovelTvis aris angaJirebu-
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li _ politikurad, eTikurad, esTetikurad, religiurad da a.S. igi amodis raRac normidan da swored am normatiuli xedvis kuTxiT analizi aris kritikosis tipiuri saqmianoba.
literaturismcodneobiTi disciplinebi kvlevis pro-cesSi iyeneben kvlevis zogad da SedarebiT meTodebs, ag-reTve, deskrifciul, kompilaciur da analizur xerxebs. SedarebiTi kvlevebis meTods efuZneba SedarebiTi litera-turismcodneoba (literaturuli komparativistika), rome-lic adgens mxatvruli teqstis mimarTebas sxva kulturul konteqstSi CarTul mxatvrul teqstebTan. `literaturuli da kulturuli sistemebi gamWvirvalea da erTmaneTze kon-ceptualurad da struqturulad gadajaWvuli. vfiqrobT, erTaderTi meTodologia, romelic Teoriulad sworad asaxavs am urTules procesebs da cdilobs, meTodologi-urad sworad gadaWras `literaturuli sazRvrebis~ prob-lema, aris komparativistika. SedarebiTi kvlevebi gulis-xmobs ara calkeuli nacionaluri literaturebis Sepiris-pirebiT analizs, aramed im universaluri meTodis realize-bas, romelic zogad perspeqtivaSi gaiazrebs konkretul literaturul nawarmoebs, anu scdeba nacionaluri maxasi-aTeblebis sazRvrebs da adgens gansxvavebuli nacionaluri kulturebisa da literaturebis integraciis xarisxs, oR-ond _ maTi kulturuli identobis SenarCunebis pirobiT~ (ratiani 2010: 156).
literaturismcodneobas kavSiri aqvs Tavis momijnave mecnierul disciplinebTan. maTgan pirvel yovlisa unda davasaxeloT _ lingvistika. literaturismcodneobasa da lingvistikas Soris sazRvari ar aris Seuvali da garkveuli fleqsiurobiT (meryeobiT) gamoirCeva; sametyvelo qmedebis bevri movlena Seiswavleba rogorc mxtvruli specifikis, aseve wminda enobrivi faqtebis saxiT. literaturismcod-neobasa da ligvistikas Soris mimarTebas SeiZleba vuwodoT osmosi (urTierTSeRwevadoba), radgan maT Soris arsebobs raRaca sartyeli, romelsac orive dargi flobs da akon-trolebs. garda amisa literaturismcodneoba da lingvis-
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tika dakavSirebulni arian ara mxolod sagniT, aramed meTo-dologiiTac. literaturis kvlevis lingvistikis kanonebze dayrdnobam da am ori mecnierebis gaerTianebam warmoSva sa-erTo disciplina _ filologia.
literaturismcodneobas dasabamieri kavSiri aqvs isto-riasTan. maTi urTierToba komentatoruli TanamSromlo-biT Semoifargleboda da ar vrceldeboda Teoriul-lite-raturul sferoze da konteqstis aRweraze, magram istori-uli poetikis ganviTarebis procesSi literaturismcod-neobisa da istoriis urTierTobam ormxrivi xasiaTi SeiZina, radgan mecnieruli ideebis importi calmxrivad, istori-idan ki aRar xdeboda, aramed adgili hqonda urTierTgac-vlas. tradiciuli gagebiT, istoriisaTvis teqsti _ es aris Sualeduri masala, romelic unda damuSavdes, gamoirCes sarwmuno da aradamajerebeli elementebi; `teqstis kriti-kis~ analizuri meTodiT teqsti erTgvarad unda gadailaxos anu mkvlevarma Tavi unda daaRwios mas. literaturismcodne ki mudmivad da CaZiebiT muSaobs teqstTan da adgens, rom teqstis struqturebi gagrZelebas hpovebs sazogadoebis realur istoriaSi. amiT aris dakavebuli, magaliTad, yofi-Ti qcevis poetika, romelic mxatvrul literaturaSi aRwe-ril saqcielTa kanonzomierebebze dayrdnobiT, gamoyofs da gamoacalkevebs gareliteraturul sinamdvileSi arse-bul msgavs modelebs: sazogadoebis ara-literaturuli is-toria aRiwereba rogorc teqsti, ese igi literaturis-mcodneoba gamoimuSavebs ideebsa da struqturebs, romelTa eqstrapolireba (ganfena) Semdgom xdeba araliteraturul sinamdvileze.
literaturaTmcodneobisa da istoriis am ormxrivi ur-TierTobebis Camoyalibebas gansakuTrebul stimuls aZlev-da semiotikis (mecniereba niSnebsa da niSnobriv procesebze) warmoSoba da ganviTareba. semiotika Camoyalibda lingvis-turi Teoriebis gafarToebis Sedegad. man SeimuSava teqstis analizis rogorc verbaluri (sityvieri), ise araverbaluri procedurebi ferweraSi, kinoSi, TeatrSi, politikaSi, rek-
∗ aqve unda iTqvas, rom, Tanamedrove TvalsazrisiT, kompleqsebi da arqe-tipebi imdenad bevri da advilaRmosaCenia, rom amis gamo gaufasurda kidec; isini teqstis specifikis gansazRvris saSualebas aRar iZlevian.
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da xelovnebaTa Soris centraluri adgili ukavia Cvens ci-vilizaciaSi. misi es centraluroba da `yovlismwvdomoba~ masze (literaturaze) mecnierebasac problemur viTarebaSi amyofebs.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
iakobsoni 1975: Р.О. Якобсон. Лингвистика и поэтика. _ Структурализм: ‘за’ и ‘против’. М.: 1975.
kompanioni 2001: А. Компаньон. "Демон теории: Литература и здравый смысл. М.: 2001.
lotmani 1970: Ю.М. Лотман. Структура художественного текста. М.: 1970. Jeneti 1998: Ж. Женетт. Фигуры: Работы по поэтике. тт. 1 - 2, М.: 1998. ratiani 2010: ratiani i. nacionaluri literaturebisa da Sedare-
aCens (anu angariSi ar eweva avtoriseul Canafiqrs). am uxer-xuli situaciis dasaZlevad, xSirad mimarTaven mesame gzas, romlis mixedviTac literaturuli mniSvneloba mkiTxvels eniWeba. es erT-erTi uaxlesi Sexedulebaa.
vfiqrobT, am davaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi gare-moeba: mxatvruli nawarmoebis arss gansazRvravs ara perso-naluri (avtorismieri) TvisebebiT gajerebuloba, aramed is, rom igi sakacobrio sulierebis saxeliT gvesaubreba da mas mimarTavs. mxolod piraduli, xelovnebisaTvis, SezRudu-lobis maniSnebelic ki aris, vinaidan Semoqmedi xasiaTdeba ara `avtoerotulobiT, ara heteroerotulobiT an sxva ra-ime erotiulobiT~ (iungi 1947: 99-120), aramed igi ukidure-sad obieqturia, zepiradulia, SeiZleba iTqvas, zeadamianu-ria: miseul, mxatvrismier TvisebaSi warmosdgeba rogorc sakuTari naRvawi da ara rogorc adamiani. am TvalsazrisiT, avtori qmnis mxatvrul nawarmoebs, magram sabolood, Tavad avtorismieri arc Tu farTodaa warmodgenili masSi. enob-rivi masala, mxatvruli formebi Tu xerxebi, msoflWvretis principebi kulturuli saganZuris kuTvnilebaa an garemom-cveli sinamdvilidanaa nasesxebi. avtorismieri sawyisis ga-azrebis amgvari tendencia gansakuTrebiT igrZnoba baxtinis naSromSi rables Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb (baxtini 1965).
sakiTxis istoria TavisTavad Zalze sainteresoa. rusuli formalizmisa da amerikuli `axali kritikis~ mimdevarni, rogorc iTqva, xazgasmiT akninebdnen avtoris mniSvnelobas. formalistebi Tvlidnen, rom teqsti srul avtonomias war-moadgnes, damoukidebels avtorisa da konteqstisagan. isini ki, vinc amosaval wertilad avtors miiCnevdnen, garkveuli winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad (froidistebi individualizms wamoweven wina planze, marqsistebi ki koleqtiurs), teqsts rogorc avtoriseulis wvdomis saSualebas moiazrebdnen. amdenad, vexebiT ra avtoriseuli intenciis sakiTxs, une-burad, gviwevs nairgvar TvalsazrisTa Tu cnebaTa gaTvaliswinebac.
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me-20 saukunis literaturis Teoria zedmeti simkacriT moekida tradiciuli literaturaTmcodneobis mier avto-ris rolis gadaWarbebul Sefasebas. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom umarTebuloa avtoris mniSvnelobis daknineba / ugulebelyofac.
erTi mxriv, literatura da sinamdvile urTierTzemoq-medebs; literatura Tavisad moaqcevs sinamdvilis ama Tu im movlenas da ukve gadamuSavebuls, struqturulad Camoya-libebuls, ubrunebs mas Semdgomi transformaciisaTvis. av-toriseuli naazrevis CvenTvis xelsayrelad warmoCena, an CvenTvis sasurveli efeqtis moxdena, sxva rigis movlenaa da ar eTanadeba nawarmoebis Sinagani arsisa Tu naazrevis Crdil-naTelis warmoCenas. xelovnebiseuli kanonzomiere-bani `Signidan~ ixsneba. gansja mxolod maSinaa SesaZlebeli, rodesac es kanonzomierebani gaxsnil-gacnobierebulia. hans georg gadameri wers: `me erT ubralo azrs veyrdno-bodi: Cven mxolod imis gageba ZalgviZs, rac Cvens kiTxvaze gacemul pasuxad gveCveneba~ (gadameri 1960: 486).
meore mxriv, yoveli TviTmyofadi mxatvruli Txzuleba yalibdeba avtoriseul mizandasaxulebaTa mTlianobiT. amas-Tan, organulad Camoyalibebuli Txzuleba erTgvari bedis-weracaa avtorisa _ misiT ganisazRvreba avtoris fsiqolo-gia. goeTe ki ar qmnis `fausts~, aramed romeliRac fsiqiku-ri komponenti `fausti~ qmnis goeTes (iungi 1991: 103). siR-rmiseuli gagebiT, avtori instrumentia da amdenad, daqvem-debarebuli missave naRvaws. amitomac, am naRvawis ganmarte-bas misgan ar unda velodeT. xelovnebis WeSmariti nimuSi, sizmriseuli landis msgavsad, miuxedavad xatovanebisa, arc arsebuls ganmartavs da arc Tavad misi calsaxa ganmartebaa SesaZlebeli.
Seqspiris erTi mkvlevari werda, rom mwerals zogjer ise gaitacebda ama Tu im situaciis aRwera, rom `ukan moxedva~ aviwydebodao. amiTaa ganpirobebuli calkeuli detalebis Seusabamobani. es movlena jer kidev goeTem SeamCnia. Tumca, goeTe brwyinvaled acnobierebda, rom SeqspirTan, iseve
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rogorc nebismier did mweralTan, logikuri gansjis para-lelurad arsebobs mxatvruli logikac. Seqspirs SeeZlo `daviwyeboda~ replikaTa acdena-SeuTanxmebloba, radgan igi garkveul mxatvrul datvirTvas atarebda da amdenad mTli-anobiTi xatis Camoyalibebas emsaxureboda. mxatvruli mTlianoba (sisrule) ki gansxvavebuli movlenaa, romelic yovelTvis ar eTanadeba logikursa Tu faqtologiur Tanmimdevrobas.
XX saukunis meore naxevridan ufro metad gamwvavda kon-fliqti avtorisa da intenciis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. rolan barti 1968 wels aqveynebs Tavis gaxmaurebul sta-tias, sensaciuri saTauriT `avtoris sikvdili~. erTi wlis Semdgom fuko waikiTxavs aranakleb cnobil leqcias `ra aris avtori?~. avtoris, rogorc literaturis ganmmarteblisa da maorganizeblis Canacvlebas barti eniT cdilobda, ro-melsac literaturis gansakuTrebul saSen masalad moiaz-rebda. `avtori mxolod is piria, romelic wers, iseve ro-gorc `me~, mxolod isaa, vinc `mes~ warmoTqvams~. amdenad, avtori avanscenas nawers, teqsts uTmobs. miSel fuko ki `av-toriseul funqciad~ istoriul-ideologiur konstruqci-as miiCnevs. ra Tqma unda, avtoris mokvdineba iwvevs teqstis polisemias (mravalmniSvnelovnebas), mkiTxvelis win wamowe-vasa da SeuzRudav interpretacias. savsebiT motivirebulia sakiTxis ase dasma: intenciis da interpretaciis araswori gamijvnisas xom ar Caenacvleba mkiTxvelisa da avtoris sa-xeebi? yoveli teqstis ukan xom vinme moiazreba?!
hans georg gadameri Tavis cnobil naSromSi `WeSmariteba da meTodi~ aRniSnavs, rom teqstis mniSvneloba arasdros amoiwureba avtoriseuli intenciiT. rodesac teqsti erTi kulturul-istoriuli konteqstidan meoreSi aRmoCndeba, ibadeba axali intenciebi, romlis winaswar ganWvreta arc avtorsa da arc pirvel mkiTxvels ar SeuZliaT. yovelgvari ganmarteba konteqstismieria, SeuZlebelia teqstis imgva-rad wvdoma, rogoradac is Tavis Tavs warmoaCens.
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Tuki vinme teqstis weras Seudgeba, mas uciloblad raRac Canafiqri unda hqondes, romlis gadmocemac surs. daweril-sa da sasurvels Soris (risi Tqmac avtors surda) tolobis niSani yovelTvis ver daismis (Tumc, es toloba, SeiZleba Sedges kidec). Sesabamisad, nawarmoebis Sinaarssa da avtori-seul intencias Soris ar arsebobs kanonzomieri logikuri identuroba. amgvari msjelobiT uaryofen avtoriseul in-tencias literaturis Teoriis zomieri frTis iseTi warmo-madgenlebi, rogorebica arian ueleki da uoreni, frai, gadameri, rikiori.
avtoriseuli sawyisis analizis universaluri meTodikis momarjveba SeuZlebelia; dasaSvebia mxolod im meTodikis SemuSavebaze saubari, romelic am sawyiss migvaaxloebs. Txzulebis avtoris SegrZnoba urTulesi, TiTqmis SeuZle-beli procesia: es `sxva cnobierebis~ wvdomas niSnavs, sadac `sxva cnobiereba~ avtoriseuli cnobierebaa. meore, aranak-leb rTuli amocana, teqstze muSaobis procesSi, im xatis aRwera-gadmocemaa, romelic mkiTxvels an kritikoss, Txzu-lebis meSveobiT, avtorze uyalibdeba. mwerlebi weren cxov-rebaze, kritikosebi _ literaturaze. literatura pirve-ladi enaa, xolo kritika _ meoreuli metaena. urTierToba enasa da metaenas Soris dialeqtikuria, kulturaSi `zeda~ da `qveda~ Sreebi urTierTCanacvlebadia. aseve, kritikuli refleqsia ara marto misdevs mxatvrul Semoqmedebas, ara-med, araiSviaTad, uswrebs kidec mas; kritikoss Tavisi azre-bis gamoxatva mxatvrul praqtikamde ar mihyavs, Tavis `cxov-rebiseul~ Tvalsazriss is literaturaze saubriT gamoxa-tavs. esaa sadReiso dasavleTevropuli literaturaTmcod-neobiTi Tvalsazrisi, rac Tanamedrove kulturis struqturis zogadi kanonzomierebis Seswavlis surviliTaa gapirobebuli.
evropul cnobierebaSi, bolo ori aswleulis ganmavlo-baSi, ama Tu im erovnuli tradiciisadmi mikuTvneba mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli enobriv fenomenTan. amas is ganapirobeb-
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da, rom yoveli erovnuli kultura moiazreboda garkveuli teritoriuli, enobrivi da eTnikuri maxasiaTeblebiT, rac safuZvlad daedo cnobil Teorias, romelic acnobierebda teritoriis, saxelmwifosa da xalxis erTianobis urRvevo-bas. amgvari gaazreba ukavSirdeba germaneli filosofosisa da literaturaTmcodnis i. g. fon herderis mier Cemoyali-
bebul Teorias, romelic Volksgeist-is anu `erovnuli sulis~ saxeliT aris cnobili. sayuradReboa, rom herderi adamianis arsebobis bunebrivi (igulisxmeba geografiuli garemo) obi-eqturi yofis istoriul maxasiaTeblebze msjelobisas saub-robda saqarTvelosa da qarTvel xalxzec, mis adgilsamyo-felsa da istoriul warsulze. evropocentrul civiliza-cias herderi upirispirdeboda nacionaluri kulturuli fenomeniT, romelic eTno-teritoriuli erTianobiT iyo gamyarebuli. erovnuli literaturuli tradiciis amgvarma moazrebam, Tavis droze, biZgi misca erovnul moZraobebis Casaxvas. Tumca, erovnuloba ar niSnavs da ar unda niSnavdes izolirebulobas. yoveli eri acnobierebs yofierebis erTi-an proeqcias. esaa samyaros moazrebis erovnuli xati, mode-li. yoveli erovnuli mTlianoba aris erTianoba naciona-luri bunebisa, fsiqikuri wyobisa da azrovnebisa. yoveli qveynis buneba es igive teqstia, romelic unda SeuerTdes msoflio metateqsts. kavabata iasunari Tavis gaxmaurebul wignSi `arseboba da silamazis aRmoCena~ imowmebs Tagoris sityvebs: `yoveli eri valdebulia msoflios sakuTari erov-nuli arsi gaumJRavnos. Tuki ers verafris gaReba SeuZlia, es erovnuli Ralatis tolfasia, kvdomaze metia da kacob-riuli istoriis upatiebeli codvaa. eri valdebulia yove-live sakeTeso, rac Seuqmnia, sxvasac gauziaros. keTilSo-bileba da znemaRloba sulisa _ ai, esaa eris simdidre. monagari ki sakuTari kulturis zeimSi sxvaTa CarTva-mopa-tiJeba~ (kavabata 1982: 26).
erT-erTi gza erovnul saxismetyvelebis analizs ukavSir-deba. erovnulis Secnoba-gagebis problema gansakuTrebiT mZafrad XX saukuneSi dadga, XXI saukuneSi ki globalizaciis qimeram wamoyo Tavi. globalizeba ewinaaRmdegeba pirovnu-lis, TavisTavadis gamovlinebasa da damkvidrebas. ibadeba erTgvarovan subieqtTa erToba Tu jgufi, Tumca, imavdro-ulad, tradiciis mqone, individualuri saxis maZiebeli, WeS-mariti literaturuli sistemebi mainc inarCuneben TavisTa-vadobasa da zogadadamianur faseulobas. globalizeba mxo-lod zedapirulad niSnavs universalurobas. rogorc Cans, saWiroa goeTeseuli terminis `msoflio literatura~ xela-xali gadaazreba.
literaturaTa ganmasxvavebeli TviTmyofadoba indivi-dualuri `me~-s kvleva-ZiebaSi iCens Tavs. yoveli subieqti (avtori), emyareba ra SeTvisebul eTnofsiqologiur Tu kulturul gamocdilebas, Taviseburad Wvrets samyaros. kultura ki is fenomenia, romelic adamianismieri cxovel-qmedebis iseT sferoebs warmoaCens, rogoricaa materialu-ri da sulieri. moiazreba aq adamianisa da bunebis urTierT-mimarTebac. eris potencia swored materialuri da sulieri kulturis nimuSebSi realizdeba. es gvafiqrebinebs, rom adamianur yofasTan dakavSirebuli sagnobriv-nivTieri sam-yaroc mkveTrad gamoxatavs nacionalur suls. civilizaciis ganviTarebasTan erTad, moxda sxvadasxva xalxebis yofisa da azrovnebis daaxloveba, zogjer garkveuli praqtikebis uni-ficirebac ki. amasTanave, yoveli eri Tavis TavSi matarebe-lia im unikaluri da TviTmyofadi muxtisa, romelic dakav-Sirebulia garemo-pirobebTan, bunebasTan, enobriv garemos-Tan, sakvebTan da sxv. CamoTvlili faqtorebi apirobeben yofierebisa da azrovnebis nacionalur wess. amdenad, yovel ers uyalibdeba materialuri samyarosa (kosmosi) da suli-erebis (logosi) miseuli xati. yofierebis invarianti, rome-lic erovnuli xedvis variantad moiazreba.
yoveli didi mwerloba Tu mwerali, upirvelesad, nakvebia erovnulobiT. imavdroulad, sakuTari Rirseba da simaRle
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`kuTxurobis~ daZleviT dgindeba. magram es daZleva sruli-adac ar gulisxmobs nacionaluri xasiaTis uaryofas; aq nacionaluri zogadadamianurs erwymis da efardeba. valter skoti ar gaxlavT `Sotlandieli romanisti~, im gagebiT, rogorc Cven `Sotlandiel poets~ _ bernss vaxsenebT xol-me. Tumca, `ingliseli romanistis~ Semoqmedebaze msjelobi-sas uciloblad aRvniSnavT mis Sotlandielobas. amas umya-resi safuZveli aqvs misi samSoblos _ Sotlandiis _ saxiT, romelic skotis Semoqmedebis balavaria. amerikeli litera-tori jeims rasel loueli XIX saukunis bolos werda, erov-nuli cnobierebis gareSe arasodes gveqnebodao literatu-ra (loueli 1962: 122). erovnuloba mwerlisa, gagebuli ro-gorc nacionaluri Tavisebureba is Rirebulebaa, romlis yadri SeiZleba mxolod Tanamemamuleebma Seicnon, sxvaTaT-vis igi SeumCnevelia, an nakladac ki SeiZleba moiazron (puSkini 1950: 113) _ es ki aleqsandr puSkinis sityvebia.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
baxtini 1965: Бахтин М.М. Творчество Франсуа Рабле и народная культура Средневековья и Ренесанса. М.: 1965.
gadameri 1960: Gadamer H.G. Warheit und Methode: Grűndzűge einer philos. Hermeneutik. Tűbingen: 1960. XVII.
iungi 1947: Jung C.G. Psyhologie und Dichtung // Wirklichkeit der Seele. Zűrich: 1947.
iungi 1991: Юнг К.Г. Самосознание европейской культуры XX века. М.: 1991.
kavabata 1982: Кавабата Я. Краски времени. Очерки. М.: 1982. loueli 1962: Lowell J.R. Nationality in literature (1849). Literary criticism.
London: 1962. puSkini 1950: Пушкин – критик. М.: 1950.
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ramaz Wilaia
forma da Sinaarsi
`rwmena formaSia, urwmunoeba SinaarsSi~ ∗. f. nicSe
forma da Sinaarsi filosofiis kategoriebia, romelTa
urTierTkavSirSi Sinaarsi aris obieqtis yvela Semadgeneli elementis, misi Tvisebis, Siga procesebis, kavSirebis, wina-aRmdegobebisa da tendenciebis erToblioba, forma ki _ am erTobliobis Siga organizacia da garegani gamoxatuleba anu materialuri substrati.
formisa da Sinaarsis cnebebis terminismieri momarjvebi-sas gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom saqme gvaqvs samecniero ab-strahirebasTan da, rom, forma da Sinaarsi erTiani, ganuyo-feli mTlianobaa (im donezec ki, rom erTi meoreSi gadadis). diqotomiis (forma/Sinarsi) dinamikuri mxarea Sinaarsi, forma ki moicavs obieqtis myari kavSirebis sistemas. ganvi-Tarebis Sedegad, sabolood, aRmocendeba SeuTavsebloba axal Sinaarssa da Zvel formas Soris, rac sruldeba Zveli formis uaryofiTi da axali, Sesatyvisi formis aRmocene-biT. Teza ar axalia, mas bejiTad imeoreben maTe, markoz da luka maxaroblebi _ `arc axal Rvinos Caasxamen Zvel ti-kebSi, sxvagvarad tikebi skdeba, Rvinoc iRvreba da tikebic iRupeba; aramed axal Rvinos axal tikebSi asxamen da orive inaxeba~.
Sinaarsi da forma xelovnebaSi ganuwyvetel dialeqtikur mTlianobaSia da maTi gansxvavebis ZiriTadi kriteriumia is, rom Sinaarsi moicavs xelovnebis sulier mxares, forma ki _ materialur mxares. xelovnebis nawarmoebis Sinaarsis mTava-
∗ moraluri paradoqsis Semcveli es sentencia, nicSes e. w. `boroti sibrZni-dan~ (`Böse Weisheit~, `Aphorizmen und Sprüche~) aris moxmobili. misi calke gamo-cema hqonda Cafiqrebuli avtors. Semdeg ki e. w. Naumann-Ausgabe-s XII tomSi Sevida. 1885, gv. 355.
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ri elementebia Tema (sadac gamosaxulia da gaazrebulia movlenebi) da idea (rac gamoxatavs gamosaxul movlenaTa arss, maT emociur Sefasebas esTetikuri idealis poziciidan).
mxatvrul formaSi ganirCeva ori fena: a) Siga fena, ro-melic ufro axlos aris SinaarsTan (aris ra misi saxismety-velebiTi konkretizacia) da romlis ZiriTadi elementebia: siuJeti, kompozicia; da b) garegani fena, damokidebuli fi-zikur masalaze, romliTac operirebs xelovnebis esa Tu is dargi (sityvieri, bgerobriv-samusiko, plastikuri, ferwe-ruli da misT.). amdenad, formis garegani mxaris Semadgeneli elementebic xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargSi gansxvavebulia (magaliTad: poeziaSi _ metri, ritmi, riTma, maxvili, bger-wera da sxv., musikaSi _ harmonia da polifonia, ferweraSi _ naxati, feri, SuqCrdili, arqiteqturaSi _ sivrcobriv-moculobiTi gadawyvetani, qoreografiaSi _ svla, pa, Teat-ralur xelovnebaSi _ mizanscenebi, kinoxelovnebaSi _ kinomontaJi da a. S.).
formisa da Sinaarsis cnebaTa gamijvna XIX saukunis da-sawyisSi xdeba, kerZod, igi ukavSirdeba klasikur germanul esTetikasa da hegelis naazrevs. swored man Semoitana aqti-ur sityvaxmarebaSi Sinaarsis kategoria.
Sinaarsi nawarmoebis ganmsazRvrelia, radganac xelovne-bis nawarmoebi swored imisTvis iqmneba, rom xelovanma gamo-xatos Tavisi cxovrebiseuli pozicia, Tavisi ideur-esTeti-kuri kredo da am gziT daamyaros urTierToba adamianebTan, sazogadoebasTan; xolo forma aris am amocanis gadawyvetis saSualeba, romelSic Cans xelovanis ostatoba, misi niWi, az-rovneba da ganaTleba. swored formam unda gamoiwvios ada-mianTa sapasuxo mentaluri signali, maTi aqtiuri reaqcia da `TanaSemoqmedeba~ (mxatvruli informaciis aRmqmeliseuli
namati, rac nawarmoebis Sinaarssac amdidrebs).∗
∗ aq naTlad ikveTeba recefciuli esTetikisa da e. w. mkiTxveliseuli reaq-ciis skolis (Reader response school) strategiebis Zalmosileba.
