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Developed in co-operation with the G-20 Clean Energyand Energy Efficiency Working Group
G-20 CLEAN ENERGY, AND
ENERGY EFFICIENCY DEPLOYMENT
AND POLICY PROGRESS
2011
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Developed in co-operation with the G-20 Clean Energyand Energy Efficiency Working Group
G-20 CLEAN ENERGY, AND
ENERGY EFFICIENCY DEPLOYMENT
AND POLICY PROGRESS
The IEA would like to thank the Organisation of the Petroleum Expor ting Countries (OPEC), the International
Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), and all participants in the G-20 C3E Working Group for their constructive
review and comment of the earlier drafts of this report.
This inormation paper was prepared or the G-20 Clean Energy and Energy Efciency Working Group (C3E)
in October 2011. It was drated by IEAs Energy Technology Policy Division in co-operation with other
Divisions o the IEA. This paper reects the views o the International Energy Agency (IEA) Secretariat,but does not necessarily reect those o individual IEA member countries. For urther inormation,
please contact Antonia Gawel at: [email protected]
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974.Its primary mandate was and is two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its membercountries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative
research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 28 membercountries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation amongits member countries, each o which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days o its net imports.The Agencys aims include the following objectives:
n Secure member countries access to reliable and ample supplies o all orms o energy; in particular,through maintaining eective emergency response capabilities in case o oil supply disruptions.
n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protectionin a global context particularly in terms o reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contributeto climate change.
n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis ofenergy data.
n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure uture energy supplies
and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energyefciency and development and deployment o low-carbon technologies.
n Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement anddialogue with non-member countries, industry, international
organisations and other stakeholders.IEA member countries:
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea (Republic o)
Luxembourg
NetherlandsNew Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
The European Commission
also participates in
the work o the IEA.
Please note that this publication
is subject to specifc restrictions
that limit its use and distribution.
The terms and conditions are available
online atwww.iea.org/about/copyright.asp
OECD/IEA, 2011
International Energy Agency9 rue de la Fdration
75739 Paris Cedex 15, France
www.iea.org
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3
Tableofcontents
Background.............................................................................................................................................5
Scopeandmethodology........................................................................................................................6
Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................
7
Introductionandsummaryoffindings..................................................................................................8
CleanenergytechnologydeploymentandpoliciesinG20countries...............................................10
Energyefficiency...........................................................................................................................10
Renewablepower.........................................................................................................................17
Nuclearpower...............................................................................................................................24
Renewableheatingandcooling....................................................................................................28
Carboncaptureandstorage..........................................................................................................31
Transport.......................................................................................................................................33
Annex1.C3EWorkingGroupquestionnaire.......................................................................................43
Acronyms,abbreviationsandunitsofmeasure.................................................................................45
References............................................................................................................................................46
Listoffigures
Figure1IncrementaltotalprimaryenergysupplyinG20andtheworld200009...............................9
Figure2GlobalenergyrelatedC02emissionsforG20andtheworld200009.....................................9
Figure3Evolutionofrenewableelectricitygeneration,200510........................................................18
Figure4Growth
in
wind
capacity
2005
10
...........................................................................................
18
Figure5GrowthinsolarPVcapacity200510......................................................................................19
Figure6Globalnuclearcapacityandestimated2015capacity...........................................................25
Figure7Nuclearcapacityunderconstructiongloballyandnumberofreactors.................................25
Figure8Trendsinglobalcapacityofsolarheatingsystems,200509.................................................28
Figure9OperatingandplannedprojectsintheG20groupofcountries...........................................32
Figure10AggregatedG20membernationaltargetsforEV/PHEVs...................................................34
Figure11Globallightdutyvehiclefueleconomy................................................................................36
Figure12Averagefueleconomytrendsthrough2008byregion,withenactedor
proposedtargetsthrough2020............................................................................................37
Figure13Globalbiofuelsproductionbytypeoffuel,200510............................................................39
Listoftables
Table1Annualgrowthrates200010and2010statusofdeploymentfor
cleanenergytechnologies.........................................................................................................8
Table2Buildingenergyefficiencypolicytypes....................................................................................11
Table3SummaryofG20countrybuilding,lightingandapplianceefficiencypolicies.......................12
Table4SummaryofG20countryindustryefficiencypolicies............................................................16
Table5SummaryofG20countryrenewableelectricitypolicies........................................................20
Table6SummaryofG20countriesnuclearpolicies...........................................................................26
Table7Barrierstoheatandrenewableheatdeployment..................................................................29
Table8Summary
of
G
20
country
renewable
heat
policies
................................................................
29
Table9SummaryofG20countryCCSregulatorydevelopmentandlargescaleprojectfunding......32
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Table10SummaryofG20countryelectricvehiclepolicies...............................................................35
Table11SummaryofG20countryfueleconomypolicies..................................................................37
Table12SummaryofG20countrybiofuelspolicies...........................................................................40
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5
Background
In their June 2010 Communiqu, G20 leaders stressed that their overriding objective is to
safeguard and strengthen the (global economic) recovery and lay the foundation for strong,
sustainable and balanced growth (G20, 2010a). In line with achieving this objective, their
November2010
Seoul
G
20
Communiqu
committed
to
support
country
led
green
growth
policies
that promote environmentally sustainable global growth along with employment creation while
ensuring energy access for the poor. (They) recognise that sustainable green growth, as it is
inherently a part of sustainable development, is a strategy of quality development, enabling
countries to leapfrog old technologies in many sectors, including through the use of energy
efficiency and clean technology. Countries agreed to take steps to create, as appropriate, the
enablingenvironmentsthatareconducivetothedevelopmentanddeploymentofenergyefficiency
and clean energy technologies, including policies and practices in (their) countries and beyond,
includingtechnicaltransferandcapacitybuilding.
Whilesupportingtheongoing initiativesoftheCleanEnergyMinisterial,theEnergyExpertsGroup
was
requested
to
monitor
and
report
back
()
on
progress
at
the
2011
Summit
in
France
(G
20,
2010b).
Insupportof this request, the InternationalEnergyAgency (IEA)hasworked incollaborationwith
theCleanEnergyandEnergyEfficiency (C3E)WorkingGroup,with input fromother international
organisations todevelop this report,whichhighlightsG20 country andC3Ememberprogress in
cleanenergyandenergyefficiencytechnologydeploymentandpolicydevelopment.
Whilemany energy efficiency and clean technologieswillbe required to enable environmentally
sustainable global growth, this report focusesonlyonprogress in those technologieshighlighted
within the C3E questionnaire (see Annex I), which include energy efficiency, renewable power,
nuclearpower,renewableheat,carboncaptureandstorage(CCS)andtransport.
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Scopeandmethodology
UponrequestoftheC3E,thisdraftreportprovidesanoverviewofcurrentcleanenergytechnology
deployment,andsummarisespoliciesinplacetoacceleratetheuptakeofthesetechnologiesacross
G20andC3Emembercountries.
ThisreportisintendedtoinformthediscussionsoftheC3Eanddoesnotincluderecommendations
foraction.Following theguidelinesof theC3E, theReportpolicycontent isdrawnpredominantly
from the Working Group country submissions. The report summarise contents from these
submissionsthatwerecomparable,andforwhichinformationwassubmittedbyasufficientnumber
ofcountries.Theshorttimeframeavailabletoreviewcountrysubmissionsandcompletethisdraft
reportonlyallowedforbriefinteractionwithcountriestoclarifycontents.Whilenotalldetailsofthe
individualsubmissionsareincludedinthereportpolicytables,thesearecontainedinthedocument
CompendiumofG20C3EWorkingGroupQuestionnaireSubmissions.
AstheIEAhasaimedtoprovideascompletepolicyinformationaspossible,somepolicydetailshave
been supplemented where incomplete with information from the IEA Policies and Measures
Database(http://www.iea.org/textbase/pm/index.html).
For
countries
that
did
not
submit
the
C3E
questionnaire, information already available to the IEA has been included in the report. Some
historicaltechnologydeploymentdatahasalsobeenincludedthroughoutthereporttoprovidethe
readers with basic, but necessary context about the status of the various technologies being
discussed.
Theterm G20countriesusedthroughoutthereport, includesthefollowingcountries:Argentina,
Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, European Union, France (G20 Presidency), Germany, India,
Indonesia, Italy (C3EWGCoChair), Japan,Republicof Korea (C3EWGCoChair),Mexico,Russia,
SaudiArabia,SouthAfrica,Spain(C3EWGCoChair),Turkey,UnitedArabEmirates(G20Observer),
United Kingdom, and United States. These countries are all members of the G20 C3E Working
Group.
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Acknowledgements
ThisreportreliesheavilyonthepolicyinformationsubmittedbymembercountriesoftheG20C3E
workinggroup.Wewould therefore first like to thankall thoseofficials fromG20countrieswho
contributed longhourstothiseffort,withoutwhichthisreportwouldnothavebeenpossible.We
wouldalso
like
to
thank
the
Organisation
of
the
Petroleum
Exporting
Countries
(OPEC),
the
InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency (IRENA),andallparticipants in theC3Eworkinggroup for
theirconstructivereviewandcommentoftheearlierdraftsofthisreport.Whilethisfinalreportwas
notabletotakeallviews intoaccount, ithasaimedtopresentabalancedreflectionofthe inputs
received. This report would also not have been possible without the strong support of the C3E
workinggroupanditscochairs:Italy,Spain,andtheRepublicofKorea.
