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"Optimum combination of control methods including biological, cultural, mechanical, physical and/or chemical controls to reduce pest populations to an economical acceptable level with as few harmful effects as possible on the environment and nontarget organisms."
IPM programs use current, comprehensive information on the life cycles of pests and their interaction with the environment.
This information, in combination with available pest control methods, is used to manage pest damage by the most economical means, and with the least possible hazard to people, property, and the environment.’
An IPM system is designed around six basic components
1. Set Action Thresholds Before taking any pest control action, IPM first sets an action
threshold, a point at which pest populations or environmental conditions indicate that pest control action must be taken. Sighting a single pest does not always mean control is needed. The level at which pests will either become an economic threat is critical to guide future pest control decisions.
2. Monitor and Identify Pests Not all insects, weeds, and other living organisms require control.
Many organisms are innocuous, and some are even beneficial. IPM programs work to monitor for pests and identify them accurately, so that appropriate control decisions can be made in conjunction with action thresholds. This monitoring and identification removes the possibility that pesticides will be used when they are not really needed or that the wrong kind of pesticide will be used.
3. Preventive Cultural Practices As a first line of pest control, IPM programs work to manage the
crop, lawn, or indoor space to prevent pests from becoming a threat. These control methods can be very effective and cost-efficient and present little to no risk to people or the environment.
4. Mechanical controls: Should a pest reach an unacceptable level, mechanical methods are the first options to consider. They include simple hand-picking, erecting insect barriers, using traps, vacuuming, and tillage to disrupt breeding.
5. Biological controls: Natural biological processes and materials can provide control, with minimal environmental impact, and often at low cost. The main focus here is on promoting beneficial insects that eat target pests. Biological insecticides, derived from naturally occurring microorganisms (e.g.: Bt, entomopathogenic fungi and entomopathogenic nematodes), also fit in this category.
6. Chemical controls: Synthetic pesticides are generally only used
as required and often only at specific times in a pests life cycle. Many of the newer pesticide groups are derived from plants or naturally occurring substances (e.g.: nicotine, pyrethrum and insect juvenile hormone analogues), and further 'biology-based' or 'ecological' techniques are under evaluation.
By placing yellow sticky cards in greenhouse & other vulnerable environments
Periodic inspection of undersides of leaves of susceptible species
Preventive cultural practices: Don’t purchase infested plants Control ants Encourage natural predators
Mechanical Controls: Yellow sticky traps (early in infestation) Blast off with stream of water Hand-remove infested leaves Vacuum them up with hand vacuum
1. Cultural control is a preventative measure using fertilization, plant selection, and sanitation to exclude problematic pests and weeds.
2. Physical control is another preventative strategy. It includes, pest exclusion; creating barriers; modifying conditions such as temperature, light and humidity; trapping; and manually weeding. Foods and beverages should be eaten and stored only in designated areas.
3. Biological control makes use of a pest's natural enemies. This strategy introduces beneficial insects or bacteria to the environment or, if they already exist, provides them with the necessary food and shelter and avoids using broad-spectrum chemicals that will inadvertently kill them.
4. Chemical control is used after all other control strategies are deemed inappropriate or ineffective. Target-specific, low-toxicity pesticides should be applied in a manner that will maximize the effectiveness of pest management and minimize the exposure to humans and other non-target species. Spot treat if possible to reduce exposure.
It works on contact by breaking down the target pest’s cuticle (waxy covering) — promoting dehydration and, ultimately, death.
Short period of action (48 hours)
Non-targeted – kills both beneficial insects as well as pests
Best use: judicious, small-scale spot applications
Safer’s Insecticidal Soap (the most common brand), is used indoors or out, is effective on aphids, cabbageworms, earwigs, flea beetles, lace bugs, leafhoppers, mealybugs, psyllids, sawfly larvae, scale crawlers, squash bugs, thrips, spider mites, whiteflies, and more.
Coating pests with horticultural oil blocks the passage of air through their spiracles (breathing holes), thus killing (suffocating) them.
Used on dormant plants (see label for specific product)
labeled for use against overwintering eggs of European red spider mites, scale insects, apple aphids (not rosy aphids), bud moths, leafrollers, red bugs, codling moth larvae, pear psylla (adults), blister mites, galls, whitefly nymphs, and mealybugs.
Leafhoppers are small, green, wedgeshaped insects that attack many garden, forage and fruit crops. They suck out plant juices causing yellowing, leaf-curling and stunting.
Leafhoppers are often responsible for the spread of plant pathogens especially viruses and phytoplasmas
Preventive cultural practices:
Mechanical Controls: blast of water from a garden hose Removing infected lower leaves Dusting plants lightly with
Not insects, but closely related to ticks and chiggers. They suck out juices from leaves and stems, causing plants to become deformed or have a bronze or yellow appearance
Heavy infestations can cause leaf and bud drop, serious stress and death of the plant.
Damaged areas typically appear marked with many small, light flecks – over slightly cobwebby - giving the plant a somewhat speckled appearance.
