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Gameduino Reference Manual v0

Mar 02, 2015

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Page 1: Gameduino Reference Manual v0

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5B+!U+A#!A$;7#-$8!#$!#B+!?,$U;+.!-A!#$!+8A7,+!#B(#!#B+!6(.+&7-8$!-A!,+A?$8&-8/!#$!)$..(8&A!U+9$,+!A+8&-8/!-8A#,7)#-$8A!#$!-#=!!<Q+#)B!M'!Z(-#!9$,!6(.+&7-8$!H8-#-(;-L(#-$8!AB$TA!$8+!A7)B!(??,$()B!7A-8/!61!;-U,(,F!978)#-$8A!9$,!U,+*-#F!(8&!);(,-#F=!!5B-A!)$&+!9,(/.+8#!,+?+(#+&;F!T,-#+A!(!Q8$T8i!8$8%&+9(7;#!*(;7+!#$!6(.+&7-8$!23:i!78#-;!(##+.?#-8/!#$!,+(&!#B+!23:!,+A7;#A!-8!#B+!*(;7+!T,-##+8!o!&+.$8A#,(#-8/!#B(#!#B+!6(.+&7-8$!B(A!())+?#+&!(8&!?,$)+AA+&!U$#B!)$..(8&A=!!38$#B+,!(??,$()B!-A!#$!-8A+,#!(!&+;(F!-8#$!#B+!)$&+!U+9$,+!(##+.?#-8/!#$!)$..78-)(#+!T-#B!#B+!6(.+&7-8$=!!3!&+;(F!$9!(#!;+(A#!>DN.A!T-;;!(;;$T!#B+!6(.+&7-8$!+8$7/B!#-.+!#$!-8-#-(;-L+!(8&!,+A?$8&!#$!)$..(8&Am!(!;$8/+,!&+;(F!T-;;!(;;$T!#B+!?$T+,%$8!A?;(AB!A),++8!#$!&-A?;(F=!!!3A!AB$T8!UFi!<Q+#)B!>'!H8-#-(;-L(#-$8!T-#B!<?;(AB!<),++8+*+8!-9!F$7!(,+!7A-8/!#B+!6(.+&7-8$!;-U,(,Fi!-8A+,#-8/!(!&+;(F!U+9$,+!)(;;-8/!61=U+/-8[\!T-;;!(;;$T!#B+!A?;(AB!A),++8!#$!(??+(,!(#!?$T+,%7?=!

!"#$%&'()*B365)(*X6'0'6'$<*!"""#$%&$'!(&&!-89$,.(#-$8!(U$7#!#B+!EF#B$8!7#-;-#F!?()Q(/+000!

do { GD.wr(RAM_SPRIMG, 0xFF); } while (GD.rd(RAM_SPRIMG) != 0xFF); GD.wr(RAM_SPRIMG, 0x00);

/8"2'9()*(:,72(1$&(;,<"-%74$(=4727,57>,27$4((

void setup() { delay(2500); GD.begin(); }

/8"2'9(0*(=4727,57>,27$4(.729(/?5,#9(/'&""4(

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! O!

1)(<$-E'(4*=-%&'()*/$#)-3*!"""#$%&$'!(&&!8$#+!(U$7#!E2X6:R:!9,$.!#B+!)$$QU$$Q!?(/+000!"""#$%&$'!(&&!8$#+A!9,$.!6(.+&7-8$%K+#(!;-A#!(U$7#!)$8A+,*-8/!.+.$,F000!

!"#$%&'()*+$<)&-.$*Y';-"-3*!"""#$%&$'!(&&!&+A),-?#-$8!$9!#B+!;-U,(,F!(8&!B$T!#$!())+AA!-#000!!

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! G!

C65$-*=220'."6')(<*5B+!6(.+&7-8$!B(A!(!87.U+,!$9!?$T+,97;!8$8%/(.+!(??;-)(#-$8A!(A!(!*+,A(#-;+!*-&+$!(&(?#+,!9$,!3,&7-8$!(8&!?$#+8#-(;;F!$#B+,!.-),$)$8#,$;;+,A=!!<-8)+!-#!7A+A!A#(8&(,&!^63!.$8-#$,A!9$,!-89$,.(#-$8!$7#?7#i!-#!-A!(!)$A#%+99+)#-*+!(8&!*+,A(#-;+!&-A?;(F!(&(?#+,=!I$.?(,+&!#$!.$A#!$#B+,!3,&7-8$!$7#?7#!&+*-)+Ai!#B+!6(.+&7-8$lA!*-&+$!&-A?;(F!)(8!?,+A+8#!(!;$#!$9!-89$,.(#-$8=!!3!6(.+&7-8$!)(8!?,+A+8#!(#!;+(A#!#+8!#-.+A!#B+!)B(,()#+,!-89$,.(#-$8!(A!(!#F?-)(;!.7;#-%;-8+!YI1!&-A?;(Fi!$,!(;.$A#!#T-)+!(A!.(8F!$8%A),++8!?-]+;A!(A!(!d^63!A),++8=!!!

!"%"*).897*0/3"',$30.):';+)0#"*'3A!(!/+8+,(;%?7,?$A+!&-A?;(F!(&(?#+,i!#B+!6(.+&7-8$!^63!A),++8!)(8!)$8#(-8!WG!;-8+A!$9!DN!)B(,()#+,A!+()Bi!TB-)B!)$.?(,+A!T+;;!#$!(!#F?-)(;!A+,-(;!YI1=!!<+,-(;!YI1A!)$..$8;F!7A+&!T-#B!#B+!3,&7-8$!&-A?;(F!M!#$!@!;-8+A!$9!J!#$!W>!)B(,()#+,A=!!5B+!#T$!&+*-)+A!#F?-)(;;F!B(*+!A-.-;(,!-8#+,9()+!,+C7-,+.+8#A'!(8!<EH!$,!A+,-(;!)$88+)#-$8!7A+A!(!9+T!3,&-8$!?-8A=!!:(8F!YI1!)$8#,$;;+,A!T-;;!(;A$!())+?#!&$T8;$(&(U;+!)B(,()#+,!A+#Ai!(;;$T-8/!#B+!?,$/,(..+,!#$!&+9-8+!(??;-)(#-$8%A?+)-9-)!/;F?BA=!!g8;-Q+!A+,-(;!&-A?;(F!(&(?#+,Ai!#B+!6(.+&7-8$!,+C7-,+A!.$,+!-8-#-(;-L(#-$8'!(!)$.?;+#+!)B(,()#+,!A+#![+*+8!#B+!U(A+!3<IHH!/;F?BA\!.7A#!U+!A#$,+&!-8!#B+!B$A#!.-),$)$8#,$;;+,lA!?,$/,(.!RRE2X:!(8&!&$T8;$(&+&!#$!#B+!6(.+&7-8$!U+9$,+!(8F!&(#(!)(8!U+!$7#?7#=!!:$A#!YI1!&-A?;(FA!-8);7&+!(!U7-;#%-8!+]#+8&+&!3<IHH!)B(,()#+,!A+#!#B(#!)(8!U+!7A+&!-..+&-(#+;F=!!<?,-#+!/,(?B-)A!)(8!U+!7A+&!#$!-.?;+.+8#!)7,A$,A!$,!?$-8#+,A=!!3;#+,8(#-*+;Fi!#B+!6(.+&7-8$lA!A?,-#+!.+.$,F!)(8!U+!(,,(8/+&!(A!(!B-/B%,+A$;7#-$8!/,(?B-)A!$*+,;(F!#B(#!)(8!U+!(&&,+AA+&!(#!#B+!A-8/;+!?-]+;!;+*+;i!(A!&+A),-U+&!-8!#B+!A+)#-$8!$8!K-#.(??+&!6,(?B-)A!U+/-88-8/!$8!?(/+!MD=!!5B-A!(;;$TA!(8!(,+(!$9!(,U-#,(,F!B-/B%,+A$;7#-$8!/,(?B-)A!$8!(8!$#B+,T-A+!#+]#%U(A+&!A),++8=!

<%+73#*$).'9*/4"33'=/%#*/.'5B+!6(.+&7-8$!)(8!(;A$!U+!7A+&!9$,!-8&7A#,-(;!?,$)+AA%)$8#,$;!(8&!AFA#+.A!A#(#7A!.$8-#$,-8/!(??;-)(#-$8A=!!K+)(7A+!-#!B(A!(!,+;(#-*+;F!A-.?;+i!<EH%U(A+&!B$A#!-8#+,9()+i!-#!)(8!U+!)$8#,$;;+&!UF!8+(,;F!(8F!?,$)+AA!)$8#,$;;+,!$,!(7#$.(#-$8!.-),$)$8#,$;;+,!#B(#!A7??$,#A!<EH!)$..78-)(#-$8=!!K+)(7A+!#B+!+8#-,+!)B(,()#+,!A+#!-A!)7A#$.-L(U;+!$8!#B+!6(.+&7-8$i!A?+)-(;-L+&!AF.U$;A!A?+)-9-)!#$!#B+!(??;-)(#-$8!)(8!U+!&$T8;$(&+&!(8&!+(A-;F!&-A?;(F+&=!!!!!!IB(,()#+,!/,(?B-)A!-8!)$.U-8(#-$8!T-#B!#B+!6(.+&7-8$lA!A?,-#+!/,(?B-)A!)(8!U+!7A+&!#$!-.?;+.+8#!/(7/+A!(8&!?$-8#+,Ai!(8&!?,$*-&+!(!78-C7+!T(F!$9!?,+A+8#-8/!-89$,.(#-$8!-8!(8!+(AF%#$%78&+,A#(8&!*-A7(;!9$,.(#=!!4$,!+](.?;+i!(!U(,!/,(?B!A)(;+!)(8!U+!U7-;#!9,$.!(!A.(;;!87.U+,![W!$,!@\!$9!)B(,()#+,Ai!(8&!(!A?,-#+!)(8!U+!7A+&!(A!(8!-8&-)(#$,!#$!*-A7(;;F!,+?,+A+8#!#B+!.+(A7,+.+8#!*(;7+=!!"""#$%&$'!-8A+,#!A),++8AB$#!(8&!+](.?;+!AQ+#)B!AB$T-8/!/(7/+A000!

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! J!

=%E"(.$%*!"#$%&'()*B-)4-"##'(4**

G'%$)*H'#'(4*5B+!6(.+&7-8$!/+8+,(#+A!(!<^63!*-&+$!A-/8(;!#B(#!)$89$,.A!#$!#B+!A#(8&(,&A!9$,!G>SL!JNN]ONN!*-&+$!T-#B!(!DN:BL!&$#!);$)Q=!!5(U;+!M'!JNN]ONN!<^63!^-&+$!X7#?7#!A7..(,-L+A!#B+!),-#-)(;!*-&+$!#-.-8/!?(,(.+#+,A=!!<++!B##?'ff#-8F*/(=)$.f*/(%#-.-8/fJNN]ONNnG>SL!9$,!&+#(-;+&!^R<3!^63!A-/8(;!#-.-8/!-89$,.(#-$8=!!@,A5"()*(BCCDECC(/F;G(F7-"$(H%2?%2(

S$,-L$8#(;!5-.-8/!E-]+;!I;$)Q! DN=N:BL!!!!!4,+C7+8)F! @J=NGGQSL!2+A$;7#-$8! JNN!?-]+;A!qMr!3)#-*+!^-&+$! MO=NsA!K;(8Q-8/! @=JsA!

^+,#-)(;!5-.-8/!4,+C7+8)F! G>SL!2+A$;7#-$8! ONN!;-8+A!q>r!3)#-*+!^-&+$! M>[email protected]!K;(8Q-8/! M=WG>J.A!_$#+A'!qMr!6(.+&7-8$!&$7U;+A!?-]+;A!9$,!(!B$,-L$8#(;!,+A$;7#-$8!$9!@NN!&$7U;+%A-L+!?-]+;A=!q>r!6(.+&7-8$!&$7U;+A!A)(8!;-8+A!9$,!(!*+,#-)(;!,+A$;7#-$8!$9!WNN!&$7U;+%A-L+!?-]+;A=!!5B+,+!(,+!#T$!Q+FA!#$!()B-+*-8/!A.$$#B!*-&+$!/(.+!(8-.(#-$8'!9,(.+!,(#+A!(8&!U+(.!AF8)B,$8-L(#-$8=!4,(.+!,(#+!,+9+,A!#$!B$T!$9#+8!T+!7?&(#+!#B+!A),++8!-89$,.(#-$8i!(8&!U+(.!AF8)B,$8-L(#-$8!&-)#(#+A!TB+8!T+!7?&(#+!#B(#!-89$,.(#-$8=!

>*)1"'?)#"'5B+!6(.+&7-8$!/+8+,(#+A!*-&+$!(#!G>SLi!$,!G>!9,(.+A!?+,!A+)$8&![9?A\!8$!.(##+,!TB(#!$7,!/(.+!?,$/,(..-8/!-A!&$-8/=!S$T+*+,i!T+!)(8!)B$$A+!B$T!$9#+8!$7,!?,$/,(.!7?&(#+A!#B+!A),++8i!,+A7;#-8/!-8!(!;$/-)(;!9,(.+!,(#+!#B(#!&-99+,A!9,$.!#B+!G>9?A!B(,&T(,+!9,(.+!,(#+=!KF!7?&(#-8/!#B+!&-A?;(F!+*+,F!>8&i!W,&i!$,!@#B!9,(.+i!6(.+&7-8$!A$9#T(,+!)(8!/+8+,(#+!;$T+,%9,+C7+8)F!&-A?;(FA=!5B+!;$T+,!&-A?;(F!9,+C7+8)-+A!(;;$T!#B+!/(.+!?,$/,(.!.$,+!)$.?7#(#-$8!#-.+!U+#T++8!7?&(#+Ai!(8&!(;A$!,+&7)+!#B+!(.$78#!$9!-89$,.(#-$8!#B(#!B(A!#$!U+!#,(8A9+,,+&!+()B!A+)$8&=!!^-&+$!&-A?;(FA!&+?+8&!$8!?+,A-A#+8)+!$9!*-A-$8!#$!A.$$#B!$7#!#B+!9;-)Q+,!U+#T++8!&-99+,+8#!9,(.+A=!5B+!?$-8#!TB+,+!-8&-*-&7(;!9,(.+A!A.$$#B!$7#!*(,-+A!U+#T++8!?+,A$8!#$!?+,A$8i!)B(8/+A!T-#B!&-99+,+8#!;-/B#-8/!)$8&-#-$8Ai!(8&!)(8!(;A$!&+?+8&!$8!#B+!A?++&!$9!#B+!/(.+!$,!(8-.(#-$8=!3!B-/B+,!9,(.+!,(#+!.+(8A!.$,+!9,+C7+8#![9(A#+,\!7?&(#+A!.+(8!#B(#!$8%A),++8!$Uh+)#A!(??+(,!#$!.$*+!A.$$#B;F=!3!;$T!9,(.+!,(#+!.(Q+A!$8%A),++8!$Uh+)#A!(??+(,!#$!9;-)Q+,!$,!h+,Q!(),$AA!#B+!A),++8=!38!-8)$8A-A#+8#!$,!*(,-(U;+!9,(.+!,(#+!.(F!.(Q+!#B-8/A!(??+(,!#$!A#7##+,!$,!.$*+!+,,(#-)(;;F=!5B+!?$-8#!TB+,+!#B-8/A!(??+(,!#$!U+!A.$$#B!-A!7A7(;;F!A$.+TB+,+!