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rogorc yovelgvar obieqtur sinamdvileSi, xelovneba-Sic forma determinirebulia SinaarsiT, magram forma swo-red xelovnebaSia yvelaze ufro aqtiuri da am diqotomiis (forma/Sinarsi) harmoniuli urTierSefardeba aris xelo-vnebis nawarmoebis mxatvrulobis kriteriumi. literatu-raTmcodneobiTi kvlevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi sakiTxic mxat-vruli literaturuli teqstebis forma-Sinaarseuli urTi-erTmimarTebis kvlevaa. iseve rogorc xelovnebis sxva dar-gebSi, forma mxatvrul literaturaSi ara marto misi Sina-arsis obieqtivacias axdens, aramed am Sinaarsis mowesrige-bisa da organizaciis funqciac akisria. Sinaarsi da forma, realurad, mxatvrul literaturaSi ganuyofelia da am kon-ceptebis cal-calke warmodgena mxolod Teoriulad (Zalze didi abstrahirebis Sedegad) SeiZleba, radganac mxatvrul literaturul nawarmoebTa formisa da Sinaarsis organuli Serwyma, upirvelesi pirobaa misi mxatvrulobisa. amasTanave, literaturaTmcodneobiTi kvlevis dros SeiZleba gamov-yoT nawarmoebis is elementebic, romlebic Sinaarss miekuT-vneba (Tema, fabula, kolizia, idea, tendencia, xasiaTi lite-raturuli, situacia) an formiseulia (kompozicia, siuJeti, mxatvruli ena, Janri, stili, ritmi da misT.).
amerikuli `axali kritikis~ wiaRSi formis koncefcias gamorCeulad amuSavebdnen k. bruqsi da r. p. uoreni cnobil naSromebSi `poeziis gageba~ da `prozis gageba~. isini uar-yofdnen jer kidev aristoteles mier SemCneul formisa da Sinaarsis diqotomias xelovnebaSi, Caaancvlebdnen ra mas
did mweralTa Semoqmedeba im Zireul istoriul sakiTxebs exmianeba, romelTac maT Tanadrouli epoqa ukarnaxebs. rac mTavria, isini im mxatvrul formebs moimarjveben xolme, romlebic mocemul istoriul Sinaarss upasuxeben. am mosaz-rebas adasturebs k. gamsaxurdia erT saintereso werilSi: `romantikosebi, simbolistebi, neoromantikosebi, neoklasi-kosebi mudam klasikuri formebisaTvis (soneti, balada, tercinebi, tragediebi, romanebi, novelebi) ibrZodnen. mu-dam am marad Zveli da marad axali formebis regeneracias cdilobdnen.
futuristebi, naturalistebi... mudam axali formebis amao ZiebaSi iyvnen. am Ziebas bare ori talanti Seewira. mere isev iwyeboda erTgvari anabazis da Zveli formebisadmi axali Sinaarsis miniWebisaTvis Widili (gamsaxurdia 1985: 27).
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom jer iqmneba xelovnebismieri denotati anu rogorc sadReisodaa miRebuli, produqti Tu nimuSi (zogadad teqsti; J. lakaniseulad sizmaric teqstia) da Semdgom iqmneba Teoriuli koncefciebi. araiSviaTad, esa
35
Tu is kritikul-Teoriuli novaciebi miviwyebuli an `reani-mirebuli~ konceptebia da mxolod terminismieri saxelde-bis doneze ganirCevian xolme.
XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTul literaturaSi mimdinare procesebs maxvili TvaliT afasebs gr. robaqiZe. Jurnal `oqros verZis~ furclebze is wers: `saqarTvelos renesansi ukve daiwyoo da am sityvis simarTles dRiTi dRe ufro vgrZnob, magram renesansi igi jer kidev qaosisa da formis brZolaSi aSkaravdeba da kidev didi droa saWiro, rom for-mam savsebiT sZlios qaoss~.
∗ XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi oTxma Svedma mweralma (s. okaseni, k. henmarki, b.holmbergi, p. erSildi) gamoaqveyna manifesti saTauriT: `formis tiraniis sawinaaRmdego fronti~. oTxTa manifestiT gacxadebuli iyo axali TvalTa-xedva Sveduri literaturisa, romelic ewinaaRmdegeboda maT winamorbed-Ta formismieri tendenciebiT gadaWarbebul gatacebas.
36
samyaroSi calkeuli azrisa da ganwyobis gamosaxatavad arsebobs mxolod erTi Sesatyvisi forma. SemoqmedebiTi procesi swored da mxolod am erTaderTi formis Ziebas warmoadgens. povnamde kacma ar icis, ranairia es erTaderTi forma (maWavariani 1983). formismieri variaciis saintereso nimuSs gvawvdis rusi istorikosi e. tarle Tavis gamokvleva-portretSi `napoleoni~. ai, rogor JRers evfemisturi pasa-Jis Sinaarsi, romelic e. w. 100 dRian periods exeba. safran-geTis samTavrobo da mmarTveli wreebis mxardamWeri presa `ucnaur~ metamorfozas ganicdis (napoleoni samxreTi sana-pirodan parizisken miiwevs). pirveli cnoba: korsikeli ur-Cxuli xuanis ubeSi gamoCnda. meore cnoba: kaciWamia grasis-ken miemarTeba. mesame Setyobineba: uzurpatori grenoblSia. meoTxe cnoba: bonapartem lioni daikava. mexuTe cnoba: napoleoni fontenblos uaxlovdeba. meeqvse cnoba: mis saim-peratoro udidebulesobas xval missave erTgul parizSi elian.
mTeli es literaturuli gama erTsa da imave dasaxelebis gazeTebis furclebze, ucvleli saredaqcio Semadgenlo-biT, sul ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi dasturdeba. moxmobi-li amonaridi kvlav cxadyofs forma-Sinaarseul diqotomi-is ucvlelobas. am mxriv, kidev erT, sayuradRebo informa-cias Seicavs saTauri literaturuli nawarmoebisa. is SeiZ-leba mini-teqstadac ganvixiloT, romelic mkiTxvelis mopa-tiJebasac Seicavs. saTauris wakiTxvisas nawarmoebSi Sevabi-jebT xolme. aq ki Tavs iCens Tavad teqstis mravalsaxovane-ba, Tundac sxva nawarmoebebisadmi mimarTeba upirvelesad, ikveTeba tipologiuri maxasiaTeblebi, riTac dgindeba li-teraturuli gvaris (eposi, drama, lirika), Janris (moTxro-ba, poema da a.S.), wamyvani esTetikuri kategoriis anu mxat-vruli modusis (amaRlebuli, tragikuli, idiliuri da a. S.), metyvelebis ritmuli organizebis (leqsi, proza, sazomi da a. S.), literaturuli mimarTuleba (romantizmi, realizmi da a. S.), ragvaroba.
37
beWdvis SemoRebamde, saTauris mizani iyo xelnawerTa krebulSi esa Tu is xelnaweri aReniSnaT mxolod, amitom mas xelnaweris SinaarsTan xSirad kavSiri ar hqonda. xelnawers aRniSnavdnen amgvarad: a) misi dasawyisi sityviT _ magali-Tad, bereSit-ebraelebi ase uwodebdnen bibliis pirvel wigns, romelic ebraulad iwyeba sityviT bereSit (qarTulad _ dasabamisad); b) saTauri miuTiTebda ama Tu im wignis mde-bareobas krebulSi (aseTi xasiaTisaa aristoteles wignis saxelwodeba `metafizika~ anu fizikis Semdeg mdebare). saTa-urebi momcro ficris firfitaze iwereboda da xelnawers hqonda mibmuli.
gansakuTrebuli datvirTva aqvs lirikul nawarmoebTa dasaTaurebas. amas Tavad nawarmoebSi gadmocemuli sxvada-sxva gancda apirobebs. amitom, lirikuli nawarmoebi xSirad usaTauroa, an iwodeba misi pirveli taepis mixedviT (`gareT wvims da Tovs~, `Cveni ifnis tyidan ismis~, `sadRac Srialebs Waobi WyviSis~). saTauri yovelTvis mianiSnebs nawarmoebis mTavr mxares, mTavar ambavsa Tu gancdas anu Sinaarss.
`win da winve gansazRvra formis namdvili poetisaTvis yovlad SeuZlebelia, forma unda mohyves TviT nagrZnobs da naazrevs. namdvilad nagrZnob sagans da nawarmoebs Tan moh-yveba forma. roca ki mwerali kalams xels mohkidebs da for-
koldueli 1989: Колдуэлл К. Иллюзия и деиствительность. Об источниках поэзии. М.: 2989.
kroCe 1920: Кроче Б. Эстетика как наука о выражении и как общая лингвистика. ч. 1, М.: 1920.
maWavariani 1983: maWavariani m. leqsebi, poema. Tb.:1983.
Sklovski 1929: Шкловский В. О теории прозы. М.: 1929. jeimsi 1956: James H. The art of fiction; Ed. by Edel L. – N.Y.: 1956.
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levan bregaZe
Tema da mxatvruli idea
Tema (berZn. thema _ is, rac [safuZvelSi] devs) litera-turismcodneobaSi aRniSnavs sakiTxs (sagans), romelic da-muSavebulia mxatvrul TxzulebaSi. ganasxvaveben ZiriTad anu mTavar Temas da damxmare Temas anu qveTemas. Temisa da qveTemebis erTobliobas Tematikas uwodeben. Tema mxatvru-li ideis mimarT formaa, xolo siuJetis mimarT _ Sinaarsi, rac niSnavs, rom legitimuria am yaidis gamoTqmebi: esa da es mxatvruli idea moTxrobaSi ama da am Temis damuSavebiT gamoixata, anda _ esa da es Tema moTxrobaSi ama da am siuJe-tis formiT gamoixata.
ilia WavWavaZis moTxrobis `glaxis naambobis~ mTavari Tema batonymobis araadamianuri bunebis Cvenebaa, xolo qve-Temis nimuSad SeiZleba davasaxeloT moZRvrisa da Segirdis masSive aRwerili urTierToba (uaRresad aqtualuri yvela drosa da epoqaSi).
vaJa-fSavalas poemis `aluda qeTelauris~ Tema aris kon-fliqti pirovnebasa da sazogadoebas (Tems) Soris, rac pirov-nebis mier yavlgasuli antihumanuri adaTis uaryofas mosdevs.
zogjer Tema saTaurSivea mocemuli (ilia WavWavaZis `ram-denime suraTi anu epizodi yaCaRis cxovrebidam~, egnate ninoSvilis `janyi guriaSi~, galaktion tabiZis `akakis gar-dacvalebis gamo~).
Tematikis gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva epopeis Janris mxatvruli Txzuleba. magaliTad, oTar Wila-Zis roman-epopeis `rkinis Teatris~ Tema aris modernis epo-qis dasawyisis (me-19 saukunis damlevisa da me-20 saukunis damdegis) saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-politikuri da kul-turuli cxovrebis panoramis Cveneba; mis qveTemaTa Soris ki SeiZleba davasaxeloT: a) meamboxe pirovnebisa da saxelmwi-fo xelisuflebis urTierTdamokidebuleba politikuri da-ZabulobiT gamorCeul xanaSi; b) erovnuli damoukideblo-
`ai, aseTi xeli unda obol berdias, aseTi mwvane xeli unda mis daSaSrul suls da gamxmar qoCors~.
aqedan cxadia, rom adamiansa da bunebas Soris napralis gaCena am SemTxvevaSi adamianur urTierTobaTa mougvareb-lobis bralia. vxvdebiT, rom am leqsis avtorisTvis gazaf-xuliT tkboba ar arsebobs, vidre ar arsebobs adamianTa
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Soris gulisxmieri, TviT adamianobis ideisTvis sakadrisi, urTierToba. amdenad, am leqsis mxatvruli idea adamianur urTierTobaTa kritikaa, Tumca teqstSi es aSkarad da pir-dapir naTqvami ar aris.
TvalnaTliv patriotulia am poemis mizandasaxuloba, anu idea: is Seicavs mowodebas mterTagan samSoblos ganTa-visuflebisaTvis. aseTi mowodeba gulSi Camwvdomia ukve TavisTavad, magram es idea am poemaSi gansakuTrebiT qmedi-Tia da es imitom, rom igi erTob gamdidrebulia konkretuli SinaarsiT. poeti xSirad uxvevs ZiriTadi ambidan, igi exeba iseT movlenebsa Tu sakiTxebs, romelTac TiTqosda pirda-piri kavSiri arca aqvT ZiriTad ambavTan. amitom es misi poema mravalTemiani, anu poliTematuri poemaa~ (kiknaZe 1978: 93-94).
zogjer mxatvruli Txzulebis Temisa da masTan dakavSi-rebuli problemis sirTulis, mravalwaxnagovnebis gamo na-warmoebis mxatvruli ideis amocnoba Zneldeba, sxvadasxva analitikosi sxvadasxva mxatvrul ideas xedavs erTsa da ima-ve teqstSi. ilia WavWavaZis poemis `gandegilis~ mxatvruli ideis Taobaze kamaTi misi gamoqveynebisTanave daiwyo da dRemde grZeldeba, urTierTgamomricxavi Tvalsazrisebic ki aris gamoTqmuli am sakiTxze (zogi fiqrobda, rom poemis mxatvruli idea gandegilobis, cxovrebisgan gandgomis apo-logia iyo, zogic piriqiT _ gandegilobis uaryofas xedav-da masSi).
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ama Tu im Txzulebis mxatvruli ideis Sesaxeb gansxvave-bul SexedulebaTa gaCenas isic iwvevs, rom SesaZlebelia mkiTxvelTa mier nawarmoebis esTetikuri aRqma urTierT-gansxvavebuli iyos, vinaidan, rogorc recefciuli anu aR-
qmis esTetikis Teoria∗ gvaswavlis, sxvadasxva aRmqmelis warmodgenaSi sxvadasxvanairad xdeba nawarmoebis epizodTa aqtualizeba da rekonstruqcia-konkretizacia (warmosaxva-Si xorcSesxma wakiTxulisa). aseT dros ar aris gamoricxu-li, rom gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi Tanabrad marTebu-li iyos da erTi da imave teqstis sxvadasxva Zvirfas Rire-bulebas warmoaCendes. es miaCnia roman ingardens imis erT-erT mizezad, rom `mkiTxvelebi _ zogjer sworedac rom di-dad ganaTlebuli da mgrZnobiare kritikosebi _ erTi da imave literaturuli mxatvruli nawarmoebis Sefasebisas ver Tanxmdebian~ (ingardeni 2011: 123).
`rac salaro gaqvs, Tu ar ixmareb, qva da oqro sworia kacTaTvis~, _ es debuleba, ase aSkarad gacxadebuli am wig-nis personaJis, mefis Zis jumberis mier im igavis (`Zunwi da oqro~) mxatvrul ideas warmodgens, romelsac ufliswuli gviyveba mas Semdeg, rac citirebul Segonebas warmoTqvams;
`arqoneba ar varga da avad qoneba uaresia~, am mxatvruli ideis sailustraciod igive personaJi Semdeg didvaWrisa da misi Zis Wkuissawavlebel, Tumca sruliad ararealistur, igavisTvis damaxasiaTebeli pirobiTobebis gamoyenebiT Se-Txzul ambavs mogviTxrobs (`didvaWari da misi Ze~).
mxatvruli ideis gareSe ar arsebobs mxatvruli teqsti (rac ar unda `formalisturi~ gveCvenebodes igi), magram is
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ki SesaZlebelia, rom mxatvruli Txzulebis ideis mkafiod Camoyalibeba verc misma avtorma SeZlos (es Zalian xSirad xdeba _ avtors, romelic umetesad intuiciurad qmnis, uWirs Tavis qmnilebasTan analitikuri mimarTebis damyare-ba) da verc literaturaTmcodnem (kritikosma), rac zogier-Ti teqstis sirTuliT da kidev imiT aris gamowveuli, rom analizis Cveni unari SezRudulia, movlenis siRrmeSi Cveni gonebis wvdomis xarisxi mraval subieqtur da obieqtur ga-remoebaze aris damokidebuli (saerTod ki, gansazRvrulia sazogadoebisa da mecnieruli azris ganviTarebis mocemuli doniT). gansakuTrebiT Znelia zemoT ukve naxsenebi epopeis Janris poliTematikuri qmnilebis mxatvruli ideis moxel-Teba. nawarmoebis mxatvruli ideis wvdoma struqturis yve-la doneze teqstis skrupulozur Seswavlas dafuZnebuli SemoqmedebiTi aqtia, romelic yovelTvis rodi dagvirgvin-deba warmatebiT. magram siZnele, cxadia, SeuZleblobas ar niSnavs. zogi teqstis mxatvruli ideis amocnobas saukuneebi sWirdeba, zogis mxatvruli idea ki epoqebis monacvlebasTan erTad cvalebadobs (Secvlil istoriul viTarebaSi teq-stic gansxvavebulad ikiTxeba xolme) da amitom misi Semec-neba arc arasodes mTavrdeba.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
abaSiZe 1970: abaSiZe k. etiudebi XIX saukunis qarTuli literatu-ris Sesaxeb. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1970.
ingardeni 2011: ingardeni r. konkretizacia da rekonstruqcia. `sjani~. Jurnali literaturis Teoriasa da SedarebiT literatu-
poezia aris baZva, acxadebda platoni, poetebi ki arian mimbaZvelebi, vinaidan swored maTi ZalisxmeviT xorciel-deba baZva, magram, rogor moviqceT, `mivceT poetebs mi-baZvis neba Tu ar unda mivceT? anda, Tu mivcemT, maSin ras SeiZleba baZavdnen da ras ara? an, iqneb, sulac agvekrZala maTTvis yovelgvari mibaZva?~ (platoni 2003: 97).
arsebiT mniSvnelobas aq Tavad baZvis cnebis gageba iZens. poeturi baZva platonisaTvis meqanikuri procesia, romelic ver uTavsdeba missave metafizikas. platonis filosofiuri xedvis Tanaxmad, realuri samyaro arsebobs ideebis da ara materialuri sagnebis sferoSi. igi dabejiTebiT miiCnevs,
∗ CvenTvis saintereso cnebebis gaazrebac platonis filosofiuri modelis esTetikur implikacias ufro warmoadgens, vidre _ pirdapir samiznes (miT ufro, rom terminTa dazusteba sulac ar Seadgens filosofosis amocanas), TumcaRa platonis Sexdulebebis gaanalizebis gareSe SeuZlebelia fabuli-sa da siuJetis literaturismcodneobiTi cnebebis genezisisa da meTodo-logiuri specifikis dazusteba.
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rom `saganTa yovel simravles~ moepoveba erTi idea, romlis mibaZvasac, aslsac warmoadgens esa Tu is materialuri saga-ni. xelosani yoveli sagnis damzadebisas jer kargad akvir-deba am sagnis ideas da imis mixedviT qmnis Tavad sagans: ma-galiTad, sawolis Sesaqmnelad igi akvirdeba sawolis ideas, karadis Sesaqmnelad _ karadis ideas, magidis Sesaqmnelad _ magidis ideas da a.S. `magram arc erT xelosans ar SeuZlia sakuTriv ideis Seqmna~ (platoni 2003: 357), ideebis genera-tori mxolod RmerTia, RmerTi da sxva `aravin, mxolod is~ (platoni 2003: 357). amrigad, RmerTi qmnis ideebs, romlebsac Semdgom materialur saxes aZlevs ostati: ostati ideis mi-xedviT ganaxorcielebs mis ganivTebas, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, qmnis nivTs ideis yalibze. am gziT iRebs materialur saxes yoveli idea, Sesabamisad, am gziT mimdinareobs realu-ri samyaros materialuri dovlaTis dagrovebis procesi. raRa misia ekisreba mxatvars, romelsac surs, daxatos nivTi? is baZavs ostatis mier Seqmnil nivTs da, Sesabamisad, baZavs nivTis Semqmnelebs _ RmerTsa da ostats. maSasadame, mxatvari uxeSi mimbaZvelia: is sami safexuriTaa daSorebuli namdvili arsisagan. asevea tragediis Semqmnelic da poetic, romlebic, mxatvris msgavsad, mesame adgils ikaveben RvTa-ebisa da WeSmaritebis Semdeg. amasTan, mxatvarica da poetic cdilobs, mibaZos sagans ara iseTs, rogoric is aris sinam-dvileSi, aramed _ rogoradac is mas eCveneba, anu baZavs ara realurs, aramed lands. sruliad cxadia, rom amgvarad age-buli mimbaZvelobiTi xelovneba platonisaTvis Sorsaa si-namdvilisgan, is ufro optikur TamaSs waagavs, romlis meS-veobiTac avtori cdilobs, mayurebelTa da msmenelTa motyuebas.
platonisaTvis WeSmaritebisa da azrovnebis sizustis upirvelesi sazomi codnaa. poetebi ki uars amboben codnaze: gana meetleze ukeT icis homerosma, rogor unda imarTos etli? arada, xom ar erideba amis aRweras Tavis teqstebSi?! gana eqimze ukeT icis, rogor umkurnalos daWrils? arada, arc amis aRweras erideba! poetebis `codna~ zedapiruli da
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araqmediTia. platoni homerosis kritikasac ar erideba: `homeross rom marTlac SesZleboda adamianebis aRzrda da maTi srulyofa, xolo am saqmeSi mibaZva ki ar gamoeyenebina, aramed codna, nuTu uamrav mimdevarsa da Tayvanismcemels ver SeiZenda?~ (platoni 2003: 363). poetebis erT-erT upira-tes codvad platoni WeSmariti da qmediTi codnis arqonas miiCnevs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom platoni ar azustebs poetikur terminologias, Tuki yuradRebiT gavadevnebT Tvals mis msjelobas, davaskvniT, rom platonis principuli braldeba poeziisadmi efuZneba diqotomias simarTle/tyuili, sadac simarTle warmoadgens originals, avTenturs, pirvelwya-ros, xolo tyuili _ asls, gamonagons, SeTxzuls. Sesabami-sad, poeziis umTavresi codva tyuilze agebuli ambavia (rac uaxlovdeba fabulis Tanamedrove gagebas), romelic teq-stSi logikurad gadaizrdeba naklebsarwmuno movlenaTa qargaSi (rac uaxlovdeba siuJetis Tanamedrove gagebas) .
platonisaTvis miuRebelia mibaZvis nebismieri saxeoba, vinaidan yoveli maTgani yalbi kopirebis sxvadasxva formas emsaxureba: `_ Cvens Soris darCes da, _ wers platoni, _ ime-dia, ar damasmenT tragediebis mTxzvelebisa da sxva mimbaZ-velebis winaSe, _ mTeli maTi Semoqmedeba namdvili ubedu-rebaa msmenelTa sulisaTvis, radganac maT SxamsawinaaRmde-go saSualeba ar gaaCniaT, rom gaigon, ra aris es~ (platoni 2003: 356).
aris ki poetis saqcieli zneobrivi an eTikuri? cxadia, ara: zneobisa da eTikis saZebnelad moqalaqeebma
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda mimarTon poetebs, brZanebs platoni, vinaidan isini tyuian, xolo tyuilis Sedegi Tvi-sebrivad sagangaSoa. platonis Rrma rwmeniT, poetebi baZa-ven imgvar movlenas, romelic umokles droSi gamoiwvevs Zlier emociebs da, masTan erTad, globalur dabneulobas: adamiani (igulisxmeba mkiTxveli an mayurebeli auditoria _ i. r.) eqceva sxvisi gancdis gavlenis qveS da, Sesabamisad, ukontrolo emociis msxverpli xdeba. emociis falsifici-
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rebuli wyaro (poeturi baZva _ i. r.) gansazRvravs Tavad emociis falsificirebul xasiaTs da Sors dgas simarTli-sagan, romelsac ase dabejiTebiT iTxovs platoni. rogor unda aswavlos poeziam sibrZne, wuxs platoni, Tuki poetebi araTu adamianebis, RmerTebis mimarTac ki tyuils ar eride-bian _ maT TxzulebebSi gmirebi da RmerTebi xSirad sCadian zneobrivad gaumarTlebel qmedebebs. magaliTad, qalRmer-Tis Ze aqilevsi xan `mxar-TeZoze wevs mgloviare~, xan `pirqve gdia~, priamosi mtverSi goravs da `saxeldebiT~ evedreba TiToeul vaJkacs, hefestos `Claxa-CluxuniT~ moaqvs neqta-riT savse Tasi, Tesevsi TavzexelaRebuli mtacebeliviT iq-ceva, zevsi da hera ki TavdaviwyebiT eZlevian vnebaatanil da Jindauokebel siyvaruls. `amnairi uazrobisTvis yuris gde-bac ki mavnea~ (platoni 2003: 93), askvnis platoni, _ poetebi mkrexeloben, maSin rodesac RmerTebis Tayvaniscema adami-
anebis valia. gana SeiZleba hadesis∗ sauflos ise SemaZrwu-neblad warmoCena, rom meomarma brZolis velze saxelovan sikvdils damarcxeba an monoba amjobinos? es xom pirdapiri gzaa simxdalisaken! eTika da politika ar SeiZleba iyos aR-viraxsnili, miiCnevs platoni, poezia, Tuki is maincadamainc unda iqmnebodes, valdebulia, daemorCilos kontrols. po-ezia, romelic ar eqvemdebareba araviTar kontrols, imde-nad miuRebelia platonisaTvis, rom igi ver xedavs poetebis adgils mis mier Teoriulad agebul idealur saxelmwifoSi. `saxelmwifo~-s meaTe wignSi vkiTxulobT:
`da marTlac, _ ganvagrZe me, _ bevri sxva niSnis mixed-viTac vrwmundebi, rom yvelaze ukeT davafuZneT es Cveni saxelmwifo (idealuri saxelmwifo _ i.r.); amas rom vambob, me, uwinares yovlisa, poezias vgulisxmob.
_ mainc? _ [poezias _ i.r.] verasdidebiT ver davuSvebT saxelmwi-
foSi, radganac is mimbaZvelobiTia. axla, roca cal-calke
am daskvniT, aristotele, ara marto ayalibebs princi-pulad gansxvavebul models poeziis gagebisa, aramed pasuxs scems platonis mZime braldebebs poetebis ucodinrobisa da flidobis Sesaxeb: poetis Rirsebad aristoteles miaCnia ara
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Zirfesviani codna im yvelafrisa, ris Sesaxebac igi wers, aramed mibaZvis niWi da masStabi. Sesabamisad, poetis mier daSvebuli Secdoma mxolod maSin aris sabediswero, rode-sac igi Ralatobs mibaZvis xelovnebis ara sizustes, aramed _ siRrmiseul principebs, romelTa Soris erT-erTi upir-velesi siamovnebis gancdaa.
uli buneba. es nawilebia: ambavi (μΰθος), xasiaTi, gansja, sam-zeri, saTqmeli da sagalobeli~ (aristotele 1944: 15).
aristoteleseuli ambavi/miTosi (μΰθος) ar gulisxmobs martivad movlenebis mibaZvas anu faqtebis krebsiT da Ta-namimdevrul simravles, rac Tanamedrove specialur lite-raturaSi iwodeba `fabulad~, da arc miTs, romelsac efuZ-neba antikuri tragedia, aramed _ ufro mets, faqtebze age-bul da miTis safuZvelze mimdinare axali miTisqmnadobis processa da Sedegs, rogorc moqmedebaTa saerTo-mxatvrul
qargas, romelic met-naklebad uaxlovdeba∗ literaturaT-mcodneebis mier dResdReobiT `siuJetis~ terminiT gansaz-Rvrul elements da romelic erTdroulad moicavs da efuZneba pirvel ors (faqtebsa da miTs). magram, aristote-
leseuli μΰθος—is daSla calkeul terminebad, meTodolo-giur doneze, mxolod me-20 saukuneSi ganxorcielda da iqac Zalze winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi SeiZina (rusuli formaliz-mi, inglisuri kritika, franguli poststruqturalizmi, na-ratologia da sxva). miT umetes, naCqarevi da gaumarTle-belia specialuri terminebis Semotana antikuri epoqis teq-stSi. `miTosi gansakuTrebuli tipia azrovnebisa, _ aRniS-navs z. kiknaZe, _ romelic gansxvavdeba sinamdvilis mxat-vruli asaxvisagan, ramdenadac mas surs sagnebisa da mov-lenebis igiveoba dainaxos da xedavs kidec~ (kiknaZe 2008: 55). rodesac saqme gvaqvs am sirTulis sistemis erT-erT yvelaze adreul CarTvasTan literaturul diskursSi, kerZod, an-
∗ am distanciis naratologiur dasabuTebas warmogidgenT amave narkvevis meoTxe nawilSi.
magram azianebs mis Sinaarsobriv mxares∗. sasurvelia, Senar-Cunebul iqnas is distancia da bundovaneba (an Tundac meta-foruloba da enigmaturoba), romelsac Tavad aristotele icavs ambavs, miTsa da miTisqmnadobas Soris da rac gvaax-lovebs gamonagonis missave koncefciasTan.
pirveli antikuri poetikis SemqmnelisaTvis mxatvruli ambavis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes ganmasxvavebel niSans (ne-bismieri sxva tipis werilobiTi teqstebisagan) swored gamo-nagoni warmoadgens: `ara is, Tu ra moxda, aramed is, Tu ra moxdeboda da ra aris albaTobisa an aucileblobis mixedviT SesaZlebeli... istorikosi da poeti urTierTisagan gan-sxvavdebian imiT, rom pirveli laparakobs imis Sesaxeb, rac moxda, meore ki laparakobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra SeiZleboda momxdariyo~ (aristotele 1944: 20).
bibliuri teqstebis inerpretaciis aRniSnuli tendencia Zalze aqtiurad iqna adaptirebuli qarTul saliteraturo sivrceSic. Sua saukuneebis laTineli mamebi mkveTrad ganas-xvavebdnen bibliis `sityvasityviT~ da `arapirdapir~ ganmar-tebebs, xolo qarTuli sasuliero mwerlobis warmomadgen-lebi am procesis aRsaniSnad mouxmobdnen terminebs `ganmar-tebiTi~ da `saxismetyvelebiTi~ (kalandariSvili 2009: 103). cneba `saxismetyvelebiTi~ inergeboda `Sinaganis~, sulieris mniSvnelobiT, romelsac unda warmoeCina saRvTo werilis dafaruli azri, cxadia, teqstis realuri modelis gaTvaliswinebiT.
axali meTodi warmatebiT dainerga poetikur sistemaSi da aseTive warmatebiT Caenacvla aristoteleseul `gamona-gons~. niSnavda Tu ara es `mxatvrulobis~ koncefciis uar-yofas? adreuli Sua saukuneebis teqstebis, gansakuTrebiT, hagiografiis Janris nimuSebis analizi, gvafiqrebinebs: mi-uxedavad imisa, rom adreuli Sua saukuneebis poetika uars ambobs gamonagonis esTetikaze anu fiqciur teqstze, is sru-liadac ar ambobs uars mxatvrul teqstze, vinaidan iyenebs mxatvrulobis iseT mniSvnelovan struqturul-poetikur msazRvrelebs, rogoricaa farTo speqtruli saxismetyvele-
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biTi sistema, personaJebisa da xasiaTebis mravalferovani galerea da stilisturi modelebi _ Txrobis principebi, mxatvruli metyveleba, metaforuli azrovneba da sxv. rasac Tavad aristotelec Zalian did mxatvrul datvirTvas ani-Webs `poetikaSi~. `rogorc istoria ar aris marto qronika da faqtebis grova, ise literatura ar aris marto siuJeti da metaforebi. gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu Sinaganad ra ideas atarebs Janri, ra intencia, ra Canafiqri devs mis TviTganviTarebaSi, radgan, rogorc cnobilia, sul sxvaa istoriis idea da sul sxva _ literaturisa... agiografiaSi obieqtur istoriaze metad ideis istoriaa saZiebeli, vina-idan aq faqti sulieri dokumentis statuss atarebs. idea rogorc istoriuli kliSe!~ (amirxanaSvili, 2006: 17-18). swo-red idea-mizanTan Serwymuli struqturul-poetikuri ele-mentebi da ara gamonagoni unda miviCnioT mxatvruli qso-vilis msazRvrelebad adreuli Suasaukuneebis mwerlobaSi.
