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Garry Kasparov
Kasparov redirects here. For other uses, see
Kasparov(disambiguation).
Garry Kimovich Kasparov (Russian: , Russian pronunciation: [ar
kimvt ks-parf]; born Garik Kimovich Weinstein,[2] 13 April1963) is
a Russian (formerly Soviet) chess Grandmaster,former World Chess
Champion, writer, and political ac-tivist, considered by many to be
the greatest chess playerof all time.[3] From 1986 until his
retirement in 2005,Kasparov was ranked world No. 1 for 225 out of
228months. His peak rating of 2851,[4] achieved in 1999,was the
highest recorded until being passed by MagnusCarlsen in 2013.
Kasparov also holds records for con-secutive professional
tournament victories (15) and ChessOscars (11).Kasparov became the
youngest ever undisputed WorldChess Champion in 1985 at age 22 by
defeating then-champion Anatoly Karpov.[5] He held the official
FIDEworld title until 1993, when a dispute with FIDE led himto set
up a rival organization, the Professional Chess As-sociation. In
1997 he became the first world championto lose a match to a
computer under standard time con-trols, when he lost to the IBM
supercomputer Deep Bluein a highly publicized match. He continued
to hold theClassical World Chess Championship until his defeatby
Vladimir Kramnik in 2000.Kasparov announced his retirement from
professionalchess on 10 March 2005, so that he could devote his
timeto politics and writing. He formed the United Civil
Frontmovement, and joined as a member of The Other Rus-sia, a
coalition opposing the administration and policiesof Vladimir
Putin. In 2008, he announced an intention torun as a candidate in
the 2008 Russian presidential race,but failure to find a
sufficiently large rental space to as-semble the number of
supporters that is legally requiredto endorse such a candidacy led
him to withdraw. Kas-parov blamed official obstruction for the lack
of avail-able space.[6] Although he is widely regarded in the
Westas a symbol of opposition to Putin,[7] support for him as
acandidate was very low.[6] The political climate in
Russiareportedly makes it difficult for opposition candidates
toorganize.[8][9] He is currently on the board of directors forthe
Human Rights Foundation and chairs its InternationalCouncil.
Kasparov at age 11, Vilnius, 1974
1 Early career
Kasparov was born Garik Kimovich Weinstein (Rus-sian: ) in Baku,
Azerbaijan SSR (nowAzerbaijan), Soviet Union. His father, Kim
MoiseyevichWeinstein, was Russian Jewish, and his mother,
KlaraGasparian, was Armenian.[10][11][12][13] Kasparov has
de-scribed himself as a self-appointed Christian, althoughvery
indifferent.[14]
Kasparov first began the serious study of chess after hecame
across a chess problem set up by his parents andproposed a
solution.[15] His father died of leukemia whenGarry was seven years
old.[16] At the age of twelve, Garryadopted his mothers Armenian
surname, Gasparian,modifying it to a more Russified version,
Kasparov.[17]
From age 7, Kasparov attended the Young Pioneer Palacein Baku
and, at 10 began training at Mikhail Botvinnik'schess school under
noted coach Vladimir Makogonov.Makogonov helped develop Kasparovs
positional skillsand taught him to play the Caro-Kann Defence and
theTartakower System of the Queens Gambit Declined.[18]
1
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2 2 TOWARD THE TOP
Kasparov won the Soviet Junior Championship in Tbilisiin 1976,
scoring 7 points of 9, at age 13. He repeated thefeat the following
year, winning with a score of 8 of 9.He was being trained by
Alexander Shakarov during thistime.In 1978, Kasparov participated
in the Sokolsky Memo-rial tournament in Minsk. He had been invited
as an ex-ception but took first place and became a chess
master.Kasparov has repeatedly said that this event was a
turningpoint in his life, and that it convinced him to choose
chessas his career. I will remember the Sokolsky Memorialas long as
I live, he wrote. He has also said that after thevictory, he
thought he had a very good shot at the WorldChampionship.[19]
He first qualified for the Soviet Chess Championship atage 15 in
1978, the youngest ever player at that level. Hewon the 64-player
Swiss system tournament at Daugavpilson tiebreak over Igor V.
Ivanov to capture the sole quali-fying place.Kasparov rose quickly
through the World Chess Federa-tion rankings. Starting with an
oversight by the RussianChess Federation, he participated in a
grandmaster tour-nament in Banja Luka, Bosnia andHerzegovina (then
partof Yugoslavia), in 1979 while still unrated (he was a
re-placement for Viktor Korchnoi who was originally in-vited but
withdrew due to threat of boycott from the Sovi-ets). Kasparov won
this high-class tournament, emergingwith a provisional rating of
2595, enough to catapult himto the top group of chess players (at
the time, number15 in the world)[20]). The next year, 1980, he won
theWorld Junior Chess Championship in Dortmund, WestGermany. Later
that year, he made his debut as secondreserve for the Soviet Union
at the Chess Olympiad atValletta, Malta, and became a
Grandmaster.
2 Toward the top
As a teenager, Kasparov tied for first place in the USSRChess
Championship in 198182. His first win in asuperclass-level
international tournament was scored atBugojno, Bosnia and
Herzegovina in 1982. He earned aplace in the 1982 Moscow Interzonal
tournament, whichhe won, to qualify for the Candidates
Tournament.[21] Atage 19, he was the youngest Candidate since Bobby
Fis-cher, who was 15 when he qualified in 1958. At this stage,he
was already the No. 2-rated player in the world, trail-ing only
World Chess Champion Anatoly Karpov on theJanuary 1983
list.Kasparovs first (quarter-final) Candidates match wasagainst
Alexander Beliavsky, whom he defeated 63 (fourwins, one loss).[22]
Politics threatened Kasparovs semi-final against Viktor Korchnoi,
which was scheduled tobe played in Pasadena, California. Korchnoi
had de-fected from the Soviet Union in 1976, and was at thattime
the strongest active non-Soviet player. Various po-
Kasparov becomesWorld Junior Champion at Dortmund in 1980
litical maneuvers prevented Kasparov from playing Ko-rchnoi, and
Kasparov forfeited the match. This was re-solved by Korchnoi
allowing the match to be replayed inLondon, along with the
previously scheduled match be-tween Vasily Smyslov and Zoltn Ribli.
The Kasparov-Korchnoi match was put together on short notice
byRaymond Keene. Kasparov lost the first game but wonthe match 74
(four wins, one loss).In January 1984, Kasparov became the No. 1
rankedplayer in the world, with a FIDE rating of 2710. Hebecame the
youngest ever world No. 1, a record thatlasted 12 years until being
broken by Vladimir Kramnikin January 1996; the record is currently
held by MagnusCarlsen, a former pupil of Kasparov.Later in 1984, he
won the Candidates final 84 (fourwins, no losses) against the
resurgent former world cham-pion Vasily Smyslov, at Vilnius, thus
qualifying to playAnatoly Karpov for the World Championship. That
yearhe joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
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3
(CPSU), as a member of which he was elected to the Cen-tral
Committee of Komsomol in 1987.
3 1984 World Championship
Main article: World Chess Championship 1984
The World Chess Championship 1984 match betweenAnatoly Karpov
and Garry Kasparov had many ups anddowns, and a very controversial
finish. Karpov started invery good form, and after nine games
Kasparov was down40 in a first to six wins match. Fellow players
pre-dicted he would be whitewashed 60 within 18 games.[23]
In an unexpected turn of events, there followed a seriesof 17
successive draws, some relatively short, and othersdrawn in
unsettled positions. Kasparov lost game 27, thenfought back with
another series of draws until game 32,his first-ever win against
the World Champion. Another14 successive draws followed, through
game 46; the pre-vious record length for a world title match had
been 34games, the match of Jos Ral Capablanca vs. AlexanderAlekhine
in 1927.Kasparov won games 47 and 48 to bring the scores to 53 in
Karpovs favour. Then the match was ended with-out result by
Florencio Campomanes, the President ofFdration Internationale des
checs (FIDE), and a newmatch was announced to start a few months
later. Thetermination was controversial, as both players stated
thatthey preferred the match to continue. Announcing hisdecision at
a press conference, Campomanes cited thehealth of the players,
which had been strained by thelength of the match.The match became
the first, and so far only, worldchampionship match to be abandoned
without result.Kasparovs relations with Campomanes and FIDE
weregreatly strained, and the feud between them finally cameto a
head in 1993 with Kasparovs complete break-awayfrom FIDE.