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U+#T++8!WN9?A!(8&!ON9?Ai!U7#!&+?+8&A!/,+(#;F!$8!U$#B!#B+!)$8#+8#!$9!#B+!A),++8!(8&!#B+!*-+T+,=!!4$,!+](.?;+i!.$*-+!#B+(#+,A!7A+!(!>@9?A!9,(.+!,(#+!9$,!.$A#!)-8+.(#-)!,+;+(A+Ai!U7#!A#-;;!()B-+*+!#B+!-;;7A-$8!$9!A.$$#B!)$8#-87$7A!.$#-$8=!!5B+!6(.+&7-8$lA!G>9?A!B(,&T(,+!*-&+$!/+8+,(#-$8!-A!)$.9$,#(U;F!(U$*+!#B-A!*-A7(;!;-.-#=!6(.+A!#B(#!)(8!,78!(#!#B-A!,(#+!AB$7;&!U+!A.$$#B!(8&!9;-)Q+,%9,++i!A$!.$A#!/(.+!AQ+#)B+A!AB$7;&!A#,-*+!9$,!#B-A!/$(;=!<$9#T(,+!.(F!()B-+*+!B-/B+,!7?&(#+!9,+C7+8)-+Ai!U7#!#B+!B(,&T(,+!#B(#!/+8+,(#+A!#B+!^63!$7#?7#!A-/8(;!$8;F!7?&(#+A!#B+!A),++8!G>!#-.+A!?+,!A+)$8&=!!3!WO9?A!9,(.+!,(#+i!$,!7?&(#+A!+*+,F!$#B+,!9,(.+i!-A!A#-;;!9(A#!+8$7/B!#$!(??+(,!A.$$#B!78&+,!.(8F!)$8&-#-$8A=!4(A#%.$*-8/!$Uh+)#A![;-Q+!(!?,$h+)#-;+\!$,!B-/B%)$8#,(A#!-#+.A![;-Q+!TB-#+!A#(,A!$8!(!U;()Q!U()Q/,$78&\!.(F!(??+(,!#$!9;-)Q+,!$,!A#7##+,!9$,!A$.+!*-+T+,A=!5B-A!,(#+!-A!$9#+8!(!/$$&!)$.?,$.-A+i!A-8)+!-#!(;;$TA!#T-)+!#B+!)$.?7#(#-$8!#-.+!U+#T++8!9,(.+A!U7#!-A!A#-;;!A.$$#B=!!5B+!>@9?A!9,(.+!,(#+!-A!#B+!A(.+!(A!.$*-+!?,$h+)#$,Ai!(8&!-A!#B+!A;$T+A#!,(#+!#B(#!)(8!(??+(,!A.$$#B!#$!.$A#!*-+T+,A=!XUh+)#-$8(U;+!9;-)Q+,i!h-##+,i!$,!$#B+,!*-A7(;!(,#-9()#A!.(F!U+!(??(,+8#!78&+,!A$.+!;-/B#-8/!)$8&-#-$8Ai!$8!9(A#%.$*-8/!$Uh+)#Ai!$,!TB+8!#B+,+!-A!B-/B!)$8#,(A#!U+#T++8!A+C7+8#-(;!9,(.+A=!!4,(.+!,(#+A!$9!MJ9?A!T-;;!(??+(,!#$!9;-)Q+,i!A#7##+,i!$,!B(*+!8$#-)+(U;+!*-A7(;!(,#-9()#A!#$!.$A#!*-+T+,A=!S$T+*+,i!#B-A!9,(.+!,(#+!(;;$TA!9$,!?;+8#F!$9!)$.?7#(#-$8!#-.+!U+#T++8!9,(.+Ai!(8&!.(F!U+!A7-#(U;+!9$,!)+,#(-8!Q-8&A!$9!/(.+Ai!?(,#-)7;(,;F!A#,(#+/-)!/(.+A!#B(#!&$8l#!9+(#7,+!9(A#%.$*-8/!()#-$8=!!<$.+!Q-8&A!$9!/(.+A!)(8!U+8+9-#!9,$.!A+;+)#-*+!7?&(#+A'!9(A#%.$*-8/!$,!B-/B!)$8#,(A#!?$,#-$8A!$9!#B+!&-A?;(F!AB$7;&!U+!7?&(#+&!.$,+!9,+C7+8#;Fi!TB-;+!$#B+,!-#+.A!(,+!7?&(#+&!;+AA!$9#+8=!!4$,!+](.?;+i!(!A?()+!/(.+!.-/B#!7?&(#+!(!A),$;;-8/!U()Q/,$78&!(#!G>9?Ai!U7#!)$7;&!7A+!(!WO9?A!9,(.+!,(#+!9$,!A?,-#+!(8-.(#-$8A!#$!A(*+!.+.$,F!(8&!?,$)+AA$,!#-.+=!!5B+!.(-8!,+(A$8!9$,!)B$$A-8/!(!;$/-)(;!9,(.+!,(#+!;$T+,!#B(8!G>9?A!-A!#$!(;;$T!?,$/,(.A!#B(#!,+C7-,+!+]#+8A-*+!)$.?7#(#-$8!U+#T++8!9,(.+A!#$!)$.?;+#+!#B+-,!T$,Q!(8&!7?&(#+!#B+!A),++8=!5B+!#(U;+!U+;$T!AB$TA!B$T!.7)B!#-.+!-A!(*(-;(U;+=!!@,A5"(0*(F7-"$(I&,<"(!,2"(

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<&2&?2567'@&#25?",'A,"60567''3,&7-8$!AQ+#)B+A!(8&!)$?,$)+AA$,!)$&+!)(8!7A+!#B+!^KY3_`!,+/-A#+,!#$!AF8)B,$8-L+!#B+-,!7?&(#+A!#$!#B+!*+,#-)(;!U;(8Q-8/!-8#+,*(;=!^KY3_`!T-;;!,+(&!M!TB+8!#B+!6(.+&7-8$!-A!/+8+,(#-8/!(!*+,#-)(;!U;(8Q-8/!A-/8(;i!$,!N!$#B+,T-A+=!!5B+!61!;-U,(,F!?,$*-&+A!(!978)#-$8i!T(-#*U;(8Q[\!#B(#!T-;;!T(-#!9$,!^KY3_`!#$!/$!9,$.!N!#$!M!7A-8/!(!TB-;+!;$$?=!!5B+!/+8+,(;!A#,7)#7,+!$9!(!/(.+!AQ+#)B!#B(#!7A+A!T(-#*U;(8Q[\!-A!-;;7A#,(#+&!-8!<Q+#)B!W'!6(.+!Y$$?!7A-8/!61''T(-#*U;(8Q[\!(#!#B+!,-/B#=!!gA-8/!#B-A!978)#-$8!/7(,(8#++A!#B(#!#B+!3,&7-8$!B(A!#B+!.(]-.7.!(.$78#!$9!#-.+!#$!7?&(#+!#B+!A),++8'!-#!T(-#A!9$,!^KY3_`!#$!)B(8/+!9,$.!N!#$!M!U+9$,+!,+#7,8-8/=!!H9!F$7,!AQ+#)B!)(;;A!T(-#*U;(8Q[\!-8!#B+!.-&&;+!$9!(!*+,#-)(;!U;(8Q-8/!-8#+,*(;i!-#!T-;;!T(-#!9$,!#B+!8+]#!*+,#-)(;!U;(8Q-8/!-8#+,*(;i!AQ-??-8/!(8!+8#-,+!9,(.+i!#$!+8A7,+!#B(#!F$7,!AQ+#)B!B(A!#B+!97;;!#-.+!(*(-;(U;+=!!ZB-;+!#B-A!(??,$()B!-A!A799-)-+8#!9$,!.(8F!/(.+!AQ+#)B+Ai!-#!-A!A$.+TB(#!T(A#+97;'!#B+!3,&7-8$!)(8!&$!8$#B-8/!+])+?#!,+A?$8&!#$!-8#+,,7?#A!TB-;+!-#!-A!T(-#-8/!9$,!#B+!*+,#-)(;!U;(8Q-8/!-8#+,*(;!#$!A#(,#=!!X8!#$?!$9!#B(#i!)$8#-87$7A!<EH!,+(&!)F);+A!7A+&!#$!,+?+(#+&;F!)B+)Q!^KY3_`!A#+(;!(!9+T!.+.$,F!)F);+A!9,$.!#B+!)$?,$)+AA$,i!)(7A-8/!-#!#$!,78!A;-/B#;F!A;$T+,=!!5B-A!)(8!U+!(8!-AA7+!-9!F$7,!)$?,$)+AA$,!)$&+!&+?+8&A!$8!?,+)-A+!#-.-8/!o9$,!+](.?;+i!-9!F$7!(,+!(;A$!&$-8/!,(A#+,!)B(A-8/=!!!!38$#B+,!T(F!$9!AF8)B,$8-L-8/!3,&7-8$!)$&+!T-#B!*+,#-)(;!U;(8Q-8/!-A!#$!B(*+!)$?,$)+AA$,!.-),$)$&+!#B(#!(;;$TA!#B+!PM!)$?,$)+AA$,!-8#+,,7?#!#B+!3,&7-8$!(#!#B+!A#(,#!$9!#B+!*+,#-)(;!U;(8Q-8/!-8#+,*(;=!!38!"""+](.?;+!AQ+#)B000!-A!AB$T8!(#!,-/B#=!!5B-A!AQ+#)B!)(8!U+!+]#+8&+&!UF!(&&-#-$8!(&&-#-$8(;!)$?,$)+AA$,!)$&+!(9#+,!#B+!-8#+,,7?#!-A!-AA7+&!#B(#!T-;;!U+!+]+)7#+&!&7,-8/!*+,#-)(;!U;(8Q-8/=!!"""#$%&$'!-8A+,#!-8#+,,7?#!AQ+#)B000!

+"<6$-*15"<'(4*P7A#!(A!#B+!*-&+$!U+(.!8++&A!#$!U+!,+#7,8+&!#$!#B+!#$?!$9!#B+!A),++8!U+9$,+!A#(,#-8/!+()B!9,(.+i!-#!(;A$!8++&A!#$!U+!,+#7,8+&!#$!#B+!;+9#!A-&+!$9!#B+!A),++8!?,-$,!#$!+()B!;-8+!$9!*-&+$=!!S$,-L$8#(;!U;(8Q-8/!-A!#B+!?+,-$&!$9!#-.+!#B(#!#B+!*-&+$!A-/8(;!-A!#7,8+&!$99!TB-;+!-#!-A!U+-8/!,+#7,8+&!#$!#B+!;+9#!A-&+!$9!#B+!A),++8=!!<-8)+!#B+,+!(,+!B78&,+&A!$9!;-8+A!?+,!9,(.+i!#B+!B$,-L$8#(;!U;(8Q-8/!#-.+!$9!@=JsA!-A!.7)B!AB$,#+,!#B(8!#B+!*+,#-)(;!U;(8Q-8/!-8#+,*(;=!H9!#B+!()#-$8!#$!U+!#(Q+8!-A!U(A+&!$8!#B+!)7,,+8#!;-8+i!#B+8!#B+!#+)B8-C7+!-A!Q8$T8!(A!j,(A#+,!)B(A-8/k=!!4$,!+](.?;+i!(!?,$/,(.!)$7;&!)B(8/+!#B+!U()Q/,$78&!)$;$,!U(A+&!$8!#B+!)7,,+8#!;-8+=!!!!

loop() { // Code that does game calculations here. waitvblank() // Code that updates the Gameduino screen here. }

/8"2'9(J*(;,<"(6$$?(%#74L(;3**.,72MA5,48NO(

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! M@!

S$T+*+,i!#B+!6(.+&7-8$!&$+A8l#!$7#?7#!^63!*-&+$!&-,+)#;F=!!H8A#+(&i!+()B!?-]+;!-A!&$7U;+&!B$,-L$8#(;;F!(8&!*+,#-)(;;F=!!5$!&$!#B-Ai!#B+!6(.+&7-8$!)$.?$A+A!+()B!;-8+!$9!*-&+$!-8#$!$8+!$9!#T$!U799+,A!UF!U7-;&-8/!-#!7?!9,$.!#B+!U()Q/,$78&!)$;$,i!)B(,()#+,!/,(?B-)Ai!(8&!A?,-#+A=!!X8)+!#B+!;-8+!-A!U7-;#!7?!-8!#B+!U799+,i!-#!-A!$7#?7#!#$!#B+!&-A?;(Fi!(8&!#B+!$#B+,!U799+,!-A!(*(-;(U;+!#$!)$.?$A+!#B+!8+]#!;-8+=!5B+!6(.+&7-8$!$7#?7#A!+()B!?-]+;!#T-)+!#$!&$7U;+!#B+-,!A-L+!B$,-L$8#(;;Fi!(8&!+()B!;-8+!-A!$7#?7#!#T-)+!#$!&$7U;+!-#!*+,#-)(;;F=!!5B+,+!-A!(!U,-+9!?(7A+!#$!AT-#)B!U799+,A!(8&!AF8)B,$8-L+!#B+!#-.-8/!$9!#B+!)$.?$A-#$,!U+9$,+!#B+!6(.+&7-8$!U+/-8A!)$.?$A-8/!#B+!8+]#!;-8+=!!!!<$i!-8A#+(&!$9!(!A#(8&(,&!^63!B$,-L$8#(;!,+#,()+i!#B+!6(.+&7-8$!B(A!(!A.(;;!#-.+!T-8&$T!U+#T++8!)$.?$A-8/!A7))+AA-*+!;-8+A!$9!#B+!&-A?;(F=!17,-8/!#B-A!T-8&$Ti!-#!-A!A(9+!#$!7?&(#+!$8%A),++8!-89$,.(#-$8i!A-8)+!8$!*-&+$!)$.?$A-#-$8!-A!/$-8/!$8=!!<-8)+!+()B!;-8+!$9!*-&+$!)(8!#(Q+!(!&-99+,+8#!(.$78#!$9!#-.+!#$!)$.?$A+&i!U(A+&!.(-8;F!$8!#B+!87.U+,!$9!A?,-#+A!?,+A+8#!-8!#B(#!;-8+i!#B+!A-L+!$9!#B+!T-8&$T!)(8!U+!&-99+,+8#!9,$.!;-8+!#$!;-8+'!#B+!T-8&$T!-A!(#!;+(A#!@D!PM!)F);+A!;$8/i!(8&!)(8!U+!(A!;$8/!(A!MOGG!)F);+A=!5B+!#-.+!#(Q+8!&+?+8&A!$8!#B+!87.U+,!$9!A?,-#+A!#B(#!.7A#!U+!)$.?$A-#+&!$8#$!#B+!;-8+'!#B+!.-8-.7.!#-.+!$9!@D!)F);+A!)$,,+A?$8&A!#$!#B+!.(]-.7.!$9!VO!A?,-#+A!?+,!;-8+=!!!!5B+,+!-A!8$!&-,+)#!+C7-*(;+8#!#$!#B+!VBLANK!,+/-A#+,!#$!-8&-)(#+!TB+8!-#!-A!A(9+!#$!?+,9$,.!7?&(#+Ai!U7#!#B+,+!3>!)$?,$)+AA$,%$8;F!,+/-A#+,![YLINEi!(#!N]JNNN\!#B(#!-8&-)(#+A!#B+!)7,,+8#!B$,-L$8#(;!;-8+!87.U+,=!5B+!6(.+&7-8$!-8),+.+8#A!YLINE!-..+&-(#+;F!(9#+,!#B+!,-/B#.$A#!?-]+;!$9!(!;-8+!-A!)$.?$A+&=!!PM!?,$/,(.A!#B(#!T(-#!9$,!YLINE!#$!)B(8/+!(,+!/7(,(8#++&!#$!B(*+!(#!;+(A#!@D!)F);+Ai!(8&!?$AA-U;F!;$8/+,i!#$!.(Q+!)B(8/+A!#$!#B+!*-&+$!&(#(=!!!YLINE!-A!(!)$?,$)+AA$,%$8;F!,+/-A#+,=!!5B+,+!-A!8$!+C7-*(;+8#!(*(-;(U;+!#$!#B+!3,&7-8$!#B(#!-8&-)(#+A!TB+8!B$,-L$8#(;!U;(8Q-8/!-A!#(Q-8/!?;()+!o!(8&!8$#!+8$7/B!#-.+!#$!#(Q+!(&*(8#(/+!$9!-#!+*+8!-9!#B+,+!T+,+'!+*+8!(!A-8/;+%UF#+!<EH!#,(8A9+,!,+C7-,+A!MJN!PM!)F);+Ai!A$!#B+!T-8&$T!.(F!T+;;!U+!);$A+&!U+9$,+!#B+!&(#(!)$7;&!U+!T,-##+8=!5B+!)$?,$)+AA$,!)$7;&!-8#+,,7?#!#B+!3,&7-8$!TB+8!(!)B(8/+!-8!YLINE!-A!&+#+)#+&!7A-8/!(!?,$/,(.!A-.-;(,!#$!#B+!$8+!&+A),-U+&!(U$*+!9$,!*+,#-)(;!U;(8Q-8/i!U7#!#B+,+!-A!A$!;-##;+!#-.+!(*(-;(U;+!#B(#!-#!T$7;&!U+!)B(;;+8/-8/!#$!T,-#+!(8!-8#+,,7?#!A+,*-)+!,$7#-8+!#B(#!&-&!(8F#B-8/!7A+97;=!!5B+!U+A#!(??,$()B!9$,!-A!#$!T,-#+!(!)$?,$)+AA$,!,$7#-8+!#B(#!&+#+)#A!(!)B(8/+!-8!#B+!YLINE!,+/-A#+,!&$+A!#B+!8+)+AA(,F!T$,Q=!5B+,+!-A!8$!-8&-)(#-$8!TB+8!*-&+$!)$.?$A-#-8/!,+A7.+Ai!A$!)$?,$)+AA$,!?,$/,(.A!#B(#!7?&(#+!#B+!A),++8!&7,-8/!#B-A!T-8&$T!AB$7;&!&$!#B+-,!T$,Q!C7-)Q;F=!5B+!""+](.?;+!AQ+#)B00!#$!#B+!,-/B#!-;;7A#,(#+A!,(A#+,%)B(A-8/!#+)B8-C7+A!#B(#!.(8-?7;(#+!#B+!K6IXYX2!,+/-A#+,!#$!),+(#+!(!AQF!(8&!/,$78&!U()Q/,$78&!+99+)#=!!"""#$%&$'!-8A+,#!,(A#+,%)B(A-8/!+](.?;+000!!

