Garden Wise Non-Invasive Plants for Your Garden Western Washington Guide
Garden WiseNon-Invasive Plants for Your Garden
Western Washington Guide
Garden Wise is dedicated to Ann Lennartz
Voluntary codes of conduct For the gardening public (annotated):
In an effort to reduce the spread of invasive plants used for horticultural purposes, experts have created the “Voluntary Codes of Conduct,” a series of steps that nursery professionals, landscape architects, gardeners, and others can take to help curb the spread of invasive horticultural plants.
◊ Ask for only non-invasive species when you acquire plants. Plant only environmentally safe species in your gardens. Work towards and promote new landscape design that is friendly to regional ecosystems.
◊ Seek information on which species are invasive in your area. Sources could include botanical gardens, horticulturists, conservationists, and government agencies. Remove invasive species from your land and replace them with non-invasive species suited to your site and needs.
◊ Do not trade plants with other gardeners if you know they are species with invasive characteristics.
◊ Request that botanical gardens and nurseries promote, display, and sell only non-invasive species.
◊ Help educate your community and other gardeners in your area through personal contact and in such settings as garden clubs and other civic groups.
For the full Gardening Codes of Conduct, or to learn about the Codes of Conduct for Government, Nursery Professionals, Landscape Architects, and Botanic Gardens and Arboreta, please go to the Center for Plant Conservation’s website at:www.centerforplantconservation.org/invasives/codes2012.asp
Garden Wise Non-Invasive Plants for Your Garden
While most exotic plants are not problematic, a few have become invasive in Washington State. When these plants spread to wild areas, they cause serious problems. For example invasive knotweeds, butterfly bush, and yellow flag iris are changing our streamsides and riverbanks; spurge laurel and Atlantic ivy are altering our forests.
This booklet represents the collaboration of nonprofit conservation groups, state and country government, and the nursery industry. We believe that preventing introduction is the most efficient way to reduce the spread and impact of invasive species. Whether you are looking for new and exciting plants to add to your garden, or you are looking to replace invasive plants in your yard, we hope this book will be a valuable resource. Working together, we can ensure that future generations enjoy pristine wild areas in Washington State.
Please note that this booklet is a product of an ongoing project. Visit www.nwcb.wa.gov for updates and to learn about other problematic plants and their alternatives. You can also learn more from your local nursery, WSU Master Gardeners, and at www.GreatPlantPicks.org.
Full Sun Regular Water Well-DrainedSoil
Part Sun Medium Water Heavy Soil
Full Shade Low Water Evergreen
WashingtonNative
WildlifeFriendly Deciduous
Great Plant Pick
Florence Fennel, Finocchio, Bulbing Fennel
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Common Fennel - Foeniculum vulgare
Class B Washington State Noxious Weed
Non-bulbingvarietiesofthisherbareprizedfortheir
tall,feathery,aromatic,andoftencolorfulfoliage.However,thisperennialcolonizesgrasslandsanddisturbedareas,includingroadsidesandabandonedlots,wheredensestandscancrowdoutnativeflora.FennelescapeesareaseriousprobleminCalifornia,particularlyinnatural,openlandsandalongthecoast.FennelinvasionsarebecomingacommonsightinwesternWashingtonandmayposeanadditionalthreattoourstate’svanishinggrasslands.
Foeniculum vulgare var. azoricum
Thisannualplantismostlikecommonfennel,withthesamefeatheryfoliageandisidealforculinaryuses.
•Theflavoroffoliageandseedsisverysimilartocommonfennel,andtheswollenstembaseisacrispy,flavorfulvegetableusedinmanycuisines.
•Thefoliageisgreenandhasafeatherytexturelikecommonfennel,buttheplantissmallerinstature(2-3feet,not4-6feet).
•Likecommonfennel,Florencefennellikesfullsunandwell-drainedsoils.
•Theyellowflowersattractbutterflies,andbutterflylarvaefeedonthefoliage.
•USDAzones4-9
Herbaceous
Dill
Cosmos
CourtesyofDeborahJordan,SolasGardens
ImagecourtesyofTroisHelvy
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Cosmos bipinnatus
Cosmosfoliageisfernylikecommonfennel,butitsdaisy-likeflowersdiffer.•Thisannualhasalongbloomtime,fromsummerintoautumn.
•Itcanaddpink,purpleorwhitecolortothegarden.
•Theprofuse,3-inchdaisy-likeflowers,createadifferenteffectinthegardenthanfennel.
•Easytogrowandcarefor,cosmoscanbedeadheadedtoprolongflowering.
•Cosmospreferswell-drainedsoilsandneedssunnysites,likecommonfennel.
•USDAzones3-10
Anethum graveolens
Thefoliageofthisplantisalsofeatheryandreaches3-4feet.
•Withawonderfulfeatheryfoliage,dilloffersafennel-likehazytexture,althoughtheplantisslightlysmallerinstature.
•Dilliseasytogrowinsunny,well-drainedsites.
•Thisannualwillself-sowinyourgarden,soremovespentflower-headsbeforeseedsscatter.
•Flatyellowflowersappearaboutthesametimeasthoseoffennel,attractingbutterflies,andbutterflylarvaefeedonthefoliage.
•USDAzones3-7
Morechoices:Amelanchier alnifolia,Cornus stolonifera (Syn. Cornus sericea),Holodiscus discolor,Hydrangea macrophylla,Physocarpus capitatus,Woodwardia fimbriata,andCalamagrostisxacutiflora‘KarlFoerster’allofwhichareWashingtonnativesexceptforHydrangeaandCalamagrostis.
Milky Bellflower
ImagecourtesyofAnnChapman
ImagecourtesyofKingCountyNWCB
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Policeman’s Helmet - Impatiens glandulifera
Class B Washington State Noxious Weed
Policeman’shelmethasprettypink-to-purpleflowersandisunusuallytallforanannualplant,reachingamaximumheightof10feet.Agardenescapee,thisprolific,self-seedingplanthasheavilycolonizedlowlandriparianareas,includingforests,streambanks,androadsidethickets,
whereitdominatesnativeplantcommunities.AlthoughconsideredaseriousprobleminGreatBritain,andontheWSDAquarantinelist,itisstilloftenillegallyexchangedamongstgardengroupsinWashington.
Campanula lactiflora ‘LoddonAnna’
Anuprightlong-bloomingperennialforawell-drained,sunnytopartlyshadysite.
•Thiseasy-to-growperennialwilllastinyourgardentoaddcolorandtextureovermanyyears.
