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Strong Correlations and High Temperature Superconductivity: Families of Materials and Theoretical Trends. Gabriel Kotliar Center for Materials Theory Rutgers University Rutgers University
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Gabriel Kotliar - college-de-france.fr · theory on a plaquette, and variationalGutzwillerRVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a pseudogap

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Page 1: Gabriel Kotliar - college-de-france.fr · theory on a plaquette, and variationalGutzwillerRVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a pseudogap

Strong Correlations and High Temperature Superconductivity:Families of Materials and Theoretical Trends.

Gabriel KotliarCenter for Materials Theory

Rutgers UniversityRutgers University

Page 2: Gabriel Kotliar - college-de-france.fr · theory on a plaquette, and variationalGutzwillerRVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a pseudogap

“Tc vs. Time” http://science.energy.gov/~/media/bes/pdf/reports/files/sc_rpt.pdf 

BCS (1957)ME (1960)

Discovery of SC  Iron Pnicitdes

1973 Superfluid He3

yin organics

at 3mK

X

http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports.lists.html

Page 3: Gabriel Kotliar - college-de-france.fr · theory on a plaquette, and variationalGutzwillerRVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a pseudogap

Heavy Fermion Superconductivity1979: Frank Steglich discovers superconductivity in CeCu2Si2 a heavy fermion material Superconductivity occursfermion material.  Superconductivity occurs with an enormous heat capacity jump. 

• People did not believe   superconductivity was possible in systems with magnetic moments. 

• Superconductivity had been detected and dismissed in UBe13 p y(as a U filamentary effect) in 1975, and CeCu2Si2 in 1978 (but only in a footnote, and the authors did not recognize it as a genuine effect since it was not believed it was possible)genuine effect, since it was not believed it was possible). 

Curiosities, until … CeCoIn5 115  (2d analog of a cubic system CeIn5 ) PuCoGa5 “115” is a 20 Kcubic system CeIn5 ) PuCoGa5  “115” is a 20 K superconductor in the heavy fermion family.

Page 4: Gabriel Kotliar - college-de-france.fr · theory on a plaquette, and variationalGutzwillerRVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a pseudogap

Does Superconductivity Emerge from a Fermi Liquid State ?Tc/TF , does it have meaning ?Tc/TF , does it have meaning ?In ME theory coupling is multiplied by Z, is emergence of SC from an incoherent state different ?Local Approximation works well for normal state. 

Page 5: Gabriel Kotliar - college-de-france.fr · theory on a plaquette, and variationalGutzwillerRVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a pseudogap

The integral of gamma (T) gives the entropy contained in the superconducting state at Tc.  The integrals of the entropies  give the condensation energy.  

From Incoherent Metal to SC

From FL to SC ?

n sc

Sn(T)‐S(T)=0 at Tc and at T=0

Page 6: Gabriel Kotliar - college-de-france.fr · theory on a plaquette, and variationalGutzwillerRVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a pseudogap

Ishida et. al. Nature 396, 658 (1998)Ishida et. al. Nature 396, 658  (1998) 

See however later Knight shift expts.

Page 7: Gabriel Kotliar - college-de-france.fr · theory on a plaquette, and variationalGutzwillerRVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a pseudogap

Common Features of Many Heavy Fermion Systems  : Interplay with (parasitic ?)magnetismInterplay with (parasitic ?)magnetism.

Two dimensional representation OddTwo dimensional representation. Odd parity. Several basis functions possible. 