Sesabamisad, adreuli Suasaukuneebis poetikur kanonebs mniSvnelovani koreqtiva Seaqvs aristoteles TeoriaSi: ad-reuli Suasukuneebis mwerlobaSi SemoqmedebiTi procesisa da teqstis mxatvrulobis msazRvrelad ver miviCnevT oden opozicias namdvili ambavi/gamonagoni, arafiqciuri/fiqci-uri an fabula/siuJeti, aramed gasaTvaliswinebelia teq-stis specifikuri ideuri datvirTva da struqturul-po-etikuri elementebis organizacia, rac prioritetulad gan-
sazRvravs am epoqis literaturuli teqstebis mxatvrulobas∗.
literaturis ganviTarebis Semdgomi istoria (gviani Suasa-ukuneebidan me-20 saukunemde) calsaxad cxadyofs: adreul SuasaukuneebSi SemuSavebuli gansxvavebuli poetikuri stan-darti aRniSnuli epoqis specifikuri esTetikuri da msof-lmxedvelobrivi amocanebidan gamomdinareobs da rogorc ki amocana daZleulia, mxatvruli teqsti kvlav ubrundeba
∗ adreuli Sua saukuneebis diqotomia sxva esTetikur modelebTan udavod gvafiqrebinebs, rom `mxatvruli teqsti~ da `fiqciuri teqsti~ ver CaiT-vleba identur cnebebad da saWiroa maTi Teoriuli gamijvna.
da romanis struqtura~. Sklovski Tvlis, rom siuJeturi qargis calkeuli struqturuli nawilebi uSualo kavSirSia stilistur xerxebTan, kerZod, motivebis safexureobriv
mzardobasTan (нарастание). aseTi mzardoba Tvisebrivad usas-ruloa, iseve rogorc usasruloa am principiT gawyobili avantiuruli romanebis ricxvi (sailustraciod: al. diumas `sami muSketeri~, `aTi wlis Semdeg~, `oci wlis Semdeg~). motivTa gaSlis masStabi, Sklovskis dakvirvebiT, gana-pirobebs teqstis finals anu siuJetis im nawils, romelsac `kvanZis gaxsnas~ vuwodebT _ teqsti mTavrdeba imdagvarad, ris saSualebasac motivTa sistema iZleva (sailustraciod: mark tvenma ver daasrula `tom soieris Tavgdasavali~ `uf-rosebis romanis~ JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qorwinebiT, vinaidan tom soieris asakma amis saSualeba ar misca. Sesaba-misad, mweralma iq gawyvita Txroba, sadac pirveli didi pauza Camovarda da mere, ukve sruliad sxva motivebze day-rdnobiT, ganagrZo `heklberi finis TavgadasavalSi~). no-velis Janrze saubrisas Sklovski teqstis dasasrulis, imave `finalis~ sxvadasxva modelebsac ki gamoyofs. es modelebia: a) `cru dasasruli~, rodesac Zalze konceptualur teqsts avtori amTavrebs bunebis aRweriT, amindis SefasebiT, weli-wadis drois daxasiaTebiT, anac _ ritorikuli SeZaxiliT; b)
`uaryofiTi dasasruli~∗, rodesac finali daumTavrebelis, gawyvetilis STabeWdilebas axdens (mkvlevaris dakvirvebiT aseT dasasruls xSirad mimarTavs mopasani) da, cxadia, met
saZleblobebi, xolo, meore mxriv, eWvqveS daayena fabulis rolisa da funqciis pasiuri statusi, romelic mas forma-listebma daudgines: Tuki SesaZlebelia, rom siuJeti iyos met-naklebad mizez-Sedegobriobrivi, maSasadame, fabulac, rogorc `movlenaTa narativi~ SesaZlebelia iyos met-nakle-bad pasiuri? amis naTeli dadasturebaa, Tundac, anton Cexo-
∗ aq, cxadia, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs Janris Teoria da is specifikuri standartebi, romlebsac moiTxovs esa Tu is literaturuli Janri.
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visa da daviT kldiaSvilis proza, sadac fabula TavisTavad saintereso da qmediTia da bevrad ganapirobebs siuJetis
dramatulobas.∗ amrigad, formalistebis mier SemoTavaze-buli Teoriuli modeli SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc problemis interpretaciis erT-erTi versia da davuSvaT sxva Teoriuli alternativebis arsebobac? me-20 saukunis meore naxevris literaturis Teoriam am SekiTxvas dadebi-
Tad upasuxa. fabulisa da siuJetis Teoriulma Pro et Contra-m axal etapze gadainacvla da am etaps pirobiTad naratolo-giis etapi SeiZleba ewodos, rodesac: a) Tanamedrove lite-raturis Teoriam aRiara gamonagonis esTetika; da b) siuJeti Txrobis umTavres komponentad iqna miCneuli.
siuJetologia + naratologia fabulisa da siuJetis problemis analizma inovaciuri
anacvlos ambavis calkeuli movlenebi imgvarad, rogorac es mas surs (gamomdinare konkretuli miznebidan). am procesis TvalsaCino magaliTs warmoadgens kinoxelovneba, romelic iyenebs montaJis teqnikas. Tanamimdevrobis or tipi gamo-
∗ agreTve, aspeqtis, rogorc mTxrobelis mier ambavis aRqmis xerxis, da modalobis, rogorc diskursis mTxrobeliseuli modelis, dadgeniT. ∗∗ veyrdnobiT CeTmenis sqemas.
85
iyofa: normaluri da anaqroniuli. pirvel SemTxvevaSi am-bavsa da Txrobis diskurss erTi da igive Tanamimdevroba aqvT, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi ori sxvadasxva tipis `dar-Rveva~ ikveTeba: ukangadaxveva (analefsisi) da wingadaxveva (prolefsisi). analefsisis dros Txrobis diskursi wyvets ambavis normalur Tanamimdevrobas, raTa daubrundes ufro adre momxdar movlenebs; prolefsisi dros Txrobis dis-kursi kvlavac wyvets ambavis normalur Tanamimdevrobas, mxolod, am SemTxvevaSi, win uswrebs mas, raTa gadainacvlos
momavali movlenebisaken . analeptikuri Tanamimdevrobis magaliTebi mravlad daiZebneba qarTul da msoflio lite-raturaSi, proleptikuri Tanamimdevrobis saukeTeso nimu-Sebad ki SeiZleba davasaxeloT ilia WavWavaZis `sarCobela-zed~ da mixail bulgakovis `ostati da margarita”.
∗
anaqroniul TanamimdevrobaSi Jeneti ganasxvavebs anaq-roniis manZilisa da amplitudis, agreTve, garegani, Sinagani, da sinTezuri anaqroniis, heterodiegeturi da homeodiege-
turi anaqroniebis cnebebs∗∗. sainteresoa, rom anaqronizmis erT-erT yvelaze Tval-
∗ aRsaniSnavia, rom prolefsisis gaaqtiurebisas ambavis mimdinare movle-nebi iZens Sualeduri movlenebis statuss, romlebic aucileblad unda iyos retrospeqtirebuli teqstis momaval pasaJebSi. ∗∗ detaluri msjeloba am sakiTxebze ix. wignSi i. ratiani, `fabula da si-uJeti. Pro et Contra~. Tb. 2011.
3. gameorebadi _ rodesac gameorebadi (erTi da igive) movlenis reprezentacia xorcieldeba gameorebadi (erTi da imave) Txrobis diskursiT;
4. gameorebadi da mravaljeradi _ rodesac gameorebadi da mrvaljeradi movlenis reprezentacia xorcieldeba er-Ti konkretuli Txrobis diskursiT.
Tu SevajamebT warmodgenil informacias, davaskvniT,
rom ambavisa da siuJetis winaaRmdegobrivi wyvilis proble-ma JenetTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli Txrobis sistemas-
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Tan da drois kategoriasTan (Tanamimdevroba, xangrZlivoba, sixSire) da, rac mTavaria, arsobrivad triadulia (ambavi, narativi, naracia) da ara _ dualuri (fabula/siuJeti). pos-tstruqturalisturi poetika ar uaryofs winamorbed Te-oriul modelebs, magram afarToebs Txrobis siRrmiseuli analizis mimarTulebiT. am TvalsazrisiT, Jenetis TeoriaSi bevri ram aris sagulisxmo:
1. Jeneti Slis tradiciulad dadgenil sazRvrebs wminda realistur da wminda mxatvrul-gamonagon teqsts Soris. am gadawyvetilebiT mecnieri: a) afarToebs literaturuli na-rativis cnebas; b) aaqtiurebs fabulisa da siuJetis tradi-ciul urTierTmimarTebas; g) sicocxlisunarianobas sZens fabulas, rogorc avtoriseuli Txrobis ganmapirobebel formasa da mTliani mxatvruli sistemis umniSvnelovanes nawils;
2. Jeneti axdens literaturuli narativis gaazrebas am-bavis drosa da Txrobis dros Soris urTierTmimarTebebis analizis gziT. Semoaqvs axali cnebebi: Tanamimdevroba, xan-grZlivoba, sixSire. am cnebaTa damkvidreba mas saSualebas aZlevs, daadginos: a) Txrobis procesis (mimdinareobis) gan-sxvavebuli formebi; b) mimarTebis yvela SesaZlo forma Txrobis drosa da siuJetur dros Soris; g) asaxvis gan-sxvavebuli SesaZleblobebi; d) literaturuli narativis Se[u]sabamisoba kinematografiul narativTan.
Jenetis Teoria kompleqsuri sistemaa, romelic iTva-liswinebs rogorc aristoteles mimesisis Teorias, ise _ rusuli formalisturi skolisa da struqturalisturi po-etikis midgomebs ambavisa da Txrobis problemebTan. aris Tu ara srulyofili naratologebis, kerZod, Jenetis Teoria? srulyofileba swored is cnebaa, romelzec didi xania uari Tqva literaturis Teoriam im `martivi~ mizezis gamo, rom literaturuli teqsti mudmivi interpretaciis obieqtia da misi kvleva sruliad gansxvavebul da axal-axal meTodebs SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros.
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∗ ∗ ∗ `mefe mokvda da dedofalic mokvda ~. `mefe mokvda da Semdeg dardisagan mokvda dedofali~. axla danamdvilebiT viciT, rom gansxvavebas am or, erTi
buriani 1997: Burian, P. Myth into muthos: the shaping of tragic plot // The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy (ed. By P. E. Easterling). Cambridge University Press, 1997.
doiaSvili 2010: doiaSvili T. `sibrZne sicruisa” da `sibrZne
ratiani 2007: ratiani i. ilia da misi mkiTxveli // ilia WavWavaZe 170. saiubileo krebuli. Tb.: 2007.
ratiani 2008: ratiani i. mixal baxtinis Toriuli koncefcia. dialoguri kritika // literaturis Teoria. XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobebi. Tb.: 2008.
sidnei 1962: Sidney, P. The Defence of Poetry // Literary Criticism. Plato to Dryden. Ed. By Allan H. Gilbert. Detroit, 1962.
forsteri 1927: Forster, E. M. Aspects of the Novel, 1927 (meore gamocema _ 1985).
forsteri: Forster, E. M. http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/e/e_m_ forster.html).
qadoni 1999: Cudon, J. A. (revised by C.E.Preston) Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. Penguin Books, 1999.
Sklovski 2010: Sklovski v. xelovneba, rogorc xerxi // litera-turis Teoria qrestomaTia. t. 2. Tb.: 2010.
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Sklovski: Шкловский В. Искусство как приём // http://www.opojaz.ru/manifests/kakpriem.htm)
Sklovski: Шкловский В. Литература вне «сюжета» http://www/opojaz.ru/shklovsky/vne_sujeta.htm Sklovski: Шкловский В. Строение рассказа и романа // http://www/opojaz.ru/shklovsky/strojenie_rasskaza.htm Stali 1975: Шталь И. В. Гомеровский эпос. М., «Высшая школа», 1975. CeTmeni 1978: Chatman, S. Story and Discource. Narrative Structure in Fiction
and Film. Cornell University Press, 1978. canava 2009: canava r. metafora. Tb.: 2009; xarbedia 2008: xarbedia m. naratologia // literaturis Teoria.
XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdina-reobebi. Tb.: 2008.
jiraldi 1968: Giraldi, J. B. Cinthio on Romances. Translation of the Discorso intorno al comporro dei romanzi, with introduction and notes by Henry L. Snuggs. University of Kentukcy Press, 1968.
harlandi 1999: Harland, R. Literary Theory from Plato to Barthes. An Introductory History. Palgrave Macmillan, 1999.
holi 1963: Hall, V. JR. A Short History of Literary Criticism. New York University Press, 1963.
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Tamar lomiZe
motivi
motivi (frang. motif, germ. motiv laT. sityvidan moveo _ `vamoZraveb~), rogorc cneba, literaturismcodneobaSi dam-kvidrebulia musikis gavleniT, sadac is aRniSnavs ramdenime notisagan Sedgenil jgufs. motivi aris semantikuri game-oreba (sityvis an Sesityvebis gameoreba), romelic teqstis farglebs gareT xorcieldeba. motivi SeiZleba igulisxme-bodes qveteqstSic an warmodgenili iyos saTaurisa an epig-rafis saxiT. motivis umniSvnelovanesi niSan-Tviseba misi arasruli realizebulobaa.
e. meletinski, fundamentur gamokvlevaSi `miTis poetika~ (meletinski 1976) ubrundeba jer kidev veselovskis Teori-aSi dasmul problemas, Tu ramdenad gacnobierebulia tra-diciuli motivebis SemoqmedebiTi asaxvis procesi (veselov-
skis SexedulebiT, mwerali azrovnebs myari motivebiT). `mi-Tis poetikis~ bolo TavebSi avtori mimarTavs XX saukunis literaturis saukeTeso nimuSebs da ganixilavs saerTo-mi-Tologiur motivebsa da laitmotivebs j. joisis, T. manis, f. kafkas romanebSi, da metad damajereblad aaSkaravebs amgva-ri meTodologiuri midgomis siswores. magaliTad, mkvleva-ri saubrobs `mamobis~ motivis Sesaxeb, momakvdavi da aRmdga-ri RmerTis kultTan dakavSirebuli motivebis, mogzauris dabrunebis simboluri motivebis (odisevsi, uZRebi Svili, mfrinavi holandieli, sindbad-mezRvauri da a.S.) Sesaxeb da sxva.
evropul literaturismcodneobaSi (gansakuTrebiT _ germaniaSi, safrangeTsa da aSS-Si), XX saukunis 30-iani wle-bidan moyolebuli, aqtiurad viTardeboda motivis e. w. Te-maturi kritika, romlis erT-erT amocanas warmoadgenda literaturis (antikurobidan vidre Tanamedrove epoqamde) Temebisa da motivebis leqsikonTa Sedgena.
e. frencelis klasikur naSromSi `msoflio literaturis siuJetebi~ (frenceli 1999) motivi gaazrebulia, rogorc situaciuri elementi, romelic ukavSirdeba teqstis Sina-arss da konkretul realizacias poulobs teqstSi, sadac is xan mTavari, xan _ Tanamdevi, xan ki _ ornamentuli elemen-tia. frencelis leqsikonSi dasaxelebul auracxel moti-vebs Sorisaa amazoni qalis, oreulis, gandegilis, incestis, xelovnurad Seqmnili adamianis, mama-Svilis konfliqtis da a.S. motivebi.
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avtoritetul wyaroebs Soris SeiZleba davasaxeloT ag-reTve s. tompsonis eqvstomeuli `folkloris motivTa in-deqsi~ (tompsoni 1955-1958), romelSic motivs zogadadami-anuri universaliis mniSvneloba eniWeba da gamoixateba per-sonaJis, moqmedebis an viTarebis daxasiaTebaSi (zepirmety-velebiT an literaturul tradiciaSi).
mravali naSromi mieZRvna motivTa specifikas da produq-tiulobas ama Tu im istoriul periodSi (istoriuli poeti-ka). magaliTad, e. kurciusis cnobili naSromi (kurciusi 1953) emyareba Sua saukuneebis iseTi sakvanZo Temebisa da motivebis analizs, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, amotrialebu-li samyaros, biWis da berikacis, dedabrisa da qalwulis da a.S. motivebi.
miTologiuri motivebisa da maTi transformaciebis anali-zis brwyinvale nimuSia b. gasparovis naSromi (gasparovi
1984) «Поэтика «Слова о полку Игореве»), romelSic mkvlevari ganixilavs samiwaTmoqmedo ciklis (Tesva-mka, wvima, qariS-xali da a.S.) mravalferovan motivebs; mzis simbolikasTan dakavSirebul motivebs (mzis dabneleba, mzis Casvla-gaTene-ba da sxv.); sivrcul motivebs; bibliur da warmarTul mo-tivebs (sikvdili da regeneracia) da sxv. amasTan, b. gasparo-visTvis ucxoa motivTa sqolasturi katalogizacia: is gani-xilavs nawarmoebs, rogorc erTian mxatvrul struqturas.
yvela zemodasaxelebul naSromSi motivi ganixileba, ro-gorc fenomeni, romelic saSualebas iZleva, davinaxoT li-teraturuli da folkloruli Janrebisa da formebis isto-riuli poetika. aqcenti keTdeba fenomenis aRwerasa da sistematizaciaze.
плана) <Отрывки> // Труды по знаковым системам. Вып. 4. Тарту: 1969. iarxo 1984: Ярхо, Б.И. Методология точного литературоведения (набросок
плана) // Контекст - 1983. М.: 1984. kurciusi 1991: Curtius, E.R. European Litеrature and the Latin Middle Ages”
Princeton University Press, 1991. losevi 1994: Лосев, А.Ф. Проблема художественного стиля. Киев:1994. meletinski 1976: Мелетинский, Е.М Поэтика мифа. М.:976. meletinski 1983: Мелетинский, Е.М. Семантическая организация мифоло-
гического повествования и проблема создания семиотического указателя мотивов и сюжетов // Текст и культура. Труды по знаковым системам. Вып. 16. Тарту:1983. С.115-125.
propi 1928: Пропп, В.Я. Морфология сказки. Л.:1928. propi 1986: Пропп,В.Я. Исторические корни волшебной сказки. Л.:1986. tomaSevski 1931: Томашевский, Б.В.. Теория литературы. Поэтика. М.:
1931. tompsoni 1955-1958: Thompson S. Motif-index of folk-literature. Copenhagen;
Bloomington: 1955-1958. Vol. 1-6. frenceli 1976: FRENZEL, Elisabeth: Motive der Weltliteratur. Ein Lexikon
dichtungsgeschichtlicher Längsschnitte, Stuttgart: Kröner, 1976. Sklovski 1929: Шкловский,В.Б. О теории прозы. М.: 1929. freidenbergi 1988: Фрейденберг, О.М. Система литературного сюжета //
Монтаж: Литература. Искусство. Театр. Кино. М.: 1988. freidenbergi 1997: Фрейденберг О.М. Поэтика сюжета и жанра.
Подготовка текста и общая редакция Н.В. Брагинской. М.: 1997.
ilias `gandegilSi~ cxovrebis sitkbo-simwares naziarebi mwiris fiqrebi da grZnobebi misi Tvalebis gamometyvelebi-Taa gamkafioebuli Sesaferisad:
`da ra ixila kvlav igi mwirma, daucxra suli aqoTebuli da raRac ZaliT qalze kvlav darCa Tvali tyveqmnili, gaSterebuli. rad SeemsWvala Tvali im saxes? is saxe atkbobs Tu eoceba? morideba hsurs da neta Tvali rad eurCeba da ar hnebdeba?!”
cnobilia, rom tipi konkretulSi, garkveuli SinaarsiT davarqvaT yoveldRiurobaSi, eZiebs zogadsakacobrios mniS-vnelobas, riTac gansakuTrebuli da xangrZlivi (ufro albaT
mudmivi) aqtualobiT itvirTeba∗. amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom tipuroba, bunebrivia, mxatvrulobis safuZvlad gvev-lineba da aqedan gamomdinare, logikuria, rom tipi (adami-ani, personaJi) xatvis xerxebisa da xasiaTis mixedviT mizan-
∗ aq gavixsenebT cnobil frazas realizmis epoqisa: `tipi tipur garemoSi~. tipi SeiZleba iyos moTavsebuli tipur garemoSi, Tumca, SesaZlebelia, rom iyos tipuri garemo da ar iyos tipi.
adamianis sulis xveulebSi wvdoma marTlac rTulia. Za-luZs mwerals pirovnebis qcevidan, misi vnebebis samyarodan saaSkaraoze gamoitanos yvelaze mniSvnelovani, da radgan portretze vsaubrobT, ise, rom personaJis vnebebis naTel-yofas garegnuli Strixis, detalis, Jestis metaforizacia moaxmaros?! ai, ra aris sakiTxavi! Tu aRniSnuli da misi msgavsi niuansebi gamouyenebelia, portreti, am sityvis sru-li gagebiT, ver Seiqmneba!
peizaJi, an interieri da a.S. anu peizaJic, sayofacxovrebo garemoc, raime kulturul-istoriuli Zeglic da sxva, er-Tgvarad specifikur portrets SeiZleba warmoadgendes, anac _ emsaxurebodes sxva portretis gaxsnas. rogorc ze-moT aRvniSneT, garegnuli aRwera gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT, bunebis, sagnebisa da movlenebis, mcenare-cxovelebis, frin-velebisa da msgavsTa Sinagani arsis damaxasiaTebel kompo-nentadac SeiZleba mogvevlinos: garegani Strixi, raime por-tretuli detali SeiZleba gadmoscemdes nebismieri asasa-
xavi obieqtis mTavar damaxasiaTeblobas∗. marTebulad da Rrmaazrovnad aqvs gamoxatuli buneba-
peizaJis roli k.gamsaxurdias: `didi poetia ara is, vinc gamarTobel ambebsa da TavSesaqcev azrebs moacodvilebs, aramed igi, vinc bunebis _ cxovrebis am CarCos gamosaxvaSi iseve daxelovnebulia, rogorc masSi moqceuli tipaJis gan-saxierebaSi~ (gamsaxurdia 1963: 253). anu fauna, flora, sti-qioni (viwro gagebiT peizaJi) adamianTanaa SemsWvaluli yo-velTvis. amitom dajerebiT ganmartavs qarTveli klasikosi: `didi peizaJistis xelSi landSafti mudam adamianuri su-lobis komentaria~ (gamsaxurdia 1963: 487)... amgvari gancxa-deba SemTxveviTi ar aris, vinaidan peizaJi (da es dasturdeba yvela didi Semoqmedis magaliTze) gmirTa ganwyobilebis, Zlieri emociebis gamoxatvis erT-erT mTavar xerxad gvev-lineba. peizaJis xatebsa da saxeebSia gadatexili, arcTu iS-viaTad, adamianuri xasiaTebi. bunebis wiaRSi, mis fonze xde-ba xSirad yvelaze Seucdomlad SesaZlebeli adamianis ra-obis amocnoba. peizaJi sarkea adamianis sulisa. xatovnad werda v.Sklovski: `peizaJis miRma yovelTvis aris SfoTva da sindisi~... (Sklovski 1975: 415)
∗ aq erT citatas gavixsenebT: yovelive axlaxan gamokveTili da `mTeli bunebac umciresi nawilebidan dawyebuli udidesamde, pawia kenWidan mzem-de, protistidan a d a m i a n a m d e (xazi Cvenia _ T.k.), marad warmoSobasa da warmavlobaSi, Seuwyvetel mdinarebaSi, daudgromel moZraobasa da cva-lebadobaSi imyofeba~ (fr. engelsi `bunebis dialeqtika~).