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! MD!

BC8D='@",5$52-'ZB+8!)$&-8/!PM!,$7#-8+A!#B(#!T$,Q!T-#B!cYH_Ri!,+.+.U+,!#B(#!#B+!*(;7+!$9!cYH_R!-A!78&+9-8+&!&7,-8/!#B+!*+,#-)(;!U;(8Q-8/!-8#+,*(;=!!I$?,$)+AA$,!)$&+!)(8!)$78#!$8!cYH_R!/$-8/!9,$.!N!#$!>VV!&7,-8/!#B+!*-A-U;+!?$,#-$8!$9!#B+!&-A?;(Fi!(8&!(!*(;7+!/,+(#+,!#B(8!>VV!&7,-8/!*+,#-)(;!U;(8Q-8/=!S$T+*+,i!&7,-8/!*+,#-)(;!U;(8Q-8/!#B+!cYH_R!,+/-A#+,!.(F!#(Q+!$8!78?,+&-)#(U;+!(8&!(,U-#,(,F!*(;7+A!(U$*+!>VV=!4$,!+](.?;+i!-#!.(F!)$78#!9,$.!N!#$!>VV!&7,-8/!#B+!*-A-U;+!9,(.+i!(8&!#B+8!)$78#!WNNi!WNMi!WN>i!WNWi!@J>i!@JWi!+#)=!TB-;+!#B+!&-A?;(F!-A!U;(8Q+&!9$,!*+,#-)(;!,+#,()+=!

@$#1)00"+'!*)05$43'!"""#$%&$'!&+A),-U+!B$T!#$!7A+!A?,-#+A!#$!.(Q+!(!U-#.(?!/,(?B-)A!9-+;&000!!

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12345!6(.+&7-8$!2+9+,+8)+!:(87(;!

! MO!

I"-%?"-$*I".>'(4*

1'-.&'6*K)"-%*/)%','."6')(<*

!)1"+7$%/'B/+$C$4)#$/%3'5B+!6(.+&7-8$!U$(,&!-A!&+A-/8+&!#$!7A+!3,&7-8$!?-8!V!(A!#B+!A+;+)#![<RY!$,!<<\!?-8!9$,!<EH!)$..78-)(#-$8=!!S$T+*+,i!#B+!6(.+&7-8$!.(F!8++&!#$!)$%+]-A#!T-#B!$#B+,!B(,&T(,+!#B(#!7A+A!?-8!V!9$,!-#A!$T8!?7,?$A+A=!!H#!B(A!U++8!&+A-/8+&!#$!+8(U;+!#B-A!#$!U+!)B(8/+&!-9!8++&+&!UF!)7##-8/!(!#,()+!$8!#B+!)-,)7-#!U$(,&!(8&!-8A#(;;-8/!(!h7.?+,!T-,+=!!!!38F!(*(-;(U;+!&-/-#(;!?-8!)(8!U+!7A+&!(A!#B+!8+T!<EH!<RY!?-8i!U7#!8$#+!#B(#!&-/-#(;!?-8A!MMi!M>i!(8&!MW!(,+!7A+&!UF!#B+!6(.+&7-8$lA!<EH!-8#+,9()+i!(8&!&-/-#(;!?-8!>!.(F!(;A$!U+!-8!7A+!UF!A$.+!AQ+#)B+A=!!5$!,+)$89-/7,+!#B+!6(.+&7-8$!#$!7A+!(!&-99+,+8#!?-8!9$,!<EH!<RY'!!

M= K,+(Q!#B+!)-,)7-#!U$(,&!#,()+!(#!;$)(#-$8!b!$8!#B+!?B$#$/,(?Bi!(8&!!

>= <$;&+,!(!h7.?+,!T-,+!9,$.!#B+!#B,$7/B%B$;+!(#!;$)(#-$8!3!#$!#B+!8+T!<EH!<RY!?-8m!#B+!+]()#!?-8!T-;;!&+?+8&!$8!F$7,!AFA#+.lA!B(,&T(,+!)$89-/7,(#-$8=!

!"""5$%&$'!-8A+,#!?B$#$!B+,+000!!

D/:3#$4E'(5$".+'B/+$C$4)#$/%3'5B+!<?(,Q478!h$FA#-)Q!AB-+;&!-A!(A!);$A+!(A!(8F#B-8/!/+#A!#$!(!A#(8&(,&!/(.-8/!-8?7#!&+*-)+!9$,!#B+!3,&7-8$=!!4,$.!#B+!?$-8#!$9!*-+T!$9!7A-8/!-#!T-#B!(!6(.+&7-8$i!-#!B(A!$8+!A-/8-9-)(8#!&,(TU()Q'!#B+!h$FA#-)Q!?7ABU7##$8!-A!(##()B+&!#$!3,&7-8$!&-/-#(;!?-8!>=!!5B-A!.(F!U+!(8!-AA7+!U+)(7A+!?-8!>!)(8!U+!7A+&!UF!6(.+&7-8$!)$?,$)+AA$,!)$&+!#$!-8#+,,7?#!#B+!3,&7-8$i!$,!?-8!>!)(8!U+!7A+&!#$!())+AA!#B+!6(.+&7-8$lA!$8U$(,&!4;(AB!.+.$,F=!!Y7)Q-;Fi!-#!-A!,+;(#-*+;F!+(AF!#$!.$&-9F!#B+!h$FA#-)Q!AB-+;&!#$!,+.(?!#B-A!U7##$8!#$!(!&-99+,+8#!-8?7#=!!Z+!,+)$..+8&!,+.(??-8/!#B+!-8?7#!#$!?-8!G!T-#B!#B+!9$;;$T-8/!?,$)+&7,+'!!

M= K,+(Q!#B+!)-,)7-#!U$(,&!#,()+!(#!;$)(#-$8!b!-8!#B+!?B$#$/,(?Bi!(8&!!

>= <$;&+,!(!h7.?+,!T-,+!9,$.!;$)(#-$8!K!#$!3,&7-8$!&-/-#(;!?-8!G!(#!;$)(#-$8!I=!!"""#$%&$'!-8A+,#!?B$#$!B+,+000!

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! MG!

L)MA6MN)&-<$0,*B-)O$.6<*

<%07#3')%+'=/%#*/.."*3'!"""#$%&$'!-89$,.(#-$8!(U$7#!U7-;&-8/!F$7,!$T8!)$8#,$;;+,000!!

F%4./37*"3')%+'=)3"3'!"""#$%&$'!-89$,.(#-$8!(U$7#!U7-;&-8/!F$7,!$T8!U$]!$,!)(A+000!!!!!

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! MJ!

!"#$%&'()*H$.5('."0*+$,$-$(.$*

I"-%?"-$*A(6$-,".$*3;#B$7/B!&+A-/8+&!(A!(8!3,&7-8$!AB-+;&i!#B+!B(,&T(,+!-A!;(,/+;F!A+;9%)$8#(-8+&i!(8&!)(8!U+!-8#+,9()+&!T-#B!(8F!.-),$?,$)+AA$,!$,!)$.?7#+,!AFA#+.!#B(#!)(8!?,$*-&+!?$T+,!(8&!(!<EH!-8#+,9()+=!38!(&&-#-$8(;!$7#?7#!9,$.!#B+!6(.+&7-8$!-A!)$88+)#+&!#$!3,&7-8$!&-/-#(;!?-8!>!9$,!7A+!(A!(8!-8#+,,7?#!9,$.!#B+!6(.+&7-8$!#$!#B+!B$A#!AFA#+.=!5B+A+!)$88+)#-$8A!(,+!A7..(,-L+&!-8!5(U;+!@'!S$A#!H8#+,9()+=!!@,A5"(P*(+$#2(=42"&1,'"(3,&7-8$!E-8! 478)#-$8!6_1! <-/8(;!6,$78&!xW=W^! <7??;F!^$;#(/+i!W=W^1I!xD^! <7??;F!^$;#(/+i!D=N^1Ii!>W.3!>! H8#+,,7?#![$?#-$8(;\!V! <EH!<RY!$,!<<!MM! <EH!:X<H!M>! <EH!:H<X!MW! <EH!<I`!

G)*+H)*"'=/10)#$I$.$#:'5B+!6(.+&7-8$!-A!A?+)-9-)(;;F!-8#+8&+&!9$,!7A+!T-#B!#B+!3,&7-8$!g8$=!!H#!-A!?BFA-)(;;F!(8&!+;+)#,-)(;;F!)$.?(#-U;+!T-#B!.$A#!3,&7-8$!U$(,&A!A7)B!(A!#B+!-8);7&-8/!#B+!:+/(!>DONi!17+.-;(8$*+i!:+/(i!(8&!1-+)-.-;(=!35.(/(MOJ%U(A+&!U$(,&A!;-Q+!1-+)-.-;(!(8&!+(,;-+,!,+*-A-$8A!$9!#B+!17+.-;(8$*+!.(F!8$#!B(*+!+8$7/B!4;(AB!.+.$,F!$,!<#(#-)!23:![<23:\!9$,!.(8F!6(.+&7-8$!AQ+#)B+A!?,+A+8#+&!-8!#B-A!.(87(;=!3,&7-8$%&+,-*+&!&+A-/8A!A7)B!(A!#B+!4,++&7-8$!(8&!<+++&7-8$!#B(#!-8)$,?$,(#+!(8!35.+/(W>Ji!35.+/(M>JNi!$,!35.+/(>DON!AB$7;&!(;A$!T$,Q!T-#B!#B+!6(.+&7-8$=!!X#B+,!&+*+;$?.+8#!U$(,&A!T-#B!3,&7-8$%)$.?(#-U;+!B+(&+,A!)(8!(;A$!A7??$,#!#B+!6(.+&7-8$m!A$.+!$9!#B+A+!;-Q+!#B+!_+#&7-8$i!4Re!1$.-8$i!$,!4Re!E(8&(!-8)$,?$,(#+!)$8A-&+,(U;F!.$,+!)$.?7#(#-$8(;!?$T+,!#B(8!#B+!A#(8&(,&!3,&7-8$!?;(#9$,.=!!5B+!A#(#7A!$9!Q8$T8!B$A#!U$(,&A!9$,!#B+!6(.+&7-8$!-A!?,+A+8#+&!-8!5(U;+!D'!S(,&T(,+!I$.?(#-U-;-#F!Y-A#=!!@,A5"(Q*(+,&-.,&"(R$<?,27A7572S(67#2(S$A#!K$(,&! ! I$.?(#-U-;-#F!(8&!<7??$,#!_(.+! E,$)+AA$,! :+.$,F! ! S(,&T(,+! <$9#T(,+! 3)#-*+! _$#+!3,&7-8$!g8$! MO:SL!35.+/(W>J! W>f>! ! c+A! c+A! c+A! !3,&7-8$!:+/(>DON! MO:SL!35.(/(>DON! >DOfJ! ! c+A! c+A! c+A! !3,&7-8$!17+.-;(8$*+! MO:SL!35.+/(W>J! W>f>! ! c+A! c+A! ! !3,&7-8$!17+.-;(8$*+! MO:SL!35.+/(MOJ! MOfM! ! c+A! :(FU+! ! M!3,&7-8$!1-+)-.-;(! MO:SL!35.+/(MOJ! MOfM! ! c+A! :(FU+! ! M!3,&7-8$!:+/(! MO:SL!35.+/(M>JN! M>JfJ! ! c+A! c+A! ! !4,++&7-8$!*>=>! MO:SL!35.+/(W>J! W>f>! ! ! ! ! >!<++&7-8$!*>=>! MO:SL!35.+/(W>J! W>f>! ! ! ! ! >!