“Singlet “: even parity

Page 8: Gabriel Kotliar - college-de-france.fr · theory on a plaquette, and variationalGutzwillerRVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a pseudogap

Unconventional Superconductivity Loves Companythe company of a competing phase

heavy fermions

C t C bi QCPCuprates Cubic QCP

organics

Superconductivity  is “close “ to and AF phase. SF mediation of high Tc?“GENERIC “

Page 9: Gabriel Kotliar - college-de-france.fr · theory on a plaquette, and variationalGutzwillerRVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a pseudogap

Spin Fluctuation Viewpoint 

• Theory of  nearly ferromagnetic transition metals.   Spin fluctuations t ib t t th d i d i b k RPA ( id i ti )contribute to thermodynamics and are pair breakers. RPA (mid sixties)

• They played an important role in mediating p –type superconductivity in Helium3 (seventies) 

• Collective modes in itinerant systems giving rise to important• Collective modes in itinerant systems, giving rise to important thermodynamical contributions near a QCP (seventies).Treatments beyond RPA.

• Theories. Effective theory: QP interacting with bosons. MicroscopicTheories. Effective theory:  QP interacting with   bosons. Microscopic theories such as Hubbard model.

• Heavy Fermion superconductivity (Beel Monod Bourbonnais Emery,  Miyake Schmidt Rink, Varma, Scalapino, Hirsch, Loh) motivated the 

i d i l i i Al i (E )extensions to  d singlet pairing. Also organics(Emery).

• Intensive studies of this mechanism  for the  cuprates (Scalapino, Pines Montoux Ueda Moriya Lonzarich Tremblay )Pines, Montoux, Ueda, Moriya, Lonzarich, Tremblay, ……)

Page 10: Gabriel Kotliar - college-de-france.fr · theory on a plaquette, and variationalGutzwillerRVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a pseudogap

Correlated Superconductivity Point of View• The ideas emerged in response to the discovery of high Tc (P.W 

Anderson’s 1987 Science article).  Connection between superconductivity and proximity to a Mott insulator spin liquid.p y p y p q

• (1987‐1988)Mathematical formulation with slave boson mean field theory on a plaquette,  and variational Gutzwiller RVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a   pseudogap at finite temperaturespseudogap at finite temperatures.    

• The approach to the Mott insulator renormalizes the kinetic energy , pairing of spins gets stronger  as the insulator is approached, Trvbincreases. Singlets formation M* finite Z proportional to doping.increases.  Singlets formation M  finite Z proportional to doping. Repulsion does not matter for pairing. 

• The proximity to the Mott insulator reduce the local charge stiffness.  Superconductivity requires formation of quasiparticles.   TBE goes to zerop y q q p BE g

• Superconducting dome.  Proximity to localization/delocalization transition matters for finding optimal Tc. 

• Pseudogap has same symmetry as superconducting state. • Significantly improved formulation with DMFT. (single site and cluster, 

over the past decade, continues today ).

Page 11: Gabriel Kotliar - college-de-france.fr · theory on a plaquette, and variationalGutzwillerRVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a pseudogap

Paramagnons and Phonons:  the  main Differences

• Phonons are fundamental degrees of freedom spin fluctuations arePhonons are fundamental degrees of freedom, spin fluctuations are emergent degrees of freedom, much harder to evaluate their parameters.

• Phonons propagate, spin fluctuations are damped. No precise analogy between  Debye energy and T0.   

• Spin fluctuations are important  ONLY when they are close to an instability, so the analogy is with ANHARMONIC phonons (difficult problem )problem ). 

• Weak coupling approximations capture the  key ideas. [  RPA, 2PSCS….] . Infrared singularities in 2d, not fully sorted out. 

• Strong k dependence of the coupling solve full k and omega• Strong k dependence of the coupling, solve full k and omega dependent Dyson  equations .

• Self consistency vs non self consistency at one particle level. [ TPSC uses bare greens functions to be able to reach stronger couplings, g g p gmix self consistency  inside the SC state? ]

Page 12: Gabriel Kotliar - college-de-france.fr · theory on a plaquette, and variationalGutzwillerRVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a pseudogap

In the absence of a completely accepted theory, one can look  at the phase diagrams and the issues surrounding superconductivity  in a given class of materials keeping  both the spin fluctuation theory  (or soft mode exchange for other competing phases) and the correlated superconductivity theory as alternative complementary points of view

At each stop one needs to ascertain, key variables

correlated superconductivity theory as alternative complementary points of view. 

