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Gas lawsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article outlines the historical development of the laws describing ideal gases. For a detaileddescription of the ideal gas laws and their further development seeideal gas law.
The gas lawswere developed at the end of the 18th century, when scientists began to realize thatrelationships between the pressure, volumeand temperatureof a sample ofgascould be obtainedwhich would hold to a good approximation for all gases !ases behave in a similar way over a widevariety of conditions because they all have moleculeswhich are widely spaced, and the e"uation ofstatefor anideal gasis derived from kinetic theory The earlier gas laws are now considered asspecial cases of the ideal gas e"uation,with one or more of the variables held constant
Contents
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1%oyle&s 'aw
()harles& 'aw
*!ay+'ussac&s 'aw
-vogadro&s 'aw
.)ombined and /deal !as 'aws
0ther gas laws
23eferences
Boyle's Law#edit$Main article:Boyle's Law
%oyle&s 'aw, published in 100(, states that, at constant temperature, the product of the pressure andvolume of a given mass of anideal gasin a closed system is always constant /t can be verifiedexperimentally using a pressure gauge and a variable volume container /t can also be derived fromthe kinetic theory of gases4 if a container, with a fixed number of molecules inside, is reduced involume, more molecules will strike a given area of the sides of the container per unit time, causing agreater pressure
-s a mathematical e"uation, %oyle&s 'aw is written as either4
, or
, or
where Pis the pressure, and is the volume of a gas, and !1is the constant in thise"uation 5and is not the same as the proportionality constants in the other e"uationsbelow6 The statement of %oyle &s law is as follows4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gas_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_theory_of_gaseshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gas_equationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gas_equationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_lawshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_lawshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_lawshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_laws#Boyle.27s_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_laws#Charles.27_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_laws#Gay-Lussac.27s_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_laws#Avogadro.27s_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_laws#Combined_and_Ideal_Gas_Lawshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_laws#Other_gas_lawshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_laws#Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_laws&action=edit§ion=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyle's_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyle's_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_theory_of_gaseshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gas_equationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_lawshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_laws#Boyle.27s_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_laws#Charles.27_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_laws#Gay-Lussac.27s_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_laws#Avogadro.27s_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_laws#Combined_and_Ideal_Gas_Lawshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_laws#Other_gas_lawshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_laws#Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_laws&action=edit§ion=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyle's_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gas_law7/25/2019 Gas text_2
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The volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely related to the pressure exerted on it ata given temperature and given number of moles
Charles' Law#edit$
Main article: "harles's Law)harles& 'aw, or the law of volumes, was found in 1282 by 7ac"ues )harles /t statesthat, for a given mass of an ideal gas at constant pressure, the volume is directlyproportional to its absolute temperature,assuming in a closed system
-s a mathematical e"uation, )harles& 'aw is written as either4
, or
, or
where is the volume of a gas, Tis the absolute temperature and !(is aproportionality constant 5which is not the same as the proportionality
constants in the other e"uations in this article6
Gay-Lussac's Law#edit$Main article: #ay$Lussac's Law
!ay+'ussac&s 'aw, or the ressure 'aw, was found by 7oseph 'ouis !ay+'ussacin 189: /t states that, for a given mass and constant volume of anideal gas, the pressure exerted on the sides of its container is directlyproportional to its absolute temperature
-s a mathematical e"uation, !ay+'ussac&s 'aw is written as either4
, or
, or
where Pis the pressure, Tis the absolute temperature,and !*is another proportionality constant
Avogadro's Law#edit$Main article:%vogadro's Law
-vogadro&s 'aw states that the volume occupied by an idealgas is directly proportional to the number of molecules of thegas present in the container This gives rise to the molar
volumeof a gas, which at ;Tis (( dm*5orlitres6 Therelation is given by
where nis e"ual to the number of molecules of gas 5or thenumber of moles of gas6
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_laws&action=edit§ion=2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles's_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_temperaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_temperaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_laws&action=edit§ion=3https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_laws&action=edit§ion=3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay-Lussac's_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussachttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussachttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_temperaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_laws&action=edit§ion=4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avogadro's_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avogadro's_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_volumehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_volumehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_conditions_for_temperature_and_pressurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litreshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litreshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_laws&action=edit§ion=2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles's_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_temperaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_laws&action=edit§ion=3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay-Lussac's_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussachttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussachttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_temperaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_laws&action=edit§ion=4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avogadro's_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_volumehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_volumehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_conditions_for_temperature_and_pressurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litres7/25/2019 Gas text_2
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Combined and Ideal Gas Laws#edit$Main article:&deal #as Law
The )ombined !as 'awor !eneral !as '6?5mol>=6
-n e"uivalent formulationof this 'aw is4
where
pis the pressure
is the volume
(is the number of gas molecules
!is the %oltzmann constant51*81@19A(*7>=A1in ;/ units6
Tis the absolute temperature
T
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_laws&action=edit§ion=5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_Gas_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_Gas_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Gas_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Gas_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avogadro's_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avogadro's_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_gas_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_gas_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_Gas_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_Gas_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_gas_constanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_gas_constanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_gas_constanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_gas_constanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_constanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_constanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_laws&action=edit§ion=5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_Gas_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Gas_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avogadro's_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_gas_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_gas_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_Gas_Lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_gas_constanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_gas_constanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_constant7/25/2019 Gas text_2
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onsare
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ichneglectsva
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1 /ftemperature
andpressurearekeptconstant,the
nthevolumeofthegasisdirect
lyproportionaltothenumberofmolec
ulesofgas
( /fthete
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mperatureand
volumeremainconstant,thenthe
pressureofthegaschangesis
directlyproportionaltothenumberof
moleculesofgaspre
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sent
* /fthenu
mberofgasmoleculesandthetemperatureremainconstant,the
nthepressureisinverselyproportional
tothevolume
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mperaturechan
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herpressureorvolume5orboth6willch
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tothetemperatur
e
Otherga
slaws#edit$
!
raham&slaw
statesth
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_laws&action=edit§ion=6https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_laws&action=edit§ion=6https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_laws&action=edit§ion=6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham's_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham's_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham's_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham's_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham's_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham's_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham's_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham's_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham's_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham's_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham's_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_laws&action=edit§ion=6https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_laws&action=edit§ion=6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham's_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham's_law7/25/2019 Gas text_2
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atther
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yproportio
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ecular
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epress
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ressur
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ws4
,
OR
wherePTotalisthetotalpressure oftheatmos
phere,P!asisthepressure ofthegasmixture intheatmosphere,
and PB(
is thewaterpressure atthattemperature
Be
nry&slaw
statesthat4
%t constant temperature) the amount of a given gas dissolved in a given type and volume ofli*uid is directly proportional to thepartial pressureof that gas in e*uilibrium with that li*uid.
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Refers#edit$
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and0inB(378
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_laws&action=edit§ion=7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-056537-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-056537-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59257-101-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59257-101-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-83995-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-83995-5https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_laws&action=edit§ion=7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-056537-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59257-101-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59257-101-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-83995-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-83995-5