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S$A#!K$(,&! ! I$.?(#-U-;-#F!(8&!<7??$,#!_(.+! E,$)+AA$,! :+.$,F! ! S(,&T(,+! <$9#T(,+! 3)#-*+! _$#+!Y+(9Y(UA!:(?;+! G>:SL!32:!I$,#+]! M>Nf>N! ! c+A! c+A! c+A! @!_+#&7-8$! @J:SL!32:G! M>VfON! ! ! _$! ! W!_+#&7-8$!E;7A! @J:SL!32:G! O@f>J! ! ! _$! ! W!4Re!1$.-8$! G>:SL!32:G! M@JfO>! ! ! _$! ! W!4Re!E(8&(! G>:SL!32:G! M@JfO>! ! ! _$! ! W!4Re!E(8&(!HH! G>:SL!32:G! M@JfO>! ! ! _$! ! W!S$A#!K$(,&'!_(.+!$9!#B+!B$A#!U$(,&=!E,$)+AA$,'!IEg!A?++&!(8&!&+A-/8(#-$8i!?,$/,(.![4;(AB\!(8&!,+(&fT,-#+![<23:\!.+.$,F!-8!QUF#+A=!I$.?(#-U-;-#F!(8&!<7??$,#'!<#(#7A!$9!#B+!6(.+&7-8$!$8!+()B!?;(#9$,.i!A++!U+;$T=!!!"#$%"#&'E'6=<>3E",'"0$'&,&E1#3E",'E-/."13G3,31<'%31='1=&':"/&$;30-T'

• c+A!t!47;;F!)$.?(#-U;+i!)$88+)#A!#$!B$A#!U$(,&!(A!(!AB-+;&!• :(FU+!t!I(8!U+!.(&+!#$!T$,Q!UF!.$&-9F-8/!U$(,&A!$,!,788-8/!T-,+A!• _$!t!1$+A!8$#!T$,Q!• K;(8Q!t!_$#!#+A#+&i!-89$,.(#-$8!8++&+&=!

./F2%"#&'['?-/."13G3,31<'%31='>-;#E&'E-$&'30E,;$&$'30'1=3>'G--PT'• c+A!t!I$.?(#-U;+i!97;;!61!;-U,(,F!A7??$,#!(8&!(;;!AQ+#)B+A!T$,Q!• :(FU+!t!<$.+!AQ+#)B+A!.(F!8$#!T$,Q!&7+!#$!.+.$,F!$,!#-.-8/!)$8A#,(-8#Ai!

A++!8$#+A!• _$!t!_$#!3,&7-8$!A$7,)+%)$&+!)$.?(#-U;+i!A++!8$#+A=!• K;(8Q!t!_$#!#+A#+&i!-89$,.(#-$8!8++&+&!

(?25G&'['A+"3,"G3,31<'-I':*',3G#"#<'"0$'"E13+&'E-//;031<'>;..-#1T'• c+A!t!^+,F!()#-*+!)$..78-#F!(8&!A7??$,#+&!61!;-U,(,F!• <$.+!t!Y-.-#+&!()#-*-#F!U7#!A$.+!T$,Q!-A!U+-8/!&$8+i!A++!8$#+A!• W,&!E(,#F!t!3)#-*+!&+*+;$?.+8#!)$..78-#F!7A-8/!(!W,&%?(,#F!61!;-U,(,Fi!A++!

8$#+A!• _$!t!_$!()#-*-#F!(8&!8$!;-U,(,Fi!?,$U(U;F!U+)(7A+!$9!-8)$.?(#-U-;-#F!• K;(8Q!t!g8Q8$T8i!-89$,.(#-$8!8++&+&=!

D/2&'['M<>1&/7>.&E3I3E'E-/."13G3,31<'0-1&>T'M= 5B+A+!AFA#+.A!(,+!.+)B(8-)(;;F!(8&!+;+)#,-)(;;F!)$.?(#-U;+i!U7#!;-.-#+&!

?,$/,(.!A#$,(/+!(8&!<23:!.(F!?,+*+8#!.(8F!AQ+#)B+A!9,$.!T$,Q-8/=!!!g8#+A#+&!(#!#B-A!#-.+=!

>= K+;-+*+&!#$!U+!97;;F!)$.?(#-U;+i!U7#!78#+A#+&!(#!#B-A!#-.+=!W= K$(,&A!U(A+&!$8!=_+#!:-),$!4,(.+T$,Q!AB$7;&!U+!B(,&T(,+!)$.?(#-U;+m!

78#+A#+&!(8&!8$!)$..78-#F!$,!;-U,(,F!A7??$,#!(#!#B-A!#-.+=!@= K$(,&A!U(A+&!$8!3,&7-8$fE,$)+AA-8/!H1R!T-#B!32:!),$AA%)$.?-;+,=!!

<$9#T(,+!-A!A$7,)+%)$&+![U7#!8$#!$Uh+)#%)$&+\!)$.?(#-U;+=!

(9<'=/117%$4)#$/%'5B+!6(.+&7-8$lA!?,$/,(..-8/!-8#+,9()+!-A!(!W>%Q-;$UF#+!(&&,+AA!A?()+!#B(#!-A!(*(-;(U;+!#$!#B+!B$A#!)$.?7#+,!*-(!(8!<EH!-8#+,9()+=!!5B+!6(.+&7-8$!+]?+)#A!&(#(!#$!U+!A+8#!:<K!9-,A#![1X21tN\i!7A-8/!<EH!:$&+!N!9$,!(!);$)Q!A-/8(;!#B(#lA!;$T!TB+8!-&;+![1X21tN\!(8&!A(.?;+&!$8!#B+!,-A-8/!+&/+![IES3tN\=!!ZB-;+!#B+!6(.+&7-8$!AB$7;&!

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U+!(U;+!#$!Q++?!?()+!T-#B!(8!<EH!);$)Q!7?!#$!MO=G:SLi!-#!B(A!$8;F!U++8!#+A#+&!#$!#B+!3,&7-8$lA!.(]-.7.!);$)Q!A?++&!$9!J:SL=!

Y';-"-3*U&22)-6*5B+!3,&7-8$!+8*-,$8.+8#!-8);7&+A!(!A#(8&(,&!;-U,(,F!9$,!B(8&;-8/!<EH!)$..78-)(#-$8A=!!<Q+#)B!@'!<EH!H8-#-(;-L(#-$8!AB$TA!#B+!3,&7-8$!)$&+!#$!A+#!7?!#B+!<EH!;-U,(,F!#$!)$..78-)(#+!T-#B!(!6(.+&7-8$=!!5B+!61!;-U,(,F!9$,!3,&7-8$!?,$*-&+A!)$8*+8-+8#!T,(??+,!978)#-$8A!(,$78&!#B+!<EH!;-U,(,F!9$,!)$..$8!6(.+&7-8$!$?+,(#-$8A=!

=06$-("6$*UBA*=%%-$<<*

H5$*!"#$%&'()*;)"-%*'<*%$<'4($%*6)*&<$*=-%&'()*2'(*Q*"<*65$*<$0$.6*ZUWY*)-*UU[*2'(*,)-*UBA*.)##&('."6')(@**I)?$E$-\*65$*;)"-%*5"<*;$$(*%$<'4($%*6)*$(";0$*65'<*6)*;$*.5"(4$%*',*($$%$%]*,)-*$^"#20$\*6)*.)M$^'<6*?'65*)65$-*5"-%?"-$*65"6*&<$<*2'(*Q*,)-*'6<*)?(*2&-2)<$<@**U$$*1'-.&'6*K)"-%*/)%','."6')(<*6(.+&7-8$!:$&-9-)(#-$8A!$8!?(/+!MO!-8!#B+!S(,&T(,+!S()Q-8/!A+)#-$8!9$,!&+#(-;+&!-8A#,7)#-$8A=!!!

/$#)-3*/"2*5B+A+!.+.$,F!.(?A!?,+A+8#!#B+!6(.+&7-8$!(&&,+AA!A?()+!-8!(A)+8&-8/!$,&+,!9,$.!;$T+A#!(&&,+AA!#$!B-/B+A#!(&&,+AAm!#B+!)B(,#A!AB$T!(&&,+AA+A!-8),+(A-8/!9,$.!;+9#!#$!,-/B#!(8&!#$?!#$!U$##$.=!5B-A!.+(8A!#B(#!3<IHH!)B(,()#+,!A#,-8/A!(,+!?,+A+8#+&!-8!#B+!$,&+,!#B(#!#B+F!T$7;&!U+!,+(&!(A!R8/;-AB!#+]#=!4$,!+](.?;+i!#B+!A#,-8/!jSRYYX!ZX2Y1k!T$7;&!U+!T,-##+8!#$!#B+!7??+,%;+9#!)$,8+,!$9!#B+!)B(,()#+,!?-)#7,+!(A'!!3&&,+AA! KF#+!X99A+#!(8&!:+.$,F!I$8#+8#A![B+]\! [&+)\! +0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 +10

0x0000! 0! 0x48 0x45 0x4C 0x4C 0x4F 0x20 0x57 0x4F 0x52 0x4C 0x44 H E L L O W O R L D

!S$T+*+,i!TB+8!A#$,-8/!MO%U-#!U-8(,F!87.U+,Ai!#B+!6(.+&7-8$!-A!(!;-##;+%+8&-(8!&+*-)+'!MO%U-#!*(;7+A!(,+!A#$,+&!T-#B!#B+!;+(A#%A-/8-9-)(8#!UF#+!-8!#B+!;$T+,!(&&,+AA=!4$,!+](.?;+i!#B+!MO%U-#!*(;7+!N]>4JK!T$7;&!U+!A#$,+&!-8!#B+!>%UF#+!K6aIXYX2!,+/-A#+,!A#(,#-8/!(#!N]>JNR!(A'!!<F.U$;! ! 3&&,+AA! Y+8/#B! KF#+!X99A+#!(8&!I$8#+8#A!! ! [B+]\! [&+)\! [B+]\! [&+)\! +0 +1 BG_COLOR! RW 0x280E! 10254! 0x2! 2! 0x8B 0x2F

!

#define GAMEDUINO_SS 9 pinMode(GAMEDUINO_SS,OUTPUT); SPI.begin(); SPI.setClockDivider(SPI_CLOCK_DIV2); SPI.setBitOrder(MSBFIRST); SPI.setDataMode(MODE0);

/8"2'9(P*(/T=(=4727,57>,27$4(

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:(8F!6(.+&7-8$!.+.$,F!;$)(#-$8A!(,+!U-#%.(??+&i!T-#B!A?+)-9-)!U-#A!$,!/,$7?A!$9!U-#A!T-#B-8!(!T$,&!B(*-8/!&-A#-8)#!978)#-$8A=!ZB+8!.(??-8/!(!UF#+!$,!T$,&i!#B+!-8&-*-&7(;!U-#A!(,+!?,+A+8#+&!-8!(A!&-/-#A!$9!(!87.U+,i!T-#B!#B+!.$A#%A-/8-9-)(8#!U-#!#$!#B+!9(,#B+A#!;+9#!(8&!#B+!;+AA%A-/8-9-)(8#!U-#A!#$!#B+!,-/B#=!H8&-*-&7(;!U-#A!T-#B-8!(!.7;#-%U-#!9-+;&!(,+!-8&-)(#+&!T-#B!A7UA),-?#Ai!T-#B!L+,$!U+-8/!#B+!;+(A#%A-/8-9-)(8#!U-#!(8&!B-/B+,!87.U+,A!-8&-)(#-8/!?,$/,+AA-*+;F!.$,+!A-/8-9-)(8#!U-#A=!4$,!+](.?;+i!KN!-A!#B+!;+(A#%A-/8-9-)(8#!U-#!-8!9-+;&!Ki!TB-;+!KO!-A!#B+!G#B!(8&!.$A#%A-/8-9-)(8#!U-#!-8!(!G%U-#!9-+;&=!!

!)1"+7$%/'B"1/*:'B)0'@,A5"(E*(;,<"-%74$(U"<$&S(U,?(<F.U$;! ! 3&&,+AA! Y+8/#B! E7,?$A+!

RAM_PIC RW( 0x0000 0x0FFF 4096

R9,&,'2"&(T7'2%&"V()B(,()#+,%.(??+&!?;(F9-+;&!6,-&!$9!O@vO@!M%UF#+!)B(,()#+,A!

RAM_CHR RW( 0x1000 0x1FFF 4096

R9,&,'2"&(K72<,?#V(>DO!)B(,()#+,A!JvJ!?-]+;Ai!>!U-#A!?+,!?-]+;![MO!UF#+Af)B(,()#+,\(

RAM_PAL RW( 0x2000 0x27FF 2048

R9,&,'2"&(T,5"22"#V(>DO!?(;+##+A!$9!@!)$;$,A!+()B!326KMDDD!9$,.(#![>!UF#+Af)$;$,\!

IDENT R( 0x2800 1 ;,<"-%74$(=3V!(;T(FA!,+(&A!N]O1!REV R( 0x2801 1 +,&-.,&"(!"M7#7$4V!(;T(FA!,+(&A!N]MN!FRAME R( 0x2802 1 F7-"$(I&,<"(R$%42"&!VBLANK R( 0x2803 1 F"&27',5(K5,4874L(I5,LV(M!&7,-8/!*+,#-)(;!U;(8Q!

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/'&$55(Wi!)B(,()#+,!?-)#7,+!B$,-L$8#(;!A),$;;!<),$;;!$99A+#i!N!#$!DMM!?-]+;A!

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/'&$55(Xi!)B(,()#+,!?-)#7,+!*+,#-)(;!A),$;;!<),$;;!$99A+#i!N!#$!DMM!?-]+;A!

JK_MODE RW( 0x2808 1 /?&72"(YZ[(U$-"i!N!#$!&-A(U;+i!M!#$!+8(U;+!J1_RESET RW( 0x2809 1 R$?&$'"##$&(!"#"2V(M!#$!,+A+#!(8&!B(;#i!N!#$!,78!SPR_DISABLE RW( 0x280A 1 /?&72"(37#,A5"V(M!#$!&-A(U;+!A?,-8#Ai!N!#$!+8(U;+!SPR_PAGE RW( 0x280B 1 /?&72"(T,L"(/"5"'2V(N!9$,!N]WNNNi!M!9$,!N]W@NN!IOMODE RW( 0x280C 1 T74(0(=ZH(U$-"V(N]NNt&-A(U;+i!N]@Dt<EHi!N]@3tPM! R 0x280D 1 \4%#"-(!"L7#2"&(9$,!97#7,+!7A+i!(;T(FA!,+(&A!N!

BG_COLOR RW 0x280E 0x280F 2

K,'8L&$%4-(R$5$&V(9$,!#,(8A?(,+8#!?;(F9-+;&!?-]+;A!326KMDDD!9$,.(#i!B-/B![(;?B(\!U-#!-A!-/8$,+&!

SAMPLE_L RW 0x2810 0x2811 2

G%-7$(/,<?5"V(;+9#!)B(88+;!MO%U-#!A-/8+&!(7&-$!A(.?;+!*(;7+!

SAMPLE_R RW 0x2812 0x2813 2

G%-7$(/,<?5"V(,-/B#!)B(88+;!MO%U-#!A-/8+&!(7&-$!A(.?;+!*(;7+!

RING_MOD RW 0x2814 1 !74L(U$-%5,2$&i!*$-)+!7A+&!9$,!.$&7;(#-$8i!(99+)#A!(;;!;$T+,%87.U+,+&!*$-)+Am!O@![&+9(7;#\!#$!&-A(U;+=!

R( 0x2815

0x281D 9 \4%#"-(!"L7#2"&#V(,+A+,*+&!9$,!97#7,+!7A+!3;T(FA!,+(&A!N!