•Theuprighthabit,reachingupto4to5feet,addssimilartextureandheighttothegarden.
•Beautifullightlilac-pinkstar-shapedflowersinpaniclesaresimilarincolor,butnotform,topoliceman’shelmet.
•Bloomsmid-summer,trimbackfadingflowerstoencourgere-bloomlaterintheseason.
•USDAzones5-8
Herbaceous
Cardinal Flower
Delphinium, Larkspur
ImagecourtesyofMonroviaNursery
ImagecourtesyofErvEvans,NorthCarolinaStateUniversity
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Lobelia cardinalis & cultivars
Anuprightherbaceousperennialforamoist,sunnytopartlyshadysite.
•Cardinalflowergrowsinsimilarconditionsaspoliceman’shelmet:moistsoilsandpartshade.
•Showyflowerspikescanreachheightsof3feet,shorterthanpoliceman’shelmet.
•Bloomsaregenerallybrightcrimson,thoughcolorcanrangefromorange-redtofuschiatopurpleinsomecultivars.
•Apopularchoiceforattractinghummingbirds.
•USDAzones3-10
Delphinium parishii ‘Skyblue’and Delphinium x elatum
Anupright,tallerherbaceousperennialforasunnysite.
•Theflowercolorrangesfromwhitetodeeplavendersandblues.
•Somecultivarsreachheightssimilartopoliceman’shelmet.
•Spurredflowersonlongspikesattractbutterflies.
•Thisdeciduousperennialgrowsbackstrongereachyear.Checkwithyourlocalnurseryfordisease-resistantcultivars.
•USDAzones4-7
Morechoices:Cleomespecies,floweringtobacco(Nicotiana mutabilis),Japaneseprimrose(Primula japonica),Thalictrum delavayi‘Hewitt’sDouble’,andnatives:westernmeadow-rue(Thalictrum occidentale),bleedingheart(Dicentra formosa),westernblueflax(Linum perenne),monkeyflowers(Mimulus guttatus and M. lewisii),andinside-outflower(Vancouveria hexandra).
Russian Sage
ImagecourtesyofJohnRandall,TheNatureConservancy
ImagecourtesyofAliceB.Russell,NorthCarolinaStateUniversity
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Tall or Purple Verbena-Verbena bonariensis
Washington State Monitor Species
Tallverbenahasbeenapopularadditiontogardenbordersforitslavender,tubularflowerclustersborneatopelevatedflowerstalks.Althoughattractiveinthegarden,thisvigorouslyself-seedingperennialisrapidlyspreadingintofieldsandopenareasaroundtheworld,includingthestateof
Oregon,andisonitswaytobeingaprobleminwesternWashington.Thepricklyhairsonthestemmakethisweeddifficulttohandpull.Identifyitearlyandnipitinthebud!
Perovskia atriplicifolia
Thissageisalong-bloomingperennialforasunny,drysite.
•Twelve-inchspiresofsmalltubularpurpleflowersaddatallsplashofcolorinlatesummer.
•Likepurpleverbena,Russiansageisadrought-tolerantplantonceestablishedthatdoeswellinpoorsoils.
•Similarinheighttotallverbena,Russiansageaddsastrongverticalelementtothegardenwithitssilverystemsandfoliage.
•USDAzones5-9
Herbaceous
Pincushion Flower
Frikart’s Aster
ImagecourtesyofKennedyHarris
ImagecourtesyofBellevueBotanicalGardenSociety,GreatPlantPicks
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Morechoices:Homesteadpurpleverbena(Verbena‘HomesteadPurple’),andPenstemonorbeardtongue(Penstemon)species,manyofwhichareWashingtonnatives.
Scabiosa caucasica ‘UltraViolet’
Aster × frikartii ‘Mönch’
Thisprolificbloomergrowsinamoundedforminfullsun.
•Thelongfloweringperiod(July-October)offerslavender-blueflowersthroughouttheseason.
•Amoredenselybranchedhabitthantallverbena,Frikart’sastergrows1.5to3feettall,prefersfullsunbutcangrowinpartshade.
•Providescolorinthelandscapewhenotherplantsaredyingbackinautumn.
•Its2.5inchflowersattractpollinatorssuchasbutterflies.
•USDAzones5-8
Anever-bloomingperennialforawell-drained,sunnysite.
•Thiscultivar’sbrightvioletpincushion-shapedflowersareperchedonthinstemsto2feettall
•Pincushionflowerisnotonlygreatforcutting,butitalsoattractsbutterfliesinthegarden.
•‘UltraViolet’isanewcultivarwithgreaterdiseaseresistancethanpastofferings.
•USDAzones4-9
Goats Beard
ImagecourtesyofErvEvans,NorthCarolinaStateUniversity
ImagecourtesyofWhatcomCountyNWCB
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Knotweeds - Polygonum speciesGiant, Bohemian, Himalayan, & Japanese
Featherywhiteflowerheads,largefoliage,andtall,bamboo-likestemsonce
madethisgroupofknotweedspopularasgardenornamentals.NativetoAsia,knotweedshavebecomeaseriousproblemworldwide
andareincreasinglyprevalentinWashington.Theyrapidlyinvaderiparianzones:blockingsunlight,disturbingnutrientcycling,andfacilitatingstreambankerosion.TheseknotweedsareaseriousproblemalongWashingtonStatewaterwayswheretheydegradehabitatforwildlifeandfishspeciesincludingsalmon.
Aruncus dioicus
Thisrobustperennialnativeprovidesheighttoyourgarden.
•Likeknotweed,goat’sbeardthrivesinmoistsoil.
•Itproducesapanicleofcream-coloredflowerssimilartoknotweeds,thoughfoliagetextureisfiner.
•BloomsinJuneandJuly,alittleearlierthanknotweeds.
•Goat’sbeardgrowsupto6feettall.
•USDAzones3-7
Herbaceous
Class B Washington state noxious weed’s
Fothergilla
Robusta Clumping Bamboo
ImagecourtesyofVictorCarrano
CourtesyofNoahBell,bamboogarden.com
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Fargesia robustaThisisatrueclumpingbamboowithanuprightform.
•Itgrowsto15-20feet,tallerthanknotweeds.
•Unlikeknotweedsandrunningbamboovarieties,clumpingbamboovarietiessteadilyincreasesindiameter.
•Thestemsprovidethebambooeffectthatgardenersprizeinknotweeds.
•Unliketheknotweeds,Fargesia robusta keepsitsnarrow,shinyleavesinthewinterforyear-roundinterest.