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yoveli didi mwerali akavSirebs (amsgavsebs an ansxvavebs) bunebis movlenebs pirovnebis ganwyobilebebTan, eZebs para-lelizmebs bunebasa da adamians Soris. `adamianuri sulobis komentirebis~, `peizaJis miRma adamianuri SfoTvisa da sin-disis~ saucxoo, Seucvleli roli swored portretma SeiZ-leba itvirTos _ xandaxan pirovnebis garegnul-zedapiru-li figura-siluetis moxazulobiT, xan sxeulis calkeuli nakvTebis ufro dawvrilebiTi (sazareli an momxibvleli) aRweriT, an pirovnebis Sinagani bunebis _ sikeTisa Tu boro-tebis da uamravi sxva Tvisebis gamomzeurebiT, anu jamSi fi-zikur-sulismier damaxasiaTeblobaTa CvenebiT...
bunebis (farTod) da peizaJis (viwrod) kanonzomierebebSi garkvevis gareSe adamianTa sulieri raobis dadgena princi-pulad SeuZl;ebelia, radgan kidev erTxel gavimeorebT, xe-lovanisa (mwerlis) da misi Txzulebis personaJTa msof-lmxedvelobas bunebac amzeurebs Sesafrisad. amaze Sexedu-leba cnobil qarTvel moazrovneebs, did SemoqmedT gamouTqvamT:
ilias azriT buneba ubralod ki ar garemoicavs adamians, aramed misi arsebobisaTvis aucileblad saWiro materialur samyaros warmoadgens. ilia sagangebod usvams xazs adamiansa da bunebas Soris ucnaur kavSirs, saintereso axsnas uZebnis am kavSiris idumalebis fenomens da sabolood harmoniul Sexamebas xedavs kacobriobasa da bunebas Soris, romlebic ganuwyvetlad `CaxlarTvian~ erTmaneTs: `cxovrebasaca aqvs Tavisi Semodgoma da gazafxuli, rogoraTac bunebasa. ma-cxovnebelia pirveli qrola gazafxulis pirvelis dilisa, maSin ca da qveyana erTi-erTmaneTs Sehxarian... guli sxva-rigad scems, roca dedamiwazed zamTris Semdeg mze amoxeT-qavs mwvane balaxsa da ufro sxva-rigada scems maSin, roca cxovrebazed amova, Tavs amohyobs brwyinvale yvavili axa-lis azrisa... is xalxi, is cxovreba, romelic ar izrdeba, ro-melsac ara aqvs Tavisi gazafxuli da nayofieri Semodgoma, romelic berdeba ki, magram am siberis nayofzed isev ar amo-va ganaxlebuli, ganaTlebuli siaxlis mSvenier gvirgviniTa
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_ is xalxi, is cxovreba miCanCalebs samarisaken~... (WavWavaZe 1953: 57-59).
k. gamsaxurdia ostaturad gamosaxavs peizaJis portre-tulobas. misi peizaJebi datvirTulia sagnebiT, rac simsu-buqes unda ukargavdes TiTqos maT, magram ase ar xdeba da amis mizezia mwerlisTvis damaxasiaTebeli araCveulebrivi gancda perspeqtivisa. igi SesaniSnavi alRoTi gamosaxavs siv-rceSi moculobiT sagnebs, harmoniulad alagebs maT erT-maneTis gverdiT da es aris mizezi, rom misi peizaJebi msu-buqi da plastikuria, SesaSuri xilvadobiT aRsavse da mra-valferovani aRqmiTi asociaciiT gamdidrebuli... aqve aR-vniSnavT, rom k. gamsaxurdias peizaJebi didi fantaziiTaa emocirebuli, rasac Zlier uwyobs xels uCveulo feradov-neba. mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi feri principul esTetikur Se-xedulebaTa donemde rom maRldeba, zemoT, saTanado adgi-las ukve davafiqsireT. amgvari pozicia ilias Sexedulebas rom enaTesaveba, isic aRvniSneT.
aq, mizanSewonilad vTvliT hegelis erTi mosazrebis gax-movanebas: `fermwerTan Cven vxedavT kolorits, romelsac saerTod ver aRviqvamT bunebaSi imis gamo, rom ar vaqcevT yuradRebas, roca igi arsebobs, magram ama Tu im mxatvars TvalSi xvdeba igi, iTvisebs mas da eCveva yvela sagnis am ko-loritSi danaxvas da gadmocemas~ (hegeli 1968: 303) k. gam-saxurdias Semoqmedeba Taviseburad adasturebs hegelis
`daTovliliviT idgnen garinduli naZvebi vercxlis gava-lakiT damSvenebulni, Suqis bre eyreboda Tavze am mSvenier qveyanas, am naZvebs, am cacxvebs da im mTebs da albaT im qal-wulsac TeTr svetebs Soris uZravad mdgars~;
`mze pirs ibanda, myinvars Tavze wamodgomoda uflis mklaviviT wagrZelebuli Rrubeli. mis gadaRma sTovda, ax-lad amoRebuli abreSumiviT xasxasa sxivebi gars evlebodnen myinvars. am Rrublis Crdil qveS mosCanda samebis eklesia da gergeTi. axla es wagrZelebuli Rrubeli gauCinarda anaz-dad, wamovidnen balRis ocnebasaviT TeTri fTilebi da gars Semoevlen myinvars, mze gadaixara dasavleTisaken da narin-jisfrad aenTo terakotisferi kalTa zecisa. imata siRamem, mTebis wamaxuli muzaradebi Seamko wiTelyviTeli ferebis vasvasma... ielva yinulian mwvervalebs gadaRma, atyda quxili mTebs gadaRma da elvis maxvilebma gaielves Tvalsawierze~;
k. gamsaxurdias da ara marto mis mier gamosaxuli adami-anebis portretebi xSirad damatebiTi specifikuri niSnebis safuZvelzea agebuli. personaJebSi TiTqmis yovelTvisaa `Caqsovil-Sekedlebuli~ raime gamorCeulad mimikuri an Jestikulaciuri, rac gamokveTilad dinamiurs, Sinaarsob-rivad TvalsaCinosa da ufro cocxlad aRqmads xdis maT grZnoba-gancdaTa emociur niuansebs, an Semoqmedis ideasa Tu ganwyobilebas, cnobierad samyaros saerTod. portretis amgvari gamomsaxvelobis erT-erT niSnad mkvlevari v. odin-covi cnobili mwerlis a. toltois formulas miiCnevs da ax-dens miseuli gansazRvrebis citirebas _ `mxatvruli fraza Cndeba, rogorc Jestebis sistemis gamoxatuleba. aigeba ra mxatvruli fraza, saWiroa raRacis danaxva, Tu es sagani, an saganTa moZraobaa, saWiroa raRacis emociuri SegrZnoba, Tu es idea, cneba an grZnobaa~ (v. odincovi 1973:67).
k. gamsaxurdias novelaTa _ `lil~, `porcelani~, `dam-sxvreuli Conguri~, `tabu~, `qosa gaxu~, `xogais mindia~, `di-di iosebi~ da sxva _ portretebi Jest-mimikis Semcveli mci-re zomis pasaJebiT efeqturad warmoaCenen cxovrebis rTul viTarebas da am viTarebis Sedegad warmoqmnil seriuzul konfliqtebs, misi gaCenis mizezebs, dapirispirebul ZalTa
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gansxvavebul azrovnebas. aq mniSvneloba eZleva gansxvave-
`wa, gamecale, Se murtalo... Sen sxvisi sufris namusreviT gazrdilo, glaxav, Torem aq dagsvam, am devis qvabSi, amogi-kerav selis ZafiT mag didron Tvalebs, dagsvam kerasTan da CagZaxeb yurSi: aaaaaa-s~
`an Sen da an me~... brZola ukompromisoa! vinaidan romanis sruluflebian
da realur personaJs (TaraS emxvars) ar SeuZlia mis winaSe arsebuli winaaRmdegobebis daZleva, amitom sakamaTo obi-eqtis (oreulis) moxmoba-gamowveva problemaTa arsSi gar-kvevisaTvis xorcieldeba. cxadia, azrs gamoTqvams erTi pi-rovneba _ TaraSi, magram mas gadaaqvs ra Tavis meore `meSi~ saTqmel-sawuxari, xels uwyobs sakamaTod aucilebel Sec-vlas tonisas da amkveTrebs dapirispirebul ZalTa kon-trasts. da mTel am procesSi _ kamaTSi, misi arsis ZiriTa-doba rom ar gafermkrTaldes, mTavari mimarTuleba rom ar daiqsaqsos, misi dvritad arsoba rom ar moirRves, amis uz-runvelmyofelobas realur da warmosaxul personaJTa por-tretuli msgavsoba Tavobs.
amrigad, aq portretis Rirebuleba metad Zvirad fasobs! aq, calke gvinda warmovaCinoT kidev erTi modeli _ spe-
rogorc stendalis gamonaTqvamSia, sadac is mwerals mogza-urs adarebs, romelic cxovrebiseuli gziT midis da Tan, ukan sarke miaqvs. mogzauri am sarkeSi areklil samyaros ver xedavs. swored ase SegviZlia davaxasiaToT realisturi li-teratura da xelovneba. qarTul literaturaSi realizmis principebi ilia WavWavaZis `kacia-adamianSi~ sarkis metafo-raSi vlindeba, sadac avtori, realisturi prozisTvis dama-xasiaTebeli normebis Sesabamisad, `instruqcias~ gvTava-zobs da gveubneba: `es moTxroba sarke iyos da me _ Tu ginda _ mTqmeli viqnebi. daakvirdi, iqneba geniSnos rame. esec icode: marto Seni mteri dagimalavs, Sens saxezed rom uri-goba hnaxos rame, moyvare ki maSinve sarkes mogitans, rom gaisworo da xalxSi ar Sercxve. mec moyvaresaviT geqcevi, _ sarke mogitane, amazed rogor unda gamiwyre?! ra vuyoT, Tu es sarke gabzaruli gamodgeba da Siga-da-Sig laqebianica? raca mqonda is mogarTvi, rogorc SemeZlo, ise dagexmare~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 130).
mxatvruli saxis gareSe ar arsebobs arc sinamdvilis asax-va, arc warmosaxva, arc Semecneba, arc Semoqmedeba. es aris idealizebuli, anu iseTi konstruqcia, romelic uSualod ar Seesabameba realurad arsebul sagnebs (magaliTad, wer-tilis gagebas mecnierebaSi, devebis fantastikur saxeebs zRaprebSi, sfinqsisa da grifonebis miTiur saxeebs). saxem SeiZleba detalurad asaxos sagani (fotoportreti), an emya-rebodes gamonagons rogorc nawilobriv, aseve mTlianad.
mxatvruli saxe yovelTvis atarebs Tavis TavSi ganzoga-doebas, anu gaaCnia tipiuris mniSvneloba (berZ. typos _ ana-beWdi, kvali, naWdevi). xelovnebis saxeebi individualurSi zogadis brwyinvale xorcSesxmis nimuSebia. magaliTad, `ti-pad~ literaturuli personaJi iqceva xolme SemoqmedebiTi tipizaciis Sedegad, anu cxovrebiseuli movlenebis garkve-ul mxareTa SerCevisa Tu maTi xazgasmis, mxatvrul gamosa-xulebaSi maTi hiperbolizaciis (gazviadebis) Sedegad. mwer-lisTvis mniSvnelovani ama Tu im Tvisebis gasaxsneladaa sa-Wiroa gamonagonis, fantaziis CarTva, cxovrebiseuli masa-
aristotele 1979: aristotele. poetika. s. danelias Targmani. Tb.: 1979.
baraTaSvili 1972: baraTaSvili n. Txzulebani. akaki gawerelias da ivane lolaSvilis redaqciiT. Tb.: 1972.
biorki 2001: biorki p. renesansi. g. lomiZis Targmani. Tb.: 2001. valgina 2003: Валгина Н.С. Теория текста. М.: 2003. kalhuni 1992: Calhoon, K.S. Fatherland: Novalis, Freud, and the Discipline of
Romance. Wayne State Univ Press, 1992. skiba... 1997: В.А. Скиба, Л.B. Чернец. ОБРАЗ ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННЫЙ. Вве-
дение в литературоведение. Литературное произведение: основные понятия и термины. М.: 1997.
rovi, Tumca, naratologiis fesvebi Tavdapirvelad antiku-ri epoqis poetikaSi (platoni, aristotele), mogvianebiT ki _ rusul formalizmsa (Sklovski, eixenbaumi, propi) da
mixail baxtinis Teoriul SexedulebebSi unda veZioT∗. amrigad, Txroba mxatvruli teqstis aucilebeli Tvisebaa
da mas imTaviTve gaaCnia garkveuli pirobebi. kerZod, Txro-bas esaWiroeba: mTxrobeli, romelic mimarTavs adresatebs; Txrobis procesi, romelsac mTxrobeli warmarTavs; ambavi, romelsac mTxrobeli yveba; da _ mkiTxveli, romelsac Txroba miemarTeba. Sesabamisad, Txroba sakmaod rTuli da Sreobrivi mocemulobaa, romelSic ori ZiriTadi Sre dominirebs:
a) Txrobis procesi; b) monaTxrobi ambavi.
Txrobis procesi
mTxrobelisa da Txrobis procesis Sesaxeb msjeloba jer kidev platonis `saxelmwifoSia~ warmodgenili.
baZvis, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi procesis aucilebeli wi-napirobis analizisas platoni mTavar kriteriumad miiCnevs Txrobis principebs. kerZod, baZvis procesSi is ganasxvavebs, erTi mxriv, mimesiss, rogorc personaJis mier pirdapir war-moTqmul sityvas da, meore mxriv, diegesiss, rogorc avto-riseul Txrobas. am modelis Tanaxmad, drama (tragedia, ko-media) aris calsaxad mimeturi, xolo eposi mimeturia im Sem-TxvevaSi, Tu dialogi uSualod personaJebis piriT warmo-ebs da diegeturia, Tu ambavs Tavad poeti yveba. poetikis principebze agebuli literaturuli Txrobis pirveli Te-
∗ ix. T. lomiZe, `rusuli frmaluri skola~, i.ratiani, `mixail baxtinis Te-oriuli koncefica. dialoguri kritika~, m. xarbedia, `naratologia~, wig-nSi: `literaturis Teoria. XX saukunis meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobebi~, Tb., 2008.
149
oriuli modeli Camoyalibebulia `saxelmwifo~-s mesame wig-
nSi, sadac dialogi warmoebs sokratesa∗ da adimantes Soris. sokrate gamoyofs Txrobis sam saxeobas: pirvelia `wminda Txroba~ anu Txroba avtoris piriT, meorea `wminda baZva~ anu Txroba `sxva mTxrobelis~ piriT da mesame _ Txrobis am ori meTodis kombinacia. sokrate ar kmayofildeba Txrobis meTodebis mxolod aRweriT, aramed ganazogadebs informa-cias literaturis Janruli klasifikaciis mimarTulebiT: `poeziisa da miTisqmnadobis erT dargs wminda mibaZva udevs safuZvlad; es, Seni Tqmisa ar iyos tragedia da komediaa [e.i. dramatuli Janrebi _ i.r.]. meore dargis safuZvlad sakuT-riv poetis sityva gvevlineba; es upiratesad diTirambosebi gaxlavT da bolos, epiuri poezia da sityvierebis bevri sxva dargic, Tu kargad gesmis Cemi, orive zemoxsenebul safuZ-vels emyareba~ (platoni 2003: 97). amrigad, diTirambuli po-ezia, romelic realurad odis Canasaxovan formas warmoad-genda, sokrates azriT, efuZneboda Txrobis pirvel meTods, tragedia da komedia _ meores, eposi ki _ mesames. naTelia, rom platonis azriT, literaturis Janruli klasifikaciis safuZvels Txrobis sxvadasxva manera, anu narativis gansxva-vebuli modelebi warmoadgens. narativi aris baZvis ganxor-cielebis ZiriTadi meqanizmi, romelic zustad axdens lite-raturuli Janrebis diferenciacias.
maSasadame, klasikuri ganmartebiT, mxatvruli teqstis Txrobis sistema, mTxrobelze orientaciis, anu mTxrobelis poziciis TvalsazrisiT, or ZiriTad formas icnobs: 1. avto-riseul Txrobas, rodesac Txrobas warmarTavs avtori, ro-gorc teqstis nawili da ara rogorc realuri, biografiuli figura (teqstSi uxvad aris warmoCenili misi msoflmxedve-
lobrivi Tu zneobrivi konceptebi)∗∗; 2. `sxva mTxrobelis~
mier Txrobas, rodesac Txrobas SeiZleba warmarTavdes ne-bismieri personaJi, ris Sedegadac saqme gveqneba personaJi-seul TxrobasTan. aqve mivaniSnebT, rom rig SemTxvevebSi: a) personaJi-mTxrobelis pozicia SeiZleba ganixilebodes ro-gorc avtorTan daaxloebuli pozicia, Tumca _ ara misi identuri. am dros ixmareba termini _ personificirebuli mTxrobeli; b) personaJi-mTxrobelis pozicia SeiZleba gani-xilebodes rogorc personaJTan daaxloebuli pozicia, Tumca _ ara misi identuri: mTxrobels aqvs saxeli, gvari, garkveuli biografiuli monacemebi, magram ar monawileobs Tavis mierve aRweril movlenebSi. am dros ixmareba termini _ neitraluri mTxrobeli;
Txrobis procesi iZleva Txrobis yvela am formis ara marto SeTavsebis, aramed _ maT mier erTmaneTis gadafarvis saSulebasac.
aq garkveul dazustebas moiTxovs Txrobis pirianobis sakiTxi: Txroba SeiZleba warmoebdes pirveli piris mier, an _ mesame piris mier. Txrobis pirianoba ar aris damokide-buli teqstSi mTxrobelis statusze, _ mTxrobelis sta-tuss SeiZleba flobdes avtori-mTxrobeli an personaJi-mTxrobeli _ TumcaRa, gamokveTs mTxrobelis adgilsa da pozicias am konkretul teqstSi:
`pirveli piris mier warmoebuli Txrobis SemTxvevaSi mTeli teqsti orientirebulia mTxrobelis droul gamoc-dilebaze. misi mdebareoba drosa da sivrceSi gansazRvravs droul da sivrcul urTierTobebs nawarmoebSi. mesame piris mier warmoebuli Txrobis SemTxevaSi msgavsi orientacia ar arsebobs: movlenebi aisaxeba rogorc ukve momxdari. gamom-dinare aqedan, pirveli piris mier warmoebuli Txrobis Sem-TxvevaSi gamoiyeneba warsulis, awmyosa da momavali gramati-kuli drois formebi, mesame piris mier warmoebuli Txrobis SemTxvevaSi ki ZiriTadad warsuli drois formebi ixmareba” (turaeva 1979: 13).
biografiuli adamiani da avtori, rogorc teqstis aucilebeli esTetikuri kategoria.
_ dro gamoicvala. rac es raRac eSmakuri skolebi Semoi-Res, batono, qarTveli kacis xeiri maSin wavida. feri ki aRar SerCaT Cvens Svilebsa da!... WamiT isini vera sWamen, smiT isi-ni veRara smen, ra kacebi arian?! wigni ician? me Tu wigni ar vici, kaci aRar var, qudi ara mxuravs, gana! xorci me ar mak-lia da feri... venacvale uwindels dros! yvelaferi maSin Tavis donezed iyo moyvanili, yvela Tavis qerqSi iyo. venac-vale!.. kai cxeni, kai Tofi, marjve mklavi da kaci iyav patiosani~.
am vrcel pasaJs mosdevs avtoriseuli mwvave reaqcia: `eh, Cemo luarsab! vici, gulwrfeli ki xar, rogorc yvela
Zveli qarTveli, magram Zvels dros tyuilad Sehnatri. rom arc ki ici, ra iyo sanatreli Zvels droSi? cxeni gana exla ki ar aris? Tofi gana exla ki niSanSi ver miva? marjve mklavi cotaa? exlac aris es yvelaferi, magram is guli aRar aris, is gulis simxurvale, is Tavgamodeba mamulisaTvis, rome-lic kai cxens kai saqmeSi axmarebda” .
TxzulebaSi `kacia-adamiani?!~ mravlad aris gabneuli av-torisa da personaJis Sejaxebebi, rac azrobrivad asrulebs im konkretul siuJetur monakveTebs, romlebic maT win uZ-Rvis, yoveli Sejaxebis Semdeg ki Txroba sxva geziT warimar-Teba da teqstSi momwifebuli axali Sepirispirebis winapi-robad gvevlineba. Txrobis xerxi TxzulebaSi aralinearu-lia, vinaidan: a) ganicdis wyvetebs avtoris xelovnuri Care-vis gziT _ avtoriseuli CanarTebi, msjelobebi, mkiTxveli-sadmi mimarTvebi da sxv. b) inversiulia _ qronologia ir-Rveva luarsabis sizmris, agreTve, luarsabisa da darejanis qorwinebis epizodebis SemotaniT.
magaliTebs uxvad vxvdebiT i. WavWavaZis TxzulebaSi `kacia-adamiani?!~
dialogi saukuneebis manZilze miiCneoda monologisagan ara marto gansxvavebul, aramed _ masTan dapirispirebul formad Txrobisa. me-20 saukunis literaturismcodneobam, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, gadasinja es ganmarteba da moax-dina misi Casworeba. monologisa da dialogis cnebebis gada-azrebis pionerad iTvleba mixail baxtini, romlis Sromebic am mimarTulebiT daefuZna f. dostoevskis romanebis axle-bur interpretacias. mravalwliani muSaobis Sedegad, baxti-ni Zalze sagulisxmo daskvnebamde mivida: dostoevskis Se-moqmedebas tradiciulad kiTxulobdnen rogorc monolo-gurs, anu miiCneoda, rom misi teqstebi prioritetulad age-bulia monologis principze, rogorc msoflmxedvelobrivi, ise _ struqturuli TvalsazrisiT. midgoma mcdaria, vina-idan dostoevskis romanebSi avtorisa da personaJebis cno-biereba gamokveTilad dialogizebulia: TiTouli maTgani mudmivad mimarTavs mosaubres _ sxvas, mesames, meoTxes Tu Tavis Tavs _ radgan icis: am cocxali mimarTvis gareSe is ver Camoayalibebs urTierTobas verc sxvebTan da verc sa-kuTar TavTan. dialogi, da ara monologi, warmoadgens dos-toevskis romanebis simZimis centrs: mwerals ara aqvs mza xasiaTebi, is TandaTan aRmoaCens maT dialogis procesSi _ mxolod saubrisa da urTierTobis procesSi, sxvasTan da sa-kuTar TavTan, `adamiani yalibdeba adamianad~. Sesabamisad, dostoevskis romanebi gamoirCeva azris pluralizmiTa da dialoguri xmebis mravalferovnebiT, rac ganapirobebs ki-dec misi romanebis polifoniurobas (mravalxmianobas): `da-moukidebel da Seurwymad xmaTa da cnobierebaTa simravle, srulfasovani xmebis WeSmariti polifonia namdvilad war-moadgens dostoevskis romanebis Taviseburebas~ (baxtini
1972:7)∗.
∗ dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxeb ix. i. ratiani, `mixail baxtinis Teoriuli kon-cefcia. dialoguri kritika~, wignSi `literaturis Teoria. XX saukunis meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobebi~. Tb., 2008.
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aRsaniSnavia, rom dialogis baxtiniseuli ganmarteba scdeba romanis farglebs da, misi gavliT, ubrundeba di-alogis gagebis uZveles filosofiur da kulturologiur modelebs: `romani misTvis (baxtinisaTvis) marad cocxali organizmia, mxatvruli struqtura, romelic zedmiwevniTi sizustiT warmoaCens sazogadoebriv da kulturul sinamdvi-leSi mimdinare istoriul procesebs sazogadoebaTaSorisi da kulturaTaSorisi dialogis saxiT~ (ratiani 2008: 38-39).
gamoyenebuli literatura:
baxtini 1972: Бахтин М. М., Проблемы поэтики Довстоевского. Изд. 3-тье. М.: 1972.
buriani 1997: Burian, P. Myth into muthos: the shaping of tragic plot // The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy (ed. By P. E. Easterling). Cambridge University Press, 1997.
eixenbaumi 2010: eixenbaumi b. rogoraa agebuli gogolis `Sine-li~ //literaturis Teoria qrestomaTia. t. 2. Tb.: 2010.
ratiani 2009: ratiani i. Janris Teoria. Tb. 2009. ratiani 2008: ratiani i. mixal baxtinis Toriuli koncefcia.
dialoguri kritika // literaturis Teoria. XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobebi. Tb.: 2008.
ratiani 2006: ratiani i. qronotopi ilia WavWavaZis prozaSi. Tb. 2006.
turaeva 1979: Тураева З. Я. Категория времени. Время грамматическое и время художественное (на материале английского языка). М. 1979.
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TinaTin bolqvaZe
enis poeturi funqciis Sesaxeb
ukvdavi aRmoCnda pirveli sinkristuli poetikis (`kavy-alamkāra~) avtoris bhamahas (VII s.) gansazRvreba: `poezia _ es enaa~. swored am formulamde dadis Zvelinduri poeturi Teoria, romelic Tavisi arsiT lingvisturia. sankristuli poetikis nebismieri kategoria poeturicaa da enobrivic, ufro zustad, igi poeturia imis wyalobiT, rom enas ekuT-vnis da enis Tvisebidan gamomdinareobs (grinceri 1964: 53.6). Tanamedrove poetikam da lingvistikam ki rTuli gza gan-vles, sanam mividodnen im daskvnamde, romelzec mravali saukuniT adre idga sankristuli poeturi Teoria.
meoce saukuneSi enaTmecnierTa mier karga xnis manZilze ignorirebuli iyo enis poeturi funqcia. literatorebic ver eguebodnen da eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen im faqts, rom enaTmecnieri poezias ikvlevda. pirvelad lingvistTa IX kongresze imuSava stilistikisa da poetikis specialurma seqciam. swored aq SeniSna maxvilgonivrulad emil benve-nistma, rom dReidan enaTmecnierTa yvela sazodagoebisa da Jurnalis saxelwodebas unda daematos `da poetikaSi~. roca roman iakobsoni am kongresis muSaobas ajamebda, Tqva: Ta-namedrove lingvistTa poetikisadmi cxoveli interesis ra-odenobrivi gamoxatulebaa is faqti, rom im auditoriaSi, sa-dac poetikis seqcia muSaobda, kibeebzec ar iyo arc erTi Tavisufali adgili... ufro da ufro naTlad gaiazreba, rom Tu romelime enaTmecniers SeuZlia Semoifarglos enis iera-rqiis garkveuli safexuris kvleviT, lingvistikas mTlianad ara aqvs ufleba gamotovos an gamoTiSos romelive safexuri (iakobsoni 1965: 583, 588). cota xnis Semdeg ki r. iakobsoni uk-ve gadaWriT ambobda: is dro, roca enaTmecnierebi da lite-raturaTmcodneebi agdebulad uyurebdnen poetikis saki-Txebs, aRarasodes mobrundeba. axla Cven kargad gvesmis, rom
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rogorc enis poeturi funqciis uarmyofeli lingvisti, ise lingvisturi problemebisadmi gulgrili da enaTmecniere-bis meTodebSi gaucnobierebeli literaturaTmcodne Se-uwynarebeli anaqronizmia (iakobsoni 1975: 228).
umetes SemTxvevaSi saliteraturo ena fonia poeturi eni-saTvis. amas maTi funqciuri sxvaoba ganapirobebs. salitera-turo enas ZiriTadad axasiaTebs avtomatizacia. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, saliteraturo ena cdilobs norma bolomde ga-ataros, anu igi gaxados avtomaturi. amis sapirispirod po-etur enas miznad, ufro metic, TviTmiznada aqvs enobriv formaTa aqtualizacia, ese igi enobrivi potenciis raime niSniT gamoyofa-gamoCineba. magaliTad, taepSi `mTavazob-diT dani vardT~ galaktion tabiZe axdens narTaniani mrav-lobiTis aqtualizacias. miuxedavad mravlobiTi ricxvis aseTi warmoebis arqauli elferisa, aris SemTxvevebi, rom-lebic arqaul niuanss ar avlenen. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis Taniani mravlobiTis naTesaobiT brunvaze. magaliTad, for-mebs _ mweralTa kavSiri (mwerlebis kavSiri) an qalTa sabWo (qalebis sabWo) ar dahkravs arqaulobis elferi, magram imave Taniani mravlobiTis gamoyeneba micemiT brunvaSi (mTava-zobdiT vardT _ mTavazobdiT vardebs) mxatvrulad efeq-turia. rasakvirvelia, yvela komponentis sruli da erTob-livi aqtualizacia SeuZlebelia, radgan es maT erT doneze dayenebasa da avtomatizacias gamoiwvevda. aqtualizebul da araaqtualizebul komponentTa damokidebuleba qmnis na-warmoebis struqturas (mukarJovski 1967: 409-413).
