Gary Gereffi Duke University Center on Globalization, Governance & Competitiveness http://www.cggc.duke.edu [email protected]COMESA Conference Seychelles March 12-13, 2008 Global Value Chains and Industrial Upgrading in Developing Economies: A Comparison of Africa, China, and Latin America
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Gary Gereffi Duke University Center on Globalization, Governance & Competitiveness [email protected] Gary Gereffi Duke University.
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Gary Gereffi Duke University
Center on Globalization, Governance & Competitiveness http://[email protected]
Gary Gereffi Duke University
Center on Globalization, Governance & Competitiveness http://[email protected]
Upgrading refers to the acquisition of technological capabilities and market linkages that enable firms to improve their competitiveness and move into higher-value activities. Analyses of upgrading from a value chain perspective pay particular attention to the ways in which value chain linkages facilitate or obstruct upgrading.
Product and Process
UpgradingFunctional
Upgrading
Inter-Chain
Upgrading
Africa and ChinaAfrica and China
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Africa’s share of world exports has been declining
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Africa’s Exports are still in Raw Form, Resulting in Little Value-Added Being Extracted on the Continent
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Top 10 Exports COMESA to the World, 2006
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2006 $Bil 68-Non-ferrous metals 3.3 34-Gas,natural and manufactured 3.0 93-Special transactions & commod.,not class.t 1.7 66-Non-metallic mineral manufactures,n.e.s. 1.4 03-Fish,crustaceans,mollucs,preparations ther 1.4 97-Gold,non-monetary 1.2 33-Petroleum,petroleum products and related m 1.2 84-Articles of apparel and clothing accessories 1.1 07-Coffee,tea,cocoa,spices,manufactures there 1.0 28-Metalliferous ores and metal scrap 0.9
Source: UN Comtrade
Chinese trade with Africa, 2007 (US$ bill)
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China Imports from Africa % Share
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Top 10 Chinese Imports from COMESA
HS Description D2007US$ million
2709 Crude Oil From Petroleum And Bituminous Minerals 18,503.75 2605 Cobalt Ores And Concentrates 244.37 7402 Unrefnd Cppr; Cppr Anods F Elctroltc Refining 172.99 2603 Copper Ores And Concentrates 131.83 2515 Marble, Travertine Etc. And Alabaster, Crude Etc. 120.63 2401 Tobacco, Unmanufactured; Tobacco Refuse 119.15 7403 Refined Copper & Alloys (No Mast Alloy), Unwrought 108.41 8105 Cobalt Mattes Etc, Cobalt & Art, Inc Waste & Scrap 99.08 1207 Oil Seeds & Oleaginous Fruits Nesoi, Broken Or Not 82.97 7401 Copper Mattes; Cement Copper (Precipitated Copper) 57.34
Source: World Trade Atlas
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Top 10 Chinese Exports to COMESAHS Description D2007
US$ million
8517 Electric Apparatus For Line Telephony Etc, Parts 764.92 7308 Structures Nesoi & Parts Thereof, Of Iron Or Steel 215.09 9801 Expts Of Repaired Impts; Impts Of Returned Expts 209.95 5407 Woven Fab Of Syn Fil Yn, Incl Monofil 67 Dec Etc 207.88 6104 Women's Or Girls' Suits, Ensemb Etc, Knit Or Croch 204.87 8711 Motorcycles (Incl Mopeds) & Cycles With Aux Motor 202.98 6103 Men's Or Boys' Suits, Ensembles Etc, Knit Or Croch 200.66 4011 New Pneumatic Tires, Of Rubber 191.17 8704 Motor Vehicles For Transport Of Goods 185.96 6402 Footwear, Outer Sole & Upper Rubber Or Plast Nesoi 181.61
Source: World Trade Atlas
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Opportunities for COMESA• Engage and encourage trade with China• Involvement in higher value added
activities• Upgrading key industries in which COMESA
is already exporting raw materials
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Case Studies: Latin America and ChinaCase Studies: Latin America and China
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China Import by Continents/Regions, 2007
16Source: The People’s Republic of China. Ministry of Commerce.