SCREENSHOT_Y RW 0x281E 0x281F 2

/'&""4#9$2(674"(/"5"'2V(N%WMM!<+;+)#A!,(A#+,!;-8+!#$!;$(&!-8#$!A),++8AB$#!U799+,!

R 0x2820 0x283F 32

\4%#"-(!"L7#2"&#V(,+A+,*+&!9$,!97#7,+!7A+!3;T(FA!,+(&A!N(

PALETTE16A/B RAM_SPRPAL16 RW( 0x2840

0x287F 64 /?&72"(T,5"22"()EV(>!?(;+##+A![3yK\i!MO!)$;$,A!+()B!326KMDDD!9$,.(#![>!UF#+Af)$;$,\!

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<F.U$;! ! 3&&,+AA! Y+8/#B! E7,?$A+!PALETTE4A/B RAM_SPRPAL4 RW( 0x2880

0x288F 16 /?&72"(T,5"22"(Pi!>!?(;+##+A![3yK\i!@!)$;$,A!+()B!326KMDDD!9$,.(#![>!UF#+Af)$;$,\!

COMM RW( 0x2890

0x28BF 48 R$?&$'"##$&(R$<<%47',27$4#(K5$'8(<?+)-9-)!7A+!#$!U+!&+#+,.-8+&!UF!#B+!?,$/,(..+,!

0x28C0 0x28FF 64

\4%#"-(G--&"##(/?,'"(3;T(FA!,+(&A!N(

COLLISION R( 0x2900

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VOICES RW( 0x2A00

0x2AFF 256 F$7'"(R$42&$5V((7&-$!AF8#B+A-A!)$8#,$;!O@!*$-)+Ai!@!UF#+Af*$-)+!

J1_CODE RW( 0x2B00

0x2BFF 256 R$?&$'"##$&(U7'&$'$-"(M>J!-8A#,7)#-$8Ai!>!UF#+Af-8A#,7)#-$8!

SCREENSHOT R 0x2C00 0x2F1F 800

/'&""4#9$2(674"(K%11"&i!A+;+)#+&!&-A?;(F!;-8+!&(#(!326KMDDD!9$,.(#![>!UF#+Af?-]+;\i!(;?B(!(;T(FA!N!

R( 0x2F20

0x2FFF 224 \4%#"-(G--&"##(/?,'"(3;T(FA!,+(&A!N!

RAM_SPR RW( 0x3000

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Page 46: Gameduino Reference Manual v0

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Page 47: Gameduino Reference Manual v0

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Page 48: Gameduino Reference Manual v0

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Page 56: Gameduino Reference Manual v0

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Page 57: Gameduino Reference Manual v0

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Page 58: Gameduino Reference Manual v0

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X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Data Stack Return Stack

X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X

Gameduino Memory

0x00020x0003

X X X X X X X X0x27FEX X X X X X X X0x27FF

......X X X X X X X X0x2AFE

X X X X X X X X0x7FFE

......

X X X X X X X X0x2BFF

......

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X0x8000

......

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X0x801C

X X X X X X X X0x7FFF

X X X X X X X X0x2C00X X X X X X X X0x2C01

X X X X X X X X0x2BFE

X X X X X X X X0x2AFFX X X X X X X X0x2B00X X X X X X X X0x2B01

......

X X X X X X X X0x2800X X X X X X X X0x2801

......X X X X X X X X0x283EX X X X X X X X0x283FX X X X X X X X0x2840X X X X X X X X0x2841

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X0x8002

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X0x801A

J1 C

opro

cess

orCo

de S

pace

Gam

edui

noRe

gist

ers

Copr

oces

sor-O

nly

Regi

ster

s

Acce

ssib

le to

Ard

uino

via

SPI

Bus

0x00010x0000

X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X

PC 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 A A A A A A A 0ALU

O$GQ#&(M+(SE()0G$A.4(K#A^$%&A%Q#&(

Page 67: Gameduino Reference Manual v0

!"#$%&'()*+,-./&"*0*1*.2*&3(.,(4&

& KR&

'()*+,-./&2/81/2*::/1&:/09?(1*&+*A*4/8)*.9&G-9B&&#&A(4-+&aN&(::*)=4@&81/;1()&

),:9&2/.9(-.&(&:,=1/,9-.*&.()*+&r)(-.sE&?<-2<&?-44&=*&9<*&81-)(1@&*.91@&8/-.9&/0&

9<*&81/;1()B&&%<-:&1/,9-.*&),:9&./9&1*9,1.&9/&9<*&2(44*1&_&-9&:</,4+&*-9<*1&4//8&

-.+*0-.-9*4@&-9:*40E&/1&*.+&?-9<&(.&*)89@&-.0-.-9*&4//8&Lr=*;-.&(;(-.sMB&&g89-/.(44@E&9<*&

81/;1()&)(@&2/.9(-.&(++-9-/.(4&:,=1/,9-.*:&=*0/1*&)(-.B&&%<*&:<*44&/0&(&aN&

(::*)=4@&4(.;,(;*&81/;1()&-:&81*:*.9*+&(:&7G*92<&KQ&aN&#::*)=4@&V1/;1()&

%*)84(9*B&&#&:,))(1@&/0&9<*&aN&(::*)=4@&4(.;,(;*&-:&81/A-+*+&(:&%(=4*&KNQ&aN&

#::*)=4@&h(.;,(;*&7,))(1@B&

&

&

&

2.34&(IE+(SE(K''&-341().*GQ.G&(!Q--.#1(F*'%#QA%$0*( =0"'( =Q'^&'( OQ*A%$0*(

#::*)=4*1&!-1*29-A*:&

start-microprogram symbol OOO& OOO& &

end-microprogram OOO& OOO& &

nnnnn constant symbol OOO& OOO& !*0-.*:&:@)=/4&

h-9*1(4&T.:91,29-/.:&

d# nnnnn OOO& .....& V,:<*:&2/.:9(.9&....&

h# hhhh OOO& <<<<& V,:<*:&2/.:9(.9&<<<<&

[char]c OOO& 2& V,:<*:&2/.:9(.9&2&

symbol OOO& A(4,*& V,:<*:&A(4,*&/0&:@)=/4&

#e7&$/19<&T.:91,29-/.:&

+ eE&%& el%& #++&

1- %& %ON& !*21*)*.9&

= eE&%& ed%& \-9?-:*&*F,(4-9@&

< eE&%& et%& k.:-;.*+&4*::O9<(.&

u< eE&%& et%& 7-;.*+&4*::O9<(.&

xor eE&%& e!%& \-9?-:*&*C24,:-A*&/1&

and eE&%& e"%& \-9?-:*&(.+&

or eE&%& e#%& \-9?-:*&/1&

invert %& u%& \-9?-:*&.*;(9-/.&

swap eE&%& %E&e& 7?(8:&%&(.+&e&

dup OOO& %& !,84-2(9*:&%&

drop %& OOO& !-:2(1+:&%&

over OOO& e& V,:<*:&(&2/8@&/0&e&

nip e& OOO& !-:2(1+:&e&L81*:*1A-.;&%M&

>r %& "& 3/A*:&%&9/&"&

r> "& %& 3/A*:&"&9/&%&

r@ OOO& "& V,:<*:&(&2/8@&/0&"&

rshift eE&%& eoo%& h/;-2(4&1-;<9&:<-09&

* eE&%& e&j&%& 3,49-84@&

#++-9-/.(4&T.:91,29-/.:&

swab %& %D& 7?(8&=@9*:&?-9<-.&%&

noop OOO& OOO& e/&/8*1(9-/.&

3,49-OZ/1+&#e7&$/19<&T.:91,29-/.:&

c@ %& v%w& h/(+&=@9*&(9&)*)/1@&(++1*::&%&

c! eE&%& OOO& 79/1*&e&9/&)*)/1@&(++1*::&%&

Page 68: Gameduino Reference Manual v0

!"#$%&'()*+,-./&"*0*1*.2*&3(.,(4&

& PI&

F*'%#QA%$0*( =0"'( =Q'^&'( OQ*A%$0*(3*1;*+&T.:91,29-/.:&

2dup+ OOO& el%& /A*1&/A*1&l&

over+ %& el%& /A*1&l&

2dup= OOO& ed%& /A*1&/A*1&d&

over= %& ed%& /A*1&d&

2dup< OOO& et%& /A*1&/A*1&t&

over> %& eo%& /A*1&o&

2dupu< OOO& et%& /A*1&/A*1&,t&

overu> %& eo%& /A*1&,o&

2dupxor OOO& e!%& /A*1&/A*1&C/1&

overxor %& e!%& /A*1&C/1&

2dupand OOO& e"%& /A*1&/A*1&(.+&

overand %& e"%& /A*1&(.+&

2dupor OOO& e#%& /A*1&/A*1&/1&

overor %& e#%& /A*1&/1&

dup>r OOO& "& +,8&1o&

2duprshift OOO& eoo%& /A*1&/A*1&1:<-09&

2dup* OOO& e&j&%& /A*1&/A*1&x&

over* %& e&j&%& /A*1&x&

dupswab OOO& %D& +,8&:?(=&

dupc@ OOO& v%w& +,8&2y&

$4/?&Y/.91/4&

: symbol OOO& OOO& !*0-.*&:,=1/,9-.*&

; "& OOO& "*9,1.E&8/8&"&9/&VY&

;fallthru OOO& OOO& H.+&:,=1/,9-.*&?-9</,9&1*9,1.&

symbol & "& Y(44&:,=1/,9-.*E&8,:<&VY&9/&"&

if %& OOO& Y/.+-9-/.(4&=1(.2<&

else OOO& OOO& Y/.+-9-/.(4&=1(.2<&:*8(1(9/1&

then OOO& OOO& Y/.+-9-/.(4&=1(.2<&9*1)-.(9/1&

begin OOO& OO& \*;-.&4//8&

again OOO& OOO& "*9,1.&9/&r=*;-.sE&-.0-.-9*&4//8&

until %& OOO& \/99/)O*C-9E&4//8&?<*.&0(4:*&

while %& OOO& 3-++4*O*C-9E&4//8&?<*.&91,*&

repeat OOO& OOO& "*9,1.&9/&r=*;-.s&

&

H(2<&:,=1/,9-.*&=*;-.:&?-9<&(&+*0-.-9-/.E&-.24,+*:&),49-84*&-.:91,29-/.:E&(.+&*.+:&

?-9<&(&1*9,1.B&&#&:,=1/,9-.*&+*0-.-9-/.&-:&(&2/4/.E&0/44/?*+&=@&9<*&.()*&/0&9<*&

:,=1/,9-.*&=*-.;&+*0-.*+B&$/19<&?/1+:&?-9<-.&*(2<&:,=1/,9-.*&(1*&(::*)=4*+&-.9/&aN&

-.:91,29-/.:E&(.+&(1*&*C*2,9*+&-.&9<*&/1+*1&9<(9&9<*@&(1*&*.2/,.9*1*+B&&!,*&9/&9<*&

aND:&:9(2GO/1-*.9*+&(12<-9*29,1*E&(1-9<)*9-2&-:&*C*2,9*+&-.&8/:90-C&0(:<-/.Q&81/;1():&

),:9&0-1:9&8,:<&9<*&(881/81-(9*&A(4,*:&/.9/&9<*&+(9(&:9(2G&81-/1&9/&2/+-.;&(1-9<)*9-2&

/1&4/;-2&-.:91,29-/.:&9<(9&?-44&/8*1(9*&/.&9<*)&$-.(44@E&9<*&:,=1/,9-.*&*.+:&?-9<&(&

:*)-2/4/.B&

Page 69: Gameduino Reference Manual v0

!"#$%&'()*+,-./&"*0*1*.2*&3(.,(4&

& PN&

E,$*2'%B&'FG'C,,&0D+&#'%<*&aN&(::*)=4*1&-:&./9&-.9*;1(9*+&-.9/&9<*&#1+,-./&T!HB&&T.:9*(+E&(&:*8(1(9*&aN&

(::*)=4*1E&?1-99*.&-.&9<*&;0/19<&81/;1())-.;&4(.;,(;*E&-:&,:*+&9/&(::*)=4*&aN&2/+*&

-.9/&=-.(1@&0/1)(9B&&g.*&/0&9<*&/,98,9:&/0&9<*&aN&(::*)=4*1&-:&(&<*(+*1&0-4*&9<(9&2(.&=*&

-.24,+*+&-.9/&#1+,-./&:G*92<*:B&&%<*&<*(+*1&-.24,+*:&9<*&(::*)=4*+&aN&2/+*&(:&(.&

(11(@&/0&=@9*:&:9/1*+&-.&81/;1()&)*)/1@B&&

&

ttt9/O+/Q&-.:*19&+-1*29-/.:&0/1&(::*)=4-.;&81/;1():ooo&

&

FG'C,,&0D+@'41*2912&';&H&#&*.&'aN&-.:91,29-/.:&-.24,+*&4-9*1(4:E&?<-2<&8,:<&A(4,*:&/.9/&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GE&#e7&$/19<&

-.:91,29-/.:&(.+&(++-9-/.(4&-.:91,29-/.:&9<(9&8*10/1)&(1-9<)*9-2E&4/;-2(4&(.+&+(9(&

/8*1(9-/.:E&(.+&04/?O2/.91/4&:9(9*)*.9:B&&%<*:*&-.:91,29-/.:&(1*&+*:21-=*+&-.&9<*&

9(=4*:&=*4/?B&

&

K''&-34&#(R$#&A%$a&'+&%<*&(::*)=4*1&:,88/19:&9<1**&+-1*29-A*:Q&:9(19O&(.+&*.+O&+-1*29-A*:&0/1&)(1G-.;&9<*&=*;-..-.;&(.+&*.+&/0&aN&(::*)=4@&2/+*E&84,:&(.&(::*)=4*1&

2/.:9(.9&0(2-4-9@B&&%<*&+-1*29-A*:&(1*&:,))(1-S*+&-.&%(=4*&KJQ&aN&#::*)=4*1&

!-1*29-A*:E&=*4/?B&

&

2.34&(I5+(SE(K''&-34&#(R$#&A%$a&'(T.:91,29-/.& & HC84(.(9-/.&

start-microprogram symbol !%.#%(=#0G#.-(OQ*A%$0*+(3(1G:&9<*&:9(19&/0&(&aN&)-21/81/;1()&0/1&

9<*&(::*)=4*1B&

!1*%.B+(%<*&:9(19O)-21/81/;1()&+-1*29-A*&),:9&=*&0/44/?*+&=@&(&A(4-+&(48<(.,)*1-2&:@)=/4B&&#44&

)-21/81/;1():&:</,4+&2/.9(-.&(&r)(-.s&

:,=1/,9-.*&2/.9(-.-.;&/.*&/1&)/1*&-.:91,29-/.:E&

(.+&24/:*&?-9<&9<*&r*.+O)-21/81/;1()s&+-1*29-A*B&&

3-21/81/;1():&)(@&/89-/.(44@&2/.9(-.&(++-9-/.(4&

:,=1/,9-.*&+*0-.-9-/.:B&

DB.-"4&+&start-microprogram example1 end-microprogram D*9(=#0G#.-(

OQ*A%$0*+(3(1G:&9<*&*.+&/0&(&aN&)-21/81/;1()&9/&9<*&(::*)=4*1B((

!1*%.B+(e/.*B&DB.-"4&+&end-microprogram

Page 70: Gameduino Reference Manual v0

!"#$%&'()*+,-./&"*0*1*.2*&3(.,(4&

& PJ&

T.:91,29-/.& & HC84(.(9-/.&

nnnnn constant symbol R&;$*&(70*'%.*%(OQ*A%$0*+(!*0-.*:&(.&(::*)=4*1&2/.:9(.9&.()*+&