•Ittakesmorningsunandafternoonshade.
•USDAzones7-9
Fothergilla major
Thisisadeciduousshrubwithgorgeousfallfoliage.
•Small,fragrantwhiteflowersbloominspring,unlikethelater-bloomingknotweeds.
•Greenfoliageinsummerturnstospectacularfallcolor,asopposedtolesscolorfulknotweeds.
•Likeknotweeds,fothergillasportslargeleavesupto5incheslong.
•Shrubgrowsupto9feettall.•Cultivar‘Mt.Airy’grows5to6feettallandisaGreatPlantPick.
•Alsoknownaswitch-alder,thisshrubprefersmoist,well-drainedsoils.
•USDAzones4-8
Morechoices:Westernserviceberry(Amelanchier alnifolia),ocean-spray(Holodiscus discolor),Pacificninebark(Physocarpus capitatus),giantchainfern(Woodwardia fimbriata),redosierdogwood(Cornus stolonifera), allofwhichareWashingtonnatives,aswellasbigleafhydrangea(Hydrangea macrophylla) andgiantfleeceflower(Persicaria polymorpha).
Wintercreeper
ImagecourtesyofMonroviaNursery
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Yellow Archangel - Lamiastrum galeobdolon
Class B Washington State Noxious Weed
Strikingvariegatedleavesandtheabilitytothrive
inshadyareasmakesyellowarchangelapopularornamental
plantforgroundcoverandhangingbaskets.Unfortunately,thistrailingplanteasilyestablisheswildpopulations,inmanycasesastheresultofimproperdisposalofgardencuttingsorhanging
baskets.Yellowarchangelformsdense,homogenousmatsinforestsandparksandisaseriousprobleminBritishColumbiaandwesternWashington.
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Thisisalow-growingevergreenplantwithattractivefoliage.
•Thevariegatedleavesofwintercreeperprovidecontrastinthelowlightpreferredbyyellowarchangel.
•Wintercreeperwilltoleratefullsunaswellastheshadethatyellowarchangelprefers.
•USDAzones4-8
Groundcover
Heucheras & Heucherellas
Wild Ginger
TopHeucheraImage:VictorCarrano BottomHeucheraImage:TerraNovaNurseries
ImagecourtesyofRichieSteffen,GreatPlantPicks
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Asarum caudatum
Evergreengroundcovergrowinginparttofullshade.
•Beautifuldeepgreen,heart-shapedleavessmelloflemon-gingerwhencrushed.
•Uniquepurple-brownflowersthatmaybecoveredbyleaves,unliketheinsignificantflowersofyellowarchangel.
•Growsinavarietyofgardenconditionsandisdroughttolerantonceestablished.
•Growsbyrhizomesandslowlyformsexpandingmats.
•USDAzones7-9
Heuchera & Heucherella species
Low-growingperennials,somenativetotheNorthwest.
•Theseplantsproducesmall,airyflowersaboveornamentalleavesinavarietyofcolorsandpatterns,rivalingthefoliageofyellowarchangel.
•Heucherasandheucherellastoleratesuntolightshade.
•Theirdelicateflowersarealsoattractivetohummingbirds.
•USDAzones4-9
Morechoices:Bleedingheart(Dicentra formosa),wildlily-of-the-valley (Maianthemum dilatatum),three-leaffoamflower(Tiarella trifoliata),allofwhichareWashingtonnatives,aswellasJapaneseSpurge(Pachysandra terminalis),barrenwort(Epimedium)species,sweetbox(Sarcococca hookerianavar. humilis), and minatureLondonpride(Saxifraga ‘Primuloides’).
Sweet Autumn Clematis
ImagescourtesyofKingCountyNWCB.
ImagecourtesyofMonroviaNursery
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Old Man’s Beard & Silverlace VineClematis vitalba & Polygonum albertii
Class C Washington State Noxious Weed & Monitor Species
Climbingvinessuchasoldman’sbeardand
silverlacevinearecommonlyusedonarborsandtrellises.Yetthesevinescanestablishinforestsandalongriverbankswheretheycansmothershrubsandtreesandformdensematsintheunderstory,displacingnativeflora.Bothvinesproducethousandsoftinyseeds,whicharespreadbywindorcarriedonthebodiesofbirds.Silverlacevinecanalsoregeneratefromgardencuttingstossedaside,makingescapefromcultivationeasy.
Clematis paniculata, synonym C. dioscoreifolia
Thisclematisisavigorousandfragrantclimber.
•Thisclematishasfragrantcreamywhiteflowers.
•Liketheinvasivevines,thisisarobustclimber.
•Ittakesfullsuntopartialshade.•Likesilverlacevineandoldman’sbeard,SweetAutumnclematisbloomsfromsummertofall.
•Thisclimbergrowsupto20feettall.
•USDAzones5-9
Groundcover
Italian Clematis
Orange Honeysuckle
ImagecourtesyofPatBreen,OregonStateUniv.
ImagecourtesyofBenLegler
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Lonicera ciliosa
Orangehoneysuckleisacolorfulnorthwestnativethatbutterfliesandbirdslovetoo.
•Theflowersareabrilliantorangeinsteadofwhite.
•Itgrowsupto30feettall,likeoldman’sbeard.
•Thisnativetakesfullsuntopartialshade.
•BloomsoccurfromMaytoJuly,earlierthaneitheroftheinvasivevines.
•Birdsandbutterfliesareattractedtoitsedibleberriesandnectarflowers.
•Zones6-9
Clematis viticella & cultivars
Thisspeciesincludesavarietyofcolorfulcultivars.
•Therearevariousflowercolorstochoosefrom,whereastheinvasivevinesofferonlywhite.
•Growingonly15feettall,itdoesnotoverburdentreesliketheinvasivevines.
•Thisclematisprefersfullsun.•Likesilverlacevineandoldman’sbeard,thisplantisnotparticularaboutsoiltype.
•Zones5-9
Morechoices: Kiwivine (Actinidia kolomikta),chocolatevine(Akebia quinata),Japanesehydrangeavine(Schizophragma hydrangeoides),climbinghydrangea(Hydrangea anomalasubsp.petiolaris),andsilverveincreeper(Parthenocissus henryana).
Crinkle-Leaf Creeper
ImagecourtesyofPatBreen,OregonStateUniv.