TheproductionofthisreportwascoordinatedandcoauthoredbyAntoniaGawel,withsignificant
section information analysis and drafting from the following colleagues: Adam Brown, Zuzana
DobrotkovaandAdaMarmiononrenewablepowerandheat;AnselmEisentrautonbiofuels;Robert
TromopandCharlotteForbesonenergyefficiency;FranoisCuenot,LewFultonandTaliTriggon
transport;
Sean
McCoy
and
Justine
Garrett
on
Carbon
Capture
and
Storage;
and
Kevin
Breen
on
nuclearenergyandotherreportaspects.
Finally, we would like to thank, Bo Diczfalusy, Paolo Frankl, Lew Fulton, Rebecca Gaghen,
AmbassadorRichardH.JonesandMarkusWrakeoftheIEAfortheirguidanceandforcoordinating
input from their respective teams.GillianBalitrand,AnnetteHardcastleandCatherine Smith also
providedformattingandreviewsupport.
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Introductionandsummaryoffindings
The deployment of clean energy technologies around the world is progressing rapidly:
implementationofenergyefficiencypoliciesisimproving,renewableenergytechnologieshaveseen
27%to56%growthrates inrecentyears1,andgovernmentsarebeginningtosetgoalstosupport
thedevelopment
of
advanced
vehicle
markets.
Table
1provides
abrief
overview
of
deployment
levelsandgrowthratesinanumberofcleanenergytechnologies:
Table1Annualgrowthrates200010and2010statusofdeploymentforcleanenergytechnologies
Technology Growth rate 2010 status of deployment
Biofuels 24% 104 billion litres
Biomass power 8% 284 TWh
Hydro power 3% 3 428 TWh
Solar PV 56% 34 TWh
CSP 29% 2 TWh
Wind 27% 338 TWh
Geothermal power 4% 72 TWh
Nuclear power 0% 2 630 TWh
Solar thermal heat 11% 172 GWth
Carbon Capture and Storage - 8 large scale projects in operation*
Electric vehicles - -
*AccordingtoGCCSIdatabaseassessment,2011.
Note:Allgrowthratesarecalculatedasaverageannualgrowthratesfrom2005to2010withtheexceptionofsolarthermalheatwhichis
calculatedfrom200509.Renewablegenerationfor2010isestimateddata.Solarthermalstatusispresentedfor2009.
Source:IEAStatistics
While thisprogresshasbeenpositive, theworld is still largelydependenton fossil fuels tosatisfy
growth in globalenergydemand (Figure1). In thepastdecade, coalhasmetnearly50%ofnew
electricitydemandgloballyandoilcurrentlyaccounts94%ofenergysupplyinthetransportsector.
While renewablesgrowthhasbeenpositive,nonhydropower renewables representedonly3%of
finalelectricityproduction in2009. Improvingenduseefficiency,enhancingtheefficiencyof fossil
fuelbasedpowergeneration,andsupportingthewidespreaddeploymentofCCSwill,therefore,also
becrucialaspectsofthetransitiontoacleanerenergyfuture.
1From2005to2010,windpowergrewandanaveragerateof27%peryear,andsolarphotovoltaicatanaveragerateof56%.
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Figure1IncrementaltotalprimaryenergysupplyinG20andtheworld200009
10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Otherrenewables
Biomassandwaste
Hydro
Nuclear
Gas
Oil
Coal
EJ
G20Europe
G20Pacific
G20Asia
G20Americas
G20Africa
Restoftheworld
Note:G20Europe includingRussia isFrance,Germany, ItalyRussia,SpainTurkey,UnitedKingdom.G20Pacific isAustralia, Indonesia,
JapanandKorea.G20Asia isChina, IndiaandSaudiArabia.G20Americas isArgentina,Brazil,Canada,Mexicoand theUnitedStates.
G20AfricaisSouthAfrica.AlldataisofficialIEAstatistics.
Theconsequencesof this trendarestarker thanever.Energy relatedCO2emissionsover thepast
decadehavesteadilyincreased(Figure2).Despitetheslightdropobservedin2009duetoreduced
economicdemand,early2010CO2emissionsestimatessuggestthattheywereatanhistorichighof
30.6Gigatonnes (Gt). This represents a 5%jump from theprevioushigh in 2008. Perhaps,more
important is that80%ofprojectedemissions from thepowersector in2020are locked indue to
infrastructureinvestmentsalreadymade.
Figure2Global
energy
related
C02emissions
for
G
20
and
the
world
2000
09
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
20 00 2 00 1 2 00 2 2 003 2 00 4 2 00 5 2 00 6 200 7 2 00 8 20 09 2010
GTofCO2
2010estimate
Restoftheworld
G20Africa
G20Pacific
G20Europe
G20Americas
G20Asia
Note:AlldataisIEAstatistics.2010dataareestimates.
The G20 group of countries represents close to 80% of these energy related CO2 emissions,
although individual countries show a wide range of current, historical, and percapita emissions
levels(percapitaemissionsrangedfrom1.4to17.7tonnesCO2in2009).TheG20groupistherefore
presentedwith
an
important
opportunity
to
make
collective
progress
towards
the
objective
of
developinganddeployingenergyefficiencyandcleanenergytechnologies.
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Cleanenergytechnologydeploymentandpoliciesin
G20countries
The transition towards a cleaner energy futurewill require thedevelopment anddeployment of
arrayof
technologies
across
the
entire
energy
sector
(IEA,
2010).
This
section
provides
an
overview
ofenergyefficiencyandcleanenergytechnologydeploymentandpolicyprogressinG20countries,
withafocusonthosetechnologiesincludedintheC3EWorkingGroupquestionnaire.Thisincludes
energyefficiency inbuildings, lighting,appliancesand industry; renewablepower;nuclearpower;
renewableheatingandcooling;carboncaptureandstorage,andtransport.
Energyefficiency
Energyefficiency isacrucial resource thatcanhelpmeet futureenergyneeds inallcountries. Its
benefits have the potential to be farreaching, by offsetting increases in final energy demand,
providingsavingsonenergybills,andenablingCO2emissionreductions.TherecentIEAstudySaving
Electricity in a Hurry also observed that implementation of energy efficiency measures is also
critically important to avoid prolonged electricity shortfalls, which are caused when demand
outpaces electricity available to customers. Prolonged electricity shortfalls can reduce economic
competitiveness by creating uncertainty in electricity supply and increasing electricity costs (IEA,
2011a).
Government policies in energy efficiency tend to focus in seven different areas: crosssectoral
activity,buildings,appliances, lighting, transport, industryandpowerutilities.Asallsectorsdiffer,
effective policy packages should reflect the diffuse and incremental nature of energy efficiency
actions. Policies also need to include a systemic approach, as no policy can be implemented in
isolation.
Theencouraging
news
is
that
public
policy
has
already
made
substantial
strides
in
successfully
transformingmarketsforanarrayofenergyefficientproducts, includingcompactfluorescent light
bulbs (CFLs), refrigerators, motors and key building components. These successes have been
deliveredbyasuiteofwelldesignedand implementedenergyefficiencypolicies,suchasbuilding
codes,standardsandlabelling(S&L),energycertificationschemesandutilityprogrammes.
However,pervasivebarriers toenergyefficiency investmentand implementationof relatedpolicy
measures remain: these include information, transaction, financing, institutional and structural
barriers, and regulatory issues that can slow down investment. As energy efficiency is diverse,
addressingthesebarrierscanbecomplex.Furthereffortsareneededtoadvanceintegratedbuilding
designandperformance,strengthenappliancestandardsacrosstheboard,improvemonitoringand
verification
of
labelling
and
certification
schemes,
incentivise
utilities
to
invest
more
in
energy
efficiency and provide a competitive framework for industry to invest in the Best Available
Technology(BAT).
The following section provides an overview of G20 country technology deployment and policy
progressintheareasofenergyefficiencyinbuildings,lighting,appliancesandindustry.
Energyefficientbuildings,lightingandappliancesTheenergyconsumptionof thebuildingssector isprojected togrow from2759Mtoe in2007 to
4407Mtoeby2050,withoverhalfthisconsumptioninresidentialbuildings.Deepcutsintheenergy
consumptionofthebuildingsectorcanhoweverbeattainedinacosteffectivewaybyimplementing
stringent
requirements
for
both
new
and
existing
buildings
and
deploying
currently
existing
energy
efficienttechnologiesonaglobalscale.
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Significantbarrierstoachievingthepotentialenergyefficiencysavings inbuildingsmust,however,
be addressed. These include split incentivesbetween tenant and landlords, lackof awarenessof
efficient technologies, absenceofqualified technicians andhigh initial investment costs.Ways to
helpovercomethesebarriersincludeensuringthatallnewbuildings,aswellasbuildingsundergoing
renovation, are coveredby energy codes andmeetminimum energyperformance requirements.
Thisshould
be
done
in
away
that
does
not
impact
the
provision
of
affordable
living
to
low
income
households.
SummaryofG20policies
Policies to improve the energy efficiency of existing buildings, with emphasis on significant
improvements to building envelopes and systems during renovations will help achieve energy
efficiencyobjectives.Inorderto improvetheenergyefficiencyofbuildingsspecifically,anarrayof
policy instruments are available. These include regulatory building codes, voluntary approaches,
economic instruments,energycertificationschemes,andminimumenergyperformancestandards
(MEPS)orS&Lforbuildingcomponents,asoutlinedinTable2below.
Table2Building
energy
efficiency
policy
types
Policy instrument Description
Regulatory building codesThese include energy efficiency standards for new buildings; the stringency of building codesstandards should be reviewed and advanced.