China’s Trade with Latin America, 1995-2005
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The Commodity Composition of China-Latin American Trade, 1999-2005
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China’s commodity Imports from Latin America,1999 and 2005
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China’s Commodity Exports to Latin America, 1999 and 2005
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China’s Trade with Latin America and Africa
• Both regions export a diversified set of raw materials to China
• Latin America’s commodity exports to China are more processed than those from Africa
• China’s manufactured exports to Latin America are diversified than those to Africa
• A key challenge for both Latin America and Africa is to avoid declining terms of trade with China, where the cost of raw material exports rises less than manufactured imports
Case Studies: China Vs MexicoCase Studies: China Vs Mexico
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Mexico vs. China
Head-to-head competition in U.S. market China is world’s leading exporter of many
manufactures, esp. consumer goods China and Mexico are typically among the top
three exporters to the U.S. market in many product categories
China is moving ahead of Mexico with dominant market shares in the United States, especially in 2000-2005 period
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Composition of Mexico’s Exports to the World Market, 1986-2006
054 Vegetables, fresh, chilled, frozen; roots, tubers and other edible vegs
59.9 -1.0 894 Baby carriages, toys, games and sporting goods 83.9 19.3
773 Equipment for distributing electricity, n.e.s.
50.8 -9.9 763 Sound recorders; television image and sound recorders 76.1 53.9
761 TV receivers (including video monitors & projectors)
48.0 -15.5 831 Trunks, suitcases, vanity cases, binocular, camera cases, handbags, wallets, etc.
74.2 24.3
782 Motor vehicles for the transport of goods 46.6 15.0 851 Footwear 72.8 10.9772 Electrical apparatus for switching or
protecting electrical circuits28.3 3.9 697 Household equipment of base metal, n.e.s. 66.4 30.7
872 Instruments and appliances for medical, surgical, dental or veterinary purposes
26.9 6.7 813 Lighting fixtures and fittings, n.e.s. 65.5 7.1
741 Heating and cooling equipment and parts thereof, n.e.s
25.8 1.5 848 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories; non-textile fabrics
56.2 11.4
775 Household type electrical and nonelectrical equip.
25.6 5.9 752 Automatic data processing machines; magnetic or optical readers;
49.3 38.0
658 Made-up articles of textile 48.8 24.7821 Furniture and parts; bedding, mattresses, supports,
cushions47.7 24.1
762 Radio-broadcast receivers 45.4 10.0759 Parts and accessories for use office machines 44.5 33.0775 Household type electrical and nonelectrical equip. 44.2 7.0893 Articles, n.e.s. of plastics 42.8 11.9842 Women's or girls' coats, capes, jackets, suits, trousers,
dresses, skirts, underwear, etc. of woven textiles42.4 26.6
751 Office machines 41.9 12.7761 TV receivers (including video monitors & projectors) 38.7 36.2764 Telecommunications equipment, n.e.s. and
telecommunications accessories37.3 27.0
771 Electric power machinery 32.6 10.8899 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 31.8 -11.0699 Manufactures of base metal, n.e.s. 31.2 17.6845 Articles of apparel, of textile fabrics, whether or not knitted
or crocheted31.2 20.4
778 Electrical machinery and apparatus 26.6 14.7844 Women's or Girls' Coats, Capes, Jackets, Suits, Trousers,
Dresses, Underwear, etc. (except swimwear and coated etc. apparel), knitted or crocheted
Source: United States International Trade Commission and US Department of Commerce. (http://dataweb.usitc.gov) downloaded Feb. '081Criteria: Over 2 Billion in US Imports from China or Mexico in 2007 at the 3 digit SITC level
Mexico China
Top US Imports in which Mexico and/or China hold 40% or more of the US market, 2007
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Mexico's and China's Competing Exports to the United States, 2000-2007
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28Source: USITC http://dataweb.usitc.gov downloaded Feb 22, 2008
Source: USITC http://dataweb.usitc.gov downloaded Feb 22, 2008
Main Competitors in the U.S. Market for Automatic Data Processing Machines and Units(SITC 752)