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ASSESSMENT OF E-GOVERNMENT IN CAMBODIA AND INDONESIA

BY WEB MEASURE INDEX AND WEB USABILITY

EL KRIYAR

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES

BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

BOGOR

2011

ASSESSMENT OF E-GOVERNMENT IN CAMBODIA AND INDONESIA

BY WEB MEASURE INDEX AND WEB USABILITY

EL KRIYAR

Thesis

As a requirement to obtain

The Bachelor Degree of Computer Science in the

Department of Computer Science

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES

BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

BOGOR

2011

ABSTRACT

KRIYAR, EL. Assessment of e-government in Cambodia and Indonesia by web measure index

and web usability. Supervised by YANI NURHADRYANI and JULIO ADISANTOSO.

Electronic-government (e-government) is the way by which the government can communicate

and transfer their information and services to citizens and other stakeholders by using Information

and Communication Technologies (ICTs), particularly in the usage of the Internet. E-government

is a long term project initiated by the government as the main goal in providing informations and

services in regard to transparency and accountability. Therefore, the new technology of web based

applications would facilitate the success of e-government. In this research, to evaluate e-

government in Cambodia and Indonesia, we accessed the government websites to find specific

informations and services which are provided by the government of both countries. The analysis of

the research concentrated in four stages such as web presence, interaction, transaction, and

participation, of which 20 features/variables were reviewed. In additional, we also evaluate web

usability to make sure that the contents and web design are usable.

The result shows that 27% of 20 features on the web are provided by the central government of

Cambodia, while local government only provided 5%. The central and local government of

Indonesia provided 39% and 34%, respectively. The result futher shows that web usability of

Indonesian central government reached 70% of 24 web usability components which are usable

while its local government reached 68%. In comparision, Cambodian central government had 45%

while its local government had 65%.

Generally, both Cambodian and Indonesian government are still in the process of successful

completion of e-government. There are still many issues that had to be solved to achieve a

successful e-government in government services and web usability.

Keyword: e-government, Cambodian e-government, Indonesian e-government, web usability

Title : Assessment of e-government in Cambodia and Indonesia by web measure index and

web usability

Name : El Kriyar

Student ID : G64078001

Approved by:

Head of Department of Computer Science

Dr. Ir. Sri Nurdiati, M.Sc

NIP. 19601126 198601 2 001

Date of Graduation:

Dr. Yani Nurhadryani, S.Si, M.T

NIP. 19740404 199802 2 001 Ir. Julio Adisantoso, M.Kom

NIP. 19620714 198601 1 002

Approved by:

Counselors

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to express my thank to Allah that gives me an opportunity and good health

to finish my thesis successfully. Furthemore, I would like to thank the following people who get

involed in providing information and assistance for the successful completion of my research:

1. I sincerely thank my mum and other members of my family who have given me support and

encouragement during difficult times of my study and research.

2. Special thank to Dr. Yani Nurhadryani, S.Si, M.T and Ir. Julio Adisantoso, M.Kom, as my

counselor who always shows me direction to complete this thesis successfully.

3. Special thank to Mr. Firman Ardiansyah, S.Kom, M.Si as an examiner of my thesis.

4. Many thanks to Mr. Hidayat for his entire cooperation to review government websites for

validation of my data.

5. Many thanks to Dr. Ir. Sri Nurdiati, M.Sc and all staff of Computer Science department who

facilitated and helped me completed my study successfully.

6. Last but not the least, I would like to thank all my friends who have helped me in one way or the

other when I needed.

Bogor, November 2011

El Kriyar

BACKGROUND

EL Kriyar was borned at Toek Thla Village, Battambang Province in Cambodia on the 17 of

January 1985. He is the fourth child from four children of Mr EL Sim and Mrs Ek Tiyas.