Voluntary approaches
These are a useful preliminary step for countries beginning to develop energy efficiencypolicies, in order to prepare for the development and implementation of mandatory buildingstandards. Currently, there is not significant information about this approach in G-20countries.
Economic instruments
These include grants and tax reduction. They are important across G-20 countries toincrease leverage in energy efficiency investments in buildings. The United StatesWeatherisation Assistance Program provides grants for energy efficiency retrofits. Over thepast 33 years, they have serviced more than 6.4 million low-income households and reducedannual energy bills on average by about USD 437 after weatherisation has taken place. In
France, Italy and the United Kingdom, tax incentives are a commonly used economicinstrument whereas Germany supports a preferential rate loan system for the energy-efficient renovation of buildings. Governmental subsidies and tax incentives for EnergyEfficiency technologies are provided in Russia under recently adopted Federal program andEnergy efficiency legislation.
Energy certification
schemes
These aim to make sure buyers and renters of buildings are adequately informed of thebuildings energy efficiency. Eight countries have implemented mandatory certificationschemes for buildings. On top of the mandatory certification scheme, voluntary certificationschemes exist and have been implemented with success: examples include Leadership inenergy and Environmental Design LEED (United States), Building Research EstablishmentEnvironmental Assessment Method BREAM (United Kingdom), and Haute QualitEnvironnementale HQE (France). Training of qualified experts on the energy certificationprocedure and informing citizens about energy certification is also fundamental. In Spain, theInstitute for Diversification and Energy Saving (IDAE) has carried out several campaigns,developed guides and carried out training courses, in collaboration with the Autonomous
Communities.Minimum energy
performance requirements
and Labels (MEPS or S&L)
for buildings components
Voluntary labelling schemes and minimum energy performance energy requirements areusually implemented for windows. The scope of the revised European Union EcoDesignDirective (2009/125/EC) has been extended to include energy-related products. In the nearfuture mandatory S&L requirements for windows are expected to be adopted within the EU.
Householdappliances represent thebestexampleofhowgovernmentpoliciesandpublicprivate
partnershipscantransformconsumerpurchasingofenergyconsumingequipment.Governmentled
MEPS and labelling programmes are used widely in this sector and have been transformative,
leading to increased functionality and efficiency of most appliances while reducing unit costs.
Productenergy labellingtakesoneoftwo forms:endorsement labelling,suchastheUnitedStates
EnergyStarlabel(generallyofvoluntarynature),andcomparativelabelling,alsousedwidelyacross
G20countries(usuallyintheformofmandatoryprogrammes).MexicousesavoluntaryFIDELabel
systemtocertifyandidentifyenergyefficientproductsfortheMexicanmarket.Indiaestablishedits
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12
mandatoryenergyefficiency labellingprogramme in2007 coveringmany appliances including air
conditioners, televisions, and refrigerators. Although enduse MEPS and labelling programmes in
equipment and buildings are being implemented with increasing frequency, the extent of
compliancevaries.
Lightingonitsownconsumesafifthofglobalelectricity.Globally,incandescentlampsareestimated
tohave
accounted
for
970
TWh
of
final
electricity
consumption
in
2005
(IEA
2006).
In
the
hypotheticalcasethatalltheselampsweretobereplacedbyCFLs,cumulativelythiswouldreduce
globalnet lighting costsbyUSD1.3 trillion from2008 to2030andavoid6.4GtCO2emissionsat
negativeabatementcost.Thephasingoutofinefficientlampsis,therefore,akeypriorityinthisarea.ToovercomethehighpurchasecostwhichheldbackthemarketpenetrationofCFLs initially,most
countries introduced the phaseout of incandescent light bulbs which began in 2010. Japan for
example, implementedMEPS forthemost inefficientbulbsandprogressedtoaremoval fromthe
marketof all incandescent lamps.Australia,Brazil,Russia,Canada andKoreahave announcedor
introducedpolicies thatwill lead to thephaseout incandescent lamps,whileChinaand Indiaare
consideringsuchpolicies.
Table3provides
an
overview
of
energy
efficiency
targets,
policies
and
their
progress,
with
afocus
onthebuildingsectorandinclusionofsomemeasuresrelatedtolighting,andhouseholdappliances.
Completecountrysubmissionswith furtherdetailscanbe found in thedocumentCompendiumof
G20C3EWorkingGroupQuestionnaireSubmissions.
Table3SummaryofG20countrybuilding,lightingandapplianceefficiencypolicies
Country Summary of Policies/Targets Policy type Progress/Status
Argentina
A variety of labelling rules, provisions andresolution on appliances, air conditioners andelectric appliances for washing, dryingclothes and lighting.
Labelling, voluntary andcompulsory schemes andminimum standards.
Implementation underway insome areas. Plan to implementin other areas.
Australia
Tax Breaks for Green Buildings Programallows eligible businesses that invest inimproving the energy efficiency of theirexisting buildings will be able to apply for atax break.
Under the Building Energy EfficiencyDisclosure Act 2010 there are mandatoryobligations applicable to many commercialbuildings. Most sellers or lessors of officespace of 2,000 square metres or more will berequired to obtain and disclose an up-to-dateenergy efficiency rating.
Energy Efficiency in Government Operations(EEGO) aims to reduce the energyconsumption of Australian Governmentoperations with particular emphasis on
building energy efficiency.
Clean Technology Food and FoundriesInvestment Program will provide grants tofood and beverage processing and metalfoundries and forging industry firms to investin energy-efficient capital equipment and low-pollution technologies and processes.
The Equipment Energy Efficiency (E3)Program applies Minimum EnergyPerformance Standards (MEPS) and EnergyRating Labels (ERLs) to appliances,equipment and lighting products.
Phase-out of inefficient lighting commenced
in 2009 with the removal of A shaped GLSincandescent lamps of all wattages from themarket.
Financial incentives
Regulatory
Scheme
Financial incentives
Standards
Implemented
Implemented
Government office buildings areto achieve the following energyintensity targets by June 2011:7,500 MJ/person per annum for
tenant light and power;400 MJ/m2 annum for centralservices.
Development underway
22 products are covered by theprogram with a further 20 beingproposed for futureconsideration.
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Brazil
Labelling Programme for residential,commercial and public buildings;
Labelling Programme, Energy Efficiency Sealand Minimum Energy PerformanceStandards, acting complementarily.
Education & outreach(labelling)
Regulatory (MEPs forAppliance )
Implementation underway
Fully Implemented
Canada
ecoENERGY for Buildings and Houses
ecoENERGY Retrofit Initiative
Education & outreach(Dollars to Senseworkshops, trainingprogrammes, rating &labelling); model codes;partnerships & capacitybuilding.
Financial Incentives forenergy efficiencyimprovements in homes &grants of up to USD 5 000per unit for home andproperty owners.
Substantial implementation
Substantial implementation
EuropeanUnion
Energy Efficiency Plan
Intelligent Energy Europe Programme (2007-13)
Regulatory instruments(binding measures,obligations for entities, etc)
Financial Incentives &subsidies (e.g., grants tolocal and regionalauthorities for developingbankable sustainableenergy investments).
Implementation underway,however: recent Commissionestimates suggest that the EU ison course to achieve only half ofthe 20% energy savingobjective. The Commission has,therefore, developed acomprehensive new EnergyEfficiency Plan.
Substantial implementationinother areas.
France
New buildings with low energy consumption50kWh/m2/year (2012) (in primary energy);positive energy buildings (2020)
European directives on eco-design andlabelling
Thermal Regulation 2012about to fully come intoforce; financial incentivesto building refurbishment;
thermal regulation forexisting buildings.
Regulations by family ofproducts linked withenergy.
Aims toreduce by 38% theprimary energy consumption ofexisting buildings by 2020.
Germany
A wide variety of Directives and Ordinancesexist in the buildings sector. Nationalregulation includes the Energy Saving Act(EnEG) and Energy Saving Ordinance(EnEV), other measures include the On-siteconsultation in residential buildings.
Regulatory(Directives, audits, etc)
Substantial implementation
Italy
Italian National Action Plan on EnergyEfficiency 2007- Decree 115/08- MD26/6/2009
e.g. Financial incentives to buildingrefurbishment (fiscal rebate as the minimumbetween EUR 100k and 55% of therefurbishment costs)
Target of 60 027 GWh/y by 2016;77 121 GWh/y by 2020
Regulatory Implementation underway
Japan
Act on the Rational Use of Energy: Reportingrequirements on the energy efficiency andmaintenance of buildings under construction/reconstruction/ large-scale repair/ extension;defines energy conservation standard forappliances and equipment based on Top-runner programme; labelling programmetargeted at home appliances.
The Strategic Energy Plan for Japan: sets
improvement goals for building and applianceenergy efficiency.
Regulatory Implementation underwayor plan to implement
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Korea
National legislation includes Article No. 66 onnew building code (Building Act); Article 66-2on new buildings energy performancecertification (Building Act) and Article No. 8on public buildings energy performancecertification.
For lighting, there are articles No. 22 on High-
efficiency equipment certification programmeand 4th Energy utilisation rationalisationmaster plan.
Regulatory Implementation underway. Planto implement other measures
Mexico
Law for Sustainable Use of Energy and theNational Program for the Sustainable Use ofEnergy (PRONASE).
Regulatory Implementation is underway insome areas such as theHipoteca Verde. In other areas,plan to implement.
Russia
Law No. 261 of 2009 establishes a rule thatbuildings, structures and facilities must meetenergy efficiency requirements during boththe start-up phase and during their operation.
