8/9/18 1 Introduction to Bone: physiology and disease A mini-course designed for summer students; Sponsored by the Center for Skeletal Research Thursday, July 19, 2018 Cell Signaling Tom Gardella, PhD Stimulus (ligand) Receptor Second Messengers Effectors Cell Signaling Ligands are stimuli that bind to specific receptors. Hydrophilic ligands bind receptors on the cell surface. Hydrophobic ligands bind receptors inside the cell. Down-stream responses include effects on other cell surface proteins (e.g. channels and transporters); changes in cell shape or motility, and expression and secretion of other stimuli, such as hormones, cytokines and cell-cell interaction proteins. Effectors are intermediary proteins that relay information in the cell; effectors may amplify the signal by producing second messenger molecules, such as cAMP. Effectors and second messengers form signaling cascades. Signaling is regulated to prevent excess stimulation. Receptor Conformational Change Receptors transduce information by changing conformation. Ligands bind to an inactive receptor conformation and induce an active- state conformation, which can couple to effector proteins. inactive active
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Gardella Cell Signaling 7-19Cell Signaling Ligandsare stimuli that bind to specific receptors. Hydrophilic ligands bind receptors on the cell surface. Hydrophobic ligands bind receptors
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