1 Louise C. Speitel Fire Safety Branch ATO-P, AJP-6320 FAA W.J. Hughes Technical Center Atlantic City International Airport, NJ 08405 Gas Analysis and Toxicity Assessment of Combustion Products of Aircraft Materials Materials Working Group Meeting Atlantic City, NJ. March 20-21, 2006
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Louise C. SpeitelFire Safety Branch ATO-P, AJP-6320FAA W.J. Hughes Technical Center
Atlantic City International Airport, NJ 08405
Gas Analysis and Toxicity Assessment of Combustion Products of Aircraft Materials
Materials Working Group MeetingAtlantic City, NJ. March 20-21, 2006
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OUTLINE OF TALK
• FAA Gas Analysis Instrumentation
• Requirements for Toxicity Assessment of Combustion Gases
• The FAA Toxicity Model
• FTIR Method
• FTIR Results: Response Times, Gas Histories, Toxicity
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CHEMISTRY & MATERIAL SCIENCE LABORATORY
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TGA WITH EVOLVED GAS MONITORING
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TGA-DTA WITH EVOLVED GAS MONITORING
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GAS CHROMATOGRAPH WITH MASS SPECTOMETER(GC-MS) WITH PYROPROBE
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FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROMETER(FTIR) WITH PYROPROBE
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ION CHROMATOGRAPH WITH ELECTROCHEMICAL& AMPEROMETRIC DETECTORS
GASES:
HCN
HF
HCl
HBr
HI
I2H2S
SOx
NOx
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PROCESS ANALYZERS:
GASES:
CO
CO2
O2
Halo-carbons
THC
Water
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FTIR PROCESS ANALYTICAL SYSTEM
GASES:
COCO2HCNNH3NO NO2SO2HFHClHBrCOF2H2S
… etc.
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REQUIREMENTS FOR TOXICITY ASSESSMENT OF COMBUSTION GASES
• Combustion conditions of test must match fire to be
modeled
• Quick time to full response for gas measurements
• Operational simplicity: fire test, gas analysis and toxicity
calculations
• Estimate of the reliability of each gas measurement as a
function of time
• Valid toxicity model
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FAA TOXICITY MODEL: FEDI & FEDL
For a constant concentration of a toxic gas:
The effect is predicted to occur when FEDEffect =1
Incapacitation& Lethality Models
If the concentration varies with time:
t effect
t = Ct effect
Ct = effect cause to dose Ct effectivet time at received dose = FEDeffect
∫=t
oEffect
Effect tdt FED
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FAA TOXICITY MODEL
HeatIGasesII FEDFEDFED +=
HeatIOLowINOiCOIAcroleinI
HBrIHFIHClIHCNICOI
FEDFEDFEDFEDFED
FEDFEDFEDFEDFED
++++
+++++=
222
8.6)9086.12496.0(exp
22
+×= CO
COC
V where = % CO22COC
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FAA TOXICITY MODEL dtCV
. = COCO∫ × )(
425031
2
when 2COV × CCO > 0.01%
dtCV
+ HCNCO∫
−×
564)63(
2 when 2COV × CHCN > 63 ppm
∫ −××++ + )]300/()1036.3[(3
2
5HClCO CV
dt
when 2COV × CHCl > 300 ppm
∫ −××++ + )]136/()1053.1[(0.3
2
5HFCO CV
dt
when 2COV × CHF > 136 ppm
∫ −××++ + )]300/()1036.3[(3
2
5HBrCO CV
dt
when 2COV × CHBr > 300 ppm
∫ +××++ + )]500/()100.4[(50.1
2
4AcroleinCO CV
dt when 2COV × CAcrolein > 300 ppm
∫ +×
−×+ 41014.1
)290(22
dtCV NOCO when 2COV ×
2NOC > 290 ppm
∫ ×−+
)5189.01623.6(exp2COC
dt when 2COC > 7.0%
∫ ×−+
26.3118.2193 COC
dt
when 5.5 ≤ 2COC ≤ 7.0%
∫ −−+
)%9.20(511.055.8(exp 2Odt
when % O2 < 11%
dtT∫+×+ 61.3
8101.41
when T > 50°C
FEDI
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REFERENCE
L. Speitel ,“Toxicity Assessment of Combustion Gases and
Development of a Survival Model”, Federal Aviation
Administration, W.J.H. Technical Center, Report No.
DOT/FAA/AR-95-5, July 1995
See http:/www.fire.tc.faa.gov
L. Speitel, “Fractional Effective Dose Model for Post-crash