At each stop one needs to ascertain,  key variables for determining the occurrence  superconductivity transition ?  • Degree of two dimensionality ?• Degree of coherence incoherence ?

h l l ?• Proximity to the localization transition ?• Pairing Mechansims• Factors limiting the TcFactors limiting the Tc• Proximity or connection to other phases.• …………

Page 13: Gabriel Kotliar - college-de-france.fr · theory on a plaquette, and variationalGutzwillerRVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a pseudogap

Previous Lecture. Derived ME for multiband case, can be adapted to anisotropic SCcase, can be adapted to anisotropic SC

'2 2 2 1/2'' '

( )( ) ( )

[ ( ) ( ) ]j

j jjj j

i Z ii Z i i T i i

i Z i

' '[ ( ) ( ) ]j ji Z i

' ( )( ) ( ) j ii T i i

2 2 2 1/2, '

' '

( ) ( )[ ( ) ( ) ]

jj j j

j j

i T i ii Z i

Interpret j now as an angular momentum index on the fermi surface, j=1 A1g, j=2 B2g 

Tc = <> exp[−(1+1)/2] 

In the spin fluctuation model  the lambdas are taken to be quite large and <w>= Tsf.   See Lonzarich and Montoux (PRB) who solve the equations in the Full BZ. 

Page 14: Gabriel Kotliar - college-de-france.fr · theory on a plaquette, and variationalGutzwillerRVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a pseudogap

The spin fluctuation damping scale T0 or Tsf controls Tc25

30

35 PuCoIn5 H=0 T LaCoIn5

(Pu)

PuCoIn5

T0 or Tsf controls Tc15

20

25 mag(Pu) mag(Ce)

mag(

cm

)

0 50 100 150 200 250 3000

5

10

m

0 50 100 150 200 250 300T (K)

Is this a predictive tool that allows to “guess” Tc from two normal state properties ????

Page 15: Gabriel Kotliar - college-de-france.fr · theory on a plaquette, and variationalGutzwillerRVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a pseudogap

What determines  What determines  if magnetism and d wave if magnetism and d wave d ll ?d ll ?superconductivity coexists  microscopically or not ?  superconductivity coexists  microscopically or not ?  

Possible answer from  CDMFT, it is the correlation strength

M. Capone and G. KotliarPhys. Rev. B 74, 054513 (2006)

Page 16: Gabriel Kotliar - college-de-france.fr · theory on a plaquette, and variationalGutzwillerRVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a pseudogap

Organic salts are charged layers . The salts are inert and negatively charged. The organic molecules form stacks which are positively charged. 

Page 17: Gabriel Kotliar - college-de-france.fr · theory on a plaquette, and variationalGutzwillerRVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a pseudogap

Common theme in many high Tc, charged layers. Bechgaard salts, Cuprates, MgB2 , Kappa Organics

one hole

g , p , g , pp gconducting layer

di(ET)2 Cu[N(CN)2]Cl+

t’t

dimer

Cu[N(CN) ]Cl(ET)2

‐1+1

t’

Cu[N(CN)2]Cl(ET)2

closed shellconducting layer

equivalent model

(insulating layer)layer

Half Filling or Quarter Filling

side viewtop view

Half Filling or Quarter Filling one hole/one or two dimer

H. Kino and H. Fukuyama, JPSJ 65, 2158 (1996)

Page 18: Gabriel Kotliar - college-de-france.fr · theory on a plaquette, and variationalGutzwillerRVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a pseudogap

In Kappa Organics one can identify the Mott transition pointMott transition point.  