4 World Champion
The second Karpov-Kasparov match in 1985 was orga-nized in
Moscow as the best of 24 games where the firstplayer to win 12
points would claim the World Cham-pion title. The scores from the
terminated match wouldnot carry over. But in the event of a 1212
draw, the ti-tle would remain with Karpov. On 9 November
1985,Kasparov secured the title by a score of 1311, winningthe 24th
game with Black, using a Sicilian defense. Hewas 22 years old at
the time, making him the youngestever World Champion,[24] and
breaking the record heldby Mikhail Tal for over 20 years.[25]
Kasparovs win asBlack in the 16th game has been recognized as one
of theall-time masterpieces in chess history.
Kasparov after winning the FIDE World Championship title
in1985
As part of the arrangements following the aborted 1984match,
Karpov had been granted (in the event of his de-feat) a right to
rematch. Another match took place in1986, hosted jointly in London
and Leningrad, with eachcity hosting 12 games. At one point in the
match, Kas-parov opened a three-point lead and looked well on
hisway to a decisive match victory. But Karpov fought backby
winning three consecutive games to level the score latein thematch.
At this point, Kasparov dismissed one of hisseconds, grandmaster
Evgeny Vladimirov, accusing himof selling his opening preparation
to the Karpov team (asdescribed in Kasparovs autobiography
Unlimited Chal-lenge, chapter Stab in the Back). Kasparov scored
onemore win and kept his title by a final score of 1211.A fourth
match for the world title took place in 1987in Seville, as Karpov
had qualified through the Candi-dates Matches to again become the
official challenger.This match was very close, with neither player
holdingmore than a one-point lead at any time during the con-test.
Kasparov was down one full point at the time of thefinal game, and
needed a win to draw the match and re-tain his title. A long tense
game ensued in which Karpovblundered away a pawn just before the
first time control,and Kasparov eventually won a long ending.
Kasparov re-tained his title as the match was drawn by a score of
12
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4 6 LOSING THE TITLE AND AFTERMATH
12. (All this meant that Kasparov had played Karpov fourtimes in
the period 198487, a statistic unprecedented inchess. Matches
organized by FIDE had taken place everythree years since 1948, and
only Botvinnik had a right toa rematch before Karpov.)A fifth match
between Kasparov and Karpov was held inNew York and Lyon in 1990,
with each city hosting 12games. Again, the result was a close one
with Kasparovwinning by a margin of 1211. In their five
worldchampionship matches, Kasparov had 21 wins, 19 losses,and 104
draws in 144 games.
5 Break with and ejection fromFIDE
Kasparov and Viswanathan Anand in a publicity photo on top ofthe
World Trade Center in New York
With the World Champion title in hand, Kasparov be-gan opposing
FIDE. Beginning in 1986, he created theGrandmasters Association
(GMA), an organization torepresent professional chess players and
give them moresay in FIDEs activities. Kasparov assumed a
leadershiprole. GMAs major achievement was in organizing a se-ries
of six World Cup tournaments for the worlds topplayers. A somewhat
uneasy relationship developed withFIDE, and a sort of truce was
brokered by Bessel Kok, aDutch businessman.This stand-off lasted
until 1993, by which time a newchallenger had qualified through the
Candidates cyclefor Kasparovs next World Championship defense:
NigelShort, a British grandmaster who had defeated AnatolyKarpov in
a qualifying match, and then Jan Timman inthe finals held in early
1993. After a confusing and com-pressed bidding process produced
lower financial esti-mates than expected,[26] the world champion
and his chal-lenger decided to play outside FIDEs jurisdiction,
un-der another organization created by Kasparov called
theProfessional Chess Association (PCA). This is where agreat
fracture occurred in the lineage of the FIDE ver-sion of the World
Champions tradition.In an interview in 2007, Kasparov called the
break with
FIDE the worst mistake of his career, as it hurt the gamein the
long run.[27]
Kasparov and Short were ejected from FIDE, and playedtheir
well-sponsored match in London. Kasparov wonconvincingly by a score
of 127. The match consid-erably raised the profile of chess in the
UK, with an un-precedented level of coverage on Channel 4.
Meanwhile,FIDE organized a World Championship match betweenJan
Timman (the defeated Candidates finalist) and formerWorld Champion
Karpov (a defeated Candidates semifi-nalist), which Karpov won.FIDE
removed Kasparov and Short from the FIDE rat-ing lists. Thus, till
this was in effect, there was a parallelrating list presented by
PCA which featured all world topplayers, regardless of their
relation to FIDE.There were now two World Champions: PCA
championKasparov, and FIDE champion Karpov. The title re-mained
split for 13 years.Kasparov defended his title in a 1995 match
againstViswanathan Anand at the World Trade Center in NewYork City.
Kasparov won the match by four wins to one,with thirteen draws. It
was the last World Championshipto be held under the auspices of the
PCA, which collapsedwhen Intel, one of its major backers, withdrew
its spon-sorship in retaliation for Kasparovs choice to play a
1996match against Deep Blue, which augmented the profile ofIBM, one
of Intels chief rivals.[28]
Kasparov tried to organize another World Championshipmatch,
under another organization, the World Chess As-sociation (WCA) with
Linares organizer Luis Rentero.Alexei Shirov and Vladimir Kramnik
played a candidatesmatch to decide the challenger, which Shirov won
in asurprising upset. But when Rentero admitted that thefunds
required and promised had never materialized, theWCA collapsed.This
left Kasparov stranded, and yet another organiza-tion stepped
inBrainGames.com, headed by RaymondKeene. No match against Shirov
was arranged, and talkswith Anand collapsed, so a match was instead
arrangedagainst Kramnik.During this period, Kasparov was approached
byOakham School in the United Kingdom, at the time theonly school
in the country with a full-time chess coach,[29]and developed an
interest in the use of chess in education.In 1997, Kasparov
supported a scholarship programme atthe school.[30] Kasparov also
won theMarca Leyenda tro-phy that year.
6 Losing the title and aftermath
The Kasparov-Kramnik match took place in London dur-ing the
latter half of 2000. Kramnik had been a studentof Kasparovs at the
famous Botvinnik/Kasparov chessschool in Russia, and had served on
Kasparovs team for
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5
Kasparov playing against Vladimir Kramnik in the
BotvinnikMemorial match in Moscow, 2001
the 1995 match against Viswanathan Anand.The better-prepared
Kramnik won game 2 against Kas-parovs Grnfeld Defence and achieved
winning positionsin Games 4 and 6. Kasparov made a critical error
inGame 10 with the Nimzo-Indian Defence, which Kram-nik exploited
to win in 25 moves. As White, Kasparovcould not crack the passive
but solid Berlin Defence in theRuy Lopez, and Kramnik successfully
drew all his gamesas Black. Kramnik won the match 86. Kasparov
be-came the first player to lose a world championship matchwithout
winning a game since Emanuel Lasker lost to JosRal Capablanca in
1921.After losing the title, Kasparov won a series of ma-jor
tournaments, and remained the top rated player inthe world, ahead
of both Kramnik and the FIDE WorldChampions. In 2001 he refused an
invitation to the 2002Dortmund Candidates Tournament for the
Classical ti-tle, claiming his results had earned him a rematch
withKramnik.[31]
Kasparov and Karpov played a four-game match withrapid time
controls over two days in December 2002in New York City. Karpov
surprised the experts andemerged victoriously, winning two games
and drawingone.[32]
Due to Kasparovs continuing strong results, and status asworld
No. 1 in much of the public eye, he was includedin the so-called
Prague Agreement, masterminded byYasser Seirawan and intended to
reunite the two WorldChampionships. Kasparov was to play amatch
against theFIDE World Champion Ruslan Ponomariov in Septem-ber
2003. But this match was called off after Ponomar-iov refused to
sign his contract for it without reservation.In its place, there
were plans for a match against RustamKasimdzhanov, winner of the
FIDE World Chess Cham-pionship 2004, to be held in January 2005 in
the UnitedArab Emirates. These also fell through due to lack
offunding. Plans to hold the match in Turkey instead cametoo late.