In 2004 he graduated from Notodom Rannarith High School and was accepted at Royal University

of Law and Economics (RULE) in Cambodia. After two years of study at RULE, he was then

accepted to undertake studies in Indonesia at Bogor Agricultural University under the depatrment of

Computer Science.

v

CONTENTS

Page

FIGURES LIST ..................................................................................................................................... vi

TABLES LIST ....................................................................................................................................... vi

APPENDIX LIST .................................................................................................................................. vi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Research motivation ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Research objectives .................................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Research scope.......................................................................................................................... 1 1.4 Research advantages ................................................................................................................. 1

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Definition of e-governement ..................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Types of e-government services ............................................................................................... 3 2.3 E-government stage model ....................................................................................................... 3

2.3.1 UN’s five stage model (2001) ....................................................................................... 4 2.3.2 Layne and Lee’s four stage model (2001) ..................................................................... 4 2.3.3 Moon’s five-stage model (2002) ................................................................................... 4

2.4 Cambodia and Indonesia at a glance ......................................................................................... 4 2.5 Status of e-government of Cambodia and Indonesia ................................................................ 5 2.6 Challenges of e-government in developing countries ............................................................... 7

2.6.1 ICT infrastructure .......................................................................................................... 7 2.6.2 Policy issue .................................................................................................................... 7 2.6.3 Human capital development and life long learning ....................................................... 7 2.6.4 Change management ..................................................................................................... 7 2.6.5 Partnership and collaboration ........................................................................................ 7 2.6.6 Strategy .......................................................................................................................... 7 2.6.7 Leadership role .............................................................................................................. 7

2.7 Web usability ............................................................................................................................ 7

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Methodology Diagram .............................................................................................................. 8 3.2 The evaluation of parameters .................................................................................................... 8

CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION ......................................................................................... 9

4.1 Accessible websites .................................................................................................................. 9 4.2 Government online services .................................................................................................... 10

4.2.1 Stage I web presence ................................................................................................... 10 4.2.3 Stage III transaction ..................................................................................................... 11 4.2.2 Stage II interaction ...................................................................................................... 11 4.2.4 Stage IV participation .................................................................................................. 12

4.3 Usability of government websites .......................................................................................... 14

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.2 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 16 5.2 Recommendation .................................................................................................................... 16

REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 17

APPENDIX........................................................................................................................................... 18

vi

FIGURES LIST

Page

1 E-government framework .................................................................................................................. 3

2 Interaction of e-government ............................................................................................................... 3

3 ASEAN map ...................................................................................................................................... 5

4 The graphic of Cambodian and Indonesian internet user ................................................................... 6

5 Research methodology diagram ......................................................................................................... 8

6 Accessible websites of Cambodian and Indonesian government ....................................................... 9

7 The graphic of average score for Cambodian and Indonesian e-government .................................. 10

8 The graphic of website evaluation of Cambodian and Indonesian government (Central) ............... 12

9 The graphic of website evaluation of Cambodian and Indonesian government (Provincial) ........... 13

10 Website of Minitry of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia). ......................................................................... 15

11 Website of Phnom Penh government (Cambodia).. ......................................................................... 16

TABLES LIST

Page

1 Cambodian Internet User ................................................................................................................... 6

2 Indonesian Internet User .................................................................................................................... 6

3 E-Government Readiness for South-Eastern Asia ............................................................................. 6

4 Cambodian government’s web sites reviewed ................................................................................... 9

5 Indonesian government’s web sites reviewed .................................................................................... 9

6 Percentage of each stage of Cambodian and Indonesian government ............................................. 10

7 Percentage of variable in stage I web presence ................................................................................ 11

8 Percentage of variable in stage II interaction ................................................................................... 11

9 Percentage of variable in stage III transaction ................................................................................. 12

10 Percentage of variable in stage IV participation .............................................................................. 12

11 Consistency of web accessibility for Cambodian government websites .......................................... 13

12 Consistency of web accessibility for Indonesian government websites ........................................... 14

13 New percentage of each stage of Cambodian and Indonesian government ..................................... 14

14 Percentage of each components of usability .................................................................................... 14

15 Average score of usability ............................................................................................................... 15

APPENDIX LIST

Page

1 High score per stage for Cambodian and Indonesian government ..................................................... 19 2 Result of websites evaluation per stage ............................................................................................. 20 3Table of web usability evaluation ....................................................................................................... 28 4 List of Cambodian and Indoensian government ................................................................................ 37 5 Internet user ....................................................................................................................................... 40

1

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Research motivation

Advancements in information and

communication technology (ICT) offers many

benefits to all aspects of life as far as education

and communication is concerned. For instance,

Internet technology or World Wide Web are

technology means that enable people around the

globe to share ideas and informations

successfully.