Activity peaks during the warmer months; Dry, dusty conditions favor all spider mites
Monitoring: Usually plant damage—stippling or yellowing of
leaves Look for webbing underneath leaves Shake mites onto paper & observe with hand
species) and predatory thrips Parasitic spider Mites
Chemical controls: not during hot weather or for water stressed plants – test first on a few leaves Insecticidal soap Horticultural oils (Sunspray) Sulfur
http://pmo.umext.maine.edu/factsht/Suck.htm
Few insecticides are effective for spider mites and many even aggravate problems
Pyrethrum is extracted from the flowers of a chrysanthemum grown in Kenya and Ecuador. It is one of the oldest and safest insecticides available. Mode of action — Pyrethrum (and synthetic pyrethrum) paralyze insect’s nervous system. Used for – aphids, scale insects, spider mites, thrips, caterpillars and many other leaf-
feeding pests
Rotenone or rotenoids are produced in the roots of two genera of the legume family: Derris and Lonchocarpus (also called cubé) grown in South America. Mode of action: shuts down cellular metabolism It is both a stomach and contact insecticide; toxic to many species of insects in many
different insect orders (caterpillars, beetles, flies, etc.). Mild human toxicity; ? Risk for Parkinson’s Disease
Eugenol (Oil of Cloves) and Cinnamaldehyde (derived from Ceylon and Chinese cinnamon oils). Mode of action – similar to Pyrethrum Used for: chewing insects like beetles – but general insecticide
Nicotine is extracted by several methods from tobacco Mode of action – nervous system conduction; convulsions, death effective against most all types of insect pests, but is used particularly for aphids and
Neem oil extracts are squeezed from the seeds of the neem tree and contain the active ingredient azadirachtin
Rather sensational insecticidal, fungicidal and bactericidal properties, including insect growth regulating qualities.
Mode of action--Azadirachtin disrupts molting by inhibiting biosynthesis or metabolism of ecdysone, the juvenile molting hormone.
Used for: Azatin® is marketed as an insect growth
regulator, and Align® and Nemix® as a stomach/contact insecticide for greenhouse and ornamentals.
Many leaf chewing insects including Gypsy moth larvae, imported cabbage worms, leafminer species’ larvae and pupae, various leafrollers, various loopers, grasshoppers, beetles, mealybug species’ immatures, sawfly larvae, sweet potato and silverleaf whitefly immatures, and webworms
Mix pesticides according to label instructions. Don’t use more or less concentrate than the label recommends. Mix only as much material as you need for the application.
Wear protective clothing as specified on the label.
Label a set of mixing and measuring tools that are used only for insecticides and fungicides, and store them with the products.
Keep pets and people away from the area where you store, mix, and apply pesticides. Stay away from a treated area for as long as the label directs.
Do not spray on a windy day or when air temperatures will be above 85°F before the spray solution dries.
Clean equipment and mixing tools as soon as you finish spraying.
Dispose of pesticides properly
After spraying, change your protective clothing and bathe. Wash the clothes you were wearing separately from your regular laundry.
Keep records of where and when you sprayed, what pesticide you used, and how much you used. Give the treatment time to work, then evaluate and record your results.
Occurs during warm, damp/humid weather; spores overwinter in infected canes & fallen leaves
Preventive cultural practices: Provide good air circulation, appropriate sunlight conditions Don’t over-water; no overhead irrigation Remove & dispose of infected leaves; don’t handle plants when foliage is wet Cut back & dispose of infected canes; dispose of fallen leaves
Chemical controls: fungicides – copper, sulfur & Neem Oil
Susceptible: Rose family, Dogwoods, Honeysuckles, Sycamores, Willows, Sunflower Occurs during warm, damp/humid weather; spores overwinter in infected wood &
fallen leaves Preventive cultural practices:
Provide good air circulation, appropriate sunlight conditions Don’t over-water; no overhead irrigation Remove & dispose of infected leaves Cut back & dispose of infected branches; dispose of fallen leaves
Chemical controls: fungicides – copper, sulfur, horticultural oils & Neem Oil
Natural Compounds as preventive measures: fungal diseases
Example: Copper-Sulfate Copper-Sulfate Spray or Dust Copper
Bordeaux substitute is an organic fungicide containing 7% copper sulfate (metallic)
Effective in preventing a wide range of various blights, spots, certain rots, downy and powdery mildew, leaf blister, anthracnose, scab, stem canker, Septoria spp. and Stemphylium spp. leaf molds and more.
No insecticidal qualities, and will not burn plants.
Must be applied early (when plants dormant)
Appropriate cultural practice for fungal prone species like Currants
Bacteria that infects the new spring growth in Rose family
During warm, wet weather the bacteria ooze in brown droplets from cankers and are spread by pollinators and splashing water to the flowers and then to twigs.
Verify the presence of fireblight by peeling back newly infected bark-the wood will have a reddish-brown discoloration.
Prune diseased wood back at least 6 inches into healthy tissue. Entire branches (even whole plants) may need to be removed.
Do not put prunings into a compost pile; dispose of them in the green waste.
Sterilization of the pruning instruments between each cut with a 10% bleach solution.
Kills CA native oaks and other trees/shrubs in N. CA & OR (for now)
Toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia), Coffeeberry (Rhamnus californica), CA Buckeye and Honeysuckle (Lonicera hispidula) and others are susceptible. Disease symptoms have not been well characterized on these hosts at this time.
Leaf lesions are characteristically round with a bulls-eye appearance of alternating light and dark rings
A number of other native broad-leaf species harbor Phytophthora ramorum in California and Oregon (See the complete list in Part 1.). Little is known about the role of these species in the life cycle and spread of the disease. The pathogen is difficult to culture from many of these species, and is difficult to diagnose because of the presence of other foliar diseases.
Toyon Heteromeles arbutifolia
Bigleaf maple Acer macrophyllum
California honeysuckle Lonicera hispidula
Pacific madrone Arbutus menziesii
Wood rose Rosa gymnocarpa
All photos: Garbelotto Lab, UC Berkeley http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/ppt/Virtual%20Training%20Part%202.ppt#324,8,Slide 8