Gastritis

Gastritis

By : Nurul Khairunnisa bt. Mat YahayaTeacher : Pn. Hjh. Che Ratni

Class : 4 InisiatifYear : 2010

Gastritis

Introduction Gastritis is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach, and has many possible causes. The main acute causes are excessive alcohol consumption or prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (also known as NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen. Sometimes gastritis develops after major surgery, traumatic injury, burns, or severe infections. Gastritis may also occur in those who have had weight loss surgery resulting in the banding or reconstruction of the digestive tract. Chronic causes are infection with bacteria, primarily Helicobacter pylori. Certain diseases, such as pernicious anemia, chronic bile reflux, stress and certain autoimmune disorders can cause gastritis as well.

The most common symptom is abdominal upset or pain. Other symptoms are indigestion, abdominal bloating, nausea, and vomiting. Some may have a feeling of fullness or burning in the upper abdomen. A gastroscopy, blood test, complete blood count test, or a stool test may be used to diagnose gastritis. Treatment includes taking antacids or other medicines, such as proton pump inhibitors or antibiotics, and avoiding hot or spicy foods. For those with pernicious anemia, B12 injections are given.

Drawing structure of Gastritis

Problem StatementWhat are the structure of Gastritis and how does it occur in life?

ObjectiveTo study the structure and the effects of Gastritis in human being.

Apparatus/MaterialsReference book, Internet and Microsoft PowerPoint software.

TechniqueFind information about the structure of Gastritis from the reference book and internet.

Then, the information is presented in/using Microsoft PowerPoint.

Procedure1. Information about the Gastritis is find from the reference book and internet.

2. The information gathered is presented in/using Microsoft PowerPoint.

Content

About Gastritis

Causes

Signs and Symptoms

Diagnosis

Treatment

Data and Statistics

What is Gastritis?

An inflammation of the lining of the stomach, and has many possible causes.

The lining of the stomach often looks red, irritated and swollen, and it may have

raw areas that can bleed. While the lining of the stomach is quite strong and

can withstand strong acid, drinking too much alcohol, eating spicy foods, or to

smoking can cause the lining become inflamed and irritated.

Causes

Gastritis may be caused by the following:

drinking too much alcohol

eating spicy foods

smoking

prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

infection with bacteria such as E. coli, Salmonella, or Helicobacter pylori

major surgery

traumatic injury or burns

severe infection

certain diseases, such as megaloblastic (pernicious) anemia, autoimmune disorders, and chronic bile reflux

Causes

Acute- Erosive gastritis is gastric mucosal erosion caused by damage to mucosal defenses. Alcohol consumption does not cause chronic gastritis. It does, however, erode the mucosal lining of the stomach; low doses of alcohol stimulate hydrochloric acid secretion. High doses of alcohol do not stimulate secretion of acid. NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase-1, or COX-1, an enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of eicosanoids in the stomach, which increases the possibility of peptic ulcers forming. Also, NSAIDs, such as aspirin, reduce a substance that protects the stomach called prostaglandin. These drugs used in a short period of time are not typically dangerous. However, regular use can lead to gastritis.

Chronic- Chronic gastritis refers to a wide range of problems of the gastric tissues that are the result of H. pylori infection. The immune system makes proteins and antibodies that fight infections in the body to maintain a homeostatic condition. In some disorders the body targets the stomach as if it were a foreign protein or pathogen; it makes antibodies against, severely damages, and may even destroy the stomach or its lining. In some cases bile, normally used to aid digestion in the small intestine, will enter through the pyloric valve of the stomach if it has been removed during surgery or does not work properly, also leading to gastritis. Gastritis may also be caused by other medical conditions, including HIV/AIDS, Crohn's disease, certain connective tissue disorders, and liver or kidney failure.

Metaplasia- Mucous gland metaplasia, the reversible replacement of differentiated cells, occurs in the setting of severe damage of the gastric glands, which then waste away (atrophic gastritis), which are progressively replaced by mucous glands. Gastric ulcers may develop; it is unclear if they are the causes or the consequences. Intestinal metaplasia typically begins in response to chronic mucosal injury in the antrum, and may extend to the body. Gastric mucosa cells change to resemble intestinal mucosa and may even assume absorptive characteristics. Intestinal metaplasia is classified histologically as complete or incomplete. With complete metaplasia, gastric mucosa is completely transformed into small-bowel mucosa, both histologically and functionally, with the ability to absorb nutrients and secrete peptides. In incomplete metaplasia, the epithelium assumes a histologic appearance closer to that of the large intestine and frequently exhibits dysplasia.