Kasparov announced in January 2005 that he
was tired of waiting for FIDE to organize a match and sohad
decided to stop all efforts to regain the World Cham-pionship
title.According to chess historian EdwardWinter: Increasingshifts
of opinion against Kasparov were detectable from1985 onwards, but
it was not until 1987, and the pub-lication of his autobiography
Child of Change, a deeplyuntrustworthy shambles, that the real
deterioration in hispublic standing began. In a Chess Notes feature
articletitled Reflections on Garry Kasparov, Edward Winteroffers a
summary of Kasparovs public perception in the1980s2000s.[33]
7 Retirement from chess
After winning the prestigious Linares tournament for theninth
time, Kasparov announced on 10 March 2005 thathe would retire from
serious competitive chess. He citedas the reason a lack of personal
goals in the chess world(he commented when winning the Russian
championshipin 2004 that it had been the last major title he had
neverwon outright) and expressed frustration at the failure
toreunify the world championship.Kasparov said he may play in some
rapid chess events forfun, but intends to spend more time on his
books, includ-ing both theMyGreat Predecessors series (see below)
anda work on the links between decision-making in chess andin other
areas of life, and will continue to involve himselfin Russian
politics, which he views as headed down thewrong path.Kasparov has
been married three times: to Masha, withwhom he had a daughter
before divorcing; to Yulia, withwhom he had a son before their 2005
divorce; and toDaria, with whom he also has a child.[34][35]
7.1 Post-retirement chess
On 22 August 2006, in his first public chess games sincehis
retirement, Kasparov played in the Lichthof ChessChampions
Tournament, a blitz event played at the timecontrol of 5 minutes
per side and 3 second incrementsper move. Kasparov tied for first
with Anatoly Karpov,scoring 4/6.[36]
Garry Kasparov and Anatoly Karpov played a 12-gamematch from
2124 September 2009, in Valencia, Spain.It consisted of four rapid
(or semi rapid) games, in whichKasparov won 31, and eight blitz
games, in which Kas-parov won 62, winning the match with total
result 93.The event took place exactly 25 years after the two
play-ers legendary encounter at World Chess
Championship1984.[37]
Kasparov actively coached Magnus Carlsen for approxi-mately one
year beginning in February 2009. The collab-oration remained secret
until September 2009.[38] Under
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnikhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viswanathan_Anandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnfeld_Defencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimzo-Indian_Defencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_Lopezhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Laskerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablancahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablancahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidates_Tournamenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Seirawanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslan_Ponomariovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustam_Kasimdzhanovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustam_Kasimdzhanovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_2004https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_2004https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linares_chess_tournamenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Chess_Championshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry%2520Kasparov#Books_and_other_writingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_chesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Karpovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenciahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1984https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1984https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen
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6 9 POLITICS
Kasparovs tutelage, Carlsen in October 2009 became theyoungest
ever to achieve a FIDE rating higher than 2800,and rose from world
number four to world number one.While the pair initially planned to
work together through-out 2010,[39] in March of that year it was
announced thatCarlsen had split from Kasparov and would no longer
beusing him as a trainer.[40] According to an interview withthe
German magazine Der Spiegel, Carlsen indicated thathe would remain
in contact and that he would continueto attend training sessions
with Kasparov,[41] but in factno further training sessions were
held and the cooperationgradually fizzled over the course of the
Spring.[42]
In May 2010 it was revealed that Kasparov had aidedViswanathan
Anand in preparation for the World ChessChampionship 2010 against
challenger Veselin Topalov.Anand won the match 65 to retain the
title.[43]
Also in May 2010 he played 30 games simultaneously,winning each
one, against players at Tel-Aviv Universityin Israel.[44]
In January 2011, Kasparov began training the Americangrandmaster
Hikaru Nakamura. The first of several train-ing sessions was held
in New York just prior to Naka-muras participation in the Tata
Steel Chess tournamentin Wijk aan Zee, the Netherlands.[45] In
December 2011,it was announced that the cooperation had come to
anend.[46]
Kasparov played two blitz exhibition matches in theautumn of
2011. The first, in September againstFrench grandmaster Maxime
Vachier-Lagrave, in Clichy(France), which Kasparov won 1. The
second was alonger match consisting of eight blitz games played on
9October, against English grandmaster Nigel Short. Kas-parov won
again by a score of 43.OnApril 25 and 26, 2015, Kasparov played a
mini-matchagainst Nigel Short. The match consisted of two
rapidgames and eight blitz games. Kasparov won the matchdecisively
with a score of 81, winning all five gameson the second
day.[47]
7.1.1 Candidate for FIDE presidency
On 7 October 2013 Kasparov announced his candidacyfor World
Chess Federation president during a receptionin Tallinn, Estonia,
where the 84th FIDE Congress tookplace.[48] Kasparovs candidacy was
supported by his for-mer student, reigning World Chess Champion and
FIDE#1 ranked player Magnus Carlsen.[49]
8 Head-to-head record versus se-lected grandmasters
(Rapid, blitz and blindfold games not included; listed as+wins
losses =draws as of 2 May 2014.)[50]
Players who have been undisputedWorld Champions in boldface
Michael Adams +10-0=8
Viswanathan Anand +155=31
Boris Gelfand +130=8
Boris Gulko +13=3
Vassily Ivanchuk +114=22
Anatoly Karpov +28-21=129
Victor Korchnoi +161=23
Vladimir Kramnik +45=40
Alexander Morozevich +30=4
Alexei Shirov +150=14
Nigel Short +282=26
Peter Svidler +62=4
Veselin Topalov +103=14
9 Politics
9.1 Central committee member of Komso-mol
Kasparov joined the Communist Party of the SovietUnion (CPSU) in
1984 and in 1987 was elected to theCentral Committee of Komsomol.