According to the website Pondered.org

(2006), following are several example of the

benefit of the Internet such as:

Information Access: The Internet is a

virtual treasure trove of information in which all

informations can be accessed through the help

of search engine.

E-learning: As far as education is

concerned, online course or web based training

have improved the access to information and

communication, particular in research topic and

distance learning. For example, most

universities provide flexible learning

environment via their websites.

Communication: Internet technology

provides communication among cultures and

within families. For example, email and Instant

Messaging provides rapid and instant

communication among cultures of different

diversity and geography. Other mass

communication access such as Skype

application, provides fast and economic means

of communication among families near and

abroad. Furthemore, the Internet also provides

conviniency in business communication in

regard to customer services and business

evaluation and progress.

Shopping: online shopping is a time

efficient system in which shopping is done via

the Internet without actually buying products

directly from shops and the payment can be

done through credit card.

Due to these benefits, the government is

implementing electronic-government (e-

government) concept. This means, establishing

ICT as a convinient way of communication and

sharing of informations and ideas among

citizens, stackholders, and government.

How about e-government of Cambodia and

Indonesia now? Cambodia and Indonesia are

developing countries and currently developing

e-government system. According to Guido

Bertucci, based on the United Nation survey for

e-governemt readiness in South-East Asia

(2008), indicates that e-government readiness of

Indonesia is better than Cambodia. In

comparison, Indonesian government is ranked

106 while Cambodia is 115 (out of 192

countries). However, both countries have lower

ranking compare to other South East Asia

countries such as Singapore, Malayesia,

Thailand, Philipines, Brunei, and Vietnam.

Despite their commitment to e-government,

they are confronted with many challenges

which could inhibit their effort to fully embrace

e-government. For instance, challenge such as

lower usage of the Internet due to lack of

Internet fasilities provided by the government.

Furthemore, online services could not reached

in isolated areas due to unavailablity to Internet

connection.

Due to the above reasons, I am motivated to

carry out this research. First, to investigate the

concept of e-government and finally, to evaluate

the implementation of e-government both in

Cambodia and Indonesia.

1.2 Research objectives

The objectives are as follow:

a. Understanding e-government concept.

b. Evaluate e-government in Cambodia and

Indonesia through central (ministries) and

local (provincial) government websites.

1.3 Research scope

These includes:

a. Brief explanation on basic e-government

concept.

b. Use web measure index with 20 parameters

in four stages model such as web presence,

interaction, transaction, and participation.

c. Use usability inspection method with 24

components to evaluate the usability of

government websites.

d. Evaluate 25 central and 24 local government

websites of Cambodia as well as 31 central

and 33 local government websites of

Indonesia.

1.4 Research advantages

This research will be a foundation of

understanding e-government concept and be a

reference for the future research. In addition, it

will show the current status of e-government in

Cambodia and Indonesia.

2

The research is organized as follows.

Section 1 is an introduction related to the topic.

Section 2 presents the review of several e-

government concepts. This includes information

about current Cambodian and Indonesian e-

government. In addition, to list several

challenges faced by developing countries in

implementing e-government. Section 3 shows

the methodology. Section 4 discusses the result

of evaluating government websites. Finally, the

last section provides conclusion and

recommendation towards government

improvement and further research on e-

government.

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

This section reviews several e-government

concepts, government services, and e-

government stage model. It also explain current

situation of e-government both in Cambodia

and Indonesia. In addition, it lists challenges of

e-government in developing countries.

2.1 Definition of e-governement

E-government range from “the use of

information technology to free movement of

information to overcome the physical bounds of

traditional paper and physical based systems” to

“the use of technology to enhance the access to

and delivery of government services to benefit

citizens, business partners and employees.”

(Patricia, 2003)

According to Zhiyuan (2002), e-government

is a means for governments to use the most

innovative information and communication

technologies, particularly web-based Internet

applications, to provide citizens and businesses

with more convenient access to government

information and services, to improve the quality

of the services and to provide greater

opportunities to participate in democratic

institutions and processes. This includes

transactions between government and business,

government and citizen, government and

employee, and among different units and

levels of government.