Helicobacter pylori- Helicobacter pylori colonizes the stomach of more than half of the world's population, and the infection continues to play a key role in the pathogenesis of a number of gastroduodenal diseases. Colonization of the gastric mucosa with Helicobacter pylori results in the development of chronic gastritis in infected individuals and in a subset of patients chronic gastritis progresses to complications (i.e. ulcer disease, gastric neoplasias, some distinct extra gastric disorders). However, gastritis has no adverse consequences for most hosts and emerging evidence suggests that H. pylori prevalence is inversely related to gastroesophageal reflux disease and allergic disorders. These observations indicate that eradication may not be appropriate for certain populations due to the potentially beneficial effects conferred by persistent gastric inflammation.

Signs and Symptoms

Signs and symptoms of gastritis can include:

Abdominal discomfort that may become worse after eating

Persistent pain between the navel and lower ribs

Nausea, sometimes with vomiting

Poor appetite

Belching, bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen

With severe gastritis, sometimes bloody vomiting and black stools

Unexplained weight loss

Diagnosis

Often, a diagnosis can be made based on the patient's description of his or her

symptoms, but other methods may be used to verify:

Blood tests: Blood cell count Presence of H. pylori Pregnancy Liver, kidney, gallbladder, or pancreas functions

Urinalysis

Stool sample, to look for blood in the stool

X-rays

ECGs

Endoscopy, to check for stomach lining inflammation and mucous erosion

Stomach biopsy, to test for gastritis and other conditions

How is Gastritis diagnosed?

In addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnostic

procedures for gastritis may include the following:

gastroscopy - during the procedure, the physician inserts a thin tube with a camera, called a gastroscope, through the patient's mouth down into the stomach to examine the stomach lining. The physician checks for inflammation of the lining and may

remove a tiny sample of the lining for testing (known as a biopsy).

blood test - to measure red blood cells and possibly detect anemia - a condition where there are not enough red blood cells present, which can cause gastritis

stool culture - checks for the presence of abnormal bacteria in the digestive tract that may cause diarrhea and other problems. A small sample of stool is collected and sent to a laboratory by your physician's office. In two or three days, the test will show whether abnormal bacteria are present; presence of blood in the stool may be a sign

of gastritis.

Treatment

Specific treatment for gastritis will be determined by your physician based on: your age, overall health, and medical history

extent of the condition

your tolerance of specific medicines, procedures, or therapies

expectations for the course of the condition

your opinion or preference

- Generally, treatment for gastritis involves antacids and other medications aimed at

reducing stomach acid, relieving symptoms, and promoting the healing of the stomach lining, as acid irritates the inflamed tissue. If the gastritis is related to an illness or infection, that problem will be treated as well.

- Patients are also advised to avoid foods, beverages, or medications that cause symptoms or irritate the lining of the stomach. If the gastritis is related to smoking, quitting is recommended.

Data and Statistics of Gastritis

Society statistics for GastritisHospitalization statistics for Gastritis: The following are statistics from various sources about hospitalizations and Gastritis:

0.65% (83,242) of hospital consultant episodes were for gastritis and duodenitis in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)

85% of hospital consultant episodes for gastritis and duodenitis required hospital admission in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)

49% of hospital consultant episodes for gastritis and duodenitis were for men in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)

51% of hospital consultant episodes for gastritis and duodenitis were for women in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)

17% of hospital consultant episodes for gastritis and duodenitis required emergency hospital admission in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)

6.4 days was the mean length of stay in hospitals for gastritis and duodenitis in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)

3 days was the median length of stay in hospitals for gastritis and duodenitis in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)

56 was the mean age of patients hospitalised for gastritis and duodenitis in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)

48% of hospital consultant episodes for gastritis and duodenitis occurred in 15-59 year olds in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)

21% of hospital consultant episodes for gastritis and duodenitis occurred in people over 75 in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)

69% of hospital consultant episodes for gastritis and duodenitis were single day episodes in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)

0.18% (94,063) of hospital bed days were for gastritis and duodenitis in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)

Data and Statistics on Gastritis from UK, England

Closing/Conclusion

Most people recover from gastritis. Depending on the many factors that affect your stomach lining, gastritis symptoms may flare up from time to time. Overall, gastritis is generally a common, mildly troubling ailment that responds well to simple treatments.

On occasion, rare forms of gastritis can be serious or even life threatening. Severe, ongoing symptoms or internal bleeding should alert your health care provider to search for a more serious underlying cause.

Acknowledgement

I would like to thank Pn. Hjh. Che Ratni bt. Muhammad, my Biology’s teacher who guided me on how to make this presentation. Hence, thank you to my mum Pn. Haslina Munawarah bt. Hj. Muhamad who has been helped me on my needed. Also to my friends that helped me on giving some information about this presentation. Thank you.

References

Website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastritis

http://www.emedicinehealth.com/gastritis/page11_em.htm