But in 1990 he leftthe party and together with his family fled from
Baku toMoscow on a chartered plane[51] when pogroms
againstArmenians in Baku took place forcing thousands of eth-nic
Armenians to flee Azerbaijan.[52]
9.2 Co-founder of Democratic Party ofRussia and Choice of Russia
bloc
In May Kasparov took part in the creation of theDemocratic Party
of Russia. Kasparov was in June 1993involved with the creation of
the Choice of Russia blocof parties and in 1996 took part in the
election campaignof Boris Yeltsin. In 2001 he voiced his support
for theRussian television channel NTV.[12]
9.3 Keeper of the Flame award
In 1991, Kasparov received the Keeper of the Flameaward from the
Center for Security Policy (a USthink tank) for his contributions
to the defence ofthe United States and American values around
theworld.[35][53][54][55][56]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viswanathan_Anandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2010https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2010https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veselin_Topalovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel-Aviv_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikaru_Nakamurahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxime_Vachier-Lagravehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clichy,_Hauts-de-Seinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Shorthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDEhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_World_Rankingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_World_Rankingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Adams_(chess_player)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viswanathan_Anandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Gelfandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Gulkohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassily_Ivanchukhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Karpovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Korchnoihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnikhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Morozevichhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Shirovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Shorthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Svidlerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veselin_Topalovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komsomolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom_of_Armenians_in_Bakuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom_of_Armenians_in_Bakuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTV_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tank
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9.6 Saint Petersburg Dissenters March 7
9.3.1 Unwitting board member of award organiza-tion
In April 2007, it was asserted[57] that Kasparov was aboard
member of the National Security Advisory Coun-cil of Center for
Security Policy,[53] a non-profit, non-partisan national security
organization [in Washington,DC] that specializes in identifying
policies, actions, andresource needs that are vital to American
security.[54]Kasparov confirmed this and added that he was
removedshortly after he became aware of it. He noted that hedid not
know about the membership and suggested hewas included in the board
by accident because he re-ceived the 1991 Keeper of the Flame award
from thisorganization.[55][56] But Kasparov maintained his
associ-ation with the leadership by giving speeches at think
tankssuch as the Hoover Institution.[35]
9.4 United Civil Front
After his retirement from chess in 2005, Kasparov turnedto
politics and created the United Civil Front, a so-cial movement
whose main goal is to work to preserveelectoral democracy in
Russia.[58] He has vowed to re-store democracy to Russia by
toppling the Presidentof Russia Vladimir Putin, of whom he is an
outspokencritic.[59][60][61]
9.5 The Other Russia
Kasparov was instrumental in setting up The Other Rus-sia, a
coalition which opposes Putins government. TheOther Russia has been
boycotted by the leaders of Rus-sias mainstream opposition parties,
Yabloko and Unionof Rightist Forces as they are concerned about its
inclu-sion of radical nationalist and left-wing groups such asthe
National Bolshevik Party and former members of theRodina party
including Viktor Gerashchenko, a potentialpresidential candidate.
But regional branches of Yablokoand the Union of Rightist Forces
have opted to take partin the coalition. Kasparov says that leaders
of these par-ties are controlled by the Kremlin,[62] despite the
fact thatthey both publicly oppose the presidents policies.
9.5.1 Attacked
On 10 April 2005, Kasparov was in Moscow at a pro-motional event
when he was struck over the head witha chessboard he had just
signed. The assailant was re-ported to have said I admired you as a
chess player,but you gave that up for politics immediately before
theattack.[63] Kasparov has been the subject of a number ofother
episodes since.[64][65]
Kasparov at the third Dissenters March in Saint Petersburg on
9June 2007
9.6 Saint Petersburg Dissenters March
Kasparov helped organize the Saint Petersburg Dis-senters March
on 3 March 2007 and The March of theDissenters on 24 March 2007,
both involving severalthousand people rallying against Putin and
Saint Peters-burg Governor Valentina Matviyenko's
policies.[66][67]
9.7 Arrest in Moscow and questioning byFSB
On 14 April 2007, he was briefly arrested by the Moscowpolice
while heading for a demonstration, following warn-ings by the
prosecution office on the eve of the march,stating that anyone
participating risked being detained.He was held for some 10 hours
and then fined andreleased.[68]
He was summoned by FSB for questioning, allegedly forviolations
of Russian anti-extremism laws.[69]
9.8 KGB general says Kasparovs life indanger
Speaking about Kasparov, former KGB general OlegKalugin in 2007
remarked, I do not talk in detailspeople who knew them are all dead
now because theywere vocal, they were open. I am quiet. There is
onlyone man who is vocal and he may be in trouble: [former]world
chess champion [Garry] Kasparov. He has beenvery outspoken in his
attacks on Putin and I believe thathe is probably next on the
list.[70]
9.9 2007 presidential bid
On 30 September 2007, Kasparov entered the RussianPresidential
race, receiving 379 of 498 votes at a congressheld in Moscow by The
Other Russia.[71]
In October 2007, Kasparov announced his intention ofstanding for
the Russian presidency as the candidate ofthe "Other Russia"
coalition and vowed to fight for ademocratic and just Russia. Later
that month he trav-eled to the United States, where he appeared on
sev-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Institutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Civil_Fronthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Other_Russia_(coalition)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Other_Russia_(coalition)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yablokohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Rightist_Forceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Rightist_Forceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodina_(political_party)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Gerashchenkohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissenters_Marchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Dissenters%2527_Marchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Dissenters%2527_Marchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissenters_Marchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissenters_Marchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentina_Matviyenkohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSB_(Russia)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGBhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Kaluginhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Kaluginhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_presidential_election,_2008https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_presidential_election,_2008https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Other_Russia_(coalition)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Other_Russia_(coalition)
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8 9 POLITICS
eral popular television programs, which were hosted byStephen
Colbert, Wolf Blitzer, Bill Maher, and ChrisMatthews.
9.9.1 Detention at rally
On 24 November 2007, Kasparov and other protesterswere detained
by police at an Other Russia rally inMoscow. This followed an
attempt by about 100protesters to break through police lines and
march onthe electoral commission, which had barred Other Rus-sia
candidates from parliamentary elections.[72] He wassubsequently
charged with resisting arrest and organiz-ing an unauthorized
protest and given a jail sentence offive days. He was released from
jail on 29 November.[73]Putin spoke briefly about the incident in
an interviewwith Time magazine later that year, saying: Why didMr.
Kasparov, when arrested, speak out in English ratherthan Russian?
When a politician works the crowd ofother nations rather than the
Russian nation, it tells yousomething.[74]
9.9.2 Forced to quit campaign
On 12 December 2007, Kasparov announced that he hadto withdraw
his presidential candidacy due to inability torent a meeting hall
where at least 500 of his supporterscould assemble to endorse his
candidacy, as is legallyrequired. With the deadline expiring on
that date, heexplained it was impossible for him to run.
Kasparovsspokeswoman accused the government of using pressureto
deter anyone from renting a hall for the gathering andsaid that the
electoral commission had rejected a proposalthat separate smaller
gatherings be held at the same timeinstead of one large gathering
at a meeting hall.[75]
9.10 Putin must go
Kasparov was among the 34 first signatories and a keyorganizer
of the online anti-Putin campaign "Putin mustgo", started on 10
March 2010.
9.11 Human Rights Foundation
Kasparov was named Chairman of the Human RightsFoundation in
2011, succeeding the recently deceasedauthor, activist, and former
Czech president VclavHavel.[76] On 31 January 2012 Kasparov hosted
a meet-ing of opposition leaders planning a mass march on 4February
2012, the third major opposition rally held sincethe disputed State
Duma elections of December 2011.Among other opposition leaders
attending were AlexeyNavalny and Yevgenia Chirikova.[77]
9.12 Arrest and beating at Pussy Riot trial
On 17 August 2012 Kasparov was arrested and beatenoutside of the
Moscow court while attending the verdictreading in the case
involving the all-female punk bandPussy Riot.[78] On 24 August he
was cleared of chargesthat he took part in an unauthorized protest
against theconviction of three members of Pussy Riot. Judge
Yeka-terina Veklich said there were no grounds to believe
thetestimony of the police. He could still face criminalcharges
over a police officers claims that the oppositionleader bit his
finger while he was being detained.[79] Helater thanked all the
bloggers and reporters who providedvideo evidence that contradicted
the testimony of the po-lice.