!"#$%&'?-9<&9<*&A(4,*&(((((B&!1*%.B+(%<*&r2/.:9(.9s&+-1*29-A*&),:9&=*&81*2*+*+&=@&

(&A(4-+&+*2-)(4&-.9*;*1E&(((((E&-.&9<*&1(.;*&I&9/&PKK6KE&/1&(&81*81/2*:/1&+*0-.-9-/.&9<(9&*A(4,(9*:&

9/&(&+*2-)(4&-.9*;*1B&&T9&),:9&=*&0/44/?*+&=@&(&

A(4-+&:@)=/4E&9<*&.()*&/0&9<*&2/.:9(.9B&

DB.-"4&+&10386 constant fillchar & !*0-.*:&(.&(::*)=4*1&2/.:9(.9&.()*+&r0-442<(1s&

?-9<&9<*&A(4,*&NI6WP&LICJWRJMB &

&

)$%&#.4(F*'%#QA%$0*'+(#:&:</?.&-.&%(=4*&K6Q&aN&h-9*1(4&T.:91,29-/.:E&(&A(1-*9@&/0&4-9*1(4&A(4,*:&2(.&=*&8,:<*+&/.9/&9<*&aND:&:9(2GB&&&h-9*1(4:&2(.&-.24,+*&NPO=-9&A(4,*:E&

(.+&(1*&(::*)=4*+&-.9/&/.*&/1&9?/&-.:91,29-/.:B&&#&:-.;4*&-.:91,29-/.&-:&,:*+&0/1&

A(4,*:&/0&I&9<1/,;<&6J[P[&LICIII&9<1/,;<&IC[$$$ME&?<-4*&9?/&-.:91,29-/.:&(1*&

.**+*+&0/1&A(4,*:&/0&6J[PW&9<1/,;<&PKK6K&LICWIII&9<1/,;<&IC$$$$MB&

&

2.34&(I@+(SE()$%&#.4(F*'%#QA%$0*'(T.:91,29-/.& &HC84(.(9-/.&

d# nnnnn R&A$-.4(UQ-3&#+(*****(! (2(OQ*A%$0*+(V,:<*:&(&+*2-)(4&4-9*1(4&/.9/&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&!1*%.B+(%<*&r+zs&+-1*29-A*&),:9&=*&0/44/?*+&=@&(&A(4-+&+*2-)(4&-.9*;*1E&

(((((E&-.&9<*&1(.;*&I&9/&PKK6KB&U0%&+&#::*)=4*:&9/&(&:-.;4*&-.:91,29-/.&0/1&A(4,*:&-.&9<*&1(.;*&I&9/&6J[P[]&

9?/&-.:91,29-/.:&(.+&9?/&aN&YVk&2@24*:&(1*&1*F,-1*+&0/1&A(4,*:&-.&9<*&

1(.;*&6J[PW&9/&PKK6KB&

DB.-"4&+&d# 128 & ICIIWI&!&%&

h# hhhh Y&B.9&A$-.4(UQ-3&#+(>B^^^^(! (2(OQ*A%$0*+(V,:<*:&(&<*C(+*2-)(4&4-9*1(4&/.9/&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&!1*%.B+(%<*&r<zs&+-1*29-A*&),:9&=*&0/44/?*+&=@&(&A(4-+&<*C(+*2-)(4&

-.9*;*1E&))))E&-.&9<*&1(.;*&ICIIII&9/&IC$$$$B&U0%&+&#::*)=4*:&9/&(&:-.;4*&-.:91,29-/.&0/1&A(4,*:&-.&9<*&1(.;*&ICIIII&9/&

IC[$$$]&9?/&-.:91,29-/.:&(.+&9?/&aN&YVk&2@24*:&(1*&1*F,-1*+&0/1&

A(4,*:&-.&9<*&1(.;*&ICWIII&9/&IC$$$$B&

DB.-"4&+&h# 2B80 & ICJ\WI&!&%

[char]c 7^.#.A%&#+(A(! (2(OQ*A%$0*+(V,:<*:&(&/.*O=@9*&2<(1(29*1&4-9*1(4E&2E&/.9/&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&!1*%.B+(%<*&rv2<(1ws&+-1*29-A*&),:9&=*&0/44/?*+&=@&(&:-.;4*&/.*O=@9*&

2<(1(29*1E&*B&DB.-"4&+&[char] Z & ICIIK#&!&%

Page 71: Gameduino Reference Manual v0

!"#$%&'()*+,-./&"*0*1*.2*&3(.,(4&

& P6&

T.:91,29-/.& &HC84(.(9-/.&

symbol F*'&#%(70*'%.*%(OQ*A%$0*+(T.:*19:&9<*&.()*+&(::*)=4*1&2/.:9(.9&(:&(&4-9*1(4]&0,.29-/.(44@&

*F,-A(4*.9&9/&9<*&r+zs&+-1*29-A*&(=/A*B&&&

!1*%.B+(r!"#$%&+'-:&9<*&.()*&/0&(.@&+*0-.*+&(::*)=4*1&2/.:9(.9B&&#.&(::*)=4*1&*11/1&-:&1*9,1.*+&-0&9<*&.()*&-:&-.A(4-+&/1&,.+*0-.*+B&&

(DB.-"4&+ fillchar & ICJWRJ&!&%&

&

KU!(O0#%^(F*'%#QA%$0*'+(%<*&0/44/?-.;&$/19<&81-)-9-A*:&(1*&(::*)=4*+&(:&:-.;4*&-.:91,29-/.:B&&$/1&9<*&*C()84*:E&./9*&9<(9&4-9*1(4&-.:91,29-/.:&(1*&,:*+&9/&4/(+&9<*&

+(9(&:9(2GE&:/&%dICIIJR&(.+&-0&.**+*+&edICIII6&L+*2-)(4&5N&(.+&6&1*:8*29-A*4@MB&&

#::,)*&9<(9&'()*+,-./&)*)/1@&4/2(9-/.:&-.&"#3UVTY&L-.24,+-.;&=/9<&ICIIJR&(.+&

ICIII6M&2/.9(-.&(.&#7YTT&=4(.G:&LICJIE&+*2-)(4&6JMB&

&

2.34&(IM+(SE(KU!(O0#%^(F*'%#QA%$0*'(T.:91,29-/.& &HC84(.(9-/.&

+ =4Q'+(U(b(2(! (2((OQ*A%$0*+(V/8:&9?/&A(4,*:&Le&(.+&%M&01/)&9<*&+(9(&:9(2G&(.+&8,:<*:&9<*&

:,)&el%&/.9/&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GE&1*+,2-.;&9<*&.*9&:9(2G&+*89<&=@&/.*B&&

!1*%.B+(%<*&rls&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&#1-9<)*9-2&/A*104/?&+/*:&./9&2(,:*&(.&*C2*89-/.]&-.:9*(+E&9<*&2(11@&

=-9&L)/:9&:-;.-0-2(.9&=-9M&/0&9<*&1*:,49&-:&+-:2(1+*+B&&&

DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0029 + & edICIII6&l&%dICIIJR&d&ICIIJY&!&%&

1- R&A#&-&*%+(cc2(! (2(OQ*A%$0*+(7,=91(29:&/.*&01/)&%]&+/*:&./9&2<(.;*&9<*&:9(2G&+*89<B&!1*%.B+(%<*&rNOr&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&/.*&/8*1(.+&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&

#1-9<)*9-2&,.+*104/?&+/*:&./9&2(,:*&(.&*C2*89-/.]&+*21*)*.9-.;&

ICIIII&1*:,49:&-.&IC$$$$B&

DB.-"4&+&h# 0029 1- & %dICIIJR&_&N&d&ICIIJW&!&%

= DWQ.4'+(U(dd(2(! (2((OQ*A%$0*+(V/8:&9?/&A(4,*:&Le&(.+&%M&01/)&9<*&+(9(&:9(2G&(.+&8,:<*:&(&

\//4*(.&04(;&/.9/&9<*&:9(2GE&1*+,2-.;&9<*&.*9&:9(2G&+*89<&=@&/.*B&&%<*&

04(;&-:&91,*&LICIIINM&-0&%&(.+&e&(1*&=-9O0/1O=-9&-+*.9-2(4E&/1&0(4:*&

LICIIIIM&/9<*1?-:*B&&

!1*%.B+(%<*&rds&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0029 = & edICIII6&dd&%dICIIJR&d&ICIIII&!&%

< )&''(2^.*+(U(e(2(! (2((OQ*A%$0*+(V/8:&9?/&A(4,*:&Le&(.+&%M&01/)&9<*&+(9(&:9(2G&(.+&8,:<*:&(&

\//4*(.&04(;&/.9/&9<*&:9(2GE&1*+,2-.;&9<*&.*9&:9(2G&+*89<&=@&/.*B&&%<*&

04(;&-:&91,*&LICIIINM&-0&e&t&%&?<*.&e&(.+&%&(1*&91*(9*+&(:&:-;.*+&9?/D:&

2/)84*)*.9&NPO=-9&-.9*;*1:E&/1&0(4:*&LICIIIIM&/9<*1?-:*B&&

!1*%.B+(%<*&rts&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0029 < & edICIII6&t&%dICIIJR&d&ICIIIN&!&%

Page 72: Gameduino Reference Manual v0

!"#$%&'()*+,-./&"*0*1*.2*&3(.,(4&

& P5&

T.:91,29-/.& &HC84(.(9-/.&

u< f*'$G*&9()&''(2^.*+(U(e(2(! (2((OQ*A%$0*+(V/8:&9?/&A(4,*:&Le&(.+&%M&01/)&9<*&+(9(&:9(2G&(.+&8,:<*:&(&

\//4*(.&04(;&/.9/&9<*&:9(2GE&1*+,2-.;&9<*&.*9&:9(2G&+*89<&=@&/.*B&&%<*&

04(;&-:&91,*&LICIIINM&-0&e&t&%&?<*.&e&(.+&%&(1*&91*(9*+&(:&,.:-;.*+&

NPO=-9&-.9*;*1:E&/1&0(4:*&LICIIIIM&/9<*1?-:*B&&

!1*%.B+(%<*&r,ts&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0029 u< & edICIII6&t&%dICIIJR&d&ICIIIN&!&%

xor DBA4Q'$a&(:#+(U(! (2(! (2((OQ*A%$0*+(V/8:&9?/&A(4,*:&Le&(.+&%M&01/)&9<*&+(9(&:9(2G&(.+&8,:<*:&9<*&

1*:,49&/0&(&=-9O=@O=-9&*C24,:-A*O/1&=*9?**.&e&(.+&%&/.9/&9<*&:9(2GE&

1*+,2-.;&9<*&.*9&:9(2G&+*89<&=@&/.*B&

!1*%.B+(%<*&rC/1s&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0029 xor & edICIII6&!&%dICIIJR&d&ICIIJ#&!&%

and K*9+(U(" (2(! (2((OQ*A%$0*+(V/8:&9?/&A(4,*:&Le&(.+&%M&01/)&9<*&+(9(&:9(2G&(.+&8,:<*:&9<*&

1*:,49&/0&(&=-9O=@O=-9&(.+&=*9?**.&e&(.+&%&/.9/&9<*&:9(2GE&1*+,2-.;&9<*&

.*9&:9(2G&+*89<&=@&/.*B&

!1*%.B+(%<*&r(.+s&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&&DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0029 and & edICIII6&"&%dICIIJR&d&ICIIIN&!&%

or :#+(U(# (2(! (2(OQ*A%$0*+(V/8:&9?/&A(4,*:&Le&(.+&%M&01/)&9<*&+(9(&:9(2G&(.+&8,:<*:&9<*&

1*:,49&/0&(&=-9O=@O=-9&-.24,:-A*O/1&=*9?**.&e&(.+&%&/.9/&9<*&:9(2GE&

1*+,2-.;&9<*&.*9&:9(2G&+*89<&=@&/.*B&

!1*%.B+(%<*&r/1s&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&&DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0029 or & edICIII6&#&%dICIIJR&d&ICIIJ\&!&%

invert F*a&#%+(g2(! (2(OQ*A%$0*+(V*10/1):&(&=-9?-:*&-.A*1:-/.&/0&%]&(44&/.*&=-9:&=*2/)*&S*1/&(.+&

A-2*OA*1:(B&&!/*:&./9&2<(.;*&9<*&:9(2G&+*89<B&

!1*%.B+(%<*&r-.A*19s&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&/.*&/8*1(.+&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&&DB.-"4&+&h# 0029 invert & u&%dICIIJR&d&IC$$!P&!&%

swap !H."+(U(" (2(OQ*A%$0*+(HC2<(.;*:&9<*&A(4,*:&/0&e&(.+&%&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&!/*:&./9&

2<(.;*&9<*&:9(2G&+*89<B&

!1*%.B+(%<*&r:?(8s&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&&DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0029 swap & edICIII6&%dICIIJR&!&edICIIJR&%dICIII6

dup RQ"4$A.%&+(2(! (hbb9'%.A]i(OQ*A%$0*+(V,:<*:&9<*&A(4,*&/0&%&/.9/&9<*&:9(2GE&*00*29-A*4@&+,84-2(9-.;&%]&

-.21*(:*:&9<*&:9(2G&+*89<&=@&/.*B&

!1*%.B+(%<*&r+,8s&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&/.*&/8*1(.+&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&&DB.-"4&+&h# 0029 dup & %dICIIJR&!&%

Page 73: Gameduino Reference Manual v0

!"#$%&'()*+,-./&"*0*1*.2*&3(.,(4&

& PK&

T.:91,29-/.& &HC84(.(9-/.&

drop R#0"(OQ*A%$0*+(!-:2(1+:&9<*&9/8&*4*)*.9&/0&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GE&+*21*(:-.;&9<*&:9(2G&

+*89<&=@&/.*&(.+&81/)/9-.;&e&9/&9<*&.*?&9/8&/0&:9(2GB((!1*%.B+(%<*&r+1/8s&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&/.*&/8*1(.+&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&DB.-"4&+&drop

over :a&#+(U(! (2(OQ*A%$0*+(V,:<*:&(&2/8@&/0&e&/.9/&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GE&-.21*(:-.;&:9(2G&+*89<&

=@&/.*B&

!1*%.B+(%<*&r/A*1s&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&&DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0029 over & edICIII6&!&%

nip U$"(OQ*A%$0*+("*)/A*:&e&01/)&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GE&81*:*1A-.;&%&(.+&+*21*(:-.;&

:9(2G&+*89<&=@&/.*B&

!1*%.B+(%<*&r.-8s&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&&DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0029 nip

>r =Q%?#!%.A]+(2(! (C(OQ*A%$0*+(V/8:&%&01/)&9<*&+(9(&:9(2G&(.+&8,:<*:&-9&/.9/&9<*&1*9,1.&:9(2GE&

+*21*(:-.;&+(9(&:9(2G&+*89<&=@&/.*&(.+&-.21*(:-.;&1*9,1.&:9(2G&+*89<&

=@&/.*B&

!1*%.B+(%<*&ro1s&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&/.*&/8*1(.+&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&7-.2*&9<*&1*9,1.&:9(2G&-:&(4:/&,:*+&9/&:9/1*&:,=1/,9-.*&1*9,1.&(++1*::*:E&(.@&