40

30

)

PI

M

20T

(K)

10AF

U-SCAF/SC

F. Kagawa, K. Miyagawa, + K. Kanoda PRB 69 (2004) +Nature 436 (2005)

Phase diagram of (X Cu[N(CN) ]Cl)

0

6004002000

P (bar)

PRB 69 (2004)  Nature 436 (2005)

Phase diagram of  (X=Cu[N(CN)2]Cl)S. Lefebvre et al. PRL 85, 5420 (2000), P. Limelette, et al. PRL 91 (2003)

Page 19: Gabriel Kotliar - college-de-france.fr · theory on a plaquette, and variationalGutzwillerRVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a pseudogap

Qualitative features of phase diagramd hare in good agreement with CDMFT. 

12

40

8

10

AF

SL40

30

20T

(K)

PI

M

X C (CN) (t’ t)

6

8

U/t

d−wave SC

10

0

6004002000

P (bar)

AF

U-SCAF/SC

X= Cu2(CN)3 (t’~ t)

2

4

M

P (bar)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2t’/t

0

2

t’/tB Kyung and A M Tremblay PRB  (2006)

Y. Kurisaki, et al.                           Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 177001(2005) Y. Shimizu, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, (2003)

Page 20: Gabriel Kotliar - college-de-france.fr · theory on a plaquette, and variationalGutzwillerRVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a pseudogap

Expected from BCS  No complete agreement within  different  ME calculations  with different methods. Narro bands. Mu*

Page 21: Gabriel Kotliar - college-de-france.fr · theory on a plaquette, and variationalGutzwillerRVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a pseudogap

Magnetism emerges upon expansionScience 323 20 March 2009: 1585

Cs3C60Predicted by strongly correlated superconductivity!!

Fcc version is synthsized. True Mottness . 

Ganin et. al. Nature (2010)

superconductivity!! Capone TossatiCastellani Fabrizio

Page 22: Gabriel Kotliar - college-de-france.fr · theory on a plaquette, and variationalGutzwillerRVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a pseudogap

The “space of Fe pnictide/chalcogenidematerials”

Simple  itinerant  metals ?pLocalized Fe d electrons ?

Mechanism of

K Fe Se

Mechanism of superconductivity ?Real time test for methodologies 

Paglione and Greene Nature Physics 6, 645(2010)

K1‐xFe2‐2xSe2

16

Page 23: Gabriel Kotliar - college-de-france.fr · theory on a plaquette, and variationalGutzwillerRVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a pseudogap

Tc ≈ Anion Height in Fe‐based SCs

Mizuguhci et al, (2010)23

Page 24: Gabriel Kotliar - college-de-france.fr · theory on a plaquette, and variationalGutzwillerRVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a pseudogap

Hunds Metals not doped Mott Insulators. Strength of correlations are due to  Fe Hunds rule J not to Hubbard U.  K. Haule and G. Kotliar cond‐mat  arXiv:0805.0722New Journal of Physics 11 (2009) 025021.  

U 5U=5ev

LDA value'.Kondo k kH J d d c cab a b a bs s+ +=å LDA value

Orbital blocking. In d^6 configuration exponential amplification is regulated by x‐fi ld V diff h id Yi l

, 'k ka bå

J J

J Jab

d

=

=

1JN

KNJ

T e r

r

-

-

=

fields. Very different than oxides. Yin et. al.  J Jab abd= JKT e r=

Later work by other DMFT groups now support this,  Liebsch and Ishida, Sangiovanni and Held, Aichorn et. al

Page 25: Gabriel Kotliar - college-de-france.fr · theory on a plaquette, and variationalGutzwillerRVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a pseudogap

Yin Haule GK nature materials 2011

angle

Overal trend consistent with Fe‐As distance 

Hybridization with pnictogen

23Same  F0 F2 F4 were used for all materials 

Page 26: Gabriel Kotliar - college-de-france.fr · theory on a plaquette, and variationalGutzwillerRVB wave functions, predicted the d wave superconductivity. Slave boson MFT predicted a pseudogap

On this and  most of the questions raised in this series of lectures the juryraised in this series of lectures the jury is still out, and the researchers are working their way into the mysteries of the high Tc landscapethe high Tc landscape. Many surprises are still ahead. 

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!!!THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!!!