In accordance with the legislation, effective 1January 2011 incandescent light bulbs ratedat 100 watts or higher that may be used onalternating current circuits for lighting, maynot be sold in the Russian Federation.
Approved requirements for lighting devicesand electric bulbs, a variety of labelling rules,provisions and resolution on electricappliances.
RegulatoryLabelling
Implementation is underway
SaudiArabia
A variety of policies are underway or beingconsidered, such as plans to establish SEECCenter to develop future plans, andManagement System Smart Building forbuildings and building materials.
Plan to implement
Spain
European Directives in place. SpecificSpanish Regulation includes Spanish EnergySaving and Efficiency Strategy 2011-12. TheTechnical Building Code (RD 314/2006) and
the Regulation on Building HeatingInstallations (RD 1027/2007) are beingreviewed. Approval of a Building EnergyCertification procedure for new buildings (RD47/2007). A procedure of energy certificationfor existing buildings is under development.Setting of eco-design requirements forproducts and energy labelling. Plan 330 andPlan 2000 to reduce by 20% energyconsumption by 2016 in 2 330 PublicBuildings through ESCOs (National, Regionaland Local). RD 1890/2008 regulates energyefficiency in street lighting installations.
Spanish RENOVE plans for electricalhousehold appliances and lifts.
Regulatory (bothEuropean and national)
Financial Incentives forenergy efficiency
improvements in buildings
Implementation orimplementation is underway
UnitedKingdom
Building, appliance and lighting are includedunder the EU Energy End-Use Efficiency andEnergy Services Directive to deliver 9%energy savings by 2016.
Measures include Building Regulations andcertification, European appliance standards,the Carbon Emissions Reduction Targetobligation on energy suppliers andinformation, fiscal incentives, advice andinformation services.
A mix of codes andstandards, regulatorymeasures (national andEU), labelling &information dissemination
Substantial implementation orimplementation underway.
UnitedStates
National measures include standards andincentives for energy efficient housingtechnologies, lighting, and appliances;labelling programmes such as EnergyStar;and various public-private partnershipactivities such as the Commercial BuildingInitiative.
A mix of codes andstandards, regulatorymeasures, financialincentives, labelling &information dissemination
Substantial implementation orImplementation underway insome areas; Plannedimplementation in some areas.
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EnergyefficiencyinindustryTheenergyintensityofthemanufacturingindustryasawholehasbeendecreasingby1.3%peryear
since2005.Whilethismayhidesignificantfluctuationsinindustrialactivitycausedbyotherfactors
such as the economic recession, this trend bodes well for longterm energy savings targets. The
effect of these savings is significant: despite a 45% increase in output, final energy in the
manufacturingsectordecreasedby0.6%between1990and2006(IEA,2009).
SummaryofG20policies
Energyefficiencypolicyinmostcountrieshasdrawnoneconomicincentivestodrivethemarketfor
moreadvancedenergyefficientequipment,reducingtheupfrontinvestmentcostthroughtaxrelief
or subsidies, grants or loans. Many countries provide lists of eligible energy efficient equipment
whichactasan informationorbenchmarkingtoolforcompanyorpublicsectorprocurement(IEA,
2011c).Turkeyhasestablishedaprogrammeoffinancialgrantsforindustrybasedenergyefficiency
projects that reduce energy intensity by 10% on average over three years in industrial
establishments. Canadas ecoENERGY for Industry Programme devoted approximately
CAD18
million
in
information
sharing
and
technology
investments
to
encourage
energy
intensity
reductionsinindustrialplants.
Many G20 countries are continuing, or expanding, their promotion of energy management in
industry. These policies commonly include the provision of energy management tools, training,
energymanager certificationandqualityassurance.Forexample, theAustralianEnergyEfficiency
Opportunities (EEO)program requires largeenergyusers (consumingmore than0.5petajoulesof
energyinayear)toassesstheirenergyuseandreportpublicly,andtothegovernmentonidentified
savings. Nevertheless, with few G20 countries implementing energy management support
programmes,significantroomforimprovementremains.Therehavebeendevelopmentstowardsa
globalenergymanagement standardunder the InternationalStandardsOrganisation (ISO),whose
new ISO 50001 will establish a framework for industrial plants, commercial facilities or entire
organisationsto
manage
energy.
This
standard
was
recently
approved
as
aDraft
International
Standard (DIS).Targetingbroadapplicabilityacrossnationaleconomicsectors, it isestimated that
thestandardcouldinfluenceupto60%oftheworldsenergyuse(ISO,2011).
Theopportunities for improving theenergyefficiencyofelectricmotors areoftenmisseddue to
organisational structures in many companies, which separate equipment procurement from
operationandmaintenance.Thisgivesthepurchasingofficerlittlereasontolookbeyondthelowest
purchasepriceatpotentiallymoreefficienttechnologies.Onepolicyapproachtoovercomethis is
theuseofMEPS.TheUnitedStatesandCanadaare international leaders intermsofsettingmotor
energyefficiency standards, as they introduced MEPS regulations for motors in the late 1990s
followedbymanycountriessuchasChina,Australia,Korea,Brazil,andMexico.TheEuropeanUnion
alsopassed
MEPS
legislation
for
electric
motors
in
2009
as
an
implementing
measure
under
the
Eco
design Directive. Japan is considering applying the Top Runner Program under Energy
Conservation law to electricmotors. India and Russia have not adoptedMEPS but are currently
consideringtheirimplementation.
Energy providers have distinct advantages and play a major role in delivering energy efficiency
improvements inmanyG20 countries.An ability to recoverprogramme costs, compensation for
foregonerevenuesduetolowersales,andacceptablelevelsofregulatoryandotherrisksareamong
the factors that can enable energyproviders to embrace this role. Thesehave been achieved in
manyjurisdictions,notably InNorthAmericaandpartsofEurope. InBrazil,utilities collect1%of
electricity revenues,which isused to fundenergyefficiencyprogrammesaswellas researchand
development. The EUs Energy Efficiency Plan 2011 proposes legislation that will oblige energy
regulatorsand
energy
companies
to
take
steps
that
enable
their
customers
to
cut
their
energy
consumption. This could take the form of obligations to cut customer energy consumption, or
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requirements to implement certain typesofefficiency investmentprogrammes,eitherdirectlyor
throughEnergyServiceCompanies.
Table4providesanoverviewofenergyefficiencymeasures, targets andprogress in the industry
sector within G20 countries. Complete country submissions can be found in the document
CompendiumofG20C3EWorkingGroupQuestionnaireSubmissions.
Table4SummaryofG20countryindustryefficiencypolicies
Country Brief summary of Policies/Targets Policy type Progress/Status
Argentina
Decree N 140/2007.
Energy Efficiency Project in Argentina- GEF(Decree N 1253/09)
Regulatory Plan to implement
Australia
Energy Efficiency Opportunities Act (2006).Mandatory energy efficiency assessmentsand public reporting of results by Australia'slargest energy using corporations (280) andgenerators covering more than 55% of
Australia's energy use. The program alsodelivers capacity building materials and
workshops to support identification andimplementation of opportunities.
Regulatory Implemented
BrazilStudies are being undertaken on incentivesfor energy efficiency appliances.
Plan to implement
Canada
EcoENERGY aims at encouraginginformation-sharing regarding newtechnologies and best practices in industrialenergy use, as well as the adoption of anEnergy Management Standard. It is deliveredthrough the Canadian Industry Programmefor Energy Conservation (CIPEC).
Education and Outreach;Information Dissemination;Policy Processes; Project-BasedProgramme; Strategic Planning;Voluntary Agreement, PrivateSector/Government-arrangedagreements.
Substantialimplementation in industry
EuropeanUnion
Energy efficiency in industry will be tackledthrough energy efficiency requirements forindustrial equipment, improved information
provision for SMEs and measures tointroduce energy audits and energymanagement systems. Improvements to theefficiency of power and heat generation arealso proposed, ensuring that the EnergyEfficiency Plan includes energy efficiencymeasures across the whole energy supplychain.
Regulatory Implementation underway
France
European directive on CO2 emissions tradingscheme (reduction by 20% of the CO2emissions covered by the scheme in 2020).
Regulatory Plan to implement, butmany other industrial-related measures haveyet to be implemented
Italy
Italian National Action Plan on EnergyEfficiency 2007: Decree 115/08-
MD/6/2009- Law 99/ 2009-Decree 28/2011
e.g. Financial incentives for the purchase ofefficient electric motors or inverters (fiscalrebate of EUR 20k of the investment costs).
Regulatory ImplementationUnderway: 8270 Gxh/yhas been achieved by
2011
Japan
Act on the Rational Use of Energy: obligesfactors of defined energy consumption levelsto assign energy managers and reportenergy consumption. Factors consumingover 3000kl-oe must report on mid-termenergy consumption plans. Factories shouldalso endeavour to achieve 1% or morereduction in energy use annually.
Strategic Energy Plan for Japan (2010):promotes use of the most advanced energyconservation/ low-carbon technologies.
Regulatory Implementation underway
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Korea
Specific national regulations such as Article 42on GHG-Energy target management systemand Article 32 on Energy Audit: compulsory forindustrial users that exceed the baselinevolume of 2000 TOE for energy.
Regulatory: Energy savingloans
In some areas, fullimplementation has takenplace. In other areas,substantialimplementation orimplementation isunderway
Mexico
To update mandatory standard of efficiency inthree-phase motors; encourage thereplacement of inefficient motors throughpolicies such as Law for the Sustainable Useof Energy (LASE); National Program for theSustainable Use of Energy (PRONASE) andvarious strategies for new and existingequipment.