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Atlantic & Invasive English Ivy CultivarsHedera hibernica & Hedera helix ‘Baltica’,
‘California’, ‘Pittsburgh’,&‘Star’
Class C Washington State noxious weed
Whileover400cultivarsofivyareusedforlandscaping,
onlyafewareconsideredinvasive.Whenallowedtoclimbandmature,invasiveiviesproduceseed-filledberrieswhicharespreadbybirds.AseriousprobleminwesternWashington,thesecultivarsspreadintoforestswherethevinesblocksunlight,smothertrees,andencouragerot.Densematsofivyblankettheforestunderstory,displacenativeflora,outcompeteforestseedlings,andharborpestssuchasrats.
Rubus pentalobussynonym Rubus calycinoides
Formsagreat,durablecarpetofroughleaves,darkgreeninsummerandtingedreddishinwinter.
•Thiscreeperisagoodgroundcoverforslopesandwillgrowtocoverlargerspaces.
•Itisdroughttolerantlikeivy,onceestablished.
•Crinkle-leafcreeperisanattractiveevergreen,finerintexturethanivy—withleavesthesizeofstrawberryleaves.
•Itgrowswellinsunandpartialshadeandremainshealthywithlittlecare.
•USDAzones6-9
Groundcover
Kinnikinnick
Climbing Hydrangea
ImagecourtesyofMonroviaNursery
ImagecourtesyofBenLegler
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Hydrangea anomala subsp. petiolaris
Agoodvineforclimbingtreesorwallsorfences:holdsonlikeivy.Mediumgreen,heart-shapedleavesarebeautiful,butdifferentintextureandscale.
•Large-leaveddeciduousfoliagewillcoverlikeivyinsummer,andcinnamon-redshaggybarkofferswintertexture.
•Unlikeivy,ithasbeautifullaceyhydrangea-likebloomsofcream-whiteinJunewhicharegoodfordriedarrangements.
•Plantisrelativelydiseasefreeandeasytocarefor.
•USDAzones4-8
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Agreatnativeplantforcarpetingtheground,Kinnikinnickhelpssustainwildlife.
•Itsevergreenfoliageandmat-likespreadinghabitgiveanemeraldlookyear-round.
•Likeivy,kinnikinnickisadaptedtowell-drainedsandysoilsandsun.
•Thoughdroughttolerantonceestablished,unlikeivy,itdoesnottolerateshade.
•Unlikeivy,kinnikinnickflowersareornamental.Whitish-pinkbellsappearinsummer,followedbyredberries.
•USDAzones5-10
Morechoices:silverveincreeper(Parthenocissus henryana),minatureLondonpride(Saxifraga ‘Primuloides’),bearberry(Cotoneaster dammeri),wintercreeper(Euonymus fortunei),boxleafhoneysuckle(Lonicera pileata),sweetbox(Sarcococca hookerianavar. humilis),Bostonivy(Parthenocissus tricuspidata) andnativesbeachstrawberry(Fragaria chiloensis)andevergreenviolet(Viola sempervirens).
Japanese Iris
ImagecourtesyofLauraBurton
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Yellow Flag Iris - Iris pseudacorus
Class C Washington State Noxious Weed
Withitsshowyyellowflowersanddense,lance-
shapedleaves,yellowflagirishasbeenapopularaddition
toornamentalpondsandwatergardens.However,thisemergentwetlandplantquicklyspreadsthroughundergroundrhizomesandrhizomefragments.Itnaturalizesalongstreams,canals,andshorelinesinWashington.Yellowflagiriscancompletelyoutcompetenativewetlandplantsalongtheshoreline,anditsdense,root-likematcollectssedimentandseverelyreduceswaterflow,affectingplants,fish,andotheranimals.
Iris ensata cultivars including ‘Variegata’
Thesearebeautifulirisesforpondedgesandbogs.
•Theyareidealforwetboggyareasandedge-of-pondplantings,easytogrow.
•Elegantlargeflowersofwhite,purple,andvioletblueforminlatespringandearlysummer,alittleafteryellowflagiris.
•Foliagecanreach16inches,thescaleoftheplantissmallerthanyellowflagiris.
•Thefoliageofthecultivar‘Variegata’offersacreamywhiteandgreenfoliaraccenttopondplantings.
•USDAzones5-8
wetl and and aquatic
Laevigata Iris
Siberian Iris
ImagecourtesyofToddBoland
PatWoodward,PacificRimNativePlantNursery
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Iris sibirica & hybrids such as ‘Butter&Sugan’,‘Sunfisher’ (both yellow blooming)
Averyversatile,easy-to-growiris:theonetochoose,otherthanabeardediris,ifyouwantyellowflowers.‘Butter&Sugan’,‘Sunfisher’•Goodformixedborderswithnormalwaterneeds;alsosuitablefordampsites,butnotforstandingwater.
•Flowercolorsrangefromwhitetopurpletoblue-purpletoyellow.
•Withfoliageusually2feetorless,andtallerflowers,theplantissmallerthanyellowflagiris.
•BloomsMay-June,butitslovelyfoliagemakesthisirisbeautifulinandoutofbloom.
•USDAzones4-9
Iris laevigata & cultivars
Atruewater-lovingiris,beautifulinandoutofflower.
•Anidealreplacementforyellowflagirisinpondplantings,laevigatairisgrowswellin6inchesofwater.Itisalsogoodforwetboggyareas,andit’seasytogrow.
•Flowersarelargewhite,purple,lavender,andpink.Yellow-bloomingcultivarsarerare.
•Bloomslaterthanyellowflagiris.•Foliagecanreach18inches,sothescaleoftheplantissmallerthanyellowflagiris.
•USDAzones2-9
Morechoices:Arcticiris(Iris setosa),blueflagirises(Iris versicolor and Iris virginica),beardediris(Irisxgermanica),andnativespeciesRockyMountainiris(I. missouriensis),westernskunkcabbage(Lysichiton americanum),andgolden-eyedgrass(Sisyrinchium californicum).
Fragrant Waterlily cultivars
ImagecourtesyofStevensCountyNWCB
CourtesyofErvEvans,NorthCarolinaStateUniversity
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Fragrant Water Lily -Nymphaea odorata
AlthoughnativetotheeasternhalfoftheUnitedStates,fragrantwaterlilyhasbeendeliberatelyintroducedintoponds
andwatergardensinthePacificNorthwestbecauseofitslargeandbeautiful,sweet-smellingwhiteflowers.However,thisfloating-leavedplantcanquicklydominatethe
water,denyingsubmergedaquaticvegetationlightandoxygen,stagnatingwaterflow,degradinghabitatforfishandinvertebrates,andrestrictingwildlifeandhumanaccesstowaterbodies.