-9*):&8,:<*+&/.9/&9<*&1*9,1.&:9(2G&),:9&=*&1*)/A*+&=*0/1*&

(99*)89-.;&9/&1*9,1.&A-(&r]sB&

DB.-"4&+&h# 0029 >r & %dICIIJR&!&"

r> #!%.A]?V&%+(C(! (2(OQ*A%$0*+(V/8:&"&01/)&9<*&1*9,1.&:9(2G&(.+&8,:<*:&-9&/.9/&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GE&

+*21*(:-.;&1*9,1.&:9(2G&+*89<&=@&/.*&(.+&-.21*(:-.;&+(9(&:9(2G&+*89<&

=@&/.*B&

!1*%.B+(%<*&r1os&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&/.*&/8*1(.+&/.&9<*&1*9,1.&:9(2GB&&k:*1&81/;1():&),:9&9(G*&2(1*&./9&9/&+-:9,1=&*C-:9-.;&1*9,1.&(++1*::*:&

?<*.&)(.-8,4(9-.;&9<*&1*9,1.&:9(2GB&

DB.-"4&+&r> & "dICIIJR&!&%

r@ #!%.A]?O&%A^+(C(! (h2(OQ*A%$0*+(Y/8-*:&"&01/)&9<*&1*9,1.&:9(2G&(.+&8,:<*:&-9&/.9/&9<*&+(9(&

:9(2GE&-.21*(:-.;&+(9(&:9(2G&+*89<&=@&/.*B&&"*9,1.&:9(2G&+*89<&-:&./9&

(00*29*+B&

!1*%.B+(%<*&r1ys&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&/.*&/8*1(.+&/.&9<*&1*9,1.&:9(2GB&&&DB.-"4&+&r@ & "dICIIJR&!&%

Page 74: Gameduino Reference Manual v0

!"#$%&'()*+,-./&"*0*1*.2*&3(.,(4&

& PP&

T.:91,29-/.& &HC84(.(9-/.&

rshift C$G^%(!^$;%+(U(jj(2(! (2((OQ*A%$0*+(V/8:&9?/&A(4,*:&Le&(.+&%M&01/)&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GE&4/;-2(44@&:<-09:&e&

9/&9<*&1-;<9&=@&%&=-9&84(2*:E&-.:*19-.;&S*1/:&-.9/&9<*&)/:9&:-;.-0-2(.9&

84(2*:&A(2(9*+&=@&9<*&:<-09B&&%<*&1*:,49&-:&8,:<*+&/.9/&9<*&+(9(&:9(2G]&

r1:<-09s&1*+,2*:&9<*&.*9&:9(2G&+*89<&=@&/.*B&&

!1*%.B+(%<*&r1:<-09s&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&%<*&1*:,49&/0&9<*&/8*1(9-/.&-:&,.+*0-.*+&-0&%&od&NPB&

DB.-"4&+&h# 1A3C h# 0003 rshift & edICN#6Y&oo&%dICIII6&d&ICI65[&!&%

* /Q4%$"41+(U(k(2(! (2((OQ*A%$0*+(V/8:&9?/&A(4,*:&Le&(.+&%M&01/)&9<*&+(9(&:9(2G&(.+&8,:<*:&9<*&

81/+,29&%je&/.9/&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GE&1*+,2-.;&9<*&.*9&:9(2G&+*89<&=@&/.*B&&

!1*%.B+(%<*&rxs&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&#1-9<)*9-2&/A*104/?&+/*:&./9&2(,:*&(.&*C2*89-/.]&-.:9*(+E&9<*&2(11@&

=-9&L)/:9&:-;.-0-2(.9&=-9M&/0&9<*&1*:,49&-:&+-:2(1+*+B&&

DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0029 * & edICIII6&j&%dICIIJR&d&ICII[\&!&%

&

K99$%$0*.4(F*'%#QA%$0*'+(T.&(++-9-/.&9/&9<*&#e7&$/19<&-.:91,29-/.:E&9<*&aN&2/81/2*::/1&-)84*)*.9:&9?/&-.:91,29-/.:&9<(9&(1*&./9&81*:*.9&-.&9<*&:9(.+(1+&$/19<&

4(.;,(;*E&(:&+*:21-=*+&-.&%(=4*&KKQ&aN&#++-9-/.(4&T.:91,29-/.:&=*4/?B&&%<*:*&

/8*1(9-/.:&(1*&(4:/&-)84*)*.9*+&(:&:-.;4*&-.:91,29-/.:&/.&9<*&'()*+,-./D:&aN&YVkQ&

&

2.34&(II+(SE(K99$%$0*.4(F*'%#QA%$0*'(T.:91,29-/.& &HC84(.(9-/.&

swab !H."(,1%&'+(2l(! (2(OQ*A%$0*+(7?(8:&9<*&<-;<&(.+&4/?&=@9*:&/0&%B&&!/*:&./9&2<(.;*&9<*&

:9(2G&+*89<B&

!1*%.B+(%<*&r:?(=s&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&/.*&/8*1(.+&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&&

DB.-"4&+&h# 0029 swab & %dICIIJR&:?(=&d&ICJRII&!&%&

noop U0(:"&#.%$0*(OQ*A%$0*+(V*10/1):&./&/8*1(9-/.E&+/*:&./9&2<(.;*&(.@&:9(2GB&(!1*%.B+(e/.*B&&&DB.-"4&+&noop

&

/Q4%$?H0#9(F*'%#QA%$0*'+(T.&(++-9-/.&9/&:/)*&4-9*1(4&-.:91,29-/.:E&(&0*?&(++-9-/.(4&#e7&$/19<&=(:*&?/1+:&1*F,-1*&),49-84*&aN&-.:91,29-/.:&0/1&-)84*)*.9(9-/.E&(:&

+*:21-=*+&-.&%(=4*&KPQ&aN&3,49-OZ/1+&T.:91,29-/.:B&&T.&8(19-2,4(1E&)*)/1@&(22*::&

9-)-.;&1*F,-1*:&9<(9&)*)/1@&(22*::&9(G*&9?/&aN&)(2<-.*&2@24*:&9/&2/)84*9*E&:/&

$/19<&?/1+:&9<(9&1*F,-1*&)*)/1@&(22*::&(1*&(::*)=4*+&-.9/&9?/&)(2<-.*&

-.:91,29-/.:&9/&81/A-+*&:,00-2-*.9&9-)*B&

&

2.34&(IJ+(SE(/Q4%$?80#9(F*'%#QA%$0*'(T.:91,29-/.& &HC84(.(9-/.&

Page 75: Gameduino Reference Manual v0

!"#$%&'()*+,-./&"*0*1*.2*&3(.,(4&

& P[&

T.:91,29-/.& &HC84(.(9-/.&

c@ 7^.#.A%&#(O&%A^+(h2i(! (2(OQ*A%$0*+($*92<*:&(.&WO=-9&=@9*&/1&(&NPO=-9&?/1+&01/)&)*)/1@E&+*8*.+-.;&

/.&2/.9*C9Q&

• T0&%&-:&=*9?**.&ICIIII&(.+&IC[$$$&LI&9/&6J[P[&+*2-)(4ME&1*(+:&

9<*&=@9*&(9&)*)/1@&(++1*::&%&(.+&8(+:&9<*&,88*1&W&=-9:&?-9<&

S*1/:B&&

• T0&%&-:&(.&*A*.&.,)=*1&=*9?**.&ICWIII&(.+&ICWINY&L6J[PW&9/&

6J[RP&+*2-)(4ME&1*(+:&9<*&NPO=-9&?/1+&(9&)*)/1@&(++1*::B&&&

T.&*-9<*1&2(:*E&9<*&9/8&/0&9<*&+(9(&:9(2G&-:&1*84(2*+&?-9<&9<*&A(4,*&1*(+]&

.*9&+(9(&:9(2G&+*89<&-:&./9&(00*29*+B&&&

!1*%.B+(%<*&r2ys&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&/.*&/8*1(.+&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&%<*&/8*1(9-/.&/0&r2ys&-:&,.+*0-.*+&?<*.&%&2/.9(-.:&(.&/++&.,)=*1&

=*9?**.&ICWIIN&(.+&ICWIN!E&/1&?<*.&%&2/.9(-.:&(&A(4,*&;1*(9*1&9<(.&

ICWINYB&

U0%&+(#::*)=4*+&(:&r.//8&2ys&9/&*.:,1*&2/11*29&)*)/1@&(22*::&9-)-.;B&DB.-"4&+&h# 0x0029 c@ & v%dICIIJRwdICIIJI&!&%

c! 7^.#.A%&#(!%0#&+(U(! (h2i(OQ*A%$0*+(Z1-9*:&(.&WO=-9&/1&(&NPO=-9&A(4,*&9/&)*)/1@E&+*8*.+-.;&/.&

2/.9*C9Q&

• T0&%&-:&=*9?**.&ICIIII&(.+&IC[$$$&LI&9/&6J[P[&+*2-)(4ME&?1-9*:&

9<*&4/?&L4*(:9O:-;.-0-2(.9M&=@9*&/0&e&9/&9<*&)*)/1@&(++1*::&%B&&&

• T0&%&-:&(.&*A*.&.,)=*1&=*9?**.&ICWIII&(.+&ICWINY&L6J[PW&9/&

6J[RP&+*2-)(4ME&?1-9*:&(44&NP&=-9:&/0&e&9/&9<*&?/1+&(9&)*)/1@&

(++1*::&%&(.+&%lNB&&&

T.&*-9<*1&2(:*E&r2{s&8/8:&9?/&A(4,*:&Le&(.+&%M&01/)&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GE&

1*+,2-.;&+(9(&:9(2G&+*89<&=@&9?/B&

!1*%.B+(%<*&r2{s&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&%<*&/8*1(9-/.&/0&r2{s&-:&,.+*0-.*+&?<*.&%&2/.9(-.:&(.&/++&.,)=*1&=*9?**.&

ICWIIN&(.+&ICWIN!B&&!(9(&-:&+-:2(1+*+&?-9</,9&?(1.-.;&-0&9<*&

/8*1(9-/.&(99*)89:&9/&?1-9*&+(9(&9/&./.O*C-:9*.9&/1&1*(+O/.4@&)*)/1@&

(++1*::*:B&

U0%&+(#::*)=4*:&(:&9?/&-.:91,29-/.:&L/.*&9<(9&?1-9*:&9/&)*)/1@&=,9&/.4@&1*)/A*:&e&01/)&9<*&:9(2GE&0/44/?*+&=@&+1/8M&9/&*.:,1*&2/11*29&)*)/1@&

(22*::&9-)-.;B&

DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0x0029 c! & edICIII6&!&v%dICIIJRw&

(/&#G&9(F*'%#QA%$0*'+(%<*&aN&YVk&2(.&*C*2,9*&(&.,)=*1&/0&:-.;4*&-.:91,29-/.:&9<(9&8*10/1)&9<*&*F,-A(4*.9&/0&9?/&#e7&$/19<&81-)-9-A*:&-.&:*F,*.2*B&&T.&*(2<&2(:*E&9<*&

)*1;*+&-.:91,29-/.&-:&.()*+&0/1&-9:&2/)8/.*.9:Q&0/1&*C()84*E&*C*2,9-.;&r/A*1(.+s&

-:&9<*&:()*&(:&*C*2,9-.;&9<*&2/+*&01(;)*.9&r/A*1&(.+sB&&3*1;*+&-.:91,29-/.:&

1*81*:*.9&(&:-;.-0-2(.9&/88/19,.-9@&9/&:(A*&2/+*&:-S*&(.+&*C*2,9-/.&9-)*&=@&9(G-.;&

(+A(.9(;*&/0&0*(9,1*:&,.-F,*&9/&9<*&aN&YVk&(12<-9*29,1*B&&%(=4*&K[Q&aN&3*1;*+&

T.:91,29-/.:&+*:21-=*:&9<*:*&-.:91,29-/.:B&

&

2.34&(IN+(SE(/&#G&9(F*'%#QA%$0*'(T.:91,29-/.& &HC84(.(9-/.&

Page 76: Gameduino Reference Manual v0

!"#$%&'()*+,-./&"*0*1*.2*&3(.,(4&

& PW&

T.:91,29-/.& &HC84(.(9-/.&

2dup+ 59Q"(=4Q'+(U(b(2(! (2((OQ*A%$0*+(V,:<*:&9<*&:,)&el%&/.9/&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GE&-.21*(:-.;&9<*&.*9&

:9(2G&+*89<&=@&/.*B&&

!1*%.B+(%<*&rJ+,8ls&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&#1-9<)*9-2&/A*104/?&+/*:&./9&2(,:*&(.&*C2*89-/.]&-.:9*(+E&9<*&2(11@&

=-9&L)/:9&:-;.-0-2(.9&=-9M&/0&9<*&1*:,49&-:&+-:2(1+*+B&&&

DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0029 2dup+ & edICIII6&l&%dICIIJR&d&ICIIJY&!&%

over+ 59Q"(=4Q'+(U(b(2(! (2((OQ*A%$0*+(V/8:&/.*&A(4,*&L%M&01/)&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GE&(.+&8,:<*:&9<*&:,)&

el%&/.9/&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GE&4*(A-.;&9<*&.*9&:9(2G&+*89<&,.2<(.;*+B&&

!1*%.B+(%<*&r/A*1ls&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&#1-9<)*9-2&/A*104/?&+/*:&./9&2(,:*&(.&*C2*89-/.]&-.:9*(+E&9<*&2(11@&

=-9&L)/:9&:-;.-0-2(.9&=-9M&/0&9<*&1*:,49&-:&+-:2(1+*+B&&&

DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0029 over+ & edICIII6&l&%dICIIJR&d&ICIIJY&!&%

2dup= 5RQ"(DWQ.4'+(U(dd(2(! (2((OQ*A%$0*+(V,:<*:&(&\//4*(.&04(;&/.9/&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GE&-.21*(:-.;&9<*&.*9&

:9(2G&+*89<&=@&/.*B&&%<*&04(;&-:&91,*&LICIIINM&-0&%&(.+&e&(1*&=-9O0/1O=-9&

-+*.9-2(4E&/1&0(4:*&LICIIIIM&/9<*1?-:*B&&

!1*%.B+(%<*&rJ+,8ds&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&79(2G&,.+*104/?&+/*:&./9&1(-:*&(.&*C2*89-/.]&1*:,49:&/0&(&2/)8,9(9-/.&

-.A/4A-.;&(.&,.+*104/?&(1*&,.+*0-.*+B&

DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0x0029 2dup= & edICIII6&dd&%dICIIJR&d&ICIIII&!&%

over= :a&#(DWQ.4'+(U(dd(2(! (2((OQ*A%$0*+(V/8:&/.*&A(4,*&L%M&01/)&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GE&(.+&8,:<*:&(&\//4*(.&

04(;&/.9/&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GE&4*(A-.;&9<*&.*9&:9(2G&+*89<&,.2<(.;*+B&&%<*&

04(;&-:&91,*&LICIIINM&-0&%&(.+&e&(1*&=-9O0/1O=-9&-+*.9-2(4E&/1&0(4:*&

LICIIIIM&/9<*1?-:*B&&

!1*%.B+(%<*&r/A*1ds&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&79(2G&,.+*104/?&+/*:&./9&1(-:*&(.&*C2*89-/.]&1*:,49:&/0&(&2/)8,9(9-/.&