The similar definition of e-government is

that, public services are developed by

making organizational changes, democratic

developments are ensured and public

administration uses information and

communication technologies for supporting

public policies. (Jongcheul, 2004)

Another definition of e-government is

defined as a government model, which aims to

increase in performance and efficiency

through the use of ICTs to enable good quality

services between public organizations, citizens

and commercial organizations. E-

government’s targets are:

a. Transparency in administration.

b. Ensuring democratic developments and

contribution of the citizens to administration

at all levels.

c. Offering public services in a more

transparent way and consequently

increasing power and credibility of the

government.

d. Continuous, uninterrupted and high quality

services.

e. Ensuring data exchange between

organizations and preventing work and data

repeats.

f. Making life of the citizens, who take

services from the government easier.

g. Planning based on true and up to date

data and saving money in all expenditures

(Sisman et al., 2009).

According to Yani Nurhadryani (2009), the

actors in e-government can simplified into two

types. First is the public sector as a provider of

executive government (ministry of finance,

education, health, etc.), the judiciary and the

legislature at the national, regional and local

levels. The second is called end-user, which is

under non-governmental and private sector.

These actors use ICTs for internal and external

function. Internal functions, the ICTs are used

for the administrative process by integrating all

internal public sector either horizontally

(integration between minitries of same level)

and vertically (integration between same

ministries of different levels). With increasing

internal integration both horizontally and

vertically, it is expected that government is able

to enhance the external function that provide

better public services to end-users. The

interaction among the actors is illustrated as

shown in Figure 1.

3

The paper define e-government as the way

in which government can communicate and

transfer their information and services to

citizens and other stakeholders by using

Information and Communication Technologies

(ICTs), particularly in the usage the Internet.

Based on this definition, these will review on

informations and services which are provided

by government websites.

First of all, it is important to understand the

relationship as well as types of e-government

services toward their citizens and stackholders.

2.2 Types of e-government services

Based on the paper of Zhiyuan (2002), the

four types of e-government services are

Government-to-Citizen (G2C), Government-to-

Business (G2B), Government-to-Employee

(G2E), and Government-to-Government (G2G).

The following is an expansion of e-government

services :

G2C are informations and services from the

government to its citizens such as license

renewals, ordering of birth/death/marriage

certificates and taxes.

G2B are information and services in

business developments such as business

transaction, business community, exchange of

business services including other related

services.

G2E are services provided by the

government to its employees such as provision

of human resource training and development.

G2G services operate between governments

at two levels such as domestic and at the

international level. These include transactions

between central/national and local governments,

and between department level and attached

agencies and bureaus.

The interactions between governments at

internal and external level is best illustrated in

Figure 2.

2.3 E-government stage model

This includes three e-government stage

models such as UN’s five stage model, Layne

and Lee’s four stage model, and Moon’s five

stage model. (Hala Al-Khatib, 2009). Futher,

these models will be summarized into new stage

models, called the four stage model.

Figure 2 Interaction of e-government. (Zhiyuan ,

2002)

Figure 1 E-government framework. (Yani Nurhadryani , 2009)

Ministry 1

(Finance)

Ministry 2

(Education)

Ministry 3

(Health)

Functional 2

(Education)

Functional 3

(Health) Functional 1

(Finance)

Service

s

E

N

D

U

S

E

R

National level

Local level

Horizontal integration

Vertical integration N

on

pro

fit

Local Government

Central government

G2E & E2G

Citizens Business

G2N

G2N

C2G B2G G2B G2C

G2G

4

2.3.1 UN’s five stage model (2001)

a. Emerging presence – provides basic

information relating to respective instance such

as contact information and function of instance.

b. Enhanced presence – provides a more

updated detail informations such as recent news

and common issues.

c. Interactive presence – provide a quality

services delivery of interaction among users and

services providers.

d. Transactional presence – provides

convenient online transaction services such as

tax payment and updating birth certificates.

e. Seamless – provides an accessibility of whole

services to all citizens.

2.3.2 Layne and Lee’s four stage model

(2001)

a. Catalogue – provides basic information

relating to respective instance such as contact

information and function of instance.

b. Transaction – provides convenient online

transaction services such as tax payment and

updating birth certificates.

c. Vertical integration – integration of

information and services between central and

local government.

d. Horizontal integration – integration of

information and services between all level of

government and non-government.