Nymphaea ‘Lucianna’, N. ‘PinkBeauty’, N. ‘Hermine’
Thesefragrantwaterliliesareidealforcontainedwatergardens.
•LessaggressivecultivarsofNymphaea,suchastheMarliaccultivars,comeinawiderangeofbothboldandsubtlecolors.
•Thesewatergardenplantsshouldnotbeplacedinnaturalponds,lakes,streams,orriverswherespreadmaybeadangeroraproblem.
•USDAzones3-11
Wetl and and aquatic
Water Shield
Spatterdock
ImagecourtesyofWhatcomCountyNWCB
ImagecourtesyofBenLegler
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Nuphar polysepala
Alargenativeaquaticplantfoundinarangeofwaterdepths.
•Floatingleavesonstiffstemssometimesliftabovethewaterduringlowwaterlevels.
•Theshowyyellowflowerisdissimilartofragrantwaterlily’slotus-likebloom,butnolesseye-catching.
•ThisnativeplantisfoundinpondsandlakesaroundWashingtonandisanimportantsourceoffoodandshelterforlocalfishandwildlife.
Brasenia schreberi
Anativeaquaticplantwithsmallfloatingleaves.
•Floatingovalleavesaredarkgreenontopandpurpleunderneath.
•Watershieldgrowsinwater2-6feetdeep.
•FoundinlakesaroundwesternWashington,watershieldissafetouseinnaturalwaterbodiestoreplacefragrantwaterlilies.
•Thesmall,darkpurpleflowersthatappearinlatesummerareattractivebutunlikefragrantwaterlilies’showyblooms.
•Fishandotherwildlifeusethisplantforvaluablefoodandshelter.
Pleaseremember,neverdumpwatergarden,aquariumplants,oraquariumfishintonaturalwatersystems.
Gayfeather
ImagecourtesyofMonroviaNursery
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Purple Loosestrife & Garden LoosestrifeLythrum salicaria & Lysimachia vulgaris
Bothgardenandpurpleloosestrifeare
commonadditionstoflowergardens.Theseinvasiveplantsareamajorthreattowetlandsbecauseoftheirabilitytotoleratesaturatedsoilsandspreadrapidlyintonon-disturbedareas.Purpleloosestrifeisnotoriousforforminguniformstands;itcrowdsoutallnativeplantsandreduceswetlandhabitat.Gardenloosestrifeisanew,seriousconcernasithasbeenobservedout-competingnoxiouspurpleloosestrifeinWashingtonStatewetlands.
Liatris spicata
Eye-catching,purple-spikedperennial.
•Tallspikesofpurpleflowersaresimilarinappearancetopurpleloosestrife.
•Thisplanttakesfullsun.•GayfeatherbloomsJulythroughSeptember,aroundthesametimeaspurpleloosestrife.
•Unlikepurpleloosestrife,itlikeswell-drainedsoils.
•USDAzones3-9
Wetl and and aquatic
Meadow Rue
Wison’s Ligularia
ImagecourtesyofCarlaJohnston
ImagecourtesyofAllisonC.Mayer
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Ligularia wilsoniana
Atallandshowywetlandperennial.•Spikesofbrightyellowflowersopeninmid-to-latesummer,aboutthesametimegardenloosestrifeblooms.
•Itgrowsinmoistconditions,likegardenloosestrife.
•Thisligulariatakesfullsuntopartialshade.
•CultivarsofLigularia dentataandL. przewalskiialsohaveshowyflowerspikes,withL. dentatahavingshorterspikes.
•USDAzones5-9
Thalictrum aquilegiifolium
Featureslightandairyflowersabovefeatheryfoliage.
•Mauve-to-purpleflowersaresimilartopurpleloosestrife.
•Thisplantthrivesinmoist,richsoils,likethetwoinvasiveloosestrifespecies.
•Ittoleratesfullsuntolightshade.•Thedividedleavesresemblethoseofthecolumbine.
•USDAzones5-9
Morechoices:Bluegiant-hyssop(Agastache foeniculum),Hebe‘PurplePicture’,cardinalflower(Lobelia cardinalis),dwarfRussianalmond(Prunus tenella),tickseedcoreopsis(Coreopsis grandiflora),bluebeard(Caryopteris incana),andWAnativemonkeyflowers(Mimulus guttatus and M. lewisii) and Penstemonspecies.
California Lilac
TopimagecourtesyofTimMiller,WSU-NWREC,BottomimagecourtesyofLaurelBaldwin
ImagecourtesyofMonroviaNursery
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Butterfly Bush - Buddleja davidii
Class B Washington State Noxious Weed
Withitsshowypurpleflowersandabilitytothriveundera
varietyofconditions,butterflybushhasbecomeapopulargardenornamentalinNorthAmerica.However,ithasescapedcultivation,invadingroadsides,loggedclearings,andotherdisturbedareaswhereitcanformdensethickets.InthePacificNorthwest,itisproblematicalongriversandstreams,whereittrapssediment.Itdoesnotseemtobeahostplantformanybutterflylarvae,butitcandisplacenativewillowspeciesuponwhichmanyofournativebutterflylarvaefeed.
Ceanothus ‘Victoria’, ‘DarkStar’, ‘JuliaPhelps’, ‘BlueMist’, C. x vetchianus
Aneatandtidy,profuselybloomingandsun-lovingevergreenshrub.•Awonderfulfast-growinganddrought-tolerantshrubforwell-drainedsoils,thisnitrogen-fixingplanttoleratespoorsoils.
•Itattractsbutterfliesandhoneybees.
•Thebeautifulflowersareblueandfragrant,withlongspringbloom-time.
•Thisisaveryself-reliantplantthatiseasytocarefor,withnopestordiseaseproblems.
•Californialilacisevergreenandlooksneat&greenyear-round.
•‘Victoria’isaGreatPlantPick.
Trees and Shrubs
Chaste Tree
Pacific Ninebark
ImagecourtesyofAliceCoulthard
ImagecourtesyofM.R.andR.W.Smith
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Physocarpus capitatus & cultivars
A profusely blooming shrub withbeautiful, shaggy bark for full sunorshade.•Itattractsbutterfliesandtheirlarvae.
•Bloomsareroundedpompomsofwhitetowhite-pinkandthebloomtimeisearlierthanbutterflybush–latespringtoearlysummer.
•Adeciduousshrubwithanuprighthabitreachingasimilarheighttobutterflybush(12-15feet).Itcanbemaintainedat8-10feetandisadaptedtoawiderangeofsoilsandexposuretosun.