-.A/4A-.;&(.&,.+*104/?&(1*&,.+*0-.*+B&

DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0x0029 over= & edICIII6&dd&%dICIIJR&d&ICIIII&!&%

2dup< 59Q"()&''(2^.*+(U(e(2(! (2((OQ*A%$0*+(V,:<*:&(&\//4*(.&04(;&/.9/&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GE&-.21*(:-.;&9<*&.*9&

:9(2G&+*89<&=@&/.*B&&%<*&04(;&-:&91,*&LICIIINM&-0&e&t&%&?<*.&e&(.+&%&

(1*&91*(9*+&(:&:-;.*+&9?/D:&2/)84*)*.9&NPO=-9&-.9*;*1:E&/1&0(4:*&

LICIIIIM&/9<*1?-:*B&&

!1*%.B+(%<*&rJ+,8ts&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0029 2dup< & edICIII6&t&%dICIIJR&d&ICIIIN&!&%

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!"#$%&'()*+,-./&"*0*1*.2*&3(.,(4&

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T.:91,29-/.& &HC84(.(9-/.&

over> 59Q"(V#&.%&#(2^.*+(U(j(2(! (2((OQ*A%$0*+(V/8:&/.*&A(4,*&L%M&01/)&9<*&+(9(&:9(2G&(.+&8,:<*:&(&\//4*(.&

04(;&/.9/&9<*&:9(2GE&4*(A-.;&9<*&.*9&:9(2G&+*89<&,.2<(.;*+B&&%<*&04(;&-:&

91,*&LICIIINM&-0&e&o&%&?<*.&e&(.+&%&(1*&91*(9*+&(:&:-;.*+&9?/D:&

2/)84*)*.9&NPO=-9&-.9*;*1:E&/1&0(4:*&LICIIIIM&/9<*1?-:*B&&

!1*%.B+(%<*&r/A*1os&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0029 over> & edICIII6&o&%dICIIJR&d&ICIIII&!&%

2dupu< 59Q"(f*'$G*&9()&''(2^.*+(U(e(2(! (2((OQ*A%$0*+(V,:<*:&(&\//4*(.&04(;&/.9/&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GE&-.21*(:-.;&9<*&.*9&

:9(2G&+*89<&=@&/.*B&&%<*&04(;&-:&91,*&LICIIINM&-0&e&t&%&?<*.&e&(.+&%&

(1*&91*(9*+&(:&,.:-;.*+&NPO=-9&-.9*;*1:E&/1&0(4:*&LICIIIIM&/9<*1?-:*B&&

!1*%.B+(%<*&rJ+,8,ts&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0029 2dupu< & edICIII6&t&%dICIIJR&d&ICIIIN&!&%

overu> :a&#(f*'$G*&9(V#&.%&#(2^.*+(U(j(2(! (2((OQ*A%$0*+(V/8:&/.*&A(4,*&L%M&01/)&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GE&(.+&8,:<*:&(&\//4*(.&

04(;&/.9/&9<*&:9(2GE&4*(A-.;&9<*&.*9&:9(2G&+*89<&=@&,.2<(.;*+B&&%<*&04(;&

-:&91,*&LICIIINM&-0&e&o&%&?<*.&e&(.+&%&(1*&91*(9*+&(:&,.:-;.*+&NPO=-9&

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!1*%.B+(%<*&r/A*1,os&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0029 overu> & edICIII6&o&%dICIIJR&d&ICIIII&!&%

2dupxor 5RQ"(DBA4Q'$a&(:#+(U(! (2(! (2((OQ*A%$0*+(V,:<*:&9<*&1*:,49&/0&(&=-9O=@O=-9&*C24,:-A*O/1&=*9?**.&e&(.+&%&

/.9/&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GE&-.21*(:-.;&9<*&.*9&:9(2G&+*89<&=@&/.*B&

(!1*%.B+(%<*&rJ+,8C/1s&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&79(2G&,.+*104/?&+/*:&./9&1(-:*&(.&*C2*89-/.]&1*:,49:&/0&(&2/)8,9(9-/.&

-.A/4A-.;&(.&,.+*104/?&(1*&,.+*0-.*+B&

DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0x0029 2dupxor & edICIII6&!&%dICIIJR&d&ICIIJ#&!&%

overxor :a&#(DBA4Q'$a&(:#+(U(! (2(! (2((OQ*A%$0*+(V/8:&/.*&A(4,*&L%M&01/)&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GE&(.+&8,:<*:&9<*&1*:,49&/0&

(&=-9O=@O=-9&*C24,:-A*O/1&=*9?**.&e&(.+&%&/.9/&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GE&4*(A-.;&

9<*&.*9&:9(2G&+*89<&,.2<(.;*+B&

(!1*%.B+(%<*&r/A*1C/1s&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&79(2G&,.+*104/?&+/*:&./9&1(-:*&(.&*C2*89-/.]&1*:,49:&/0&(&2/)8,9(9-/.&

-.A/4A-.;&(.&,.+*104/?&(1*&,.+*0-.*+B&

DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0x0029 overxor & edICIII6&!&%dICIIJR&d&ICIIJ#&!&%

2dupand 59Q"(K*9+(U(" (2(! (2((OQ*A%$0*+(V,:<*:&9<*&1*:,49&/0&(&=-9O=@O=-9&(.+&=*9?**.&e&(.+&%&/.9/&9<*&

:9(2GE&-.21*(:-.;&9<*&.*9&:9(2G&+*89<&=@&/.*B&

!1*%.B+(%<*&rJ+,8(.+s&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&&DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0029 2dupand & edICIII6&"&%dICIIJR&d&ICIIIN&!&%

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overand :a&#(K*9+(U(" (2(! (2((OQ*A%$0*+(V/8:&/.*&A(4,*&L%M&01/)&9<*&+(9(&:9(2G&(.+&8,:<*:&9<*&1*:,49&/0&

(&=-9O=@O=-9&(.+&=*9?**.&e&(.+&%&/.9/&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GE&4*(A-.;&9<*&.*9&

:9(2G&+*89<&,.2<(.;*+B&

!1*%.B+(%<*&r/A*1(.+s&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&&DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0029 overand & edICIII6&"&%dICIIJR&d&ICIIIN&!&%

2dupor 59Q"(:#+(U(# (2(! (2(OQ*A%$0*+(V,:<*:&9<*&1*:,49&/0&(&=-9O=@O=-9&-.24,:-A*O/1&=*9?**.&e&(.+&%&

/.9/&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GE&-.21*(:-.;&9<*&.*9&:9(2G&+*89<&=@&/.*B&

!1*%.B+(%<*&rJ+,8/1s&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&&DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0029 2dupor & edICIII6&#&%dICIIJR&d&ICIIJ\&!&%

overor :a&#(:#+(U(# (2(! (2(OQ*A%$0*+(V/8:&/.*&A(4,*:&L%M&01/)&9<*&+(9(&:9(2G&(.+&8,:<*:&9<*&1*:,49&/0&

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.*9&:9(2G&+*89<&,.2<(.;*+B&

!1*%.B+(%<*&r/A*1/1s&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&&DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0029 overor & edICIII6&#&%dICIIJR&d&ICIIJ\&!&%

dup>r RQ"(=Q%?#!%.A]+(2(! (C(OQ*A%$0*+(Y/8-*:&%&01/)&9<*&+(9(&:9(2G&9/&9<*&1*9,1.&:9(2GE&-.21*(:-.;&

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DB.-"4&+&h# 0x0029 >r & %dICIIJR&!&"

2duprshift 59Q"(C$G^%(!^$;%+(U(jj(2(! (2((OQ*A%$0*+(h/;-2(44@&:<-09:&e&9/&9<*&1-;<9&=@&%&=-9&84(2*:E&-.:*19-.;&S*1/:&

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!1*%.B+(%<*&rJ+,81:<-09s&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&%<*&1*:,49&/0&9<*&/8*1(9-/.&-:&,.+*0-.*+&-0&%&od&NPB&

DB.-"4&+&h# 1A3C h# 0003 2duprshift & edICN#6Y&oo&%dICIII6&d&ICI65[&!&%

2dup* 59Q"(/Q4%$"41+(U(k(2(! (2((OQ*A%$0*+(V,:<*:&9<*&81/+,29&%je&/.9/&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GE&-.21*(:-.;&9<*&.*9&

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=-9&L)/:9&:-;.-0-2(.9&=-9M&/0&9<*&1*:,49&-:&+-:2(1+*+B&&

DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0029 2dup* & edICIII6&j&%dICIIJR&d&ICII[\&!&%

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!"#$%&'()*+,-./&"*0*1*.2*&3(.,(4&

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%je&/.9/&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GE&4*(A-.;&9<*&.*9&:9(2G&+*89<&,.2<(.;*+B&&

!1*%.B+(%<*&r/A*1xs&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&9?/&/8*1(.+:&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&#1-9<)*9-2&/A*104/?&+/*:&./9&2(,:*&(.&*C2*89-/.]&-.:9*(+E&9<*&2(11@&

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DB.-"4&+&d# 3 h# 0029 over* & edICIII6&j&%dICIIJR&d&ICII[\&!&%

dupswab RQ"(!H."(,1%&'+(2l(! (2(OQ*A%$0*+(7?(8:&9<*&<-;<&(.+&4/?&=@9*:&/0&%&(.+&8,:<*:&9<*&1*:,49&/.9/&

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!1*%.B+(%<*&r:?(=s&/8*1(9/1&1*F,-1*:&/.*&/8*1(.+&/.&9<*&+(9(&:9(2GB&&&DB.-"4&+&h# 0029 dupswab & %dICIIJR&:?(=&d&ICJRII&!&%

dupc@ RQ"(7^.#.A%&#(O&%A^+(h2i(! (2(OQ*A%$0*+($*92<*:&(.&WO=-9&=@9*&/1&(&NPO=-9&?/1+&01/)&)*)/1@E&+*8*.+-.;&

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U0%&+(#::*)=4*+&(:&r+,8&2ys&9/&*.:,1*&2/11*29&)*)/1@&(22*::&9-)-.;B&DB.-"4&+&h# 0x0029 dupc@ & v%dICIIJRwdICIIJI&!&%

(O40H(70*%#04+(%<*&(::*)=4*1&(4:/&1*2/;.-S*:&(&.,)=*1&/0&9<(9&,:*+&9/&+*9*1)-.*&</?&81*2*+-.;&(.+&:,=:*F,*.9&-.:91,29-/.:&:</,4+&=*&(::*)=4*+E&/1&9<(9&-)84*)*.9&

04/?&2/.91/4&:,2<&(:&=1(.2<-.;&(.+&:,=1/,9-.*:B&&3/:9&/0&9<*&+-1*29-A*:&?-44&

(::*)=4*&-.9/&/.*&aN&-.:91,29-/.E&9@8-2(44@&(&=1(.2<&/1&2(44B&&7/)*&+-1*29-A*:E&

-.24,+-.;&rQsE&r9<*.sE&(.+&r=*;-.s&)(1G&=1(.2<&/1&2(44&(++1*::*:&-.:9*(+B&&7,=1/,9-.*&

1*9,1.:&A-(&r]s&+/&./9&1*F,-1*&(&:*8(1(9*&-.:91,29-/.&-.&)/:9&2(:*:B&

&

2.34&(I6+(SE(K''&-34&#(O40H(70*%#04(T.:91,29-/.& &HC84(.(9-/.&

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T.:91,29-/.& &HC84(.(9-/.&

: symbol R&;$*&(!Q3#0Q%$*&(OQ*A%$0*+(!*0-.*:&(&:,=1/,9-.*&*.91@&8/-.9&.()*+&r:@)=/4sB&&Y/+*&

0/44/?-.;&9<*&:,=1/,9-.*&.()*&,8&9/&9<*&.*C9&:*)-2/4/.&?-44&=*&

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!1*%.B+(%<*&rQs&+-1*29-A*&),:9&=*&0/44/?*+&=@&(&A(4-+&:@)=/4&L9<*&.()*&/0&9<*&:,=1/,9-.*M&(.+&S*1/&/1&)/1*&-.:91,29-/.:B&7,=1/,9-.*&+*0-.-9-/.:&

)(@&./9&=*&.*:9*+Q&*A*1@&:,=1/,9-.*&),:9&=*&24/:*+&?-9<&r]s&/1&

r]0(449<1,s&+-1*29-A*&=*0/1*&(./9<*1&:,=1/,9-.*&2(.&=*&+*0-.*+B&&

(DB.-"4&+ : > swap < ; & !*0-.*:&(&:,=1/,9-.*&*.91@&8/-.9&.()*+&ros&9<(9&?-44&*C*2,9*&r:?(8&ts&

?<*.*A*1&-9&-:&2(44*+B ; C&%Q#*(;#0-(!Q3#0Q%$*&+(C(! (=7(

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(.+&4/(+*+&-.9/&9<*&81/;1()&2/,.9*1B&"*+,2*:&9<*&1*9,1.&:9(2G&+*89<&

=@&/.*]&9<*&+(9(&:9(2G&+*89<&-:&,.(00*29*+B&&

!1*%.B+(%<*&r]s&+-1*29-A*&),:9&=*&81*2*+*+&=@&(&A(4-+&:,=1/,9-.*&+*0-.-9-/.&2/.:-:9-.;&/0&9<*&rQs&+-1*29-A*E&(&:@)=/4E&(.+&S*1/&/1&)/1*&

-.:91,29-/.:B&

U0%&+&%<*&aN&(12<-9*29,1*&/09*.&(44/?:&(&r01**s&1*9,1.Q&#hk&-.:91,29-/.:&2(.&=*&2/+*+&9/&(4:/&1*9,1.&01/)&(&:,=1/,9-.*E&)(G-.;&:,=1/,9-.*:&

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(DB.-"4&+ ; & "&!&VY

;fallthru D*9(!Q3#0Q%$*&(H$%^0Q%(C&%Q#*(OQ*A%$0*+(Y/)84*9*:&9<*&+*0-.-9-/.&/0&(&:,=1/,9-.*E&=,9&+/*:&./9&(::*)=4*&

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*C*2,9(=4*&-.:91,29-/.:B&&T9&),:9&=*&0/44/?*+&=@&(./9<*1&:,=1/,9-.*&

+*0-.-9-/.B&

(DB.-"4&+ : 0> d# 0 ;fallthru : > swap < ; & !*0-.*:&(&:,=1/,9-.*&?-9<&9?/&*.91@&8/-.9:E&rIos&(.+&rosB&&Z<*.&rIos&

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=@&/.*B&

!1*%.B+(%<*&.()*&/0&(.@&+*0-.*+&:,=1/,9-.*E&:*8(1(9*+&=@&?<-9*&:8(2*B&&#.&(::*)=4*1&*11/1&-:&1*9,1.*+&-0&9<*&.()*&-:&-.A(4-+&/1&-0&(&

:,=1/,9-.*&?-9<&9<*&;-A*.&.()*&2(.D9&=*&0/,.+B&

DB.-"4&+ 0> & Y(44:&9<*&:,=1/,9-.*&+*0-.*+&(:&(.&*C()84*&(=/A*]&9<*&-.:91,29-/.&

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Page 82: Gameduino Reference Manual v0

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Page 83: Gameduino Reference Manual v0

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Page 84: Gameduino Reference Manual v0

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