9.13 Miscellaneous
Kasparov wrote in February 2013 that fascism has cometo
Russia....Project Putin, just like the old Project Hitler,is but
the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elite. Fas-cist rule was
never the result of the free will of the peo-ple. It was always the
fruit of a conspiracy by the rulingelites!"[80]
In April 2013, Kasparov joined in an HRF condemna-tion of
KanyeWest for having performed for the leader ofKazakhstan in
exchange for a $3 million paycheck, say-ing that West has
entertained a brutal killer and his en-tourage and that his fee
came from the loot stolen fromthe Kazakhstan treasury.[81]
Kasparov denied rumors in April 2013 that he plannedto leave
Russia for good. I found these rumors to bedeeply saddening and,
moreover, surprising, he wrote.I was unable to respond immediately
because I was insuch a state of shock that such an incredibly
inaccuratestatement, the likes of which is constantly distributed
bythe Kremlins propagandists, came this time from IlyaYashin, a
fellow member of the Opposition CoordinationCouncil (KSO) and my
former colleague from the Soli-darity movement.[82]
In an April 2013 op-ed piece, Kasparov accused promi-nent
Russian journalist Vladimir Posner of failing tostand up to Putin
and to earlier Russian and Sovietleaders.[83]
Kasparov was presented with the Morris B. Abram Hu-man Rights
Award, UN Watch's annual human-rightsprize, in 2013. The
organization praised him as notonly one of the worlds smartest men
but also amongits bravest.[84]
At the 2013 Women in the World conference, Kas-parov told the
Daily Beast's Michael Moynihan thatdemocracy no longer existed in
what he called Russiasdictatorship.[85]
Kasparov said at a press conference in June 2013 that ifhe
returned to Russia he doubted he would be allowed
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Colberthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Blitzerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Maherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Matthewshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Matthewshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resisting_arresthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putin_must_gohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putin_must_gohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_following_the_2011_Russian_elections#4_Februaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_following_the_2011_Russian_elections#4_Februaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_legislative_election,_2011https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Navalnyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Navalnyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putin_must_go#The_rally_of_12_Decemberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_Westhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Posnerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Watchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Beasthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Moynihan
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9.15 On the Navalny trial 9
to leave again, given Putins ongoing crackdown
againstdissenters. So for the time being, he said, I refrainfrom
returning to Russia. He explained shortly thereafterin an article
for the Daily Beast that this had not beenintended as a declaration
of leaving my home country,permanently or otherwise, but merely an
expression ofthe dark reality of the situation in Russia today,
wherenearly half the members of the oppositions Coordinat-ing
Council are under criminal investigation on concoctedcharges. He
noted that the Moscow prosecutors officewas opening an
investigation that would limit my abil-ity to travel, making it
impossible for him to fulfill pro-fessional speaking engagements
and hindering his workfor the nonprofit Kasparov Chess Foundation,
which hascenters in New York City, Brussels, and Johannesburg
topromote chess in education.[85]
Kasparov further wrote in his June 2013 Daily Beast ar-ticle
that the mass protests in Moscow 18 months earlieragainst
fraudulent Russian elections had been a proudmoment for me. He
recalled that after joining the op-position movement in March 2005,
he had been criti-cized for seeking to unite every anti-Putin
element inthe country to march together regardless of
ideology.Therefore the sight of hundreds of flags representing
ev-ery group from liberals to nationalists all marching to-gether
for 'Russia Without Putin' was the fulfillment ofa dream. Yet most
Russians, he lamented, had contin-ued to slumber even as Putin had
taken off the flimsymask of democracy to reveal himself in full as
the would-be KGB dictator he has always been.[86]
Kasparov responded with several sardonic Twitter post-ings to a
September 2013 New York Times op-ed byPutin. I hope Putin has taken
adequate protections,he tweeted. Now that he is a Russian
journalist his lifemay be in grave danger!" Also: Now we can expect
NYTimes op-eds by Mugabe on fair elections, Castro on freespeech,
& Kim Jong-un on prison reform. The Axis ofHypocrisy.[87]
9.14 Allegation of FSB non-disclosure ofBoston marathon bombing
suspects
In a 12 May 2013, op-ed for theWall Street Journal, Kas-parov
questioned reports that the Russian security agency,the FSB, had
fully cooperated with the FBI in the matterof the Boston bombers.
He noted that the elder bomber,Tamerlan Tsarnaev, had reportedly
met in Russia withtwo known jihadists who were killed in Dagestan
by theRussian military just days before Tamerlan left Russia forthe
U.S. Kasparov argued, If no intelligence was sentfrom Moscow to
Washington about this meeting, allthis talk of FSB cooperation
cannot be taken seriously.He further observed, This would not be
the first timeRussian security forces seemed strangely impotent in
theface of an impending terror attack, pointing out that inboth the
2002 Moscow theater siege and the 2004 Beslan
school attack, there were FSB informants in both terrorgroupsyet
the attacks went ahead unimpeded. Giventhis history, he wrote, it
is impossible to overlook thatthe Boston bombing took place just
days after the U.S.Magnitsky List was published, creating the first
seriousexternal threat to the Putin power structure by penaliz-ing
Russian officials complicit in human-rights crimes.In sum, Putins
dubious record on counterterrorism andits continued support of
terror sponsors Iran and Syriamean only one thing: common ground
zero.[88]
9.15 On the Navalny trial
Kasparov wrote in July 2013 about the trial in Kirov offellow
opposition leader Alexei Navalny, who had beenconvicted on
concocted embezzlement charges, only tosee the prosecutor,
surprisingly, ask for his release thenext day pending appeal. The
judicial process and thedemocratic process in Russia, wrote
Kasparov, are bothelaborate mockeries created to distract the
citizenry athome and to help Western leaders avoid confronting
theawkward fact that Russia has returned to a police state.Still,
Kasparov felt that whatever had caused the Kirovprosecutors
about-face, my optimism tells me it was apositive sign. After more
than 13 years of predictablerepression under Putin, anything
different is good.[89]
9.16 On the Syrian civil war
Kasparov wrote in TimeMagazine on 18 September 2013that he
considered the chess metaphors thrown aroundduring the worlds
response to the civil war in Syria to betrite and rejected what he
called all the nonsense about'Putin is playing chess and Obama is
playing checkers,' ortic-tac-toe or whatever. Putin,
arguedKasparov, did nothave to outplay or outthink anyone. He and
Bashar Assadwon by forfeit when President Obama, Prime
MinisterCameron and the rest of the so-called leaders of the
freeworld walked away from the table. There is, he lamented,a new
game at the negotiating table where Putin and As-sad set the rules
and will run the show under the protec-tion of the U.N.[90]
Kasparov said in September 2013that Russia was now a
dictatorship.[91] In the same monthhe told an interviewer that
Obama going to Russia nowis dead wrong, morally and politically,
because Putinsregime is behind Assad.[92]
9.17 Croatia connections
Kasparov maintains a summer home in the Croatian cityof
Makarska. In early February 2014, Kasparov appliedfor citizenship
by naturalisation in Croatia, adding thathe was finding it
increasingly difficult to live in Russia.According to an article in
The Guardian, Kasparov iswidely perceived as having been a vocal
supporter ofCroatian independence during the early 1990s. On 28
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Timeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op-edhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugabehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castrohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-unhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Security_Servicehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_bombershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamerlan_Tsarnaevhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Moscow_theater_siegehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beslan_school_hostage_crisishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beslan_school_hostage_crisishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitsky_Listhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirov,_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Navalnyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarskahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian
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10 12 OLYMPIADS AND OTHER MAJOR TEAM EVENTS
February 2014, his application for naturalisation was ap-proved,
and he is now a Croatian passport holder.[93]
9.18 Sochi Olympics
Kasparov spoke out several times about Putins antigaylaws and
the proposed Sochi Olympics boycott. He ex-plained in August 2013
that he had opposed Russias bidfrom the outset, since hosting the
Olympics would allowVladimir Putins cronies to embezzle hundreds of
mil-lions of dollars and lend prestige to Putins authoritar-ian
regime. Kasparov added that Putins anti-gay lawwasonly the most
recent encroachment on the freedom ofspeech and association of
Russias citizens, which theinternational community had largely
ignored. Instead ofsupporting a games boycott, which would unfairly
pun-ish athletes, Kasparov called for athletes and others
totransform Putins self-congratulatory pet project into aspotlight
that exposes his authoritarian rule for the entireworld to see.[94]
In September, Kasparov expanded onhis remarks, saying that forcing
athletes to play a polit-ical role against their will is not fair
and that politiciansshould not hide behind athletes. Instead of
boycottingSochi, he suggested, politicians should refuse to attend
thegames and the public should put pressure on the sponsorsand the
media. Coca-Cola, for example, could put arainbow flag on each
Coca-Cola can and NBC could dointerviews with Russian gay activists
or with Russian po-litical activists. Kasparov also emphasized that
althoughhe was still a Russian citizen, he had good reason to
beconcerned about my ability to leave Russia if I returnedto
Moscow.[95]
9.19 Access to website blocked
Related to the Crimean crises the Russian federative reg-ulator,
Roskomnadzor, blocked access to the web pagekasparov.ru at the
demand of the public prosecutor.[96]
10 Chess ratings achievements Kasparov holds the record for the
longest time as theNo. 1 rated player in the worldfrom 1986 to
2005(Vladimir Kramnik shared the No. 1 ranking withhim once, in the
January 1996 FIDE rating list).[97]He was also briefly ejected from
the list followinghis split from FIDE in 1993, but during that time
heheaded the rating list of the rival PCA. At the timeof his
retirement, he was still ranked No. 1 in theworld, with a rating of
2812. His rating has falleninactive since the January 2006 rating
list.[98]
In January 1990 Kasparov achieved the (then) high-est FIDE
rating ever, passing 2800 and breakingBobby Fischer's old record of
2785. On the July1999 and January 2000 FIDE rating lists
Kasparov
reached a 2851 Elo rating, at that time the highestrating ever
achieved.[99] He held that record for thehighest rating ever
achieved until his former studentMagnus Carlsen attained a new
record high rating of2861 in January, 2013.