sxvadasxva mimarTulebis stilisturma Teoriebma erT pe-riodSi gaamyares Sexeduleba, rom poeturi enis mizani enis normaTa darRvevaa. absurdamde miyvanili aseTi koncefcia qmnida mcdar warmodgenas _ TiTqos ena polarulad upi-rispirdeba yoveldRiur enas. magram am daskvnis praqtikuli Rirebuleba kargad Cans Tundac im faqtidan, rom igi pasuxs ver iZleva umTavres kiTxvebze: enis Cveulebrivi `normisa-gan~ riTi gansxvavdeba poeturi enis mier darRveuli norma? rogor igebs mkiTxveli teqsts maSin, roca normidan gadax-
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raTa raodenoba Zalian didia? rogoria aseTi darRvevebis lingvisturi da aralingvisturi parametrebi? saeWvo sti-listurma Teoriebma saxelic ki gautexes poeziis kvleviT dainteresebul enaTmecnierebs. Tanamedrove poeti da kri-tikosi k. svasiani wers: `poezia lingvisturi kontrabandaa. oridan erTi: is an elvis siswrafiT aRwevs sulSi da aryevs sulier safuZvlebs an mas akaveben lingvistur-logikur sa-baJoSi, detalurad Cxreken da yovel sityvaze TavianT kvals toveben: aq `gadaxraa~, iq _ `Zaladoba~. ufro Sors _ `pi-robiToba~. sosiurianuli pulvelizatoris mZlavri Wavli dezinfeqcias ukeTebs mis yovel kunWuls. morCa! axla gaus-nebovanebuli da moTvinierebuli, `nebismierobis~ paspor-tiT is Sedis sulebSi da disertaciis weris impulss aRZravs maTSi~ (svasiani 1983: 96). aSkaraa, rom es poeti enaTmecniers Jandarmad miiCnevs, magram rogorc g. maWavariani ityoda, yvela enaTmecnieri `Jandarmi~ rodia... sul sxvaa pozicia Tanamedrove lingvisturi TeoriiTa da kvlevis zusti me-TodebiT aRWurvili enaTmecnierisa, romelic, rogorc obi-eqturi mecnierebis warmomadgeneli, miznad isaxavs detalu-rad gamoikvlios enis yvela aspeqti. xolo im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Tavs iCens konfliqti `gramatikosis~ dogmebsa da mwerlis saR enobriv intuicias Soris, Tanamedrove enaTmec-niereba uTuod mwerlis mxares aRmoCndeba (maWavariani 1966: 130).
eli am osiT, esro mar amiT 4. masar a riTa? mas ar ariTa,
el ia-mosiT. es rom a, ra miT?~
taepSi _ `elia mosiT, esrom _ aramiT~ TiTqos SeiZleba bibliuri personaJebis: mose da elia winaswarmetyvelebis, daviT winaswarmetyvelis winapris esromisa da misi Zis ara-mis saxelebis amokiTxva, magram amiT strofis Sinaarsis gax-sna mainc ver xerxdeba. i. lolaSvili wers: es strofi maja-mur-omonimuri wyobis urTulesi nimuSia. Tu `TamarianSi~ majama sam an xuTmarcvliani sariTmo sityvebisagan Sedgeba, aq mis SedgenaSi monawileobas iRebs taepis mTeli aTmar-cvledi, romelic zogjer erT an or patara winadadebasac ki Seicavs. amitom taepis danawevreba da gaazreba TiTqmis Se-uZlebeli xdeba (lolaSvili 1964: 183). aseTi magaliTebi
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erTnairad daabnevs rogorc literaturatmcodneebs, ise enaTmecnierebs.
ra Tqma unda, aseTi SemTxvevebisgan unda ganvasxvaoT is metabolebi, romelTa dayvana nulovan safexuramde anu nor-mamde qvecnobierad SeuZlia mkiTxvelTa umravlesobas. av-toris mxridan enobrivi normis darRvevis fazas aucileb-lad mosdevs mkiTxvelis mier darRvevis amosaval wertilze dabruneba, anu misi aRdgenis faza (koeni 1966). swored esaa avtokoreqcia, romelic mxolod im SemTxvevaSi xdeba SesaZ-lebeli, roca darRvevaTa saerTo raodenoba ar aRemateba siWarbis dones. metabolisa (am termins viyenebT poetur, gnebavT ritorikul figuraTa ganmazogadebel terminad) da normis urTierTmimarTeba garda iseTi SemTxvevebisa, roca SeuZlebelia avtokoreqcia (ixileT zemoT damowmebuli ma-galiTi _ ioane SavTelis `abdulmesianis~ III oda), aCvenebs, rom metyveleba (am SemTxvevaSi _ poeturi teqsti) enis mxo-lod Sinagani bunebis realizebaa, xolo norma anu nulovani safexuri, enis Cveulebrivi gamoyenebis miRma dgas (ritori-kuli figurebisa da saliteraturo normebis mimarTebis Taobaze dawvrilebiT ix. bolqvaZe 2005: 61-74).
poeturi teqstis analizisas gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom lingvistur fenomens aqvs lingvisturi da eqstralingvis-turi aspeqtebi. poeziis kvleva gvamze muSaobas rom ar da-emsgavsos, pasuxi unda gaeces umniSvnelovanes kiTxvas _ ris wyalobiT xdeba sametyvelo informacia xelovnebis na-warmoebi? am kiTxvis pasuxs lingvistikis garda mravali mec-niereba eZebs. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania am Tvalsazri-siT semiotikis, masobrivi kominkaciis Teoriisa da zogadi ritorikis wvlili.
mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargis warmomadgenlebi mividnen im daskvnadme, rom ena dgas, erTi mxriv, adamiansa da gare samyaros Soris da, meore mxriv, adamiansa da adamianis Semoq-medebis produqts Soris.
ena, Tanamedrove s e m i o t i k i s terminologiiT, aris pirveladi mamodelirebeli sistema, xolo adamianis mTeli
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danarCeni Semoqmedeba, rogoricaa sityvieri (proza, poezia, miTologia da sxv.) da arasityvieri xelovneba (ferwera, qan-dakeba, arqiteqtura da sxv.), mecniereba da sxva aris meora-
m a s o b r i v i k o m u n i k a c i i s T e o r i a mxat-vrul nawarmoebs komunikaciis erT-erT saxed ganixilavs. rogorc levi werda, es aris procesi, romelic iwyeba mwer-lis mier nawarmoebis SeqmniT da mTavrdeba mkiTxvelTa mier nawarmoebis konkretizaciiT. obieqturi realobis elemen-tebisa da subieqturi gamocdilebis saSualebiT (informa-ciis wyaro) avtori (gadamcemi) irCevs da gardasaxavs ele-mentebs (arCevani), raTa gamoxatos isini eniT (kodireba), li-teraturuli informaciis teqnikuri saSualebaa (arxia) na-warmoebis teqsti, romelic Sedgeba asoebisagan (signalTa sistema). mkiTxveli am signalebs aRiqvams kiTxvis procesSi da ukeTebs mas interpretacias (levi 1975: 279-280). Zalze xSiria uaryofiTi damokidebuleba masobrivi komunikaciis Teoriis mimarT, romelic poeziaSi yvelaze ZiriTadis waS-
∗ es terminebi SemuSavda tartus universitetis sazafxulo skolaSi 1964 wels. amis Sesaxeb ix. saredaqcio werili krebulisa Труды по знаковым систе-мам Тартуского госуниверситета, II Випуск, 181, Тарту, 1965, gv. 5-6.
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las cdilobs. saerTod, Cvenc viziarebT im azrs, rom masob-rivi komunikaciis TeoretikosTa ZiriTadi amocana _ sazo-gadoebrivi azris regulireba _ yovelTvis ar aris mainc-damainc sasaxelo saqme, magram radgan maT interesTa sfe-roSi literaturac Sedis, igi uyuradRebod ar unda davtovoT.
poetur enas swavlobs z o g a d i r i t o r i k a , romel-mac XX saukunis meore naxevarSi axali sicoxle SeiZina. zo-gadi ritorikis Teoretikosebi cdiloben enaTmecnierebis, semiotikis, masobrivi komunikaciis Teoriis, poetikisa da ritorikis monapovrebze dayrdnobiT Seqmnan iseTi modeli, romelic erTnairad gamosadegi iqmneba komunikaciis gan-sxvavebuli saxeebisaTvis _ poeturi enisa da komerciuli reklamisaTvis, politikuri propagandisa da kinematogra-fiisaTvis, dramatuli speqtaklisa da komiqsisaTvis. ase ga-ifarTova ritorikam asparezi, radgan mas ainteresebs enis poeturi funqcia ara mxolod poeziaSi, aramed mis farglebs gareTac. ritorikis belgieli Teoretikosebi, romelTac
grinceri 1964: Гринцер А.И. Определение поэзии в санскритской поэтике. Проблемы теории литературы и эстетики в странах Востока. М.: 1964.
iakobsoni 1965: Якобсон Р. Итоги девятого конгресса лингвистов. Новое в лингвистике. Випуск IV. М.: 1965.
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iakobsoni 1975: Якобсон Р. Лингвисктиа и поэтика. Структурализм "за" и "против". М.: 1975. ix. agreTve, Jakobson R. Linguistics and Poetics. In: Sebeok Thomas a. (ed.) Style in Landuage. Cambridge: MA: MII Press, p. 350-377.
iakobsoni 1987: Якобсон Р. Основы славянского сравнительного литерату-роведенияб Работы по поеэтике. М.: 1987.
iakobsoni 1990: Якобсон Р. Два аспекта языка и два типа афатических нарушуний. Теория метафоры. М.: 1990.
levi 1975: Левый И. Теория информации и литературный процесс. Струк-турализм "за" и "против. М.: 1975.
lolaSvili 1964: lolaSvili i. SavTeli ioane. abdulmesiani (Tamar mefisa da daviT soslanis Sesxma). gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva, komentarebi da leqsikoni daurTo ivane lolaSvilma. // Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni. t. II, Tb.: 1964.
maWavariani 1966: maWavariani g. saliteraturo enis normirebis
zogierTi sakiTxi. `ciskari~, № 12. Tb.: 1968.
mukarJovski 1967: Мукаржовский Ян. Литературный язык и поэтический языкю Пражский лингвистияеский кружок. Сборник статей. М.: 1967.
rifateri 1959: Riffater M. Criteria for Style Analysis. Word, 15, April, 1959. saporta 1980: Сапорта С. Применение лингвистики в изучении поэтичес-
кого языка. Новое в зарубежной лингвистике. Вып. IX, М.: 1980. saredaqcio werili krebulisa 1965: Труды по знаковым системам,.
Тартуского госуниверситета. II Випуск, 181, Тарту: 1965. svasiani 1983: svasiani k. poeti da kritikosi, evropuli da ameri-
kuli poeziis nimuSebi. Targmani daTo barbaqaZisa. Tb.: 1993. WaniSvili 1978: WaniSvili n. enobrivi movlenebis kavSiri adamianis
jgufi μ 1986: Дюбуа Ж., Эделин Ф., Клинкенберг Ж-М., Мэнге Ф., Пир Ф., Тринон А. Общая риторика. М.: 1986.
hali 1955: Hall R. Ir., Hands of Pidgin English. Pacific Publications. Sydney: 1955.
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nino popiaSvili
poeturi leqsika
poeturi ena aris SemoqmedebiTi ena da ramdenadac Semoq-medebiToba, zogadad, esTetikur sferos ganekuTvneba, po-eturi ena Semoqmedebis esTetikur mniSvnelobas asaxavs.
sityvaze muSaoba mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi Ziebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mxarea. mwerali garkveuli SemoqmedebiTi mi-zandasaxulobiT udgeba sityvas; maRalmxatvrul litera-turul teqstSi ar gvxvdeba SemTxveviTi sityvaTSeTanxme-bebi an nebismieri sityvaTwarmoeba. swored es rTuli da mra-valferovani procesi Seadgens mxatvruli anu poeturi sti-listikis sagans. mxatvruli anu poeturi stilistika swav-lobs poeturi metyvelebis sepcifikas da oTx ZiriTad kom-ponents efuZneba. esenia: poeturi leqsika, poeturi seman-tika, poeturi fonetika da poeturi sintaqsi.
maragis mravalferovnebas. misi daniSnuleba isaa, rom naT-qvams mxatvruloba SesZinos, emociuri SeferilobiT dat-virTos, misces eqspresia da simkveTre; ara mxolod xedavdes sagans, aramed grZnobdes da ganicdides mas (hegeli 1973).
• arqaizmebs Soris gamoiyofa istorizmebis jgufi, romelic istoriulad arsebul, magram dRes ukve gamqral, ararsebul sagnebsa Tu movlenebs gamoxatavs. mag.: bolSe-viki, komunisti, meWurWleTuxucesi, jvarosani da a.S. isto-rizmebi ar aris moZvelebuli sityvebi, isini SeiZleba Tana-medrove enaSi an metyvelebaSic gamoiyenebodes saWiroebi-samebr. mag. sityva `vasali~ istorizmia da misi Tanamedrove Semcvleli ar arsebobs, magram misi gamoyeneba am sityvis istoriul mniSvnelobas usvams xazs da mianiSnebs, rom sa-ubaria warsulze, an warsul gamocdilebaze. istorizmebs Tanamedrove metyvelebaSi ar moeZebneba sinonimebi. es imiT aixsneba, rom moZvelda TviTon realiebi, romlebisTvisac es sityva iyo saxeldebuli.
sityvaTa arqaulobis beds wyvets ara `asaki~, aramed maTi
gamoyeneba metyvelebaSi. is sityvebi, romlebic aRniSnaven aucilebel da saWiro mniSvnelobebs, sagnebsa Tu movlenebs, saukuneebiT ar Zveldeba. sxvebi ki arqauldeba sakmaod swra-fad: adamianebi gadaeCvevian im sityvebis xmarebas, romelTa mniSvnelobac qreba. magaliTad, mas Semdeg, rac Seicvala saganmanaTleblo sistema, gaqra metyvelebidan `keTilSo-bil qalTa saswavlebeli~, `vaJTa skola~ da bevri amgvari sityva Tu termini.
enis leqsika mudmivad icvleba, mdidredeba, axldeba. co-cxal metyvelebaSi sasurveli ar aris arqaizmebis Warbi xma-reba. arqaizmebs mxatvrul nawarmoebSi Tavisi roli da fun-
_ aravis awyenino, moSiSeba unda gqondes, Cveni bolo sami ficaria! _ zed daayolebda am sityvebs, samarTebels rom Rvedze lesvas dauwyebda. kargi memusaife iyo, xalxis Se-maqcevari. sityvis Tavze `Cemi xar batoni~ ar daaviwydeboda~ (leoniZe, `bunbula~).
dialeqtizmebi (berZn. diavlekto" _ kuTxuri laparaki) _ sityvebi an gamoTqmebi, romlebic asaxavs ama Tu im di-aleqts, teritoriuls Tu socialurs, romelic literatu-rul enaSi Semodis. dialeqtizmebi aris literaturuli enis regionalur-kuTxuri an salaparako forma, romelic amave
ganasxvaveben dialeqtTa or tips: lokalur dialeqtebs, anu geografiul dialeqtebs, romlebsac geoleqtebsac uwo-deben da maT Seiswavlis dialeqtologia, da _ socialur dialeqtebs, anu socioleqtebs, romelTac sociolingvis-tika Seiswavlis.
dialeqtizmebi mxatvrul literaturaSi gamoiyeneba Zi-riTadad ama Tu im regionis an mosaxleobis cxovrebiseuli realiebis aRsawerad, vinaidan dialeqtizmebi adamianis da-badebisa da Camoyalibebis adgilTan identurobis sferos miekuTvneba. urTierToba dialeqtis matarebelsa da lite-raturul-standartul enaze molaparakes Soris emociurad datvirTuli xdeba.
erT-erTi gza saliteraturo enaSi dialeqtizmebis Se-mosvlisa aris mxatvruli literatura. rodesac mwerali aRwers xalxis cxovrebas, cdilobs gadmogvces adgilobrivi koloriti, Seqmnas ama Tu im teritoriaze mcxovrebTa mkveTri xasiaTi.
forma, rogorc am dialeqtze aramosaubres da mkiTxveli xvdeba, rom es aris gmirebis metyveleba da ara Tavad avto-risa. amis TvalsaCino magaliTia ilia WavWavaZis `mgzavris werilebSi~ lelT-RuniasTan saubari:
`_ ra gqvian, Zmobilo? _ vkiTxe me. _ lelT Runias mixmoben, _ momigo man. _ sadauri xar? _ sadavel? gaibotidam, aqaiv mTaCia, Terg-kidurzed. _ kai adgilia es Tqveni adgili. _ araa gonjai: Cvens beCaobas Sehferobs. _ amisTana wyali, amisTana haeri swored bednierebaa. _ hm! _ Caicina moxevem. _ ras icini? _ sacinals vicini. carial styamaqi magniT ver gaZRebis. _ aq Zalian mosavali unda icodes?! _ raid ar ecodinebis? adgil araa gonjai, patar gvaqvn:
TviTvauls kacs or-or Sabadis yana ar eqmnebis. viwrod varn” (WavWavaZe, `mgzavris werilebi~)
dialeqtizmebi gamoiyeneba, agreTve, saliteraturo enis leqsikur maragTan erTad. am dros avtori dialeqtizmebs iyenebs ara mxolod gmirebis metyvelebaSi. mxatvrul teq-stSi dialeqtizmebis citaturi gamoyeneba, Cveulebriv, sti-listikurad aris motivirebuli, Tuki avtori icavs zomi-erebis grZnobas da mkiTxvelisaTvis gaugebar sityvebs War-bad ar mimarTavs.
eTnografizmebi mWidro kavSirSia eTnolingvistikasTan. eTnolingvistika Tanamedrove dargia, romelic swavlobs kavSirebs enasa da kulturas Soris da mWidro kavSirSia poetikasTan.
evfemizmebi
evfemizmi (berZn. eu kargad phēmē vlaparakob) _ mniS-vnelobiT neitraluri sityvebi an gamoTqmebi, ucxouri si-tyvebi an uazro bgerebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba weriT Tu zepirmetyvelebaSi sxva, ucenzuro, miuRebeli an uadgilo sityvebis magier. cnobilia, rom rig mizezTa gamo adamianebi Segnebulad gverds uvlian garkveuli obieqturi monaceme-bis aRmniSvneli sityvebisa da gamoTqmebis xmarebas. aseT sityvebs an sruliad ar asaxeleben, an amboben arapirdapir, SemovliT, STabeWdilebis mniSvnelobiT, sxva sityviT, raTa misaRebi gaxadon adresatisTvis.
evfemizmebis gamoyeneba sakmaod amcirebs teqstSi negati-ur datvirTvas. evfemizmebis gamoyenebis dros an TviTon evfemizmebis, an konteqstis mixedviT gasagebia, evfeizmi ra sityvas Tu gamoTqmas cvlis. mag.: `erTxelac, sad iyo da sad ara (sad iyo da TbilisSi), Sinidan adrianad gamosulsa da universitetSi, leqciebzed mimavals, Cemma legendarulma mezobelma, Ria fanjridan gadmomZaxa _ bavSvi SemeZina, amo, davilocoTo. bodiSi da wina Ramis namTvralevs, diaRac ga-mixarda zemodan movlenili Sveba. vifiqre, aval, davlocav, sisxlZarRvebs gavifarToeb da gana sisxlZarRvebgafarTo-
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ebuli, ufro mets da ukeT ar Seviswavli-meTqi mSobliur universitetSi. avel da ras vxedav _ ramdenime, aranakleb-legendarul ubnels Cems mezobelTan mouyria Tavi da ro-gorc TviTon miTxres, axalSobilis ambavSi, mosawevs abo-lebs~ (turaSvili, `tibeti ar aris Sors~). aq advilad igu-lisxmeba, rom avtori sityvaSi `legendaruli~ narkomans gulisxmobs.
evfemizmebi jer kidev homerosTan gvxvdeba da gulis-xmobs Zvel, warmarTul Cveulebas, romlis mixedviTac msxverplis Sewirvis da locvebis dros mxolod `kargi mniS-vnelobis~ sityvebi unda gamoeyenebinaT. Semdgom es Cveule-ba gafarTovda ise, rom warmarTuli RvTismsaxurebis dros saerTod aikrZala saubari, radgan xSiri iyo SemTxveva, ro-desac am saqmis yvelaze morwmune da Tanmimdevruli Semsru-lebelnic ki Secdomas uSvebdnen da Sesaferis sityvebs ver irCevdnen. es azria swored Caqsovili romaelTa cnobil
kide kai, cocxali xar! _ Sromob! omob! kai kide! siRaibe? vali? qali? _ morCi wuwuns _ d a i k i d e !
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ra waage, ra moige, ra gayide, ra iyide _ safiqrali meti ar gaqvs? _ gaanebe! _ d a i k i d e ! rom mistiri, vis mikstiri: “ra dro iyo, hai gidi!” dro aseTi, dro iseTi! _ dro erTia _ d a i k i d e !
(Wanturia, `kidev kai, cocxali xar~)
aq swored disfemizmis meSveobiT aris miRweuli mxatvru-
li efeqti, disfeizmi am leqsSi refrensac warmoadgens. evfemizmis sapirispiro, uxeSad naTqvami sityvebi an gamo-
antonimebi (berZn. anti _ winaaRmdeg, onoma _ saxeli) _ sapirispiro mniSvnelobis sityvebia. mag.: tkbili _ mware, maRali _ dabali, ca _ dedamiwa, asvla _ Casvla da sxv.
hegelis azriT, gansxvavebulisa da dapirispirebulis warmoCena enis gansakuTrebuli unaria. antonimia leqsikuri movlenaa, Tumca xSirad stilistikis Seswavlis saganicaa, radgan dapirispireba stilistikuri xerxia, romelic ama Tu im momentis gasaZliereblad gamoiyeneba. daviT kldiaSvilis cnobili gamoTqma _ `sasaciloa, satirali rom ar iyos~, swored stilisturi antonimia. poeturi enis Seswavlis dros mwerlis stilistikis kvlevisas mniSvnelovania ro-gorc leqsikuri, ise azrobrivi antonimebis gamovlena da maTze dakvirveba. rogorc cnobilia, mwerluri ostatoba swored amgvari xerxebis gamoyenebiT aRwevs individualo-basa da ganumeoreblobas.
antonimebis ZiriTadi niSania sapirispiro Sinaarsi. anto-nimia upiratesad im sityvebs axasiaTebs, romlebic raime Tvisebebs gamoxataven (antonimebi zogjer ukavSirod arian SeerTebulni da kompozitebs qmnian: mTa-bari, sikvdil-si-cocxle, av-kargi, cocxal-mkvdari da sxv.)
dasabamidan ucvlelia kanoni Ramis, Rame erTbaSad aTanabrebs: mdidars da Raribs, jansaRs da sneuls, briyvsa da Wkvians, zarmacs da mamacs, tusaRs da guSags, munjsa da metyvels,
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maxinjs da lamazs, borots da keTils, mefes da yaribs _ ganukiTxavad aTanabrebs kanoni Ramis,
da mainc yvela mzes Sehxaris mxolod da mxolod, TumcaRa dRisiT zogi cocxlobs da zogi cxovrobs.
rad, sofelo, sxva ar daswvi Cemebr, me mqen dasadage? glax, laxvari sasikvdine yvela me mkar, dasadage! damikarge Ze, asuli, Zma ar vici da sad age, sxva nayofi maTebr turfa ra aSene da sad age?
unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu paronimebis xmareba Cveulebriv metyvelebaSi Secdomaa da dauSvebelia, poeturi metyeleba-Si paronimebi mdidar wyaros warmoadgens da riTmis srul-fasovnebas ganapirobebs:
sevdam momxvia gulsa brWyalebi, zed damrTo Wirni malis malebi. marad mioxavs gulsa Zalebi, amod mdindes cremlTa Tualebi. ara sad vin Cans Cemi mbralebi, romelman ese cecxlis alebi damSritos, gulsa masxas wyalebi da miT mikurnos Rawvni nalebi, dReni momecnes sxua axalebi. sevdam momxvia gulsa brWyalebi, zed damrTo Wirni malis malebi.
_ Sen TviTon iyavi. mag saqmisaTvis xar dabadebuli. sxvad mainc arafrad vargixar. _ Tqva diomidem.
_ ki, magram krebas mdivani ar unda? _ mdivanic Sen iyavi! _ uTxra isev diomidem... _ kenWi mainc ar viyaro? _ kenWi ki ara, Tu ginda, qva isrole da Tavi SeuSvire,
viT foToli Seni, mzeze mocimcime qarebs ahyolia da wasula Sengan, gafrenila Sengan,
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miwas dahkonvia, ise guli Cemi sxvaTa, sxvaTa, sxvaTa utyvi gamgonea... ar vaxsovar albaT, ar vaxsovar albaT, Cemo magnolia! Cven cxraTvala mzeTa da mZvinvare zRvaTa trfoba gagvyolia... migvatovon marad maT, samxreTis qarTa, raRac ar mgonia... magram... guli misi sxvaTa, sxvaTa, sxvaTa utyvi gamgonea... me ar vici ratom... arc Sen ici raTa, Cemo magnolia? o, aseTi wuTi, daubrunebeli, Senc xom ar gqonia? mSvenieri zRvebis, mSvenieri mTebis trfoba gagvyolia... rogor minda SenTan, rogor minda SenTan, Cemo magnolia!
`Signidan~ `gareT~, ise _ `garedan~ `SigniT~. xatovnad rom vTqvaT, gamosaxva aris ori energiis (Sinaganisa da gareganis) Sexvedris arena da maTi Serwyma erT mTelSi, romelic erT-droulad erTicaa da meorec. termini gamo-saxva (gamo-xatva) miuTiTebs aqtiur mimarTulobaze, TviTgardasaxvaze. alegoriaSi Cadebulia `saxe~ da `idea~ _ `garegani~ da `Sina-gani~, Tumca, maTi urTierTmimarTeba winaaRmdegobrivia. es kargad Cans poeturi alegoriis yvelaze TvalsaCino nimuSSi _ igavSi. magaliTad, sulxan-saba orbelianis, krilovis (da, zogadad) igavebSi WianWvela, mgeli, daTvi da sxva cxovelebi metyveleben, magram arc avtori da arc mkiTxveli ar fiq-robs, rom maT namdvilad SeuZliaT laparaki, an ise moq-cevian, rogorc igavSia warmodgenili: aq `saxe~ niSnavs erTs, `idea~ _ sruliad sxvas. ra Tqma unda, isini raRaciT dakav-Sirebuli arian erTmaneTTan, sxvagvarad warmodgenili amba-vi ar iqneboda gamomsaxveli, magram `saxe~ gaigivebulia gan-yenebul ideasTan, romelic mTlianad ar emTxveva `saxes~. alegoriaSi saxe yovelTvis metia ideaze, saxe yovelTvis aR-niSnuli da gamoxatulia, idea ki ganyenebuli da gamouvleneli.
alegoriis sapirispirod, simboloSi aris sruli Tanas-woroba `Sinagansa~ da `garegans~, `ideasa~ da `saxes~ Soris. es, ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs, rom simboloSi ar aris araviTa-ri gansxvaveba saxesa da ideas Soris; isini aucileblad ga-nirCevian raRaciT, sxvagvarad simbolo ar iqneboda gamom-saxveli (gamomxatveli). ase magaliTad, igavebis personaJe-bisgan gansxvavebulad aRviqvamT miTosur saxeebs (movigo-noT kerberosi (cerberi) berZnuli miTidan, an aqilevsis erT-erTi cxeni, romelic adamianis xmiT daelaparaka pat-rons da sikvdilis moaxloeba auwya, an sirenebi da sfin-qsebi). am gansxvavebis mizezi isaa, rom miTosuri persona-Jebis Semqmnelebi maT realur saxeebad aRiqvamdnen. miTosu-ri saxeebi realurad aRsaqmeli saxeebia da ara gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT gasagebi. aqedan gamomdinare, miTi arc alego-riaa, arc _ sqema, miTi simboloa. Tumca, simbolos cneba SefardebiTia, e.i. mocemuli gamomsaxvelobiTi forma simbo-
220
loa raRac sxvasTan mimarTebiT. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvne-lovania imitom, rom erTi da igive gamomsaxvelobiTi forma sxvasTan mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba iyos sqemac, alegoriac da simboloc. magaliTad, novalisis TxzulebaSi warmodgenili cisferi yvavili mistikuri simboloa; botani-kosisTvis cisferi yvavili garkveuli saxeobis mcenarea, romelsac aqvs konkretuli agebuleba (sqema); Tu cisferi yvavili Segvxvda iseT TxrobaSi, sadac sxva personaJebTan erTad figurirebs, igi alegoriaa. igive SeiZleba iTqvas lomze: zoologiur atlasebSi lomi sqemis saxiT warmodge-ba, igavebSi _ alegoriulad, poetur metyvelebaSi (ara yo-velTvis) da gerbebSi ki lomi simboloa.
ufro rom ganvazogadoT, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom xelov-neba, cxovrebasTan SedarebiT, alegoriulia. msaxiobi gana-saxierebs, TamaSobs `sxvas~. amitom Teatri alegoriulia. es xels ar uSlis arc Teatrs, arc xelovnebas (zogadad) iyvnen simbolurebi. xelovneba unda iyos simboluri (an sxvadasxva doziT simboluri), magram realur cxovrebasTan SedarebiT igi alegoriulia.
simbolo. metafora da simbolo
mecnierebi miuTiTeben, Tu sad ikveTeba metafora da sim-bolo, da, amavdroulad, aRniSnaven principul gansxvavebas maT Soris.