Regulatory: certificate &information programme
In many cases, plannedimplementation, orimplementation underway
Russia
Obligatory Energy audits and Energy savingprograms for State regulated companies, statesubsidies and guarantees for Energy Efficiencyprojects.
Regulatory: Auditing,
Information sharing,
Financial (tax incentives etc.)
Planned implementation,but for Energy auditsimplementation isunderway
SaudiArabia
Enhance Energy Efficiency (EE) and reduceintensity and Energy audits, Smart Metering,and Time of Use Tariff (TOU).
Auditing Planned implementation,but for some measures,implementation isunderway
Spain
A variety of specific national programmes,such as Public aid programmes, EnergyEfficiency Action Plan 2008-12, EnergyEfficiency Action Plan 2011-20 and RoyalDecree-Law 14/2010. Voluntary agreementsbetween the representative associations ofeach sector and Ministry and IDEA, and aPublic Support Programme are also in place.
Regulatory and Voluntary Implementation planned,or underway
UnitedKingdom
The United Kingdom Policy Framework is setout in the United Kingdom Energy Efficiency
Action Plan Update published in July 2011which can be found athttp://www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/11/meeting-energy-demand/international-energy/2289-uk-report-eu-enduse-esd.pdf
The framework includes action in the industrialsector including the Climate Change
Agreements with energy intensive sectors ofindustry, the Carbon Reduction CommitmentEnergy Efficiency Scheme and fiscalincentives.
Financial (taxes, taxincentives, etc), Regulatory,Voluntary Agreements,information dissemination,Emissions Trading
Substantialimplementation, orImplementation underway
UnitedStates
Measures include energy performancestandards for industrial equipment, voluntaryrecognition partnerships such as Save EnergyNow LEADERS and EnergyStar for Plants, andvarious technical assistance and best practiceprogrammes, such as Industrial AssessmentCenters and Green Suppliers Network.
Regulatory
Voluntary
Certification
Education and outreach
Substantialimplementation or
Implementation underwayin other ways
Renewablepower
Ataglobal scale, renewableelectricitygeneration2hasbeengrowingstrongly.Between2005and
2010,totalglobalgenerationfromrenewablesources increasedby22%,from3293to4159TWh
(Figure3).Hydropowerstillplaysthemajorrole,withashareof16.2%oftotalelectricityproduction
in2009,andhasbeen increasingsteadily(atanaverageof17%annualgrowthbetween2005and
2010). The nonhydro renewable electricity generation technologies have been growing more
rapidly,albeitfromamuchlowerbase,withgenerationdoublingoverthelastfiveyears.Although,
itsoverallshareoftotalelectricityproductionremainslow,at3%in2009,someindividualcountries,
particularlyinEurope,havemadeimportantstrides.
2Withinthissection,nonhydrorenewablesincludewind,solar,biomass,geothermalandoceanenergy.
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Figure3Evolutionofrenewableelectricitygeneration,200510
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
NonhydroRest
ofWorld
HydroRestof
World
NonhydroG20
HydroG20
TWh
Source:BasedonIEAstatisticsandestimates.
Figure3showstheimportanceofG20countriesinthisfield.76%ofhydrogenerationiswithinthe
G20Group,andallthegrowthinhydrogenerationoverthelastfiveyearshascomefromwithinthe
G20countries (notably inChina).93%ofnonhydrorenewablegenerationoccurswithintheG20
countries,wheregenerationdoubledbetween2005and2010.
Whilegenerationfromallthetechnologieshasbeengrowing,themostdramaticgrowthhasbeenin
thewindandsolarphotovoltaic(PV)sectors.Windcapacityhasgrownfrom59to194GWoverthe
lastfiveyears(Figure4)withover97%ofinstalledcapacitywithinG20countries.
Figure4Growthinwindcapacity200510
0
50
100
150
200
250
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
GW
RestofWorld
RestofCEM
India
Spain
Germany
US
China
Source:IEAanalysisbasedonGWECandWWEA.
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TheglobalgrowthofPV in recentyearshasalsobeen remarkable,albeit froma lowbase.Global
capacitywasbelow5GWinonly2005andistodayatthe40GWmarkalmosta10foldincreasein
fiveyears.Mostofthisrapidgrowthhastakenplaceinaverylimitednumberofmarketsandnearly
allthedeployedPVhasbeeninstalledwithinG20membercountries(Figure5).
Figure
5
Growth
in
solar
PV
capacity
2005
10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
GW
RestofG20
US
Italy
Japan
Spain
Germany
Source:IEAanalysisbasedonIEAPVPS,EPIA,BNEF,andothercountryspecificsources.
SummaryofG20policies
Strong renewables targetsand supportpolicies that stimulateR&D, innovationand investment in
renewable generation viaeconomic support andmarket accesspolicieshavedrivenmuchof the
recentgrowthintherenewablesmarket.SeventeenoftheG20membersnowhavenationaltargets
forrenewableelectricitygeneration.Thesetargetsareexpressedinvariouswayssomearetargets
fortheproportionofrenewableenergyinthetotalenergymix,somespecifictotheelectricitysector
andsometechnologyspecific.
Since 2005, six additional G20 countries have adopted renewable energy targets. Many other
countrieshaveextendedorupdated their targets, settingmoreambitiousand longer termgoals.
TheUnitedStatesandCanadahavenofederaltargets,althoughtherearesometargetsattheState
andProvincial/Territoriallevels.
Currently, almost all G20 countries have in place measures aimed at catalysing investment in
renewableelectricitygenerationvia financing,pricing, fiscal,publicbidding, andallprovide some
formofR&Dpolicysupport.Overthelastfiveyearsmanycountrieshaverefinedtheirpolicies,such
asfeedintariffsystems,toimprovetheirimpactondeploymentortomakethepoliciesmorecost
effective. Several countries now have different mechanisms in place for different sectors or
technologies.Onestrongrecenttrendistheintroductionofpubliccompetitivebiddingprocessesto
auctionrenewableenergygeneration,asisthecaseinMexico,Brazil,ArgentinaandSouthAfrica.
While renewable energy targets are generally supported by a suite of policies and programmes
which encourage and facilitate investment, financial incentives alone are not sufficient, as other
noneconomicbarriers(likegridaccessorcomplexadministrativeprocedures)canimpedeprogress
andincrease
investment
costs.
A
comprehensive
policy
package
is
necessary
to
ensure
that
renewable energy technologies are deployed as cost effectively as possible. While the detailed
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design of policies will be specific to a countrys own circumstances and policy environment,
experience has demonstrated that a number of policy design criteria can be applied to enable
efficiencyandcosteffectiverenewableenergydesign.Dependingonspecificcircumstances,these
mayinclude:
An overall strategic approach which puts renewables in the context of the overall nationalenergy
policy
goals,
focussing
on
the
technologies
that
can
most
easily
meet
policy
needs
in
the
shortandlongterm;
Atransparentandstablerenewablespolicyenvironmentandsupportiveregulation,providingasuitableenvironmentforinvestment;
Appropriatetariffsthatincentiviseinvestmentintherequiredtechnologies,butcanbeadjustedin light of technology progress and cost reductions, so as not to over reward investors and
developers;
Priorityaccessanddispatchforrenewablegeneratorstothegrid;
Streamlinedadministrativeproceduresandasupportiveinstitutionalframework.
Table 5belowprovides a summaryofG20 country renewable energypolicies, including targets,
financial support schemes (feedin tariffs, tenders, taxpolicies, grants, green certificate schemes,
tradablepermits),andotherrenewableenergysupportpolicies.Completecountrysubmissionscan
befoundinthedocumentCompendiumofG20C3EWorkingGroupQuestionnaireSubmissions.
Table5SummaryofG20countryrenewableelectricitypolicies
Country Targets Financial support Other RE support policy
Argentina
Target: 8% share ofRenewable Energies inNational ElectricityConsumption (2016).
National Programme ofHydro power tendered:
Chihuidos I (637MW), CndorCliff (1140 MW), LaBarrancosa (600 MW)
National Strategic WindPower Plan: futureimplementation
Tender and tax policy: NationalPromotion Scheme for the use ofrenewable sources destined to theproduction of electrical energy.
Financial Support: Fiduciary Fundcreation destined to the payment of a
renewable electricity generation bonus.Tax benefits: Act N26.190
Institutional creation: Secretary ofEnergy resolution N 712/2009 enablessupply contracts between Compaa
Administradora del Mercado MayoristaElctrico S.A. (CAMMESA) andENARSA in the context of theGENREN Programme.
Financial support to Hydroconstruction: Secretariat of EnergyResolution N 762/2009
Law N 26.123: HydrogenResearch and developmentProject
Law N 26.190: NationalDevelopment Scheme for the Useof Sources Renewable energy for
Electricity ProductionLaw N 26.093: Regulation andPromotion Scheme for Productionand Sustainable Use of Biofuels
PERMER: Energy poverty in ruralareas programme
Australia
Renewable Energy Target:20% electricity from renewable
sources by 2020
Renewable Energy certificates:Small-scale Renewable Energy
Scheme (SRES) and Large-scaleRenewable Energy Target (LRET)
Investment: Clean Energy FinanceCorporation (CEFC)
Research grants: Clean TechnologyInnovation programme; AustralianSolar Institute
Two for one grant funding basis:Renewable Energy Demonstrationprogramme
Emerging Renewables funding andprogram delivery for the developmentof renewable energy
Equity Investments: RenewableEnergy Venture Capital Fund
Installation grants: RemoteIndigenous Energy
R&D grants for solar PV andThermal:Australian Solar Institute
(ARENA program)Infrastructure Funding:Connecting renewables FundResearch and demonstrationprogramme: The Solar Citiesprogramme
Carbon Tax non-technologyspecific fiscal policy/ taxdeduction for the exploration ofgeothermal energy
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Grants: Geothermal drillingprogramme; National Solar SchoolsProgram (NSSP); Low EmissionsTechnology Demonstration Fund
Financial support: Solar FlagshipsProgramme-Financial support to large-scale demonstration of grid-connectedsolar plants
Demonstration grants:Acre Solar
Brazil
Decennial Plan for EnergyExpansion (PDE 2019):
Wind: 6.041 MW (expectedinstalled capacity by 2019,PDE 2019).