There was a time in the early 1990s when Kasparovwas over 2800
and the only person in the 2700s wasAnatoly Karpov.
According to the unofficial Chessmetrics calcula-tions, Kasparov
was the highest rated player in theworld continuously from February
1985 until Oc-tober 2004.[100] He also holds the highest
all-timeaverage rating over a 2 (2877) to 20 (2856) year pe-riod
and is second to only Bobby Fischer's (2881 vs2879) over a one-year
period.
11 Playing style
Kasparovs style of play has been compared by many
toAlekhines.[101][102] Kasparov himself has described hisstyle as
being influenced chiefly by Alekhine, Tal andFischer.[103] Kramnik
has opined that "[Kasparovs] ca-pacity for study is second to none,
and said There isnothing in chess he has been unable to deal
with.[104]Carlsen, whom Kasparov coached from 2009 to 2010,said of
Kasparov, I've never seen someone with sucha feel for dynamics in
complex positions.[105] Kasparovwas known for his extensive opening
preparation and ag-gressive play in the opening.[106][107]
12 Olympiads and other majorteam events
Kasparov at Valletta in 1980
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_LGBT_propaganda_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_LGBT_propaganda_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_Sochi_Olympics_boycotthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Colahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_flag_(LGBT_movement)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Crimean_crisishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Supervision_of_Communications,_Information_Technology_and_Mass_Mediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasparov.ruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FIDE_chess_world_number_oneshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Chess_Associationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Fischerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDEhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elo_rating_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Carlsenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Karpovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chessmetricshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Fischerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#Dynamism
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11
Kasparov played in a total of eight Chess Olympiads.
Herepresented the Soviet Union four times and Russia fourtimes,
following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.In his 1980
Olympiad debut, he became, at age 17, theyoungest player to
represent the Soviet Union or Russia atthat level, a record which
was broken by Vladimir Kram-nik in 1992. In 82 games, he has scored
(+50 3 =29),for 78.7% and won a total of 19 medals, including
teamgold medals all eight times he competed. For the 1994Moscow
Olympiad, he had a significant organizationalrole, in helping to
put together the event on short no-tice, after Thessaloniki
canceled its offer to host, a fewweeks before the scheduled dates.
Kasparovs detailedOlympiad record, from,[108] follows.
Valletta 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 9/12 (+8 1=3), team gold, board
bronze;
Lucerne 1982, USSR 2nd board, 8/11 (+6 0 =5),team gold, board
bronze;
Dubai 1986, USSR 1st board, 8/11 (+7 1 =3),team gold, board
gold, performance gold;
Thessaloniki 1988, USSR 1st board, 8/10 (+7 0=3), team gold,
board gold, performance gold;
Manila 1992, Russia board 1, 8/10 (+7 0 =3),team gold, board
gold, performance silver;
Moscow 1994, Russia board 1, 6/10 (+4 1 =5),team gold;
Yerevan 1996, Russia board 1, 7/9 (+5 0 =4), teamgold, board
gold, performance silver;
Bled 2002, Russia board 1, 7/9 (+6 0 =3), teamgold, board
gold.
Kasparov made his international teams debut for theUSSR at age
16 in the 1980 European Team Champi-onship and played for Russia in
the 1992 edition of thatchampionship. He won a total of five
medals. His de-tailed Euroteams record, from,[109] follows.
Skara 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 5/6 (+5 0 =1),team gold, board
gold;
Debrecen 1992, Russia board 1, 6/8 (+4 0 =4),team gold, board
gold, performance silver.
Kasparov also represented the USSR once in YouthOlympiad
competition, but the detailed data at Olimp-base is incomplete; the
Chessmetrics Garry Kasparovplayer file has his individual score
from that event.
Graz 1981, USSR board 1, 9/10 (+8 0 =2), teamgold.
13 Other records
Kasparov holds the record for most consecutive profes-sional
tournament victories, placing first or equal first in15 individual
tournaments from 1981 to 1990. The streakwas broken by Vasily
Ivanchuk at Linares 1991, whereKasparov placed 2nd, half a point
behind him. The de-tails of this record winning streak
follow:[21]
Frunze 1981, USSR Championship, 12/17, tie for1st;
Bugojno 1982, 9/13, 1st;
Moscow 1982, Interzonal, 10/13, 1st;
Niki 1983, 11/14, 1st;
Brussels OHRA 1986, 7/10, 1st;
Dubai 27th Olympiad
Brussels 1987, 8/11, tie for 1st;
Amsterdam Optiebeurs 1988, 9/12, 1st;
Belfort (World Cup) 1988, 11/15, 1st;
Moscow 1988, USSR Championship, 11/17, tiefor 1st;
Reykjavk (World Cup) 1988, 11/17, 1st;
Barcelona (World Cup) 1989, 11/16, tie for 1st;
Skellefte (World Cup) 1989, 9/15, tie for 1st;
Tilburg 1989, 12/14, 1st;
Belgrade (Investbank) 1989, 9/11, 1st;
Linares 1990, 8/11, 1st.
Kasparov won the Chess Oscar a record eleven times.