•USDA3-10
Vitex agnus-castus
Atallanduprightbuddleja-likeshrubforahotsunnysite.
•Summertoearlyautumnbloomsaddflowercoloratthesametimeofyearasbutterflybush.
•Bloomsarelilac-likeinform,fragrant,andlavender-purpleorwhite,bloominglatesummerintofallinfullsun.
•Thenecterattractshoneybeesandbutterfliesandfoliageprovidesfoodforbutterflylarvae.
•Palmatelycompound,dark-greenfoliageisaromatic.
•Thechastetreeisfreeofpestsanddiseases.
•USDAzones6-10
Morechoices:Non-invasivebutterflybushesBuddleja fallowiana,B. globosa,andB.xweyeriana, Caryopterisxclandonensis,Rose-of-Sharon(Hibiscus syriacus),andnativesLewis’mockorange(Philadelphus lewisii) andred-floweringcurrant (Ribes sanguineum).
Winter Daphne
ImagecourtesyofMonroviaNursery
ImagecourtesyofYamhillCountySoil&WaterConservationDistrict
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Spurge Laurel - Daphne laureola
Class B Washington State Noxious Weed
Spurgelaurelisashade-tolerantornamentalshrubwithshiny,darkevergreenleavesandlightgreenflowers.Birds
spreaditsbluish-blackberriesintotheforestunderstory,wheretheshrubcompeteswithnativeplantsforwaterandnutrients.AnativetoEuropeandNorthAfrica,spurgelaurelisconsideredoneofthetoptenplantsthreateningrareGarryoakecosystemsin
BritishColumbia,andisspreadingthroughoutWashingtonandOregon.Itssapandberriesarealsotoxic.
Daphne odora ‘Aureomarginata’
Thisisawinterblooming,deliciouslyfragrantshrub.•Theattractiveornamentalhaslarger,fragrant,pinkishflowersthanspurgelaurel.
•Thisshrubprefersshadyareas.•Likespurgelaurel,winterdaphneisanearlybloomer,fromFebruarytoMarch,andisalsoanevergreen.
•Thecultivar‘Aureomarginata’hasacontrastingcreamygoldleafmargin.Thespecieshasentirelygreenleavesandisalsorecommended.
•USDAzones7-9
Trees and Shrubs
Daphnoides Rhododendron
Salal
CourtesyofPatBreen,OregonStateUniversity
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Gaultheria shallon
Ahighlyadaptable,native,evergreenshrubwithroundleatheryleaves.•Smallbell-shapedwhiteflowersbloomMarch-June,withpurplishberriesappearinginlatesummer.
•Salalinhabitsawidevarietyofsoiltypesandlightlevels.
•Itattractswildlife,includinghoneybees,andbutterfliesandtheirlarvae.
•Thefoliageisoftenusedinflowerarrangements.
•Thisrounded,denseshrubgrows3-6feettallandupto10feettallonfavorablesites.
•USDAzones6-9
Rhododendron ‘Daphnoides’
Beautiful,largepurpleflowersdecoratethisevergreenshrub.
•Largepurpleflowersareeye-catching,unlikespurgelaurel’sinsignificantgreenish-whiteflowers.
•ThisrhododendrondoesnothaveDaphnespecies’fragrantflowers.
•Itpreferssuntopartialshade.•Daphnoidesbloomsafterspurgelaurel,inlatespring.
•Asitsnamesuggests,theleavesarevery“daphne-like”.
•USDAzones4-8
Morechoices:Mexicanmockorange(Choisya‘AztecPearl’),fragrantsweetbox(Sarcococca ruscifolia),Skimmiacultivars,variegatedhybriddaphne(Daphne×burkwoodii ‘CarolMackie’),hybriddaphne(Daphnextransatlantica‘EternalFragrance’)andournativeevergreenhuckleberry(Vaccinium ovatum).
Meserve Hybrid Hollies
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English Holly - Ilex aquifolium
Englishholly’severgreenfoliageandredberriesmakeitatraditionalhedgerowshrubinthePacificNorthwest.
Twodistinctleafcharacteristicsareevident,solidgreenandvariegated.Thesolidgreenvarietyhasbeenfoundescapingoutsideofgardens.Birdsusetheberriesasafoodsource,andtheyspreadseedsintosurroundingareaswhereplantsmaypropagate.
BecausetheNorthwest’sclimateissimilartothespecies’nativeEurope,Englishhollyisappearingasscatteredshrubsorlow
growingtreesinlowlandforestsofwesternWashington.
Ilex x meserveae ‘BlueBoy’,‘BlueGirl’,‘BluePrince’,‘BluePrincess’,‘ChinaBoy’,‘ChinaGirl’,‘BerryMagic’, & ‘EbonyMagie’
Ifyouwantlotsofberriesandbeautifulhollyfoliage,thesehybridsaretheplantsforyou.•LikeEnglishholly,thefemalecultivarswillsetfruitheavilyonlywhenpollinated.
•Allareevergreenwithadensehabitandtakeheavypruning,makinggoodhedgesandscreeningplants.
•Allcultivarsreach15-18feetorless;easiertomaintainasahedgethanEnglishholly.
•USDAzones6-8
Trees and Shrubs
ImagecourtesyofPatBreen,OregonStateUniv.
Washington State Monitor Species
Tall Oregon Grape
Osmanthus or False Holly
CourtesyofRichieSteffen,GreatPlantsPicks
ImagecourtesyofBenLegler
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Osmanthus heterophyllusGreatforscreening,thisshrublookslikeanEnglishhollywithoutberries.•Thisplantisoftenmistakenforahollyand,likeholly,iswellsuitedforscreeningandhedgesbecauseofitsdenselybrancheduprighthabit.
•Theabsenceofredberriesiscompensatedbysmallbutveryfragrantflowersinautumn.
•Itgrows15feetormoreinavarietyofsoiltypesandinsunorpartialshade.
•Easytocarefor,itisfreeofanydisfiguringdiseasesorpests.
•Cultivars‘Goshiki’,‘Purpureus’,and‘Variegatus’areGreatPlantPicks.
•USDAzones6-9
Berberis aquifolium synonym Mahonia aquifolium
Plantwithadense,upright,almostpillar-like habit and dark greenholly-likeleaves.•Agreatnativeplant,forscreen-ingandhedginginasunnysite,denselycloakedwithleaves.
•SmallerthanEnglishholly,tallOregongrapewillgrowtoreach8-10feetintime.