Hydro: 116.699 MW(expected installed capacity by2019, PDE 2019)
Biomass: 8 521 MW(expected installed capacity by2019, PDE 2019)
Small Hydro: 6.966 MW
(expected installed capacity by2019, PDE 2019)
Tradable permits and cash grants:Program for the Promotion of
Alternative Sources of Electric Energy(PROINFA).
Auctions sale and purchase ofelectricity: Wind, Biomass, Hydro
Framework policy: DecennialPlan for Energy Expansion (PDE2019)
Solar PV: The National ElectricEnergy Agency (ANEEL) and theMinistry of Mines and Energy areaiming at reducing barriers todeployment and integrating solarphotovoltaic energy in the nationalenergy portfolio
Canada
Credit based targeting the biomasssector: Pulp and Paper GreenTransformation Program (PPGTP)
Premium /kWh: ecoENERGY forRenewable Power
Capital Grants: ecoENERGY forAboriginal and Northern Communities
Tax Reduction: Income Tax Act, Class43.2 of Annex II
China
12th Five Year Plan: 30 GWof Biomass installed capacityby 2020; 16% of electricity
from renewables by 2020(including large hydro).
Feed-in tariff policies: Wind onshore,solar PV, biomass
Tenders: large scale hydro, wind.
Financial support: Golden Sunprogramme
Grid access and premium:Renewable Energy Law
Grants and premium: Biogas supportproject
Tax policy: Preferential Tax Policiesfor Renewable Energy
Offshore Wind expansionProgramme:Assessment anddeployment;
Policy framework: InternationalScience and TechnologyCooperation Programme for Newand Renewable Energy
Strategic planning: NationalClimate Change Program
EuropeanUnion
Directive 2009/28/EC- AllRenewables: 20% share ofrenewables in final energyconsumption and a minimum10% share of renewables inthe transport sector by 2020
Directive 2003/87/ECestablishing a scheme forGHG emission allowancetrading within theCommunity: 21% GHGreduction as compared to2005 by 2020
Framework policy withmandatory application:EU-Directive 2009/28/EC
on the promotion of the use ofenergy from renewable sources
France
Wind: 11 500 MW by 2012and 25 000 MW 2020; Solar:1 100 MW by 2012 and5 400 MW by 2020; Hydro:
Additional capacity of3 000 MW by 2020; Biomass:
Additional 520 MW in 2012,and 2 300 MW in 2020;
Offshore wind: 1 000 MW by2012 and 6 000 MW by 2020
Feed-in tariff: onshore wind, smallscale solar PV, small scale biomass
Calls for Tender: offshore wind, largescale solar PV, large scale biomass(priority given to cogeneration), marine,hydro (priority to storage hydropowerplants).
Fiscal Policy and other financialincentives: Finance Law 2009
Framework policy: Le Grenellede lenvironnement
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Germany
EU-Directive 2009/28/ECon the promotion of the useof energy from renewablesources: 20% share ofrenewables in final energyconsumption and a minimum10% share of renewables inthe transport sector by 2020.
Energy Concept 2010 of theFederal Government:Targets for gross final energyconsumption from renewables:2020: 18%;2030: 30%;2040:45%;2050: 60%.
Offshore wind power
10 GW by 2020 and 20 to25 GW by 2030
Targets for electricitygeneration by renewableenergies: 2020: at least 35%;2030: 50%; 2040: 65%; 2050:80%
Feed-in tariff and priority access forsolar: Renewable Energy Sources Act(EEG), wind, biomass and geothermalelectricity
Infrastructure investments: GridExpansion Acceleration Act (NABEG)
Investments in R&D:Act establishing
an Energy and Climate Fund 2011(EKFG-ndG)
Policy framework: GridExpansion Acceleration Act(NABEG)
Policy framework: Directive2009/31/EC on the geologicalstorage of carbon dioxide
R&D investment: From 2011 to
2014, EUR 3.4 billion will beinvested into the support of theresearch on energy. About 80% ofthe funds will be invested intoresearch on renewable energy(EUR 1.3 billion) and energyefficiency (EUR 1 2 billion)
The research will be financedthrough federal budget and theGerman Energy and Climate Fund(ECF)
India
Targets: 10% electricity fromrenewable sources by 2012
Electricity Act 2003: RenewablePurchase Obligation (RPO) mandatedby State Electricity RegulatoryCommission (SERC)
2006 Tariff policy- Feed-in tariffsestablished by CERC and SERC:Wind, small hydro, solar PV andthermal
Grants and feed-in premium:National Solar Mission
Subsidies and RD&D: CentralFinancial assistance for Biogas plants
Quota policy with green certificates:Renewable Energy Certificates systemMarch 2011
Framework Policy: ElectricityPolicy 2005
National Action Plan on ClimateChange (NAPCC) 2008: DynamicMinimum Renewables PurchaseStandard (DMRPS)andidentification of 8 core SolarMissions
RD&D grants: Solar citiesdevelopment programme
Indonesia
Target: 15% of electricitydemand from renewablesources by 2025
Guaranteed price: Purchase tariff forelectricity from geothermal
Tax incentives: Geothermalexploration programme
Framework policy: NationalEnergy Blueprint
Italy
National Renewable EnergyAction Plan (NREAP)/Legislative Decreeno.28/2011
Directive 2009/28/EC,Electricity from RES: 26.39%by 2020, out of which 5.33%from wind, 3.03% from solar,11.21% from hydro,5.01%from biomass, 1.80%
from geothermal
Feed-in Tariff/ Conto Energetico I toIV: Solar PV, biomass, hydropower,geothermal, tidal and wave
Feed-in tariff adjustment / Call fortenders: Decree 28 May 2011
Feed-in tariff for small scalerenewable: All renewable electricity
Tradable certificates: Provisions forthe Green energy certificate system
National electric systemresearch: RD&D
Japan
General target: 10% priorityenergy supply from renewablesources by 2020
Feed-in tariff: Solar PV
Grants: Residential Solar PVprogramme
Renewable Portfolio StandardSystem: Electricity from renewablesources
Framework policy:Comprehensive review ofJapanese energy policy
Act on purchase of RenewableEnergy Sourced ElectricityUtilities: Obligation to Purchasefor utilities the electricity fromSolar PV, wind power, hydraulicpower, geothermal and biomass
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Mexico
National Energy strategy:35% of total power capacitycoming from cleantechnologies by 2024
Special Program forRenewable Energy 2009:7.6% of total capacity coming
from renewable technologiesby 2012
Mandate and subsidies: Law for thedevelopment of renewable energy andenergy transition financing.
Targets and framework policy:2008 Renewable Energy Law(LAERFTE)
Framework policy: NationalEnergy Strategy 2010
Renewable energy strategydesign: Special Program for
Renewable Energy 2009
Republicof Korea
Korea 1st
National EnergyMaster Plan 2008-30: Energyintensity will be improved by11.3% by 2012 and to 46.7%by 2030
3rd
National RenewableEnergy Plan: 11.0% ofrenewable energy share intotal primary energy supply by2030, including 4 155 ktoefrom wind; 1 364 ktoe fromsolar PV; 1 447 ktoe fromhydro; 1 357 ktoe from
biomass; 1 261 ktoe fromgeothermal; 1 540 ktoe frommarine power.
Road-map for off-shore windpower:2.5GW by 2019
Investment and grants: 3rd NationalRenewable Energy Plan.
Feed-in tariff, subsidies, certificationscheme:Act on the promotion of thedevelopment use and diffusion of newand renewable energy (enforced on
April, 2010).
Demonstration investment: Road-map for off-shore wind power.
Framework policy: Korea 1stNational Energy Plan 2008-2020.
Portfolio Standard by 2012: Acton the promotion of thedevelopment, use and deploymentof new and renewable energy.
Russia
Regulation # 1 of the RFgovernment dated 8 January2009: Target 1.5 % ofelectricity generation fromRES in 2010; 2.5 % by 2015and 4.5% by 2020
Federal subsidies Framework Policy:Federal Law "On Power Industry" (as of26 March 2003 No.35-FZ (35-)
Mandate and Financial incentives:State Policy guidelines for promotingrenewable energy in the power sector
Eligibility criteria for subsidiesallocation: The Resolution of theGovernment of the RF # 850 as of20 October, 2010.
Framework policy: TheResolution of the RF Government# 1715- as of November 13, 2009
Infrastructure development: TheResolution of the RF Government# 823 On Plans and Programs ofProspective Electric PowerIndustry Development
Monitoring system: Order # 607of the Ministry of Energy of RF as
of 17 December 2010
SaudiArabia
King Abdullah City for Atomic &Renewable Energy (KACARE):Framework policy and researchcentre on solar, wind, biomass andgeothermal energies.
CDM Projects for solar, wind,biomass and geothermal.