14 Books and other writings
14.1 Early writings
Kasparov has written books on chess. He published
acontroversial[110] autobiography when still in his early20s,
originally titledChild of Change, later retitledUnlim-ited
Challenge. This book was subsequently updated sev-eral times after
he became World Champion. Its contentis mainly literary, with a
small chess component of keyunannotated games. He published an
annotated gamescollection in 1985: Fighting Chess: My Games and
Ca-reer[111] and this book has also been updated several timesin
further editions. He also wrote a book annotating thegames from his
World Chess Championship 1985 vic-tory,World Chess Championship
Match: Moscow, 1985.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Olympiadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessalonikihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24th_Chess_Olympiadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th_Chess_Olympiadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_Chess_Olympiadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28th_Chess_Olympiadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_Chess_Olympiadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_Chess_Olympiadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_Chess_Olympiadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_Chess_Olympiadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debrecenhttp://www.olimpbase.org/1981k/1981in.htmlhttp://www.olimpbase.org/1981k/1981in.htmlhttp://www.chessmetrics.com/http://www.chessmetrics.com/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Ivanchukhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linares_chess_tournamenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frunzehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugojnohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik%C5%A1i%C4%87https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusselshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubaihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusselshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belforthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelonahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skellefte%C3%A5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linares,_Ja%C3%A9nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Oscarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1985
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12 15 CHESS AGAINST COMPUTERS
He has annotated his own games extensively for the Yu-goslav
Chess Informant series and for other chess publi-cations. In 1982,
he co-authored Batsford Chess Open-ings with British grandmaster
Raymond Keene and thisbook was an enormous seller. It was updated
into a sec-ond edition in 1989. He also co-authored two
openingbooks with his trainer Alexander Nikitin in the 1980s
forBritish publisher Batsfordon the Classical Variation ofthe
Caro-Kann Defence and on the Scheveningen Vari-ation of the
Sicilian Defence. Kasparov has also con-tributed extensively to the
five-volume openings seriesEncyclopedia of Chess Openings.In 2000,
Kasparov co-authored Kasparov Against theWorld: The Story of the
Greatest Online Challenge[112]
with grandmaster Daniel King. The 202-page book an-alyzes the
1999 Kasparov versus the World game, andholds the record for the
longest analysis devoted to a sin-gle chess game.[113]
Kasparov has written in support of New Chronology(Fomenko),
although with some reservations.[114]
14.2 My Great Predecessors series
Main article: My Great Predecessors
In 2003, the first volume of his five-volume work GarryKasparov
on My Great Predecessors was published. Thisvolume, which deals
with the world chess championsWilhelm Steinitz, Emanuel Lasker, Jos
Ral Capa-blanca, Alexander Alekhine, and some of their
strongcontemporaries, has received lavish praise from some
re-viewers (including Nigel Short), while attracting criti-cism
from others for historical inaccuracies and analy-sis of games
directly copied from unattributed sources.Through suggestions on
the books website, most of theseshortcomings were corrected in
following editions andtranslations. Despite this, the first volume
won the BritishChess Federation's Book of the Year award in 2003.
Vol-ume two, covering Max Euwe, Mikhail Botvinnik, VasilySmyslov
and Mikhail Tal appeared later in 2003. Vol-ume three, covering
Tigran Petrosian and Boris Spasskyappeared in early 2004. In
December 2004, Kasparovreleased volume four, which covers Samuel
Reshevsky,Miguel Najdorf, and Bent Larsen (none of these threewere
World Champions), but focuses primarily on BobbyFischer. The fifth
volume, devoted to the chess careers ofWorld Champion Anatoly
Karpov and challenger ViktorKorchnoi, was published in March
2006.
14.3 Modern Chess series
Main article: My Great Predecessors Modern Chess
His book Revolution in the 70s (published inMarch 2007)covers
the openings revolution of the 1970s1980s and
is the first book in a new series called Modern Chess Se-ries,
which intends to cover his matches with Karpov andselected games.
The book Revolution in the 70s con-cerns the revolution in opening
theory that was witnessedin that decade. Such systems as the
controversial (at thetime) Hedgehog opening plan of passively
developingthe pieces no further than the first three ranks are
exam-ined in great detail. Kasparov also analyzes some of themost
notable games played in that period. In a sectionat the end of the
book, top opening theoreticians providetheir own take on the
progress made in opening theoryin the 1980s.
14.4 Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov se-ries
Main article: My Great Predecessors Garry Kasparovon Garry
Kasparov
Kasparov is publishing three volumes of his games.
14.5 Other post-retirement writing
In 2007 he wroteHow Life Imitates Chess, an examinationof the
parallels between decision-making in chess and inthe business
world.In 2008 Kasparov published a sympathetic obituary forBobby
Fischer, writing: I am often asked if I ever metor played Bobby
Fischer. The answer is no, I never hadthat opportunity. But even
though he sawme as amemberof the evil chess establishment that he
felt had robbed andcheated him, I am sorry I never had a chance to
thank himpersonally for what he did for our sport.[115]
He is the chief advisor for the book publisher
EverymanChess.Kasparov works closely withMigGreengard and his
com-ments can often be found onGreengards blog (apparentlyno longer
active).Kasparov is currently collaborating with Max Levchinand
Peter Thiel on The Blueprint, a book calling for a re-vival of
world innovation, due out in March 2013 fromW. W. Norton &
Company.
15 Chess against computers
15.1 32 simultaneous computers, 1985
Kasparov played against thirty-two different chess com-puters in
Hamburg, winning all games, but with somedifficulty.[116]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Informanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Keenehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batsfordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caro-Kann_Defence#Classical_/_Capablanca_Variationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caro-Kann_Defence#Classical_/_Capablanca_Variationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Scheveningen_Variationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Scheveningen_Variationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_J._Kinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasparov_versus_the_Worldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Chronology_(Fomenko)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Great_Predecessorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Laskerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablancahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablancahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Alekhinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Shorthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Chess_Federationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Chess_Federationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Euwehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Talhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigran_Petrosianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Reshevskyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Najdorfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent_Larsenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Great_Predecessors#Modern_Chesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog_Defensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Great_Predecessors#Garry_Kasparov_on_Garry_Kasparovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Great_Predecessors#Garry_Kasparov_on_Garry_Kasparovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Fischerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyman_Chesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyman_Chesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mig_Greengardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Levchinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thiel
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15.6 X3D Fritz, 2003 13
15.2 Deep Thought, 1989
Kasparov defeated the chess computer Deep Thought inboth games
of a two-game match in 1989.[117]
15.3 Deep Blue, 1996
In February 1996, IBMs chess computer Deep Blue de-feated
Kasparov in one game using normal time con-trols, in Deep Blue -
Kasparov, 1996, Game 1. Kasparovgained three wins and two draws and
won the match 42.
15.4 Deep Blue, 1997
Main article: Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov
In May 1997, an updated version of Deep Blue defeatedKasparov 32
in a highly publicized six-game match.The match was even after five
games but Kasparov lostquickly in Game 6. This was the first time a
computerhad ever defeated a world champion in match play.
Adocumentary film was made about this famous matchupentitled Game
Over: Kasparov and the Machine.Kasparov claimed that several
factors weighed againsthim in this match. In particular, he was
denied access toDeep Blues recent games, in contrast to the
computersteam, which could study hundreds of Kasparovs.After the
loss Kasparov said that he sometimes saw deepintelligence and
creativity in the machines moves, sug-gesting that during the
second game, human chess play-ers, in contravention of the rules,
intervened. IBM deniedthat it cheated, saying the only human
intervention oc-curred between games. The rules provided for the
devel-opers to modify the program between games, an oppor-tunity
they said they used to shore up weaknesses in thecomputers play
revealed during the course of the match.Kasparov requested
printouts of the machines log filesbut IBM refused, although the
company later publishedthe logs on the Internet.[118] Although
Kasparov wantedanother rematch, IBM declined and ended their
DeepBlue program.Kasparovs loss to Deep Blue inspired the creation
of thegame Arimaa.[119]
15.5 Deep Junior, 2003
In January 2003, he engaged in a six-game classical timecontrol
match with a $1 million prize fund which wasbilled as the FIDE Man
vs. Machine World Cham-pionship, against Deep Junior.[120] The
engine evaluatedthree million positions per second.[121] After one
wineach and three draws, it was all up to the final game. Af-ter
reaching a decent position Kasparov offered a draw,whichwas soon
accepted by theDeep Junior team. Asked
Kasparov wore 3D glasses in his match against the program
X3DFritz.