• iseTi sityvaTSeTanxmeba, romlebSic esa Tu is moq-medebebi aRiniSneba im saSualebebis (iaraRi, organo) dasa-xelebiT, romelTa daxmarebiTac isini xorcieldeba: Zalian maxvili Tvali aqvs; ena daimokle.
• iseTi sityvaTSeTanxmeba, romelic miuTiTebs adami-anuri cxovrebis ama Tu im mdgomareobasa da damokidebule-baze: am ymawvils namdvilad Tavi abia; amaze ar Rirs Tvalis daxuWva; jer tuCebze rZe ar SeSrobia.
xomalds mihyveba Tovlis madona da yvavilebi gaiiadona.
(`usaTauro~)
sZinavs aRmosavleTs... gafrenil dReebs is ar mihkiva, erTi da igive, erTi da igive mas efareba sizmrebis Rvari da misi Zili aris koSmari. sZinavs aRmosavleTs.
(`aRmosavleTi~)
cxovreba bedTan gadiqca brZolad, suls ki maradis surs ciereba.
ilustrirebuli enciklopedia. t. I, Tb.: `bakmi~, 2006. averincevi 1987: averincevi s. literaturuli enciklopediuri
leqsikoni. moskovi: 1987
averincevi 2001: Аверинцев С. Словарь. Киев: София-Логос, 2001. aruTinova 1990: Арутюнова Н.Д. Теория метафоры. М.: 1990. aruTinova 2007: aruTinova n. simbolo. Targm. rusulidan T.
yuraSvilisa. semiotika, № 1, Tb.: 2007.
bidermani 1996: Бидерманн Г. Энциклопедия символов. пер. с нем. М.: «Республика», 1996.
gaCeCilaZe 1955: gaCeCilaZe s. literaturismcodneobis Sesavali. Tb.: 1955.
doborjginiZe 1968: doborjginiZe b. anTromorfizmis bunebisaT-vis mxtvrul warmosaxvaSi. // literaturis Teoriisa da esTetikis
sakiTxebi. № 4, Tb.: 1968.
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enciklopedia... 1993: The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Alex Preminger and T. V. Brogan, Princeton. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1993.
kakabaZe 1971: kakabaZe p. yvaryavare TuTaberi. // dramatuli poezia or tomad. t.I, Tb.: `xelovneba~, 1971.
kekeliZe... 1969: kekeliZe k., baramiZe a. Zveli qarTuli litera-turis istoria. Tb.: Tsus gamomcemloba,1969.
kiknaZe 1957: kiknaZe gr. metyvelebis stilis sakiTxebi. Tb.: 1957.
klingi 1999: Клинг О.А. Введение в литературоведение. Литературное произведение, основные понятия и термины. М.: 1999.
leTodiani 2011: leTodiani a. simbolos ganmartebisTvis. `sjani~,
№12, 2011.
leqsikoni 1987: Литературный энциклопедический словарь. Под ред. В.М. Кожевникова и П.А.Николаева. М.: 1987.
lingvisturi... 1990: Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь. М.: 1990.
literaturismcodneobis Sesavali 1976: Введение в литературо-ведение. М.: 1976.
literaturuli enciklopedia 1978: Краткая литературная энцик-лопедия. М.: 1978.
lomiZe 2006: lomiZe T. metonimia JenetTan. `sjani~, № 7, 2006.
lomiZe 2010: lomiZe T. metafora da metonimia. semiotika, № 2, 2010.
losevi 1991: Лосев А.Ф. Философия, мифология, культура. М.: 1991. lotmani 2007: lotmani i. simbolo kulturis sistemaSi. Targm.
rusulidan n. abakeliasi. semiotika, № 1, Tb.: 2007.
mecleri 2001: Metzler. Lexikon Literatur und Kulturtheorie. Herausgegeben von Ansgar Nu>nning. Stuttgart. Weimar: 2001.
murRulia 1997: murRulia g. `daviTnis~ mxatvrul saxeTa sistema. Tb.: 1997.
naTaZe... 1988: naTaZe m., naTaZe g. ra aris tropi da rogor aisaxeba mis cvlaSi epoqebis svla. // dasavleT evropis literatura (XX saukune). Tb.: 1988.
ninoSvili 1988: ninoSvili e. simona. // qarTuli proza. t. XV, Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1988.
Julieni 1999: Жюльен Н. Словарь символов. пер. с франц. Улал: «Урал LTD», 1999.
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rusTaveli 1966: rusTaveli S. vefxistyaosani. ak. SaniZisa da al. baramiZis redaqciiT. Tb.: 1966.
safuZvlebi... 1972: literaturis Teoriis safuZvlebi. Sedgenili g. ciciSvilis, ak. gawerelias, m. duduCavas, p. Sarias, ak. xinTibiZis, n. Wolokavas, r. beriZis, f. beriZis, b. doborjginiZis, g. zautaS-vilis, g. lomiZis, v. WeliZis mier. Tb.: 1972.
simboloTa enciklopedia 2000: Энциклопедия символов, знаков, эмблем. М.: 2000.
siraZe 2000: siraZe r. qarTuli kulturis safuZvlebi. Tb.: 2000.
uaiti 2004: Уайт Л. Символ: начало и основа человеческоко поведения. // Избранное: Наука о культуре, пер. с англ. М.: «Российская политическая энциклопедия», 2004.
o, ras niSnavs es... es siCume, es gaoceba? es uxilavi, mSobliuri Cveni siCume? risTvis arian gayinulni maRalni mTani? ram daayrua Saragzebi, sadac odesme eqaneboda mZafri cxeni makedonelis?
(tabiZe, `TiTqos ara aq~)
an: sxva saqarTvelo sad aris, romeli kuTxe qveynisa? (orbeliani, `sadRegrZelo~)
sintaqsuri gamosaxvis yvela aRniSnuli saxe, a. xinTibiZis sityvebi rom moviSvelioT, xasiaTdeba `gamosaxatavi movle-nisadmi avtoris aqtiuri damokidebulebiT, rac aZlierebs
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movlenis emociur mxares da amaxvilebs mkiTxvelis yurad-Rebas mis mimarT~ (xinTibiZe 1986: 335).
poeturi miTiTeba (deiqsisi)
poeturi enis dialoguri xasiaTi Tavis asaxvas poulobs Cveneba _ miTiTebis sferoSic. es sfero miT ufro farToa, rac ufro Tavisuflad iWreba poetur enaSi Sinagani mety-velebis Taviseburebani. poetis Sinagani Txroba qmnis zepiri Txrobis komunikaciur situacias, roca TvalisaTvis (da, sazogadod, aRqmisaTvis) xiluli sagani an sivrce SeiZleba mivuTiToT (vuCvenoT) nacvalsaxeliT. Sinagan TxrobaSi, zepir dialogTan SedarebiT, Cvenebis sfero Zlier farTov-deba. igi moicavs poetis Sinagani samyaros sivrces, romel-zec irekleba ara marto mxedvelobisaTvis misawvdomi gare-mo sivrce, aramed warmodgenebic Soreul sivrcesa da dro-ze, abstraqtul gagebebze, grZnobebze, saxeebze da a. S. ami-tom poetur teqstSi CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebisa da zmnize-debis funqciebi mniSvnelovnad farToa. CvenebiTi sityvebis poetur funqciaTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba sami yvelaze ufro arsebiTi funqcia:
• CvenebiTi sityvebi qmnian ara marto sagnis (movlenis, sivrcis mdgomareobis, grZnobis da a. S.) saxes, aramed gamok-veTen mocemul momentSi da damkvirveblis mocemul pozici-aSi am sagnis aRqmis Wrils da afiqsireben aRqmis moments:
sad zRvis Wavlebia yvavilTa mToveli, kvlav vxvdebiT erTmaneTs me da beTxoveni.
(tabiZe, `mecxre simfonia~)
• CvenebiTi sityvebi iZleva damatebiT SesaZleblobebs sagnisaTvis axali, individualuri niSnebis misaniWeblad. sa-gani warmodgeba ara iseTad, rogorsac mas uyurebs yvela da yovelTvis, aramed iseTad, rogoric poetma dainaxa gansaz-Rvrul wamsa da gansazRvrul adgilas (aq da axla). poeturi siaxlis es saxeoba dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom sagnis da-
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usaxelebloba an saxelis Secvla nacvalsaxeliT aTavisuf-lebs sagans Cveulebrivi asociaciebisagan da saSualebas iZ-leva uCveulo individualuri maxasiaTeblebis Semosatanad:
sadac exla jvaria da gviani mtevnebi, iq ukvdavi magiis marmalilo iqneba.
(tabiZe, `efemera _ cxenTa Sejibrebaze...~)
• saxelebis sanacvlod gamoyenebul CvenebiT sityvebs Semoaqvs poeturi saxis Sesaqmnelad aucilebeli ganusaz-Rvrelobis garkveuli wili. deiqsisuri ganusazRvreloba orgvaria: a) is, rac poetisaTvis ucnobia an mTlad nacnobi ar aris da razec mxolod miniSneba SeuZlia; b) is, rac poetisaTvis nacnobia, magram gaurbis mis dasaxelebas da ifargleba CvenebiTi sityvis gamoyenebiT, radgan dasaxele-ba daarRvevda lirikuli siuJetis mTlianobas.
buberi 1936: Buber M. Ich und Du. Berlin: Schocken, 1936. baxtini 1979: Бахтин М. М. Эстетика словесного творчества. М.:
"Искусство", 1979. vigotski 1934: Выготский Л. С. Мышление и речь. М.-Л.: "Соцэкгиз", 1934. iakobsoni 1975: Якобсон Р. О. Лингвистика и поэтика. М.: "Прогресс", 1975. koftunova 1986: Кофтунова И. И. Роэтический синтаксис. М.: "Наука", 1986. koftunova 1993: Кофтунова И. Т. Принцип неполной определенности и
формы его грамматического выражения в поетическом языке 20-го века. Грамматические категории Синтаксис текста. М.: "Наука", 1993.
koftunova 1995: Кофтунова И. И. О роэтических образах Бориса Пастер-нака, очерк истории языка русской поезии ХХ века. М.: "Наука", 1995.
silmani 1977: Сильман Т. И. Заметки о лирике. Л.: Сов. писатель (ленин-градское отделение), 1977.
yoveli enisa da misi poeziis fonika TviTmyofi, TiTqmis damoukidebeli movlenaa. mdidari da mravalsaukunovani qarTuli poezia am mxriv sagangebo Seswavlas moiTxovs.
wrafvis, qmnis maxviliani da umaxvilo marcvlebis kanonzo-mier monacvleobas, taepis `fonetikur kompozicias~. met-ruli impulsi TandaTanobiT ipyrobs mxatvruli metyvele-bis yvela mxares, ritmul ganawilebas ki, pirvel rigSi, xmo-vanTa da TanxmovanTa Tvisebrivi momenti anu fonika eqvem-debareba. magram ritmisa da fonikis damokidebuleba ar aris calmxrivi. Tu leqsis komponentebs Soris urTierTgavlena arsebobs, maSin marto ritmi ki ar aris mniSvnelobis mqone faqtori fonikisaTvis, aramed es ukanasknelic zemoqmedebs ritmze, am struqturaTa Soris arsebobs korelacia garkve-uli subordinaciis farglebSi.
fonikas garkveuli roli SeuZlia Seasrulos verlibrSi anu Tavisufal leqsSic. poetur teqstSi, romelsac metri ar aregulirebs, bgeras TiTqos unda daekarga Tavisi Zala. magram ase ar xdeba. teqstis grafika gvikarnaxebs, nawarmo-ebi aRviqvaT, rogorc leqsi. saleqso struqturaze warmod-genis SeqmnisTanave ki bgeriT wesrigsac vamCnevT, Tu igi re-alurad arsebobs.
ontologiuri Rirebulebis faqti xdeba. aq ukve umniSvne-lovanes problemas mivadeqiT.
* * *
fonika, ise rogorc poeturi sistemis yoveli elementi, istoriuli movlenaa da misi funqciebis gansazRvra SesaZ-lebelia mxolod istoriuli analizis aspeqtSi. evfoniis funqciuri daniSnulebis kvleva moiTxovs im istoriul-kulturuli fonis gaTvaliswinebas, romelzec proecirde-ba esa Tu is teqsti.
3. `Tvalsazrisi~ droiT-sivrcobrivi Taviseburebebis WrilSi _ gulisxmobs iseT SemTxvevas, rodesac met-naklebi garkveulobiT vlindeba, Tu sad da rodis mimdinareobs Txroba.
a) zogierT SemTxvevaSi mTxrobelis pozicia SeiZleba emTxveodes romelime personaJis adgilsamyofels. aseT Sem-TxvevaSi mTxrobeli zogjer imdenad Seisisxlxorcebs xol-me garemos, rom TiTqos romelime konkretul personaJad gardaiqmneba: am dros mTxrobeli/avtori detalurad aR-wers garemos, sadac mimdinareobs moqmedeba da personaJis gancdebs. magaliTis saxiT, SegviZlia gavixsenoT epizodi mixeil javaxiSvilis `jayos xiznebidan~, sadac Teimuraz xe-visTavis gancdebi da moqmedebebia aRwerili:
`ZaRlis mZoris Camosaglejad da misi myrali sunis gasa-qarwylad Teimurazma Wraqi aanTo, wigni aiRo, gadahfur-cla... Teimurazi rom marto yofiliyo, ZaRlis mZorsac da imis simyralesac moiTmenda, magram is marto ar aris. mas Tvisi erTaderTi megobari, erTguli da ganuyreli meuRle hyavs, romelic dRes gahyares da CamoaSores; Teimurazi am Smorian daxls magrad miabes da Zvels nasaxlarSi, talaxian orRobis boloSi, myral samikitnoSi Cahketes, romelsac soflis xmaurobac ki Zlivs miswvdeba.
ZaRlis mZori TandaTan mZimdeba da misi suni Teimurazs hgudavs~.
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b) aris iseTi SemTxvevac, rodesac avtori gmirs dayveba, magram masTan ar `igivdeba~. am dros avtoris pozicia siv-rcobrivi TvalsazrisiT emTxveva Tavisi personaJisas, mag-ram ideologiuri an frazeologiuri TvalsazrisiT misgan gansxvavdeba, vinaidan avtori/mTxrobeli Tavs ki ar aigivebs personaJTan, aramed misi Tanamgzavria da aRwers kidec am personaJis moqmedebebs Tu grZnobebs. magaliTad, vaJa-fSa-velas `gvelis-mWamelis~ bolo epizodi:
gaigo, rac momxdariyo, aRar undoda misani. gaSra, gafiTrda, cremli ki ar mosdgomoda TvalebSi; sul gulSi Cagubebula da gabneula mklavebSi... quds ixdis... sityva veRar sTqva, xmlis tars Saexo ceriTa, amoiwvada qarqaSiT, guls miibjina wveriTa. mkerdidan sisxli, viT wyaro, gadmouvida CqeriTa.
sagulisxmoa, rom am da winamorbed epizodebs, sadac mindias tragediisTvis emociuri foni mzaddeba, mosdevs ne-itraluri striqonebi, romlebiTac avtori TiTqos sagange-bod emijneba Tavis personaJs:
mTvaremac gadmoaSuqa sajixveebis seriTa da daaSterda Tavis-mkvlels mozare qalis feriTa...
g) zogierT SemTxvevaSi mTxrobelis Tvalsazrisi erTi personaJidan meoreze da ase Semdeg gadadis. aseT dros mTxrobeli aRwers romelime scenas, sadac ramdenime perso-naJi monawileobs. magaliTad, mixeil javaxiSvilis `arsena marabdelis~ dasawyisi, sadac arsenas da giorgi kuWatnelis Widaobaa aRwerili:
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`uceb meore mxridan bumberazi kuWatneli mosxlta da gamexebuli wamovida. kupriviT Savi leki gamzaT edinic gamohyva da Soriaxlo Sedga. wamovida gaveSebuli kuWat-neli. imodena devis simkvircxlem yvela gaaoca. arsenaze odnav dabalia, samagivrod ufro sruli, Catyviebuli da ukisroa. misi qoruli wamosvla, rixiani Semoteva, faxi da buqi mopirdapires afrTxobda, sulierad adunebda da sjab-nida. SurduliviT modis kuWatneli, odnav welSi waRunula, amRvreuli Tvalebi gagiJebul buRas Tvalebs miugavs da zurgis ukan gaSlil mklavebs arwivis frTebsaviT moaqa-nebs... da arsena ise dinjad midis momqrolis dasaxvedrad, TiTqo im manZils arxeinad hzomavdes. RimiliT midis, amayad miaqvs qoCora Tavi da orbiviT Camuqebul Tvalebs isariviT uyris kuWatnels mRvrie TvalebSi~.
`munji scenis~ SemTxvevaSi xazgasmulia mTxroblis daSo-reba moqmedebis adgilidan, saidanac xma ar aRwevs da es erT-gvar panoramul pozicias mogvagonebs. magaliTad, aleqsan-dre yazbegis `elgujadan~ epizodi:
`erTs dRes abdias kalozed Seyriliyo ramdenime mTiuli da raRacas laparakobdnen. yvelas pirisaxezed etyoboda Cafiqreba, Wmunvareba; yvelas etyoboda, rom imaT yrilobis sagani metad aRelvebda: arc Cveulebrivi sicili da xum-roba, arc simRera, arc oxunjoba! arayic ki, is ueWveli saWi-roeba yovelgvari yrilobisa, arsad sCanda. ymawvil mTi-ulebs aerCiaT ufrosebis moSorebiT alagi da iq Segrove-buliyvnen; yvela amaTgans xelSi eWira romelime iaraRi, romelsac ise uvlidnen, swmendavdnen da marTavdnen, ro-gorc gulis sayorels~.
Tanaziarnic ise dailivnen da gaifantnen, rom maTi kvalic ki aRarsad mosCans. mxolod zogi gaixseneben Teimurazis Rvawls, flidurad moigoneben imis daTesil madls da gak-vriT ityvian:
`sawyali Teimurazi! ra ubedurad datrialda misi cxov-reba! rogor daiRupa aseTi adamiani! RmerTma saiqios mainc misces Sveba da mosveneba~.
lirikuli teqsti iyofa taepebad, strofebad, strofo-idebad. taepSi CarCos funqcias asrulebs anakruza (mudmivi, cvalebadi, nulovani) da klauzula (romelic xSir SemTxve-vaSi, gamdidrebulia riTmiT da gadatanis dros gansakuTre-biT mkveTrad aRiqmeba, rogorc leqsis sazRvari).
praqtikuli analizisTvis
esTetikuri azris istoriaSi xSiri iyo kamaTi imis Sesa-xeb, Tu risken unda iswrafvodes xelovani, rac mxatvruli teqstis kompoziciis sakiTxs gulisxmobs.
swored amgvar esTetikur SexedulebaTa sxvaobis nimuSia tolstois gaxmaurebuli kritikuli werili `Seqspirisa da misi dramis gamo~. tolstoi cdilobs daamtkicos, rom Seq-spiri garyvnili da susti mweralia, mas ar aqvs sakuTari fi-losofia da pozicia, ar ainteresebs religiuri da sazoga-doebrivi problemebi, ver xatavs saxasiaTo personaJebs, mi-si msoflxedva cinikuri da araeTikuria. mis piesebs damaje-reblobis ararsebobas da uazro fantaziebiTa da daujere-beli ambebiT gajerebas uwunebs. tolstois TqmiT, misi gmi-rebi arabunebrivi eniT metyveleben. aseve, bralad debs, rom misi piesebi miTvisebuli, aRebulia sxva piesebisgan, romle-bic Seqspirisas gacilebiT jobia. `omisa da samyaros~ avto-ris kritikas imsaxurebs agreTve is, rom Seqspiri socialur uTanasworobas samarTlianad miiCnevs. magaliTisTvis tol-stoi ganixilavs Seqspiris `mefe lirs~ da zemoT CamoTvli-li SeniSvnebis mixedviT ganixilavs mas. `zomierebis grZno-bis gareSe arasdros ar arsebobda xelovani da verc iarse-bebs~-o (tolstoi 1955: 546-547), _ wers is da Seqspirs enas
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xelovnurobaSi, arabunebriobaSi adanaSaulebs. arada, tol-stois am werilSi sruliad aSkarad vlindeba esTetikuri idealebis sxvaoba, rac barokos xanis xelovnebisa da kri-tikuli realizmis xanis xelovnebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebe-li. bunebrivia, maTi idealebi sruliad SeuTavsebeli iqne-boda. albaT swored am sxvaobas gulisxmobda viqtor Sklov-ski, rodesac werda: `Seqspiris poetikis Sefaseba ar SeiZle-ba tolstois poetikis TvalsazrisiT. odesRac tolstoim TviTonve Tqva, rom `gamoTqma patiosani mrwamsi sruliad moklebuli unda iyos azrs: arsebobs patiosani Tvisebebi da ara patiosani mrwamsi~. arsebobs esTetikuri Tvisebebic. tolstois esTetikuri Tvisebebi Seqspirisgan gansxvavdeba. Tuki am azrs ganvavrcobT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom `zogadisa~ da `detalebis~ maradiul WidilSi Seqspiris dros `detale-bi~ imarjvebdnen, tolstois dros ki _ `zogadi~ (Sklovski 1990: 321).
sxvadasxva epoqaSi esTetikuri da msoflmxedvelobrivi prioritetebisa Tu kulturis paradigmaTa cvlileba kom-poziciis agebis Taviseburebebsac ganapirobebda. magali-Tad, iuri lotmani wers: `yvela mxatvruli amboxi amosav-lis, winamavali periodebis Semaviwroebeli da `xelovnuri~ SezRudvebis winaaRmdeg `bunebriobisa~ da `simartivis~ sa-xeliT mimdinareobda~ (i. lotmani 1998:107). am Tvalsazri-siT, vTqvaT, me-19 saukunis xazovan Txrobas (mag., ilia Wav-WavaZis `sarCobelazed~) me-20-21-e saukuneebSi araxazovani, aralinearuli Txroba cvlis (magaliTad, aka morCilaZis `mister diqslis mdumare yuTi~). aq sagulisxmoa, rom me-19 saukuneSi avtoris, rogorc utyuari WeSmaritebis mcodnis adgils me-20 saukunidan, anu avtoris sikvdilis koncepti-dan dawyebuli, mkiTxvelis rolis gaaqtiureba enacvleba, rac sakmarisad naTelia ilia WavWavaZis da aka morCilaZis prozis Sedarebisas.
praqtikuli analizisTvis ganvixiloT ilia WavWavaZis mo-Txroba `sarCobelazed~ da aka morCilaZis romani `agvistos pasiansi~ triadis _ avtori-teqsti-mkiTxveli _ Tvalsaz-
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risiT. am gziT SevecdebiT gamovavlinoT rogorc kompozi-ciisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebis cvlilebebi me-19 da 21-e saukunis teqstebSi, ise _ mkiTxvelis recefci-asTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi.
ilia WavWavaZis moTxrobisTvis damaxasiaTebelia xazova-ni Txroba, rodesac ambis Txroba qronologiuri Tanmimdev-robiT mimdinareobs. mTxrobeli am SemTxvevaSi e.w. `yovlis-mcodne~ avtoria, romelic sakuTari personaJebis Sinagan samyarosac wvdeba da imTaviTve icis, rogor dasruldeba am-bavi. avtori garedan akvirdeba movlenebs. misi pozicia ret-rospeqtulia, vinaidan avtorma icis, rogorc damTavrdeba ambavi da amitomac `momavlis perspeqtividan~, nawarmoebis, ambis dasasrulidan gvesaubreba. amgvarad, moTxrobaSi `sar-Cobelazed~ subieqturi da obieqturi poziciebi erTmaneTs erwymis _ avtori garegani damkvirvebelia da, imavdro-ulad, petres Sinagan gancdebsac gadmogvcems. aq avtori/ mTxrobelis da personaJis Tvalsazrisi droiT-sivrcobriv WrilSi erTmaneTs emTxveva, vinaidan avtori gamudmebiT adevnebs Tvals mTavar personaJs — petres da mis gverdiTaa. mTxrobeli wvdeba petres Sinagan samyaros da misi naazrevi saaSkaraoze gamoaqvs. aq sagulisxmoa kompoziciis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani elementis _ ritmis funqciac, romelic av-torisTvis sasurvel emociur garemos qmnis. droiT-sivrcobrivi poziciidan, `avtoriseuli gaoreba sivrceSi srul izomorful damokidebulebaSia avtoriseul dros-Tan: avtoriseuli dro, erTi mxriv, warmodgenili realuri awmyos formiT, meoTxe TavSi koncentrirdeba, imuxteba da ritmis meSveobiT SegrZnebadi da mxatvrulad aRqmadi xdeba~ (ratiani 2006:40). maSasadame, yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamo-mdinare, mTxrobelis da personaJis Tvalsazrisebi emTxveva fsiqologiur WrilSi, magram ara ideologiur WrilSi. es cxaddeba moTxrobis Sua nawilidan _ ilias mier e.w. `gauc-naurebis~ xerxis gamoyenebisas (xarbedia 2007:57-72), rode-sac avtori aRwers petres irgvliv mimdinare movlenebs (ro-desac petre qalaqis SuagulSi adamianis CamoxrCobis mowme
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xdeba da mTeli es scena mis gasaoceblad dadgmuli warmod-gena hgonia), gadmogvcems mis azrebs da imavdroulad, emij-neba mis pozicias. magaliTad, iq, sadac petres azrebia gad-mocemuli, misi Sinagani monologia warmodgenili, rac mis irgvliv mimdinare movlenebs TvalTmaqcobad warmoaCens. magram rodesac avtoris xma Semodis, mis mier gamoyenebuli predikatebi naTels hfens, rom CamoxrCobis scena namdvilad xdeba: `ubeduri sarCobelazed Camoekida, qanaoba daiwyo da farTxali. didxans iqnia sawyalma fexebi~. amgvari daniSnu-lebiT gamoyenebuli predikatebi mijnavs avtoris pozicias personaJis Tvalsazrisisgan. zogadad, e.w. kritikuli re-alizmis esTetikuri normebis Sesabamisad, ilias moTxrobaSi `sarCobelazed~ predikatebi xazs usvams avtoris damokide-bulebas personaJis mimarT da, imavdroulad, mis mimarT mkiTxvelis ganwyobasac misTvis sasurveli mimarTulebiT warmarTavs: `ikra petrem jibes xeli da orive moWrili hqon-da. keTilma berikacma gulnaklulad Caicina~. amgvarad, Tundac predikatebis gamoyenebis magaliTze Cans, rom kri-tikuli realizmis xanaSi avtori gvevlineba erTgvar recef-ciis warmmarTvelad, mentorad, romelic Tavadve gvTava-zobs kidec teqstis marTebulad gagebis gasaRebs. rogorc irma ratiani SeniSnavs Tavis naSromSi `qronotopi ilia Wav-WavaZis prozaSi: `realisturi literaturis wiaRSi avtori-seuli qronotopi gvevlineba Txrobis dro-sivrculi orien-taciis berketad da im uaRresad mniSvnelovan struqturul elementad, romelic gansazRvravs dro-sivrcis masStaburi, globaluri, e.w. `msoflio standartebiT~ aRqmas. am fonze mkiTxveliseuli qronotopis funqcia _ individualuri re-cefcia _ rasakvirvelia, aqtualuria, magram is aris maqsi-malurad marTuli `yovlisSemZle avtoris~ mier~ (ratiani 2006:148).
rogorc e.w. polifoniuri romanis SemTxvevaSi, aka morCi-laZis `agvistos pasiansSi~ personaJebs TavianTi pozicia aqvT. frazeologiur WrilSi avtorisa da personaJebis Tvalsazrisebi erTmaneTs emTxveva, oRond ara ideologiur WrilSi. magaliTad, wyneTeli zaxodas metyveleba: `gamove-di, mere wavedi Robe-Robe, Zmakaci gamovida, boiSvili viyo, Svidi weli ijda da davlieT. me cota davlie, mara xo unda daloco. gamovediT erTaT da amanac axla, xo ici, amden xans ijda da abSiaki ebara da xo unda, ro aqac pativiscema da-inaxos da iq ijden patarebi da, gamarjobas raT ar ambobT, vera mcnobTo? gamarjoba, cugoo. amas ukve ar moewona da we-ekida sityvaze da, iasnia, ro wamoikida. cugos laparakSi ver
∗ alTiuseri am cnebas ideologiisa da subieqtis mimarTebis Tvalsazri-siT iyenebda, Tumca, avtorisa da mkiTxvelis mimarTeba qarTul realis-tur literaturaSi, garkveulwilad, ideologiur xasiaTs atarebs.