SouthAfrica
Integrated resource plan forelectricity: 13% of totalelectricity demand fromrenewables by 2020, of which4 759 MW or 12.7% of totalcapacity from hydro; 9 200
MW or 10.30% of totalcapacity from wind; 1 200 MWor 1.3% of total capacity fromCSP and 8 400 MW or 9.4% oftotal capacity from PV.
Feed-in tariff: Biomass, hydro, solarPV and thermal, wind
Tenders / public bidding process: Allrenewable energy projects
Framework policy: White paperon renewable energy
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Spain
Directive 2009/28/EC: 20.8%of renewable energy share ingross final energyconsumption
Renewable Energy Plan2011-20 (final approve stillpending); 40% of electricity
generated from renewable, ofwhich 35 000 MW of windonshore, 750 MW of windoffshore, 7 250 MW of solarPV, 4 800 MW of solarthermal, 13 861 MW of hydropower, 1 950 MW of biomass,50 MW of geothermal and100 MW of marine power.
Research grants: The National Planfor Scientific Research, Developmentand Technological Innovation (R&D&I)
FIT for all renewable electricity:Royal Decree 661/2007.
Pre-registration obligation for FITentitlement: Royal Decree Act 6/2009
Royal Decree 1614/2010 on electricalenergy from wind and thermalelectric technologies: Limited hoursper year eligible to be supported by afeed in tariff
FIT for solar PV: Royal Decree1565/2010 on new tariff regulation forthe production of photovoltaic electricalenergy
Net metering: distributed generation
ICO Financing line: Low interest loans
Royal Decree 1028/2007:authorisation administrative procedurefor offshore wind plants
Renewable Energy Plan 2011-20(still to be approved by SpanishGovernment)
Spanish Strategy on ClimateChange and Clean Energy 2007-2012-2020: Measures willencourage the development of
biomass, thermoelectric andphotovoltaic solar, specificallyencouraging small PV facilities(less than 5 kW)
Promotion of competitiveness:Sustainable Economy Act (Law2/2011)
Pre-registration guidelines forFIT entitlement: Royal Decree
Act 6/2009
Permit application procedures:Royal Decree 1028/2007 on theauthorisation administrativeprocedure for offshore wind plants
TurkeyRenewable Energy Law2010: 30% electricity fromrenewable sources by 2023
Renewable Energy Law 2010: Feed-in tariff (wind, solar, biomass,geothermal) and bonus payments
Framework policy: Law ongeothermal resources and naturalmineral water;Strategic Plan 2010
UAE
Target: 7% renewable energygeneration capacity by 2020
Feasibility studies / Frameworkpolicy: Dubai Integrated EnergyStrategy 2030
Masdar demonstration project
UnitedKingdom
Directive 2009/28/EC/ 2011Renewables Roadmap: 15%of energy consumption fromrenewable sources by 2020.
Feed-in tariff Law: Wind, solar PV,Hydro, bioenergy
Renewable Obligation Policy:Mandate and Quota system
Framework policy: RenewablesRoadmap
Framework Policy: Energy Act;Climate change and sustainableenergy Act
UnitedStates
Although there is not a Federal
target, 24 of the 50 US stateshave Renewable PortfolioStandards in place
Tax policy: Examples include
Production Tax Credits; Investment TaxCredits; Residential Renewable EnergyTax Credit
Financial incentives: Examplesinclude Sustainable Energy Resourcesfor Consumers (SERC) Grants; Stateand Tribal Energy Programs; SunShotInitiative ($1 a Watt Initiative); RapidDeployment of Renewable Energy andElectric Power Transmission Projects;Renewable Energy ProductionIncentive (REPI)
Grants: Renewable EnergyDeployment Grants
Other policy support for renewable
energy deployment includes codesand standards, education, training,and workforce development atDOE Programmes for Solar, Wind,Water Power, Geothermal, andBiomass. This includes activitiessuch as the Federal Wind SittingInformation Center, Solar AmericaShowcases, Woody BiomassUtilization Initiative, Center forGeothermal Technology Transfer,State Climate and EnergyPartnership Program, and others
Nuclearpower
Deploymentofnewnuclearcapacityhasbeenlargelyflatoverthelastnumberofyearsworldwide
operational installednuclearcapacity increased from370GWeattheendof2005 to375GWeby
theendof2010.Worldwideelectricitygenerationfromnuclearpowerplantshasalsoremainedflat
ataround2600TWh.Therewas,however,asignificantnumberofconstructionstartsin2010.Given
the nuclear policy reviews following the recent major incident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear
power plant in Japan, it is however uncertain whether the previously planned rate and scale of
expansionwillbemaintained.
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Figure6Globalnuclearcapacityandestimated2015capacity
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
2005 2010 2015
GW
Restofthe worldUnitedStatesRussia
Japan
France
China
Source:IAEAPRISdatabase,2011.
Attheendof2010,therewere65plantsunderconstruction,ofwhich27were inChina,although
some have been in construction for a number of years. It is notable that the number of new
constructionstartsin2010wasthehighestsincethe1980s.
Figure7Nuclearcapacityunderconstructiongloballyandnumberofreactors
Source:IAEAPRISdatabase,2011andcountrysubmissions.
SummaryofG20policies
Following the Fukushima accident, there was a general review within countries of the safety of
existingplantsandareconsiderationofnewbuildprogrammes.Asaresult,Germanyannouncedan
acceleratedphaseoutofnuclearby2022,Switzerlandannouncedaphaseoutbutwithoutdefined
timelines to date and Italy voted in a referendum not to reintroduce nuclear. Elsewhere, many
countriescommitted toacomprehensivereviewofexistingplants,eitheratanational levelor, in
some
cases,
such
as
Europe
as
a
co
ordinated
and
harmonised
process.
The
results
of
this
latter
processareexpected towardstheendof2011and involvetestingofthecapabilityofthenuclear
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powerplantstowithstandexternaleventsandprolongedlossofcoolingfunctions,inadditiontothe
adequacyoftheiraccidentmanagement.
Howeverinothercountriestherewasareconfirmationofstated intentionsto introducenewbuild
inRussia,theCzechRepublic,TurkeyandtheUnitedArabEmirates,whileintheUnitedKingdomand
theUnitedStates,thevalueofnuclearaspartofadiverseenergymixwasrestated.Itisclearthat,
overall,there
will
be
aslow
down
in
nuclear
build
rates
and
it
is
uncertain
whether
growth
targets
willbeachievedintheexpectedtimeframe.Publicconfidencehasbeensignificantlyaffectedandre
establishing trustwillbe a long and challenging task.However it is not clear how extensive this
periodofreconsiderationwillbe.
Table6providesasummaryofG20nuclearenergytargets,policyframeworksandcurrentprogress.
Complete country submissions canbe found in thedocumentCompendiumofG20C3EWorking
GroupQuestionnaireSubmissions.
Table6SummaryofG20countriesnuclearpolicies
CountryTargets included innational legislation
Policy frameworks and nationalpriorities
Current progress
Argentina
Construction of a 4th nuclearpower plant, productive lifeextension of Embalse powerplant, completion of Atucha IInuclear power plant,construction of reactorCAREM.
Law N 26.566Declares of national interestEmbalse power plant life extensionas well as CAREM project and theconstruction of the fourth NuclearPower Plant.
Additionally, the Law gives powersto expropriate property for theconstruction of the IV NuclearPower Plant.
Atucha II is already testing itsprimary circuits. Contracts for lifeextension to Embalse have recentlybeen signed.
Australia
Environment Protection andBiodiversity Conservation Act 1999prohibits nuclear construction forpower generation.
Brazil
3 412 MW by 2019 Resolution No.3 of the BrazilianNational Energy Policy Council(CNPE), published on 25 June2007.
The increase of 70% (from2 007MW to 3 412 MW) in theinstalled capacity of nuclear powerplants in Brazil shall be achievedwith the entry into operation ofNuclear Power Plant Angra III,scheduled for June 2015.
Canada
Nuclear Energy Act, NuclearSafety and Control Act, NuclearFuel Waste Act, Nuclear Liability
Act
One new reactor under officialconsideration
EuropeanCommission
No targets at the EU level.
Nuclear Illustrative
Programmes indicates non-binding production targetsand required investments.
Legislation based on the EuratomTreaty. Focusing mainly on safetyand radiological protection
including: the Directiveestablishing a Communityframework for the nuclear safety ofnuclear installations 2009 andDirective on the management ofspent fuel and radioactive waste2011.
The Nuclear Safety Directive hasbeen transposed into nationallegislation in most of the Member
States.The Waste Directive must betransposed before 23 August 2013and Member States have to submittheir first national programmes in2015.
FrancePlans to construct two newEPR power plants
One EPR is under construction(Flamanville), the other one (Penly)is in the authorisation process
Germany
Planned phase-out of nuclearpower use for commercialpower generation by 2022 atthe latest.
Amendment to the Atomic EnergyAct July 2011 provided for thephase out of nuclear power to bereplaced with renewable power.
Eight (of 17) nuclear power plantswere shut down in March 2011 orrested disconnected from the gridfor a moratorium period. With theamendment to the Atomic Energy
Act entered into force on 6 August2011, they will not go back on-line.
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India
The eleventh 5 year plan(200712) included theaddition of 3.8 GW of nuclearcapacity. National PowerCorporation of India Ltdforesees 11 GW added underthe 12th Plan. Report of theExpert Committee of thePlanning Commission onIntegrated Energy Policysees a total installed capacityof 29 GW by 2020 under anoptimistic scenario.
11th 5 year plan (200712)produced by the PlanningCommission of the Government ofIndia.