•Unlikeholly,thisplant’sbrightyellowbloomsareornamental,appearinginveryearlyspringandarefollowedbyblue-black,notred,berriesinsummer.
•Easytogrowinavarietyofsoils.•USDAzones4-8
Morechoices:EnglishhollycultivarsIlex aquifolium‘FeroxArgenta’and‘GoldCoast’,Berberisxgladwynensis‘WilliamPenn’,Eucryphia glutinosa,anddisease-resistantcultivarsoffirethornsuchasPyracantha‘Mohave’,andP. koidzumii‘Victory’.
Oregon Ash
ImagecourtesyofMandyTu,NatureConservancy
ImagecourtesyofPatBreen,OregonStateUniv.
JohnRandall,Nature
Conservancy
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Black Locust - Robinia pseudoacacia
NativetothesouthernU.S.,blacklocusthasbeenplantedextensivelyforitsattractiveandfragrantflowers,hardwood,andrapidgrowth.Thistall,fast-growing,andthornymemberofthelegumefamilycanquicklyformdensestandsinprairiesandalongforestedges,displacingnativevegetationandreducingthe
herbaceousunderstory.Itisgoodatout-competingmanyotherplantsbecauseofitsnitrogen-fixingability.AlreadyproblematicinthenortheasternU.S.andinTexas,blacklocustisalsoinvasiveinthePacificNorthwestandCalifornia.
Fraxinus latifolia
Nativetothepacificnorthwest,thistreegrowswellinmoistsoils.•Lightgreen,compoundleavesprovideatexturesimilartoblacklocust.
•Oregonashleafletsarelargerthanthoseofblacklocust.
•Similarinheighttolocust,Oregonashcangrowupto80feet.
•Theround,fullcrownshapeofmaturetreesissimilartothatofblacklocust.
•USDAzones6-8
Trees and Shrubs
Golden Rain Tree
Kentucky Coffee Tree
ImagecourtesyofPatBreen,OregonStateUniv.
ImagecourtesyofPatBreen,ORStateUniv.
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Koelreuteria paniculata
Thismedium-sizedornamentaltreetoleratesawiderangeofsoilconditionsinsunnytopartlyshadysites.•Showyyellowflowersgracewhatisoneofthefewmid-summerbloomingtrees.
•Compoundfoliageoffersasimilartexturetoblacklocust.
•Theornamentalfruitpodslastthroughwinter.
•Likeblacklocust,goldenraintreegrowsquickly.
•Thistreeisdisease-andpest-resistant.
•USDAzones6-9
Gymnocladus dioicus
Adrought-andair-pollution-toleranttreeformoist,well-drainedsites.
•Smallleafletsoncompoundleavesprovidealightandairytexture.
•Seedpods,similartothoseofblacklocust,canbeavoidedbyplantingmaletrees.
•Withheightsofupto75feet,Kentuckycoffeetreeprovidesasimilarshadecanopyeffect.
•Thoughmoderatelyfastgrowing,Kentuckycoffeetreedoesnotseedaggressivelylikeblacklocust.
•USDAzones5-9
Morechoices:Katsura(Cercidiphyllum japonica),Americantuliptree(Liriodendron tulipifera),andJapanesescholartree(Sophora japonica).
Douglas Hawthorn
ImagecourtesyofPatBreen,OregonStateUniv.
JamesManhart,TexasA&M
PatBreen,ORStateUniv.
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Common European Hawthorn & European Mountain Ash
Crataegus monogyna & Sorbus aucuparia
Thesesmall,ornamentaltreesarepopularforlandscapingbecauseoftheirattractivewhiteflowersandshowyredfruit.Butbirdsreadilydispersetheseedsfromgardenplantingsintonaturalareas,wherehawthorndisplacesnativevegetationandformsimpenetrablethicketsthatcanchangetheunderstoryecosystemofforests.Europeanmountainashcanestablishin
bothwetlandanduplandareas.Nativeversionsofbothofthesebeautifulplantsexist.Moredemandwillcreatesupplyinnurseries.
Crataegus douglasii
NativetowesternNorthAmerica,thissmalltreecaneasilybeconfusedwiththeinvasiveCrataegus monogyna.
•Similarinappearancetothesingle-seededinvasivehawthorn,Douglashawthorncanbedistinguishedbythethreetofivenutletsfoundinthefruitandless-lobedleaves.
•Showywhiteflowersopeninlatespring.
•Thisnativeprovideserosioncontrolinmoistsoilconditionsandriparianareas.
•USDAzones2-8
Trees and Shrubs
Lavelle Hawthorn
Western Crabapple
CourtesyofAlanDodson,GreatPlantPicks
Br.AlfredBrousseau,St.Mary’sCollege
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Malus fusca
APacificcoastnativeformoistsoilsinasunnytopartlyshadysite.•Prettywhitetopinkflowersappearinmid-April.
•Ediblebuttartredcrabapplefruitsarevisibleinlatesummertofall.
•Redoryellow-orangeleafcolorhighlightsyourgardeninfall.
•Thisnativecanbeusedasasmallshruboraccenttree,growingto35feetinheight.
•USDAzones3-7
Crataegus x lavalleei
Asuperbornamentaltreeinallseasonsforsunnytopartlysunny,well-drainedsites–oneoftheverybesthawthornsforthegarden.
•ShowywhiteflowerclustersappearingbetweenMayandJunearemoreornamentalthantheinvasivehawthornandash.
•Brightorange-redcrabapplefruitscontrastwithautumnleavesanddarkbark.
•Glossy,darkgreenandboldlytexturedleavesdevelopabeautifulbronzetingeinthefall.
•Thistreeiseminentlysuitedtourbanandsuburbangardens,reaching25-30feettalland20-25feetwide.
•USDAzones3-10
Morechoices:Othermountainashspecies(Sorbus commixtaandS. huphensis), Washingtonhawthorn (Crataegus phaenopyrum),crabapple(Malus‘Evereste’),Japanesescholartree(Sophora japonica),andnativeswesternserviceberry(Amelanchier alnifolia),Columbiahawthorn(Crataegus columbiana), and Sitkamountainash(S. sitchensis).