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mougef~. analogiurad SegviZlia gavixsenoT, aseve, tatos biZis, valodias mogoneba: `vTamaSobT erTxel bovSebi da wamevida wvima. erTi iqiT geiqca, meore aqeT gameiqca, es mu-Sebic wabunZulden qveiTken...~, sadac frazeologiur Wril-Si mTxroblisa da avtoris Tvalsazrisebi Tanxvdeba, magram droiT-sivrcobrivi TvalsazrisiT gansxvavdeba, vinaidan es mogonebaa da drosa da sivrceSi acdenilia.
postmodernistuli esTetikis kvalad, `agvistos pasian-sSic~ vxvdebiT drois aRrevas, sadac Serlok holmsi da doqtori uotsoni kokas mkvlelobis ambavs iZieben. bolos ki, holmsis da uotsonis dialogi, rodesac isini svamen ki-Txvas _ ra aris Txroba, am romanis metafiqciurobas usvams xazs. am dros holmsi romanSi ganviTarebuli ambebis Sesaxeb ambobs:
xorcielebel SesaZleblobaTa erTobliobas cxovrebasa da mxatvrul teqstSi, magram Tu literaturas realobis meta-forad, an sxva realobad davsaxavT, maSin SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mxatvrul gamonagonze muSaobisas mweralic amgvari winaswarganuWvreteli SesaZleblobebis, an SemTxveviTobe-bis winaSe dgeba. da maSin sruliad logikuri mogveCveneba `agvistos pasiansis~ personaJis, germaniidan axaldabrune-buli, aw ukve moCvenebadqceuli kakis sityvebi post factum, anu gardacvalebis Semdeg: `iqneb jobda ar davbrunebuliyavi~.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
blumi 1998: Блум Х. Шекспир как центр канона. // «Западный канон». «Иностранная литература», 1998, №12.
lotmani 2005: iuri lotmani. kultura da afeTqeba. `ena da kultura~, Tb.: 2005.
lotmani 1998: Лотман Ю.М. Об искусстве. СПб, 1998. orueli 1968: Tolstoy and Shakespeare. in: ‘The Collected Essays,
Journalism and Letters of George Orwell’. 1968. ratiani 2006: ratiani i. qronotopi ilia WavWavaZis prozaSi. Tb.:
`universali~, 2006. ratiani 2010: ratiani i. teqsti da qronotopi. Tb.: Tbilisis
universitetis gamomcmeloba. tolstoi 1955: Толстой Л.Н. О литературе. М.: Художественная
Литература, 1955. tomaSevski 1999: Томашевский Б. Теория литературы (Поэтика). М.:
Аспект-Пресс, 1925. uspenski 2000: Успенский Б.А. «Поэтика композиции». М.: Азбука, 2000. Sklovski 1982: Шкловский В. Теория прозы. М.: Советский писатель,
1982. Sklovski... 1990: Шкловский В., Галушкин А., Чудаков А. Гамбургский
счет: статьи, воспоминания, эссе. Советский писатель, 1990. xarbedia 2007: xarbedia m. kenWgadaylapuli. // ilia WavWavaZe —
170 (saiubileo krebuli). Tb.: 2007.
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maia naWyebia
stili stili, rogorc cneba, sxva mravali literaturaTmcod-
neobiTi terminisgan gansxvavebiT, mecnierebis mxolod am dargs ar ekuTvnis. mas iyeneben: lingvistika, xelovnebaT-
mcodneoba, musikaTmcodneoba, esTetika.∗ miRebuli azriT, Znelia ufro mravalmniSvnelovani terminis moZebna, vidre stilia: ormagi datvirTva anu dualizmi, rasac efuZneba stilis tradiciuli gageba, misi zusti gansazRvris erT-er-Ti damabrkolebeli pirobaa. literaturaTmcodneTa azriT, stilis kvlevas isic arTulebs, rom igi uSualod ukavSir-deba mxatvruli mimdinareobebisa da SemoqmedebiTi meTodis cnebebs. mosazreba, rom stili `TiTqmis yovlismomcveli gaxda, Zneli Seiqna misi farglebis gansazRvra, misi sakuT-rivi Sinaarsis Semofargvla, e. i. Zneli aRmoCnda stilis ayvana mecnieruli cnebis doneze~ (gr. kiknaZe), isev ZalaSi rCeba. amave dros mecnieruli interesi stilis problemis mimarT kvlav aqtualuria, rac, upirveles yovlisa, stilis _ rogorc cnebis da terminis _ dazustebas isaxavs miznad.
cnebis dazustebisaTvis
sityva stili (berZn. stylos, laT. stylus) aRniSnavs sawer kalams, romelic warmoadgens joxs, romlis erTi bolo wawvetebulia, meore ki blagvi: wawvetebuliT werdnen gasan-Tlul dafaze, blagviT ki Slidnen nawers. stilis, anu kal-mis am Taviseburebas ukavSirdeba horaciusis (Zv.w. 65-8 ww.) frTiani fraza: `gadaabruneT stili!~ (kalami), e.i. `waSaleT blagvi boloTi dawerili misi Semdgomi srulyofis mizniT!~
∗ sityva stili sxva sferoebSic damkvidrda; magaliTad, welTaRricxvis sistemaSi _ `Zveli~ (iuliusis) da `axali~ (grigorianuli) stili; sportSi _ `brasis stiliT~ curva, Wadrakis, tenisis, fexburTis TamaSis stili; yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi: qcevis, Cacmis stili da a. S.
amrigad, ukve aristoteles droidan stils ganixilav-dnen, rogorc formalur samkauls, sityvis mokazmvas (Sdr. sityvakazmuli mwerloba), rac salaparako enis normaluri anu Cveulebrivi gamoyenebidan gadaxvevas warmoadgenda. stili, tradiciuli klasikuri azriT, gulisxmobs metyve-lebis mokazmvas (laT. elocutio), metyvelebis gaformebas leq-sikuri da sintaqsuri formebis meSveobiT, sadac mniSvne-lovan funqcias asrulebs tropi (gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT naxmari sityva an gamoTqma) da figura (stilistikuri xerxi, romelic naTqvams aniWebs gansakuTrebul gamomsaxvelobas). amgvari sinonimuroba da enis normebidan gadaxveva erTma-neTTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli, stilis aqsioma ki Semdegnairad yalibdeba: `erTi da igive SeiZleba gamoiTqvas sxvadasxva wesiT, da es wesebi gansxvavdeba Tavisi stiliT~.
sami stilis Teoria
sami stilis doqtrina pirvelad gamoCnda anonimi roma-eli avtoris traqtatSi `ritorika gereniusisTvis~, Semdeg ki _ ciceronis traqtatSi `oratori~. ritorikisadmi miZR-vnil traqtatebSi tradiciulad ganasxvavebdnen stilis sam
saxeobas: maRal stils (stilus gravis), saSualo stils (stilus medi-ocris) da dabal stils (stilus humilis). ciceronma Tavis traq-tatSi es sami stili mWevrmetyvelebis sam mTavar skolas Se-ufarda: antikuri skolisaTvis (Zveli saberZneTis centra-
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luri nawilisTvis, upiratesad aTenelTaTvis, romelTac gamoarCevs daxvewili metyveleba) damaxasiaTebelia sizuste da gemovneba, aziurisTvis _ maRalfardovneba da sityva-mravloba, xolo rodosul stils maT Soris saSualo adgili ukavia. ciceronis Tanaxmad, stili emsaxureba sam mizans,
xibvla (delectare) da aRelveba (flectare). ritorikaSi damkvidrebuli sami stilis koncefciis mi-
xedviT mxatvruli literaturis analizis mcdeloba jer ki-dev II saukuneSia SeniSnuli: romaeli avtori avlus geliosi imowmebs varons da wers, rom sami stili _ martivi, zomieri da zviadi _ yvelaze adre homerosis `iliadaSia~ warmod-genili: `es sami stili ukve Zvel dros warmoadgina homeros-ma sami gmiris metyvelebis saxiT: brwyinvale da mdidari _ odisevsis sityvaSi, natifi da TavSekavebuli _ menelaosis sityvaSi da zomieri _ nestoris sityvaSi~ (kuznecova 1976: 264). analizis am xerxis Tanaxmad, stili, rogorc ama Tu im gamomsaxvelobiT xerxTa SerCeva, Sesabamisobis cnebas ukav-Sirdeba; stili aRniSnavda sityvis marTebulobas im azriT, rom mizani da misi gamoxatva urTierTSesabamisia.
Sua saukuneebSi, mxatvrul literaturasTan mimarTebaSi, sami stilis gagebis mniSvnelovani gadaazreba moxda. diome-dem sami stili sam mTavar JanrTan gaaigiva, IV saukuneSi ki vergiliusis komentatorma donatusma sami stili misi sami Txzulebis Tematikas Seufarda: `bukolikebs~ anu pasto-rals, `georgikebs~ anu didaqtikur poemas da `eneidas~ anu
li. amrigad, romantizmis epoqaSi stili esmodaT, rogorc nawarmoebis mxatvruli _ amasTanave, Sinaarsobrivi _ for-mis Tviseba. XIX-XX ss. mijnaze xelovnebaTmcodne g. vel-flinma ganagrZo stilis esTetikuri gagebis tradicia da garkveulwilad gaafarTova kidec: amjerad stili aRniSnav-da ara mxolod calkeuli mxatvris individualur Tavisebu-rebas, aramed xelovnebaSi garkveul mimarTulebaTa da epo-qaTa esTetikur azrovnebas.
XIX saukunis manZilze stils, rogorc termins, Tanazomi-erad mimarTavdnen literaturaTmcodneebi da xelovnebaT-mcodneebi. literaturaTmcodneebi stils ukavSirebdnen literaturuli weris individualur maneras. wina planze gamodis mwerlis sityvaze muSaobis meTodi. stili axal droSi aris mxatvruli nawarmoebis konkretuli Tviseba, ro-melic SeigrZnoba da TavalsaCinoa rogorc mTlianobaSi, ise calkeul nawilebSi. stilis amgvari gageba mkvidrdeba XIX saukuneSi _ romantizmis, realizmisa da, mogvianebiT, mo-dernizmis epoqebSi.
literaturul-mxatvruli stilis axali gagebisTvis ar-sebiTia Semdegi _ stili: a) originalobis gamoxatulebaa; b) mimarTulia esTetikuri srulyofilebisken; g) Sinaarsis ma-tarebeli formaa; d) nawarmoebis mTeli mxatvruli formis Taviseburebaa da ara mxolod metyvelebisa, rasac litera-turuli stilisTvis umTavresi mniSvneloba aqvs.
Tanamedrove meTodologiebi
XX saukuneSi stilis sakiTxze sxvadasxva dros muSaob-
dnen: r. barti, J. Jeneti, μ jgufi, a. kompanioni, a. sokolovi, a. potebnia, p. palievski, i. elsbergi, a. CiCerini, i. borevi, a.esini, saqarTveloSi _ gr. kiknaZe.
ruli stili gvqondes _ vTqvaT, romelime literaturuli mimarTulebis/mimdinareobis stili. magram rodesac ama Tu im mimarTulebis/mimdinareobis stilis Sesaxebaa msjeloba, maSinac, arsebiTad misi fuZemdeblis an yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis Sesaxeb Seqmnili STabeWdilebiT msjeloben. rac ufro met Zalas, gavlenas, TviTmyofadobas flobs esa Tu is stili, miT ufro nakleb aRiqmeba iseT stilad, ro-melic mTlianadaa moqceuli mimarTulebis/mimdinareobis stilis cnebaSi.
magram, rodesac msjeloba exeba Tanamedrove literatu-rul stils, rogorc terminis yvelze farTo mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebas, maSinac ki misi safuZveli individualuri sti-lis cnebaa. individualuri stilis problemis analizis dros SedarebiT farTo da naklebad individualuri xasi-aTis movlenebs aRniSnaven rogorc stilur tendenciebs. cxadia, individualur stilTa da farTo stiluri tenden-ciebis Tanafardoba sruliad sxvadasxvagvari SeiZleba iyos. aq ganmsazRvrelia individualur stilTa intensiuroba.
a. esinis azriT, stilis yvelaze zogadi gansazRvreba Semdegia: stili aris mxatvruli formis yvela mxarisa da elementis esTetikuri mTlianoba, romelsac aqvs garkveuli originaloba da raime Sinaarss gamoxatavs. am gagebiT, stili upirispirdeba, erTi mxriv, stilis arqonas, ustilobas, anu mxatvruli gamomxatvelobis uqonlobas, meore mxriv _ epigonur stilizacias an ekleqtikas _ e.i. rodesac avtori ver poulobs Tavis stils da daesesxeba sxvebs.
esinma, sxva mkvlevarTa naSromebebze dayrdnobiT, lite-raturuli stilis maxasiaTeblebi da maTi urTierTmimar-Tebebi gamokveTa. igi miuTiTebs, rom stilis kategoria Si-naarsobrivad ganpirobebuli mTlianobaa: formis elemente-bi erTian mxatvrul kanonzomierebas emorCileba da mas ma-organizebeli principi warmarTavs. igi msWvalavs formis struqturas da gansazRvravs nebismieri elementis xasiaTs da funqcias.
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amrigad, stili Txzulebis formis Tvisebaa, Txzulebis nebismier fragmentSi vlindeba, risi wyalobiTac stilis aRqma SesaZlebelia calkeuli nawyvetiTac ki _ gamocdili mkiTxvelisTvis sakmarisia mcire nawyvetis wakiTxva, rom sruliad darwmunebulma daasaxelos avtori.
Txzulebis mxatvruli samyaro sxvadasxvagvarad iqmneba: pirvel yovlisa, es Seexeba gamosaxvis dinamikas da statikas: Tu avtori met yuradRebas yofierebis statikur momentebs uTmobs, maSin stilis am Taviseburebas SeiZleba aRwerilo-biTi ewodos. igi statikis moments Seicavs; misTvis damaxa-siaTebelia garesamyaros dawvrilebiTi asaxva _ personaJis garegnobis, peizaJis, qalaqis xedebis, interieris, sagnebis da a. S. aRweris SemTxvevaSi xdeba dawvrilebiTi detaliza-cia; Tu avtori koncentrirebulia gareSe dinamikis aRwera-ze, maSin igi siuJeturobis saxeliT moixsenieba. siuJeturo-ba Cveulebriv mJRavndeba peripetiaTa did raodenobaSi, moqmedebis daZabulobaSi, statikur momentebTan SedarebiT dinamikuri momentebis upiratesobaSi, da, rac mTavaria, per-sonaJTa xasiaTi da avtoris pozicia, pirvel yovlisa, si-uJetis meSveobiT aris gadmocemuli.
Tu avtoris yuradReba personaJis Sinagan samyarozea koncentrirebuli, maSin stilisTvis damaxasiaTebelia fsi-qologizmi. nebismieri konkretuli TxzulebisTvis siuJe-turoba, aRwera da fsiqologizmi misi arsebiTi stiluri niSnebia. amasTan, es kategoriebi SeiZleba Seexamebodnen er-TmaneTs, magaliTad ase: fsiqologizmi da siuJeturoba an _ aRweriloba da fsiqologizmi.
mxatvruli pirobiTobis mixedviT ori sapirispiro sti-luri dominanta gamoyofa: cxovrebiseuli da fantastikuri. cxovrebasTan msgavseba gulisxmobs CvenTvis cnobil fizi-kur, fsiqologiur, mizez-Sedegobriv da sxva kanonzomiere-bebaTa gamokveTas;. fantastika, piriqiT, arRvevs am kanonzo-mierebebs, masSi asaxuli samyaro Segnebulad aris pirobiTi. fantastikuri saxeobrioba araerTgvarovania: igi SeiZleba
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ganxorcildes tropebisa da figurebis _ hiperbolis, li-totesis, groteskis, alogizmis formebiT.
mxatvruli metyvelebis sferoSi stilur dominantTa sa-mi wyvili gamoiyofa: leqsi da proza; agreTve, nominatiuro-ba da ritorikuloba; monologizmi da nairsityvaoba (nair-gvari metyveleba).
leqsi da proza, rogorc stiluri dominantebi, avlens mxatvruli enis ritmuli mowesrigebis xarisxs da tempis or-ganizacias. isini mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben stilis emo-ciuri Sris formirebaSi, ramdenadac esa Tu is tempo-ritmi ZvelTaganve ganwyobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. leqssa da prozas Soris aseve SesaZlebelia saSualedo formebi (rit-muli proza, verlibri), rac, mainc, am stilur dominantebs ar ukargavs xarisxobriv Taviseburebas.
stilis tipologiuri maxasiaTeblebis meore wyvili _ nominatiuroba da ritorikuloba _ dakavSirebulia enob-rivi gamomsaxvelobis da gamomxatvelobis saSualebaTa, tropebis da figurebis gamoyenebasTan. aqve Semodis pasiuri da SezRuduli sferos leqsikis gamoyenebac (arqaizmi, ne-ologizmi, barbarizmi da sxv.). im viTarebas, rodesac sityva pirdapiri mniSvnelobiTaa gamoyenebuli da asaxuli samya-ros detalebs zustad gamoxatavs, nominatiuroba ewodeba da gulisxmobs sakmaod martiv da bunebriv sintaqss; sawi-naaRmdego tendencias, romelic sagnebis arapirdapir an aR-werilobiT aRniSvnasTan aris dakavSirebuli _ ritoriku-loba ewodeba. ritorikuloba romantikosTa lirikisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. SesaZlebelia, nominatiurobasa da rito-rikulobas Soris garkveuli wonasworoba arsebobdes.
metyvelebis manerebi urTierTizolirebulia; b) personaJTa da mTxrobelis metyvelebis manerebi urTierTqmedeben, erTmaneTSi `gadadian~; am meore tips m. baxtini polifoni-urs uwodebs.
stilur dominantad SeiZleba iqces mxatvruli kompozi-ciis xasiaTic. aq, zogadad, SeiZleba gamoiyos ori tipi: martivi da rTuli kompozicia. pirvel SemTxvevaSi kompozi-ciis funqciaa Txzulebis nawilTa da elementTa gaerTianeba erT mTlianobad, rac yovelTvis yvelaze martivi da bu-nebrivi saSualebiT xdeba: siuJetis sferoSi esaa pirdapiri qronologiuri Tanamimdevroba, Txrobis sferoSi _ erTi TxrobiTi tipi mTeli Txzulebis manZilze, qronotopis mxriv _ adgilisa da drois erTianoba da sxv. rTuli kompo-ziciis SemTxvevaSi Tavad Txzulebis agebaSi, mis nawilTa da elementTa ganlagebis wesSi Cadebulia gansakuTrebuli mxatvruli azri da am gziT xdeba esTetikuri efeqtis miR-weva. aseTia, magaliTad, mTxrobelTa monacvleoba da qro-nologiuri Tanamimdevrobis darRveva.
dabolos, stilis arsebiT Taviseburebas Txzulebis mo-culoba, misi zoma warmoadgens, rasac kargad grZnobs mwe-ralic da mkiTxvelic da rac xSirad savsebiT uSualod aisaxeba Txzulebis mTel stilze. rogorc iuri tinianovi aRniSnavs, Txzulebis didi Tu mcire forma winaswar gansaz-Rvravs Txzulebis yovel detals, yovel stilistur xerxs da konstruqciis sidide-simciris TvalsazrisiT sxvadasxva datvirTvas iZens. amgvarad, Txzulebis zoma stilis mniSvne-lovani maxasiaTebelia.
magram, stilis mTlianobas mxolod dominantTa arseboba ar qmnis. marTalia, isini warmarTaven formis agebulebas, magram saboloo jamSi es mTlianoba, iseve, rogorc esa Tu is stiluri dominanti, nakarnaxevia stilis funqcionalobis principiT, rac niSnavs, rom man adekvaturad unda gamoxatos esa Tu is Sinaarsi. amrigad, stili _ Sinaarsobrivi formaa. aRniSnuli da ara sxva stiluri dominantebi da stiluri tendenciebi TxzulebaSi Tavs, upirveles yovlisa, imitom
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iCenen, rom maT gamoyenebas konkretuli Sinaarsobrivi amo-canebi moiTxovs.
Tanamedrove literaturismcodneobaSi stilis katego-riaze saubroben ara mxolod ama Tu im mweralTan an nawar-moebTan dakavSirebiT, aramed ufro farTo konteqstiT. ma-galiTad, laparakoben literaturul mimarTulebaTa da mimdinareobaTa stilze, erovnul da regionalur stilze, `epoqis stilze~ (baroko, klasicizmi, romantizmi da a.S). terminis aseTi gamoyeneba araa usafuZvlo, magram aq ori garemoebaa gasaTvaliswinebeli: pirveli _ drois ganmavlo-baSi izrdeba stilis mniSvneloba; meore _ rac ufro vrce-lia stilis moculoba, miT ufro abstraqtulia misi damaxa-siaTebeli niSnebi.
XX saukuneSi stilisa da ritorikis sakiTxebisadmi inte-resis gaRviZeba frangi struqturalistebis _ r. bartis, c.todorovis, J. Jenetis, a-i. greimasis, k. bremonisa da rig sxva mecnierTa kvlevebs ukavSirdeba: franguli struqtu-ralizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia myari interesi poeturi enis Seswavlisa da literaturuli nawarmoebebis lingvis-tur-stilisturi analizisadmi.
rilobis nulovani xarisxi~∗, Seecada, rom enasa (sayovelTa-od savaldebulo norma) da stils (mwerlis individualuri Tavisebureba) Soris gamoevlina da aRewera mxatvruli for-mis mesame `ganzomileba~ _ weriloba. r. bartis wyalobiT XX saukunis frangul literaturismcodneobaSi weriloba iqca terminad, sityvam terminis statusi SeiZina.
naSromi Seiqmna imdroindel literaturul procesze da Jurnalistikaze avtoris dafiqrebisa da gansjis Sedegad da literaturis semiotikis sferoSi klasikur narkvevad iqna aRiarebuli. masSi pirveladaa aRwerili is, rasac avtori
`mesame ganzomilebas~, werilobas (écriture) uwodebs da rac enasa da stilTan erTad arsebobs. aRsaniSnavis, rom r. barts stili, franguli tradiciis Tanaxmad, esmis rogorc adami-anis individualuri Tavisebureba (Sdr. bufoni: `stili Ta-vad adamiania~).
maSasadame, r. bartma enasa da stils Soris CarTo weri-loba, radgan misi koncefciiT, ena da stili _ brma Zalebia; weriloba _ istoriuli solidarobis aqtia. r. barti aRniS-navs, rom werilobis ramdenime saxeoba arsebobs: daxvewili, `populisturi~, neitraluri da sasaubro, magram radganac
∗ termini `nulovani xarisxi~ mkvlevarma isesxa danieli glossemantikosis (glossemantika _ lingvisturi Teoria, romelic swavlobs enaSi Sinaarsisa da gamoxatvis formebs) vigo briondalisgan, romelic amiT aRniSnavda neitralur wevrs raime opoziciaSi. r. barti `werilobis nulovan xarisxs~ gramatikuli kategoriebis magaliTze ganmartavs: lingvisturi Sepirispi-reba, albaT, SesaZleblobas mogvcems ganvmartoT am axali movlenis arsi: rogorc cnobilia, zogi lingvisti miuTiTebs, rom or polarul enobriv kategorias Soris (mxolobiTi ricxvi _ mravlobiTi ricxvi, namyo _ awmyo) arsebobs kidev erTi _ neitraluri anu nulovani. magaliTad: TxrobiT ki-los _ kavSirebiTTan da brZanebiTTan SedarebiT _ umodalo formad miiC-neven. am azriT _ ra Tqma unda, sxva masStabiT _ SeiZleba iTqvas, rom wera, miyvanili nulovan xarisxamde, arsebiTad, sxva araferia, Tu ara wera indi-kativSi, anu umodalo (aramodaluri wera)... axali neitraluri weriloba mdgomareobs emociur wamoZaxilTa da msjelobaTa Soris, magram maTgan srul damoukideblobas inarCunebs; misi arsi swored maTi ararsebobaa (barti 1987: 343).
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`populisturi~ wera daxvewili weris variants warmoadgens, werilobis saxeoba sul samia.
amrigad, r. bartis naSromSi weris sami saxeoba gamoiyofa, romelnic klasikuri ritorikis sami stilis Teoriis ana-logs qmnis: daxvewili wera _ maRali stili, neitraluri _ saSualo stili, salaparako _ dabali stili.
Jerar Jenets miaCnia, rom stili garkveulwilad gansaz-Rvravs literaturulobis minimalur dones im Tvalsazri-siT, rom igi naklebadaa gamyarebuli sxva kriteriumebiT (fiqciuroba, poeturoba) da mTlianad aris damokidebuli mkiTxvelis Sefasebaze. stili udavod detalebSia, _ Tvlis Jeneti, _ amasTan, yvela detalis erTobliobasa da urTier-TkavSirSi. maSasadame, `stilis faqti~ sxva araferia, Tu ara diskursi (Jeneti 1998).
kompanioni miuTiTebs, rom stili araerTmniSvnelovani cnebaa; imis nacvlad, rom gzadagza Tavisi Zveli mniSvnelo-bebi CamoeSorebina da axali SeeZina, es cneba maT krebda da dRes misTvis yvela erTnairad aris misaRebi: rodesac stil-ze vsaubrobT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs misi yvela mniSvneloba erTad an cal-calke: norma, mokazmva, gadaxra, saxeoba/tipi, simptomi da kultura.
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stilis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva mecnierTa mosazrebebis gan-xilvis Sedegad, kompanioni askvnis, rom pirvel planze gamo-dis stilis sami aspeqti, romlebmac warmatebiT gauZles maTze ganxorcielebul Teoriul `Setevebs~. es aspeqtebia:
_ stili warmoadgens met-naklebad myari Sinaarsis for-malur variacias;
_ stili warmoadgens nawarmoebis damaxasiaTebel Tvise-bebTa erTobliobas, romelic saSualebas iZleva davadgi-noT da amovicnoT (ufro intuiciiT, vidre analitikurad) misi avtori;
stili literaturuli nawarmoebis specifikuri arsis _ Taviseburebis _ gamovlenis istoriuli formaa; stili aris mxatvruli formis yvela elementis esTetikuri mTlianoba, romelsac aqvs garkveuli originaloba da garkveul Sina-arssac gamoxatavs.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
arive 1969: Arrivé M. Postulats pour la description linguistique des texts littéraires. Langue française, № 3. 1969.
bali 1905: Bally Ch. Précis de stilistique, Genéve, Eggimann: 1905. bali 1951: Bally Ch.Traité de stilistique française. Paris: 1951. barti 1987: Барт Р. Нулевая степень письма. // “Семиотика“, М.: 1987. benvenisti 1958: Benveniste E. Catégories de pensée et categories de langue. 1966. benvenisti 1966: Benveniste E. Problèms de lingusitique générale. Paris.