2.3.3 Moon’s five-stage model (2002)

a. one-way communication – provides basic

information relating to respective instance such

as contact information and function of instance.

b. Two-way communication – provide a

quality services delivery of interaction among

users and services providers.

c. Service and financial transaction – provides

convenient online transaction services such as

tax payment and updating birth certificates.

d. Vertical and horizontal integration – This

is similar to the last two stages in Layne and

Lee (2001) four-stage model. This stage refers

to integrating separate systems at different

levels (vertical) and from different departments

(horizontal).

e. Political participation – promotion of

political participation through services such as

online voting and surveys.

Based on the above e-government stage

models, it has been identified, that all three

stage models contain similar concepts, but

operates at different levels. Thus, these stage

models are summarized as follow:

Web presence: this phase is a basic form of

e-government services where simple with

limited informations are posted through web

sites, such as the agency's vision and mission,

and contact information. Due to the

advancement of government capabilities,

information delivery become more dynamic,

specialized and updated.

Interaction: this phase provides simple

interactions between the governments and users.

This includes e-mail systems, official forms

download as well as other interactions.

Transaction: this phase enable users to

conduct complete online transactions. Citizens

can conduct self-services online such as license

applications, tax filing, and personal

information updates.

Participation: this involve long-term goal

for e-government development. The

governments attempt to improve political

participation, citizen involvement, and politics

transparencies by offering tools such as online

voting, polling and surveys.

The parameters of the above four stage

models will be elaborated in Chapter 3. To

continue any further, first it is important to take

a glance at the history and status of e-

government of Cambodia and Indonesia.

2.4 Cambodia and Indonesia at a glance

a. Cambodia

Kingdom of Cambodia is a country located

in Southeast Asia with a total landmass of

181,035 square kilometres. It is situated

Northwest and Southwest guft of Thailand,

Northeast of Laos, and East of Vietnam.

With over 14.8 million total population of

which 92% are Theravada Buddhism while 8%

are Muslim and Christians.

These are 24 provinces including the Capital

City called Phnom Penh, which make up the

first level adminitrative division. The second

level adminitrative division composed of 159

districts which are devided into communes and

quarters.

According to Central Intellengence Agency

(CIA), in 2010 Cambodia's per capita income

and Nominal Per Capita were $2,470 and

5

$1,040 respectively. Although the Capita

Income experienced rapid growth rate, it is still

lower compare to other countries around the

region. Majority of rural population depend on

Agriculture practices for living. The country’s

major export are rice, fish, timber, garment and

rubber.

The government is a constitutional

monarchy operating under Democratic

Parliamentery System.

b. Indonesia

The Republic of Indonesia (RI) is situated in

the Southeast Asia region. It extends to the

Southeast Asia and to the Northwest of

Australian Continent.

The total population in 2006 was 222

millions of which 90% are Muslim, even though

it is not officially known as a Muslim country.

There are 33 provinces which are divided

into regioncies and cities, which are furthure

divided into districts and village communities.

Furthemore, these villages are divide into

communes and quarters.

As a democratic country, trias political

system is practiced under the legislative,

executive, and judical bodies. Figure 3 below

shows the map of ASEAN countries.

2.5 Status of e-government of Cambodia and

Indonesia

E-government in Cambodia and Indonesia

are still development process. According to

National ICT Development Authority (NiDA)

of Cambodia, the government is currently

working on a project of the Government

Administration Information System (GAIS).

These includes, Electronic Approval System

(EAS), real estate registration, resident

registration and vehicle registration and the

presence of the government on the World Wide

Web. (Leewood Phu, 2009).

While Indonesia government is

implementing the action plan comprising of 75

programs. These programs are classified into 4

categories i.e. policy and legal framework;

human capacity building; infrastructures; and

application both for the government and private

sector. Among 75 programs, 17 are already

Based on Central Intellengence Agency

(CIA), in 2010 Income per Capita and Nominal

per Capita was $4,200 and $3,015 respectively.

The further shows that 46.4% of Gross

Domestic Product (GDP) contributed from the

industry sector, followed by services of 37.1%

and 16.5% from agriculture sector.

on going, 22 are urgent and 36 are important

programs. (Djoko Agung, 2003)

Despite its commitment to e-government,

the government in both countries are confronted

with a number of challenges that could inhibit

its effort to fully embrace e-government and

achieve the above objective. One of the

Figure 3 ASEAN map

Indonesia

Cambodia

6

challenges is Internet usage. Though the

Internet is the main medium to provide online

services, the data (Internet World State)

indicates the quantity of Internet user for both

countries are lower compared to other countries

around the region.