Index
Invasive & Alternative Plants by Scientific Name Name Page Name Page Anethum graveolens ……………………… 3 Mahonia aquifolium ……………………….. 27 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi …………………. 15 Nuphar polysepala ………………………….. 19 Aruncus dioicus ……………………………. 8 Nymphaea odorata….……………………… 18 Asarum caudatum………………………… 11 Osmanthus heterophyllus ………………… 27 Aster × frikartii ‘Mönch’………………… 7 Perovskia atriplicifolia …………………….. 6 Berberis aquifolium ………………………. 27 Physocarpus capitatus & cultivars ……… 23 Brasenia schreberi ………………………… 19 Polygonum albertii ………………………….. 12 Buddeja davidii ……………………………. 22 Polygonum spp. ……………………..……… 8 Campanula lactiflora …………………….. 4 Rhododendron ‘Daphnoides’ ……………. 25 Ceanothus spp. & cultivars ……………. 22 Robinia pseudoacacia ………………………. 28 Clematis vitalba, C. spp. & cultivars … 12-13 Rubus pentalobus (syn. R. calycinoides)… 14 Cosmos bipinnatus ……………………….. 3 Scabiosa caucasica ‘Ultra Violet’……….. 7 Crataegus douglasii & C. monogyna ….. 30 Thalictrum aquilegiifolium ……………….. 21 Crataegus x lavalleei ……………………… 31 Verbena bonariensis ….……………………. 6 Daphne laureola …………………………… 24 Vitex agnus-castus ………………………….. 23 Daphne odora ‘Aureomarginata’……… 24 Delphinium parishii & cultivars ………. 5 Invasive Plants by Common Name Euonymus fortunei & cultivars ……….. 10 Fargesia robusta…………………………… 9 Black locust ……………………………….. 28 Foeniculum vulgare ………………………. 2 Butterfly bush ……………………………… 22 Fothergilla major ………………………….. 9 Common European hawthorn…………. 30 Fraxinus latifolia ………………………….. 28 Common fennel …………………………... 2 Gaultheria shallon ………………………… 25 English holly………………………………. 26 Gymnocladus dioicus ……………………... 29 European mountain ash…………........... 30 Hedera hibernica & Hedera helix ……… 14 Fragrant waterlily ………………………. 18 Heuchera & Heucherella spp. & cultivars 11 Garden loosestrife …………................. 20 Hydrangea anomala subsp. petiolaris… 15 Ivy: Atlantic/Irish & English cultivars 14 Ilex aquifolium & I x meserveae ……….. 26 Knotweeds ………………………………….. 8 Impatiens glandulifera …………………… 4 Old man’s beard …………………………… 12 Iris pseudacorus & Iris spp. & cultivars 16-17 Policeman’s helmet ………………………. 4 Koelreuteria paniculata …………………. 29 Purple loosestrife………………………… 20 Lamiastrum galeobdolon ………………… 10 Purple verbena …………………………….. 6 Liatris spicata ……………………………… 20 Silverlace vine ……………………………… 12 Ligularia wilsoniana ……………………… 21 Spurge laurel ……………………………….. 14 Lobelia cardinalis & cultivars …………. 5 Tall verbena ……………………………….. 6 Lonicera ciliosa …………………………….. 13 Yellow archangel …………………………... 10 Lysimachia vulgaris ………………………. 20 Yellow flag iris …………………………….. 16 Lythrum salicaria …………………………. 20 Malus fusca ……………………………….. 31
Washington State Noxious Weed ListTohelpprotectourstate’sresourcesandeconomy,theWashingtonStateNoxiousWeedControlBoardcreatesanannualNoxiousWeedListofthemostseriousinvasiveplants(WAC16-750).Thislistseparatesweedsintothreemajorclasses:
ClassANoxiousWeedsSpecieswhosedistributioninWashingtonislimited.StatelawrequireseradicationoftheseNoxiousWeeds.ClassBNoxiousWeedsSpecieswhosedistributionislimitedtoportionsofWashington.Thegoalistocontainplantswheretheyalreadyoccurandpreventspreadintonewareas.ClassCNoxiousWeedsNoxiousWeedsthataretypicallywidespreadinWashingtonState.Countieshavetheoptiontoenforcecontrol.
Becauseapproximatelyhalfoftheplantsontheweedlistaregardenescapees,makingwisegardenchoicesisanexcellentstepincontrollinginvasiveplants.Forinformationonweedlawsorweedremoval,contactyourcounty’snoxiousweedcontrolboard.Thestateweedboardcandirectyoutoyourcountyweedboardfromourwebsite:www.nwcb.wa.gov(clickon‘CountyLinks’),oremail:[email protected],orphone:(360)725-5764.
InvasivesAccordingtotheAmericanNurseryandLandscapeAssociation,“invasive,non-nativespeciesarethosethatcanorhavespreadintonativewildernessormanagedecosystems,developself-sustainingpopulations,andbecomedominantordisruptivetothosesystems.”Invasiveplantsarecausingseriousenvironmentalandeconomicaldamageworldwide.TheseplantshurtWashington’seconomyandprizednaturalresourcesbyreducingcropyields,displacingnativeplants,destroyingfishandwildlifehabitat,decreasinglandvalues,chokingwaterways,andbydiminishingrecreationalopportunitiessuchasfishing,hunting,hiking,wildlifeviewing,andbirdwatching.Preventativeweedcontrolisoneoftheleastexpensiveandmosteffectivewaystocombatinvasiveplants,andthispracticecanstartrightathomeinyourowngarden.
Formoreinformationsee:www.nwcb.wa.gov
Acknowledgements
Produced by:• WAStateNoxiousWeedControlBoard,www.nwcb.wa.gov• WAStateNurseryandLandscapeAssociation,www.wsnla.org• GreatPlantPicks,www.GreatPlantPicks.org• TheNatureConservancyofWA• ConservationNorthwest• UniversityofWashingtonBotanicalGardens• WashingtonNativePlantSociety• KingCountyNoxiousWeedControlBoard,
www.kingcounty.gov/weeds• WhatcomCountyNoxiousWeedControlBoard,
www.co.whatcom.wa.us/publicworks/weeds/index.jsp
Compiled and Written By:AlisonHalpern,SethCool,TanyaDeMarsh-Dodson,andWendyDesCamp
Design & Production By:CindyOrr&AlisonHalpern
Inspired By:Friendly AlternativesbytheAucklandRegionalCouncil,Cal-IPCDon’t Plant a Pest,andoriginalGarden WisedesignbyWhiteInk
Cover Art of Lewis’ Mock Orange By:LaurelBaldwin
Special Thanks To:ErinMoore,JeffLarsen,DanielleWarner,KarenPeterson,SarahReichard,SashaShaw,SeattleUrbanNatureProject,AmyYahnke&RayLarson
For more information please visit the following website:www.nwcb.wa.gov
Fourthprinting2013,originallypublishedFebruary2006