Gallimard: 1966. borevi 1982: Борев Ю. Б. Художественный стиль, метод, направление. //
Теория литературных стилей: Современные аспекты изучения. М.: 1982. gudmeni 1990: Goodman N. Le statut du style. Esthétique et Connaissance. Ed de
l’ Eclat: 1990. rusuli Targmani: Гудмен Н. Статус стиля //Способы создания миров. М.: "Идея-пресс" - "Праксис": 2001.
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elsbergi 1982: Я. Е. Эльсберг. Индивидуальные стили и вопросы их историко-теоретического изучения. // Теория литературных стилнй. Совре-менные аспекты изучения. «Наука», М.: 1982.
esini 1999: Есин А. Б. Стиль // Введение в литературоведение. Литера-турное произведение: основные понятия и термины. “Высшая школа”. М.: 1999.
zenkini 2000: Зенкин, С. Н. Введение в литературоведение, теория лите-ратуры, М.: 2000.
iakobsoni 1962: Jakobson R. et Lévi-Strauss C. “Les Chats” de Charles Baudelaire. 1962
kekeliZe 1951: kekeliZe k. qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. I, Tb.: stalinis sax. Tsu gamomcemloba, 1951.
kompanioni 2001: Компаньон, А., Демон теории. Литература и здравый смысл. М., 2001.
kuznecova 1976: Кузнецова, Т. И., Стрельникова, И. П., Ораторское искусство в Древнем Риме. М.: “Наука”, 1976. μ jgufi: Дюбуа и др. [Группа "мю"]. Общая риторика. пер. с француз-
ского. М.: Прогресс, 1986. palievski: Палиевский П. В. Постановка проблемы стиля. // Теория
литературных стилнй. Современные аспекты изучения. М.: «Наука», 1982. Jeneti 1991: Genette G. Fiction et diction. Paris. Seuil: 1991. rusuli Tar-
gmani: Женетт Ж., "Вымысел и слог"// "Фигуры: Работы по поэтике". 1998. Jeneti 1998: Женетт Ж, Стиль и значение: Stilus et Significatio. _ Фигуры. В
2-х томах. М.: Изд.-во им. Собашниковых, 1998. rifateri 1959: Riffatere M. Critères pour l’analyse du style. 1960. Criteria for
Style Analysis // Word, 15, 1959. rifateri 1971: Riffatere M. Essais de stylistique structural. Paris: Flammarion:
1971. sokolovi 1970: Соколов А. Н. Теория стиля. М.: 1970. starobinski 1964: Staroinski J. Psychoanalyze et connaissence littéraire. 1964. starobinski 1970: Staroinski J. La relation critique. Paris: Gallimard: 1970. Spiceri 1940: Spitzer L. Art du langage et stilistique. 1948. Spiceri 1970: Spitzer L. Etudes de style. Paris: Gallimard: 1970. CiCerini 1977: Чичерин А. Очерки по истории русского литературного
стиля. «Художественная литература». М.: 1977.
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Tamar barbaqaZe
leqswyobis sistemebi leqsis Teoriis umTavresi sakiTxia ama Tu im eris leqsis
termini `kvantitaturi~ laTinuria _ quantitas (`raode-noba~); igulisxmeba im drois raodenoba, xangrZlivoba, rac sWirdeboda grZeli an mokle marcvlis warmoTqmas (aqve SemoiRes principi: `grZeli udris or mokles~. frangebi mas
uwodeben: `mannaie de longue~). metrul leqsSi ritmis erTeuli, romelic uSualod,
smeniT iyo aRsaqmeli, iyo mTeli striqoni, taepi, an, ukidu-res SemTxvevaSi, naxevartaepi. metrul leqswyobaSi pirve-lad Cndeba terfi _ Zlieri da susti adgilebis SeTanxmeba, romelic mTel leqsSi regularulad meordeba. terfad miiCneoda grZeli da mokle marcvlebis yvela saxis SeTan-xmeba. terfis moculoba izomeboda xangrZlivobis erTe-ulebiT: rogorc indur leqsSi erTi mokle marcvlis JRe-radobas ewodeba `matra~ (zoma), aseve, antikurSi man miiRo saxelwodeba `mora~ (laTinurad: `Seyovneba~), an `qronos protosi~ (berZnulad: `pirveladi dro~). grZeli xmovani, an marcvali udrida or mokle xmovans, e. i. Sedgeboda ori qronos protosis, anu ori morasagan. sazomebis grafikul sqemebSi grZeli xmovani gamoixateboda xaziT `_~, mokle
xmovani ki _ naxevarrkaliT `∪~. metrul leqsSi SesaZlebe-li iyo grZeli xmovnis Secvla ori mokle xmovniT da _
piriqiT: ∪∪ (ori mokle xmovani, anu ori mora) udris _ (erT
grZel xmovans), anu _ = ∪∪. berZnuli leqsis zogierT sa-zomSi grZeli xmovnebi iSviaTad samsa da oTx morasac Se-icavdnen, maSasadame, maTi warmoTqmisaTvis unda daxarju-liyo sami an oTxi xmovnisaTvis saWiro Zala.
grZeli da mokle marcvlebis monacvleoba leqss musika-lobas aniWebs: simRerisas, Cveulebriv, zog xmovans vrclad
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warmovTqvamT, zogs _ mokled. antikuri leqsi adre imRere-boda, mere ki reCitativiT warmoiTqmoda. misi mTavari erTe-uli iyo taepi, xolo metruli leqswyobis safuZveli _ izo-qronizmi, grZeli da mokle xmovnebis drois Tanabar monak-veTebSi gamoTqma.
∗ mokle terfebi, Cveulebisamebr, iTvleboda ara terfebad, aramed orter-fad _ `dipodiiT~; amitomac, magaliTad, `daqtiluri heqsametri~ (6) _ es aris eqvsi daqtiluri terfisagan Semdgari leqsi, magram `troqeuli tet-rametri~ (4) aris oTxi troqeuli dipodisagan, anu 8 terfisagan Sedgenili leqsi. `iamburi trimetric~ (3) _ Sedgeba sami dipodisagan, anu 6 terfisa-gan, `iamburi dimetri~ (2) _ 2 dipodia, ese igi _ 4 terfi.
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lo Secvlis Taobaze. am mosazrebis mxardamWerebs uwodeb-dnen ritmistebs anu `muzistebs~, radgan isini leqss warmo-adgendnen musikalur nimuSad, rogorc notebis mwkrivs. maTi oponentebi metristebi iyvnen, romlebic leqss ufro empiriulad aRiqvamdnen _ maTi azriT, esa Tu is leqsi aucileblad Sedgeba ama Tu im terfebisagan, ama Tu im Tan-mimdevrobiT; Tu ratom maincdamainc ase, _ es ucnobia da umniSvnelo. mixeil gasparovis azriT, amgvari uTanxmoebisa da dapirispirebis mizezi is gaxldaT, rom antikur poeziaSi arsebobda leqswyobis ori sistema, ori principi: silabur-metruli da wminda-metruli. `muzistebis~ (`ritmistebis~) Teoria ukeT xsnida wminda-metruls, xolo `metristebi~ asabuTebdnen _ silabur-metruls, anu eoliurs. muzistebi, TanabarxangrZlivobis Teoriis meSveobiT, kargad xsnidnen, rom daqtilur heqsametrSi 4-moriani daqtili, SesaZlo iyo, Secvliliyo 4-moriani spondeTi, magram CixSi eqceodnen, rodesac iambur trimetrSi 3-moriani iambi icvleboda 4-mo-riani spondeTi (gasparovi 2003: 59).
antikuri leqsis Tanamedrove mkvlevarebi agrZeleben metristebis gakvalul gzas, Tumca ar azviadeben musikalu-ri momentebis TanabarxangrZlivobis rols saleqso taepSi. XIX s. mkvlevarebi ki, romlebic romantikuli warmosaxvis upiratesobis SegrZnebiT, xelovnebis dargTa Soris musikas umaRles safexurze ayenebdnen, upirveles adgils aniWeb-dnen xalxuri poeziis musikalurobas da antikur leqss `mu-zistebis~ msgavsad ganixilavdnen: antikur leqss notebiT _ meoTxedebiTa da mervedebiT _ gamosaxavdnen, imeorebdnen zerTul Teoriebs iracionaluri spondeebisa da sxva ter-febis Taobaze. sxvaTa Soris, es Teoriebi dResac popularu-lia specialur literaturaSi. m. gasparovis azriT, ar unda daviviwyoT kritikuli midgoma _ aSkarad ufro nayofieria leqsis ara musikaluri, aramed lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT kvleva.
/∪∪ da a.S.), xolo sadac grZeli marcvali ar iyo, iq _ mok-lesac; maxvili metrul leqswyobaSi taepis maorganizebel funqcias ver asrulebda, radgan iq ZiriTadi musikaluri aqcenti marcvalTa sigrZe-simokleze iyo gadatanili.
unda aRiniSnos, rom grZeli da mokle xmovnebis kanon-zomier Tanmimdevrobas emyareba, agreTve, arabuli da spar-suli leqswyoba da, nawilobriv, rusuli xalxuri leqsi.
metrul leqswyobaSi taepi dayofili iyo cezurebiT. cezura modioda taepSi erTxel, an orjer terfTa garkve-uli raodenobis Semdeg. taepis SigniT zogjer terfisa da sityvis sazRvrebi ar eTanxmeboda erTmaneTs da terfi xleC-da sityvas. taepis bolos aseTi SeuTanxmebloba dauSvebeli iyo: winacezuruli naxevartaepis boloSi Zlieri adgili ukanasknel marcvals moudis, amitomac arasdros daemTxveva bolo winacezuruli sityvis maxvils. romaeli poetebi am kanonzomierebas grZnobdnen da gangeb arCevdnen leqsisaT-vis sityvaTgamyofebis iseT ganlagebas, raTa xazi gaesvaT enobrivi da leqsis bolos metruli maxvilebis Tanxvedri-saTvis, xolo winacezuruli naxevartaepis boloSi _ acde-nisaTvis. metrul leqswyobaSi cezuris gamoyeneba sifrTxi-les moiTxovda, raTa igi smenas SecdomiT ar mieRo stri-qonis dasasrulad. TviTon sityva `cezura~ (laT. `gaWra~) miuTiTebda, rom is sityvagamyofia, terfis gamanawilebeli. amaSia swored sxvaoba antikuri, kvantitaturi leqsis cezu-rasa da im cezuras Soris, rasac dRes uwodeben mas.
antikur xanSi mkiTxvelebi leqsebs ise kiTxulobdnen, rom maxvili, enobrivi ritmis mixedviT, bunebrivad unda dasmuliyo, magram smeniT mas ki ar misdevdnen, aramed am dros ritmiT warmoSobil sigrZe-simokles; roca laTinur enaSi sigrZe-simokle smeniT aRar aRiqmeboda, maSin maxvilis ritmma gadainacvla pirvel adgilze. Suasaukuneebis, aRor-Zinebis, klasicizmis periodis mkiTxvelebi agrZelebdnen ki-Txvas enaSi arsebuli maxvilebis mixedviT, xolo sigrZe-si-moklis ritms, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, warmosaxvis moSveli-
berZnuli heqsametrisa da qarTuli Sairis, kerZod, `ve-fxistyaosnis~ taepis msgavsebis Teoria qarTul versifika-ciaSi `araxalia~: igi jer kidev 1884 wels wamoWra n. gulakma (`TviTeuli taepi eqvsterfiania eqvsi maxviliTurT~), xolo Semdeg, XX s. 10-ian wlebSi, es Teoria daicva qarTuli leqsis
nia da aRniSnavs `sagmiro eposis sazoms~, e. i. daqtilur heqsametrs.
s. yauxCiSvilis daskvniT, efremis gamoTqma `ormuÃli iroikoÁ~ niSnavs sagmiro sazomiT gamarTul or strofs, e. i. oTx taeps (or heqsametrsa da or pentametrs~) (yauxCiSvili 1946: 75).
pirveli da sayuradRebo cda Cvidmetmarcvlovani kare-diT daqtiluri heqsametris gadmocemisa simon yauxCiSvils ekuTvnis. aseTi pirobiTi sazomi gamoiyena man Tavis `ber-Znuli literaturis istoriaSi~ `iliadasa~ da `odiseas~ Se-sabamisi adgilebis dasamowmeblad:
isini, visac Zalian eZneleboda Zvel, mkacr metrikasTan gamomSvidobeba, arafers iSurebdnen, raTa rogorme Seene-lebinaT grZeli da mokle marcvlebis danakargi; SemoiRes
saintereso Sualeduri sazomi, e. w. Scheineprosodie (`xangrZli-voba TvalisaTvis~). laTinuri leqsis mTxzvelebi leqsis weras xangrZlivobis wesebiT cdilobdnen, terfuli metri-kiT; Tumca grZel marcvlebad mxolod daxuruli marcvlebi iTvleboda, Ria marcvlebi ki Tavisufali iyo: sadac saWiro iyo, grZel marcvals mimarTavdnen, sadac ara _ mokles. aseTi `moCvenebiTi~ heqsametris magaliTad SeiZleba movix-moT komodianas poema `dadgenileba~ (Cv. w. aR.-iT V s.), Tumca laTinur poeziaSi am naxevarzomam fexi ver moikida, sakmaod bevri Tavisufali marcvali aRmoCnda; Sua saukuneebis ber-
Znul leqss ki kargad moergo∗. amrigad, bizantiaSi, IV da V saukuneTa mijnaze, poeziasa
da prozaSi erTmaneTs ebrZoda Zveli da axali, antikur-war-marTuli da qristianuli. VI saukunis II naxevarSi upirateso-ba moipova qristianulma mimarTulebam da am gziT daiwyo ganviTareba leqsmac.
∗ aq, furcelze, grafikulad SeiZleboda Ria marcvalSi nawilobriv gager-Cia grZeli da mokle, radgan grZeli O da mokle O, grZeli E da mokle E berZnul anbanSi sxvadasxva asoebi iyo, ase rom, Tavisufal asoebad rCebod-nen mxolod A, I da Y. amgvarad, bizantiur leqswyobaSi kvantitatur `met-rulsa~ (leqsebi mecnierTaTvis) da silabur `ritmuls~ (leqsebi aramec-nierTaTvis) Soris Cndeba kidev erTi, `moCvenebiTi metrika~, e. w. Scheinep-rosodie (leqsebi naxevrad swavlulTaTvis).
li pitrac: masac xelnawerTa punqtuacia daexmara sagalo-belTa saidumlos amoxsnaSi. vfiqrobT, mixeil gasparovis mier aRniSnuli leqswyobis mesame tipi `sekvencia~, romelic stroful silabikas, mxolod sasimReros, saeklesio, li-turgikuli lirikis formas gulisxmobda, Seesabameba pavle ingoroyvas mier aRmoCenil qarTul `silabur ukveTel leqss~ (`sagalobeli marcvledi~).
pavle ingoroyvas Tvalsazrisi zogierTma qarTvelma mkvlevarma uyoymanod miiRo (s. yauxCiSvilma, m. TarxniSvil-ma, a. baramiZem), mecnierTa meore nawilma ki ar gaiziara p. in-goroyvas daskvnebi da saeWvod miiCnia sagaloblebSi mkac-rad Camoyalibebuli metruli struqturis arseboba (k. keke-
liZe, a. gawerelia, g. imedaSvili)∗. k. kekeliZe Secdomad Tvlida xelnawerebSi arsebuli
`gankveTis niSnebis~ (ori wertili) mixedviT sagaloblis teqstis taepad dalagebas. k. kekeliZis azriT, `gankveTis ni-SanTa~ Soris moqceuli teqsti ar warmoadgens saleqso ta-eps, amas xsnida iambikos magaliTze, sadac `gankveTis niSani~ ar aris taepis bolos da arc cezuris adgilas (7, 5); asevea berZnulSic, rac aCvena vaJa gvaxariam (gvaxaria 1987).
p. ingoroyvas aRniSvniT, berZnul-bizantiuri himnogra-fiis 12-marcvledi, iambikuri leqsi, gansxvavebulia antiku-ri xanis berZnuli iambikuri trimetrisagan. p. ingoroyva miiCnevs, rom qarTuli lqsis 3 saxeoba unda arsebobdes:
1. silabur-muxledovani leqsi, anu Zveli qarTuli leqsi (damowmebulia V-VIII saukuneebidan). Tavis struqturas igi ucvlelad inarCunebs XVIII saukunemde da gadmodis XIX s.;
qarTuli leqsis samecniero kvlevis gzaze dRemde um-Tavres sakiTxad rCeba erovnuli versifikaciis (leqswyobis) bunebis dadgena. ar yofila CvenSi cotad Tu bevrad cnobi-li poetikis mkvlevari, Tu qarTuli leqsis problemebze mo-fiqrali poeti, rom Tavisi Sexeduleba ar gamoeTqvas am ku-TxiT _ leqwyobis romel sistemas eqvemdebareba erovnuli leqswyoba?
adrindeli mkvlevarebi am kiTxvas pirdapir ar svamdnen, magram maTi poziciebi naTeli xdeboda leqsis ritmze, met-rze, prosodiaze saubris dros, XIX s. bolo aTwleulidan ki daiwyes leqswyobis sistemaTa saxeldeba. imTaviTve ori az-ri daupirispirda erTmaneTs: qarTuli leqsis silaburobisa da silaburtonurobis Teoriebi.
qarTuli leqsis silaburobis Teoriis ganviTarebis qro-nologiuri qarga amgvarad SeiZleba warmovidginoT XVIII s. naxevridan: mamuka baraTaSvili, anonimi avtori, daviT req-tori, Teimuraz bagrationi, mari brose, platon ioseliani, daviT CubinaSvili, iona meunargia, luka isarliSvili, grigol yifSiZe, niko mari, mose janaSvili, hans fogti, andrei fedorovi, silovan xundaZe, grigol robaqiZe, pavle ingoroyva, givi gaCeCilaZe, giorgi wereTeli, akaki xinTibi-Ze, togo gudava, daviT werediani, mixeil gasparovi, apolon silagaZe, qeTrin viviani.
qarTuli leqsis silaburtonurobis Teoria ki saTaves
iRebs evgeni bolxovitinovis wignidan `Историческое изобро-жение Грузии в политическом, церковом и учебном ая состоянии~ (1802). XIX s. damdegidan dRemde: lavrenti ardaziani, niko-loz gulaki, kote dodaSvili, meliton kelenjeriZe, Sio daviTaSvili, ioseb yifSiZe, sergi gorgaZe, akaki gawerelia, panteleimon beraZe, roland beriZe.
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gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda dapirispieba qarTuli leqsis silaburobisa da silaburtonurobis damcvelTa Soris XX s. 70-iani wlebidan, rodesac giorgi wereTlis wigni `metri da riTma vefxistyaosanSi~ (1973) gamoqveynda. am naSromma kate-goriulad ukuagdo qarTuli leqsis terfovanebis Teoria da uaryo maxvilis roli Cveni leqsis segmentebis (muxlebis) da riTmis SeqmnaSi. giorgi wereTlis azriT, enaSi maxvili ara marto sustia da uZravi, aramed minimaluria misi fun-qcia saleqso ritmis da riTmis organizebisas: riTma ar iwye-ba maxviliani xmovniT; qarTuli leqsis taepi iyofa naxevar-taepebad (naxevarkaredebad), romlebic kidev iyofa segmen-tebad (muxlebad), amitom g. wereTeli `vefxistyaosnis~ leq-swyobas `silabur regulirebul leqss~ uwodebs.
g. wereTlis am Tvalsazrisis mZafri kritika aris Ziri-Tadi amocana akaki gawerelias wignisa: `vefxistyaosnis~ po-etikis zogierTi sakiTxi~ (1974). akaki gawerelia myarad icavs mosazrebas qarTuli leqsis silaburtonurobis Ta-obaze. misi mtkicebiT, qarTuli sasuliero poezia (iambiko-ebi) silaburi bunebisa iyo, magram Semdeg qarTuli leqsi (arsen iyalToeli, CaxruxaZe, rusTaveli da Semdegdroin-deli poezia) silabur-tonuri gaxda. qarTul leqss sila-bur-tonurad miiCnevs akaki gawerelia `literaturis Te-oriis safuZvlebSi~ Setanil naSromSic, sadac igi kategori-ulad acxadebs: `qarTuli leqswyoba anu versifikacia sila-bur-tonuria. misi ritmis safuZvelia taepebSi (striqoneb-Si) Zlieri da susti marcvlebis kanonzomieri Tanmimdevro-ba da marcvlebis raodenobrivi Tanabroba... qarTul leqs-wyobaSi sityvebi maxvils ki ar kargavs, aramed iZens met simkveTresa da siZlieres~ (gawerelia 1995: 282).
ama Tu im eris leqswyobis bunebis garkveva SeuZlebelia enis Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. leqsi da ena ganuyrelad aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan da leqswyobis sistemaTa monacvleobac enis bunebis cvalebadobiT aris ganpirobebuli: metruli leqswyoba, rogorc viciT, swored imitom gauqmda, rom berZnulma enam marcvalTa sigrZe-
∗ ix. J. Jenetis naSromi `Sesavali arqeteqstSi~. ∗∗ Tu ar CavTvliT benedeto kroCes mosazrebas, romelmac undobloba gamo-ucxada Janrebs da seriozul eWvqveS daayena JanrTa aucileblobis sakiTxi.
sqematurad es ase gamoiyureba∗: sqema _ 1 saliteraturo gvarebi
∗ ZiriTadad vsargeblobT o. i. fedotovis sqemiT.
385
sqema _ 2 epikuri Janrebi
386
sqema _ 3 dramis Janrebi
387
sqema _ 4 lirikis Janrebi
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literaturuli gvarebis Tanamedrove ganmartebani:
eposi _ literaturuli gvari, romelic efuZneba ada-mianisa da samyaros urTierTobis obieqtur asaxvas garexed-vis poziciidan da mimarTulia istoriul da sazogadoebriv-yofiT sferoze. eposi sargeblobs formatuli da qronoto-puli (dro-sivrculi) TavisuflebiT, siuJeturi da Tematu-ri mravalferovnebiT, gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebisa da Txrobis formebis farTo arCevniT.
lirika∗ _ literaturuli gvari, romelic efuZneba ada-mianisa da samyaros urTierTobis subieqtur asaxvas Siga-xedvis poziciidan da mimarTulia sulier-cnobierebiT da mgrZnobelobiT sferoze. lirika gamoirCeva grZnobebisa da emociebis gamoxatvis mravalferovnebiT, intonaciuri kom-poziciiTa da asociaciuri saxeebiT. is SeiZleba iyos aRwe-riTi da meditaciuri. Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi lirikuli teq-sti fokusirebulia lirikuli gmiris garemosTan mimarTe-baze, meore SemTxvevaSi _ sufTa lirizmis gamoxatulebaa.
drama _ literaturuli gvari, romelsac scenaze (ek-ranze), moqmedebaSi mohyavs adamiani da samyaro da aerTi-anebs sityvis xelovnebas xelovnebis vizualur formebTan (Teatri, kino). drama axdens Semoqmedebis obieqturi da subieqturi faqtorebis sinTezirebas da efuZneba Txrobis dialoguroba-monologurobis princips. dramaSi, sityvis paralelurad, didi datvirTva eniWeba moqmedi pirebis TamaSs _ mimikas, Jestebs, artikulacias; SemoqmedebiTi jgufis _ reJisoris, mxatvrebis, scenografebisa da sxvaTa muSaobas. drama Sinagani da garegani komponentebis mTli-anobaa, mimarTuli realobis maqsimalurad zusti imitaciisaken.
literaturuli Janrebi, antikuri epoqidan vidre dRem-de, or gansxvavebul rakursSi moiazreba _ sinqronul da diaqronul rakursebSi. sinqronizmi Janruli formebis sim-yaresa da mudmivobas asaxavs, diaqronizmi ki _ maT peri-odul transformacias istoriuli da kulturuli cvaleba-dobebis konteqstSi. Sesabamisad, Janris gansazRvreba sin-qronul WrilSi efuZneba e.w. formulirebuli literaturu-li konvenciebis daSvebas, diaqronul WrilSi ki _ arafor-mulirebul literaturuli konvenciebisas. T. kenti miuTi-Tebs: `formulirebuli literaturuli konvencia Tavisi arsiT gansazRvruli da dakanonebulia... igi Seesabameba teq-stis statikur anu sinqronul elementebs, romlebic vlin-
394
deba teqstis doneze. am TvalsazrisiT, sinqronuli, anu formulirebuli literaturuli konvenciebi asocirdeba im logikur molodinTan, romelic warmoiqmneba teqstTan uSu-alo kontaqtis Sedegad... gansxvavebiT formulirebuli li-teraturuli konvenciebisagan, araformulirebuli konven-ciebi Tavisi arsiT ganusazRvrelni arian da diaqronul xasiaTs atareben. isini asocirdeba cvalebadobasTan, rome-lic yovelTvis faseulia~ (kenti 1986: 37-38). amrigad, sin-qronul WrilSi Janri aRiqmeba, rogorc dadgenili, formu-lirebuli da gamyarebuli struqtura, ganpirobebuli Sida-literaturuli kanonebiT, diaqronul perspeqtivaSi ki _ rogorc mudmivad qmnadi sistema, damokidebuli konkre-tuli epoqisaTvis niSandobliv istoriul da kulturul Ri-rebulebebze. SeiZleba davaskvnaT: Janris sinqronuli gan-sazRvreba amkvidrebs Janris struqturul Taviseburebasa da miznebs, romlebTan mimarTebaSic gaiazreba nebismieri Janris wiaRSi mimdinare cvalebadoba, regresi Tu ganviTa-reba; gansxvavebiT sinqronulisagan, diaqronuli gansaz-Rvreba realuri, istoriul-kulturuli mocemulobebis fonze ganixilavs Janrs, is adgens nebismieri Janris wiaRSi mimdinare cvalebadobis, regresisa Tu ganviTarebis mize-zebs da, am TvalsazrisiT, dasabams aZlevs mraval saintere-so koncefcias. Janris Teoriis gaazrebis sinqronuli da di-aqronuli rakursebi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan _ pirveli koncentrirebulia dadgenil standartze, meore ki _ mudmivad cvalebad sistemebze. me-20 saukunis litera-turaTmcodnobam naTlad gamoavlina am ori Tvalsazrisis
Widili∗, Tumca, yvelaze swor gadawyvetilebad migvaCnia Janris gaazrebis am ori poziciis Sejerebis mcdeloba, ra-sac Janris gaazrebis holistikuri meTodi ewoda. holisti-kuri meTodi moicavs da amTlianebs Janris gansazRvrebis orive models _ sinqronulsa da diaqronuls: Tu sinqronu-li modeli safuZvlad edeba Janris etimologiur, tipolo-
∗ ix. i. ratiani, Janris Teoria. Tb. 2009. gv. 33-60.
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giur da semiotikur klasifikacias, anu Janris gansazRvre-bas Sidaliteraturul kanonzomierebebze dayrdnobiT, di-aqronuli modeli axdens Janris sinTezirebas konkretul garemo pirobebTan, adgens Janris adaptaciis xarisxs gar-kveul istoriul-kulturul konteqstSi, anu axorcielebs Janris gansazRvrebas gare, e.w. eqstraliterturuli kanon-zomierebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
am mosazrebidan gamomdinare, migvaCnia, rom literatu-ruli Janrebis ganmartebisa da gaazrebis swori da met-nak-lebad srulyofili suraTi warmodgenili unda iqnas ufro farTo perspeqtivaSi, romelic literaturul Janrebs gani-xilavs esTetikur modelebTan, literaturul mimdinare-obebTan da Teoriul principebTan organul mTlianobaSi. am mizans moemsaxureba `literaturis Teoriis~ saxelmZRvane-lo, romelsac uaxloes xanebSi miiRebs mkiTxveli.
gamoyenebuli literatura: ratiani 2009: ratiani i. Janris Teoria. Tb.: 2009.
belinski 1948: Белинский Б. Собр. соч. в 3тт. т.2. -М.: Гослитиздат, 1948. hiugo 1961: Hugo, V. Odes and Ballads // V. Hugo, Studies in Poetics, London:
1961. diubrou 1982: Dubrow, H. Genre. -Methuen, London and New York: 1982. kenti 1986: Kent, T. Interpretation and Genre. –Lewisburg: 1986.