Report of the Planning commissionExpert Committee on IntegratedEnergy Policy August 2006.
The Kaiga 4 PHWR reactor wasgrid connected on 19/01/2011 with202 MW gross capacity. A furthersix reactors are currently underconstruction in India with a totalcapacity of 3.76 GW net capacity.
Italy
Japan
The Strategic Energy Plan forJapan is now under radicalreview due to the Great EastJapan Earthquake and
Accident at Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station inMarch 2011.
Korea
2030: 27.8% (nuclear energyshare in total primary energysupply)
2030: 59% (Nuclear energyshare in power generation).
Korea 1st National Energy Plan2008-2020. Establishes thenational plan for managing energysupply and demand in the long-term including nuclear energy.
This plan includes policies on theconstruction of additional nuclearpower plants, the nationalmanagement policy on spent fuels,nuclear safety and publicacceptance.
2010: 12.2% (nuclear energy sharein total primary energy supply)
2010: 31.1% (Nuclear energy sharein power generation)
Mexico
35% of total power capacitycoming from renewable, largehydro and nuclear by 2024.
National Energy Strategy Both units of Laguna Verde plantoperating at 800 MWe per unit, inincrease of 20% from previouslevels.
Russia50-53 GW by 2020.Increasing the share ofnuclear by 2030 to between25% to 30%.
The regulation of the RussianFederation Government (2008)ensures the growth of nuclearpower to 2020.
Under Realisation
Saudi Arabia
Established the KingAbdullah City for Atomic &Renewable Energy(KACARE) to develop,disseminate and deploytechnologies;
Nuclear plan under consideration
Spain
United ArabEmirates
5.6 GW of nuclear power tobe installed between 2017and 2020 to meet 25% of
electrical demand.
USD 20 billion contract awarded toKEPCO, total project valueestimated at USD 40 billion.
UnitedKingdom
No specific targets. NationalPolicy Statements identify aneed of 18 GW of non-renewable capacity by 2025.
The nuclear National PolicyStatements (NPS) identified eightsites that could host a nuclearpower station by 2025.
Three energy consortia haveannounced plans to develop at fiveof the eight sites identified in theNPS. The first reactor is expectedonline by 2018/2019.
United States
Energy Policy Act 2005 providesfor $4.3 billion in tax breaks fornuclear power; Early Site Permitsand Combined Construction andOperating License streamlinesnuclear power licensing; Price-
Anderson Act indemnifies industryagainst incidents overUSD 10 billion.
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Renewableheatingandcooling
The use of renewable energy systems for both domestic and industrial heating and cooling
applicationshasreceivedrelativelylittleattentioncomparedwithrenewableelectricityortransport
biofuels. Renewable heating can principally be provided by three technologies biomass, solar
heatingand
geothermal.
In
regions
where
cooling
has
agreater
energy
demand
than
heating,
especiallyduringpeaksummerperiods,renewableenergycoolingsystemsshowgoodpotentialfor
furtherdevelopment. Space cooling can, forexamplebe supplied through theuseofheatdriven
adsorptionchillersasanalternativetoelectricallydrivencompressionchillers.Thissectionfocuses
predominantlyonrenewableheatprogressascountrysubmissionsfocusedmainlyonheatpolicies.
Overall the renewableheat sector isexpanding,with growthof approximately6% from200509.
Biomassmakesthe largestcontribution,particularlytomeetheatingandcookingneedswithinthe
traditionalbiomasssector,wherebiomassisoftenusedinefficientlyandcauseshumanhealthand
indoor pollution challenges.Given lack of data, distinguishing between traditional and modern
efficientuseofbiomassforindustryandcommerceisdifficult.
Therehas
been
growth
in
the
geothermal
heating
sector
in
countries
endowed
with
asignificant
geothermal resource. The strongest growth has been experience in the solar heating sector,
particularlyasaresultofrapidgrowthinChina,wheredeploymenthasdoubledinthelastfiveyears
(Figure8).
Figure8Trendsinglobalcapacityofsolarheatingsystems,200509
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
GWth
China
EU27
RestofG20RestofWorld
Source:IEAanalysisbasedondatafromtheIEASolarHeatingandCoolingImplementingAgreement.
SummaryofG20policies
Stimulatingamarketforheatrequiresaddressingchallengesthataredifferentandsometimesmore
difficult to overcome than in the electricity and transport sectors. A number of key barriers to
renewableheatdeploymentmaydeterdeployment,someassociatedwiththeoverallcharacteristics
of the heat sector and some specific to the introduction of renewable options. Table7 below
outlinesanumberoftheseheat,andrenewableheatspecificbarriers.
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Table7Barrierstoheatandrenewableheatdeployment
Barriers to heat (general) Barriers to renewable heat
Fragmented market: millions of owners/developers,district heating operators and industries
Renewable heat production should be close to heat sink(limited transportability, no grid for surplus, limited storage)
Gatekeepers between supply and demand (installers,
architects)
Heat demand can be variable over time (space heating is
seasonal)Dynamics of heat market: space heating demanddeclining, power for heat in new buildings
Heat is a heterogeneous commodity: differing temperaturesin both demand and renewable heat supply
Split incentive between building owner and consumer/tenant
Basedontheanalysisofsubmittedcountryinformation,summarisedinTable8:
Twelveof the countrieshave targets for renewableheat, eightofwhichhave targets covering a
rangeoftechnologies,andafurtherfourwithtargetsspecifictosolarheatingtechnologies;
Elevencountriesalsohaveactivemeasurestopromoterenewableheat,including10countrieswith
marketincentives
to
encourage
investment
often
via
capital
grants
and
rebates.
The
UnitedKingdom isthefirstcountryto implementaspecificfeedintariffsystemtotheheatsector.
Spain has also planned to establish a specific incentive schemes for renewable heat production
throughEnergyServiceCompanies.Againthelargestemphasisisonsolarthermalsystems.
Asnotedabove, inpast,renewableheatpolicieshavenotreceivedasmuchattentionasthosefor
theelectricityandtransportsectors.TheG20countrypolicyoverviewconfirmsthatthisisstillthe
case,sincefewercountrieshavetargetsandpoliciesinplacethanfortheotherrenewablesectors.
Theanalysis,however,alsoshowsgrowingrecognitionthatrenewableheattechnologiescanplayan
important role inmeetingheatingneeds,with cost effective and technicallyproven technologies
appliedincountrieswhereresourceandmarketconditionsarefavourable.
Table8below
provides
an
overview
of
renewable
heat
targets,
financial
support,
and
other
policies
inplaceacrossG20countries.Whererenewablecoolingpoliciesweresubmittedbycountries,these
were included in the table. Complete country submissions can be found in the document
CompendiumofG20C3EWorkingGroupQuestionnaireSubmissions.
Table8SummaryofG20countryrenewableheatpolicies
Country Targets Financial support Other RE support policy
Argentina
Australia
Grants: The Renewable EnergyBonus Scheme Solar HotWater Rebate (REBS)
Grants for solar hot water
systems: National SolarSchools Program (NSSP)
Brazil
Solar thermal target: 15 million minstalled in 2015, from about7 million m in 2011
Financial incentives: TheNational Plan for EnergyEfficiency (PNEf) Will bepublished soon, as well as acorrelated Action Plan
Canada
Credit based supportprogramme: Pulp and PaperGreen Transformation Program(PPGTP)
Tax Reduction: Income TaxAct, Class 43.2 of Annex II
Capital grants: ecoENERGY for
Renewable Heat; ecoENERGYRetrofit Homes
Efficiency Standard: EnergyEfficiency Regulations for Groundor Water-Source Heat Pumps
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China12
thFive year Plan Solar thermal:
300 million m2 by 2020Renewable energy Law:Guarantee access to heatpipelines and financial support
European
Union
Directive 2009/28/EC
Directive 2003/87/EC
Target 21% GHG reduction as
compared to 2005, establishing ascheme for GHG emissionallowance trading within theCommunity
France
National Renewable EnergyAction Plan for France :
General: 23% of renewable energyin the gross final energyconsumption in 2020
Solar thermal: 185 ktoe by 2012,927 ktoe by 2020
Biomass: 10 970 ktoe by 2012,16 455 ktoe by 2020
Geothermal: Excluding geothermal
energy from heat pumps: 195 ktoeby 2012, 500 ktoe by 2020
Renewable energy from heatpumps (geothermal oraerothermal): 1 300 ktoe in 2012,1 850 ktoe in 2020
Renewable heat from districtheating : 775 ktoe in 2012,3 200 ktoe in 2020
Grants: Fond Chaleur
Tax Policy and other financialincentives: Finance Law 2009
Framework policy: Le Grenelle delenvironnement
Germany
EU-Directive 2009/28/EC
on the promotion of the use ofenergy from renewable sources:14% by 2020
Energy Concept of the FederalGovernment 2010
Obligation of use: RenewableEnergies Heat Act 2009
Market Incentive Program(MAP) Investment costsubsidies and low-interest loans
IndiaSolar thermal: 15 million m2 by2017 / 20 million m2 by 2022
Indonesia No regulation
Italy
NREAP- Legislative Decreeno.28/2011:
Renewable heat in total finalenergy consumption: 17.09%, outof which 2.59% from solar, 9.27%from biomass, 0.49% fromgeothermal, 4.74% from heatpumps
JapanGrants: Renewable Heatprogramme Framework
Framework policy:Comprehensive review of
Japanese energy policy
MexicoNational Solar Thermal Plan(PROCALSOL): 1.8 million squaremeters of solar hea