why he offered the draw, Kasparov said he feared makinga
blunder.[122] Originally planned as an annual event, thematch was
not repeated.Deep Junior was the first machine to beat Kasparov
withblack and at a standard time control.[123]
15.6 X3D Fritz, 2003
In November 2003, he engaged in a four-game matchagainst the
computer program X3D Fritz, using a virtualboard, 3D glasses and a
speech recognition system. Aftertwo draws and one win apiece, the
X3D ManMachinematch ended in a draw. Kasparov received $175,000
forthe result and took home the golden trophy. Kasparovcontinued to
criticize the blunder in the second gamethat cost him a crucial
point. He felt that he had out-played the machine overall and
played well. I only madeone mistake but unfortunately that one
mistake lost thegame.[124]
16 Books
Kasparov Teaches Chess (1984-85, Sport in theUSSR Magazine;
1986, First Collier Books)
The Test of Time (Russian Chess) (1986, PergamonPr)
World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985(1986, Everyman
Chess)
Child of Change: AnAutobiography (1987, Hutchin-son)
LondonLeningrad Championship Games (1987,Everyman Chess)
Unlimited Challenge (1990, Grove Pr)
The Sicilian Scheveningen (1991, B.T. Batsford Ltd)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Thought_(chess_computer)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Machineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Deep_Bluehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_-_Kasparov,_1996,_Game_1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_versus_Garry_Kasparovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Deep_Bluehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_-_Kasparov,_1997,_Game_6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Over:_Kasparov_and_the_Machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arimaahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Juniorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X3D_Fritzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X3D_Fritzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X3D_Fritzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopy#3D_viewershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_recognition
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14 18 NOTES
The Queens Indian Defence: Kasparov System(1991, B.T. Batsford
Ltd)
Kasparov Versus Karpov, 1990 (1991, EverymanChess)
Kasparov on the Kings Indian (1993, B.T. BatsfordLtd)
Garry Kasparovs Chess Challenge (1996, EverymanChess)
Lessons in Chess (1997, Everyman Chess)
Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Great-est Online
Challenge (2000, Kasparov Chess Online)
My Great Predecessors Part I (2003, EverymanChess)
My Great Predecessors Part II (2003, EverymanChess)
Checkmate!: My First Chess Book (2004, EverymanMindsports)
My Great Predecessors Part III (2004, EverymanChess)
My Great Predecessors Part IV (2004, EverymanChess)
My Great Predecessors Part V (2006, EverymanChess)
How Life Imitates Chess (2007, William HeinemannLtd.)
Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part I: Revolutionin the 70s
(2007, Everyman Chess)
Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part II: Kasparovvs Karpov
19751985 (2008, Everyman Chess)
Garry Kasparov onModern Chess, Part III: Kasparovvs Karpov
19861987 (2009, Everyman Chess)
Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part IV: Kas-parov vs Karpov
19882009 (2010, EverymanChess)
Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part I (2011,Everyman
Chess)
Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part II (2013,Everyman
Chess)
Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part III (2014,Everyman
Chess)
The Blueprint: Reviving Innovation, RediscoveringRisk, and
Rescuing the Free Market (2013, W. W.Norton & Co)
17 See also Kasparov versus the World
List of chess games between Kasparov and Kramnik
Committee 2008
Putinism
18 Notes[1] Gotova stvar: Gari Kasparov je dobio hrvatsko
dravl-
janstvo! - 24sata. 24sata.hr. 27 February 2014. Re-trieved 17
March 2014.
[2] Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part I, 2011,
ISBN978-1-85744-672-2, pp. 1617
[3] Most experts place [Bobby Fischer] the second orthird best
ever, behind Kasparov but probably ahead ofKarpov. Obituary of
Bobby Fischer, Leonard Barden,The Guardian, 19 January 2008
[4] Who is the Strongest Chess Player?". Bill Wall.Chess.com. 27
October 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2009.
[5] Ruslan Ponomariov won the disputed FIDE title, at theage of
18, when the world title was split
[6] Conor Sweeney, Chris Baldwin, Putin heir on course towin
Russia election: poll
[7] Eli Lake (17 June 2012). Chessmaster Garry KasparovIs
Determined to Checkmate Vladimir Putin. The DailyBeast.
[8] Gessen, Masha (2012). The Man Without a Face: TheUnlikely
Rise of Vladimir Putin. New York: RiverheadBooks. pp. 196197. ISBN
978-1-59448-842-9. Gessendescribes some of the obstacles Kasparov
encounteredduring the attempt to build his campaign: his
charteredplane was refused airport access; hotels were advised
notto house him; event attendees and organizers were threat-ened;
secret police were a constant presence; a total tele-vision
blackout was enforced. These measures, Gessenconcludes, kept the
Kasparov movement from growing.
[9] Demirjian, Karoun (2014-09-13). Moscow city elec-tions leave
little room for Russian opposition. Wash-ington Post. Retrieved
2014-09-28."Independent oppo-sition candidates faced many
obstacles. In February,Putin signed a law requiring all independent
candidatesto collect signatures from 3 percent of their
constituents.The city didnt finalize the boundaries of the
districts which expanded from 35 to 45 until April. Then inMay, two
of the original 'For Moscow' members wereslapped with fraud
charges, effectively ending their cam-paigns.[paragraph break] The
remaining would-be candi-dates had a few weeks in the summer to
collect approxi-mately 5,000 signatures. It proved an elusive goal
for mostcoalition members.
[10] Chess Champion Garry Kasparov is Russias Great RedHope
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasparov_versus_the_Worldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chess_games_between_Kasparov_and_Kramnikhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_2008https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putinismhttp://www.24sata.hr/sport/gotova-stvar-gari-kasparov-je-dobio-hrvatsko-drzavljanstvo-355576http://www.24sata.hr/sport/gotova-stvar-gari-kasparov-je-dobio-hrvatsko-drzavljanstvo-355576https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857446722https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857446722https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Fischerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Karpovhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,2243266,00.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bardenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardianhttp://www.chess.com/article/view/who-is-the-strongest-chess-playerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslan_Ponomariovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDEhttp://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL1364229620071213http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL1364229620071213http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/06/17/chessmaster-garry-kasparov-is-determined-to-checkmate-vladimir-putin.htmlhttp://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/06/17/chessmaster-garry-kasparov-is-determined-to-checkmate-vladimir-putin.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Beasthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Beasthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59448-842-9http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/moscow-city-elections-leave-little-room-for-russian-opposition/2014/09/12/918f562c-070c-4ef8-8592-bc1f8d674e46_story.htmlhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/moscow-city-elections-leave-little-room-for-russian-opposition/2014/09/12/918f562c-070c-4ef8-8592-bc1f8d674e46_story.htmlhttp://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2012/05/06/chess-champion-garry-kasparov-is-russia-s-great-red-hope.htmlhttp://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2012/05/06/chess-champion-garry-kasparov-is-russia-s-great-red-hope.html
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15
[11] Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov: I am absolutely surethat
the Garry Kasparov, who became leader of the chessworld, professed
the same values as GarikWeinstein, whoonce, following the example
of his father, became fasci-nated by chess...
[12] Biography on Kasparov.ru site (Russian)
[13] White King and Red Queen by Daniel Johnson, ISBN
1-84354-609-4
[14] Transcript: Kasparov to Start Campaign Promoting 'Val-ues
of Democracy'". Fox News. Retrieved 20 October2013.
[15] Unlimited Challenge, an autobiography byGarry Kasparovwith
Donald Trelford, ISBN 0-00-637358-5
[16] Kasparov: The Worlds Chess Champion, by AnneKressler, From
Azerbaijan International (3.3) Autumn1995. (Retrieved 31 March
2008)
[17] Hooper, David & Whyld, Kenneth (1996). Oxford
Com-panion To Chess. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280049-3.
OCLC 34618196.
[18] Ham, Stephen (2005). The Young King (PDF). Chess-cafe.
Retrieved 11 August 2007.
[19] ICC Help: interview. Internet Chess Club. Retrieved11
August 2007.
[20] FIDE Rating List: January 1980. OlimpBase. Re-trieved 2
April 2011.
[21] Chessmetrics Player Profile: Garry Kasparov
[22] World Chess Championship 198284 CandidatesMatches. Mark
Weeks Chess Pages. Retrieved 11August 2007.
[23] 1984 Karpov Kasparov Title Match Highlights MarkWeeks Chess
Pages
[24] Dylan Loeb McClain (24 December 2010). Record Setfor Worlds
Youngest Chess Champion. The New YorkTimes.
[25] Mikhail Tal. World Chess Hall of Fame. Retrieved 22June
2012.
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