Generally, Internet user in Cambodia

increase at a very low rate of less than 1%

compared to its population growth rate. This is

indicated in Table 1.

Table 1 Cambodian Internet User (Internet

World Stats, 2010)

Year User Population %

2000 6,000 12,573,580 0.05 %

2007 44,000 13,507,538 0.33 %

2009 74,000 14,494,293 0.51 %

2010 78,000 14,753,320 0.53 %

On the other hand, Indonesian Internet user

is increasing at rapid rate of more than 1%

compare to its population growth rate as shown

in Table 2.

Table 2 Indonesian Internet User (Internet

World Stats, 2010)

Year User Population %

2000 2,000,000 206,264,595 1.00 %

2007 20,000,000 224,481,720 8.91 %

2009 28,000,000 240,271,522 11.65 %

2010 30,000,000 242,968,342 12.35 %

Based on the data in Table 1 and 2,

Indonesian Internet users is higher than

Cambodia’s. This is best shown in Figure 4.

(See the Appendix 4 to know more Internet user

in the world and Asia).

The United Nations’ Division for Public

Economics and Public Administration

(UNDPEPA) has developed the e-government

Index which is an indicator of the progress the

UN member countries (192 countries) have

made in implementing e-government services.

To establish e-government index, there are

three indicators to consider. These are web

presence measures which indicates stages of

government websites. Second is

telecommunication infrastructure measures

which define the capacity of the country’s ICTs.

These are evaluated through indicators such as

the Internet hosts per 10,000 people, percentage

of a nation’s population online, and PCs,

telephone lines, mobile phones, and

televisions per 100 people. The final indicator

is human capital measure which analysis the

UNDP Human Development Index, the

Information Access Index, and urban/rural

population ratio. (Janet Kaaya, 2006)

Due to the development of technology,

Cambodia and Indonesia has shown reasonable

progress in their e-government readiness.

UNDPEPA has indicated these progress

through annual interval evaluation e-

government programme. From the evaluation, it

is clearly shown that Indonesian e-government

is a little more progressive than Cambodian.

According to Yani Nurhadryani (2009) using

web measure index, Indonesian government

websites provide 48% of 17 feactures which are

used in the research, while there is no current

published data on Cambodian government

websites during the period this research was

carried out. However, both countries still need

to put more effort to develop their e-government

system if they need to provide quality e-

government services compared to other South

East Asia countries. This is clearly shown in

Table 3.

Table 3 E-Government Readiness for South-

Eastern Asia

Country 2008 Rank 2005 Rank

Singapore 23 7

Malaysia 34 43

Thailand 62 46

Philippines 66 41

Brunei 87 73

Vietnam 91 105

Indonesia 106 96

Cambodia 115 128

Myanmar 145 129

Timor-

Leste 155 144

Laos 156 147

Figure 4 The graphic of Cambodian and

Indonesian Internet user.

Source : UN E-government Survey 2008

7

2.6 Challenges of e-government in developing

countries

E-government is a long term project with

lots of complication in its implementation as far

as developing countries are concerned. Thus,

Valentina (2004) describes theses challenges

such as follows:

2.6.1 ICT infrastructure

Many developing countries suffer from the

digital divide, and they are not able to deploy

the appropriate ICT infrastructure such as

internetworking, models, standards and

architechure as guiding principles to successful

e-government.

2.6.2 Policy issue

Laws policies and regulation are not well

established in order to control the e-government

legal rights in most of developing countries.

2.6.3 Human capital development and life

long learning

As far as human resource is concerned, there

is lack of techonology skill to enhance

successful operation in e-government.

2.6.4 Change management

Change management creates fear and

tensions among government employees who

may find difficult to adapt from conventional to

e-government system.

2.6.5 Partnership and collaboration

Collaboration and cooperation at local,

regional and national levels, as well as between

public and private organizations, are still major

problem in implementing the e-government

development. This has caused lack of trust

between citizens and government.

2.6.6 Strategy

Proper analytical and dynamic strategy is

another difficult issue which needs to be

addressed with quality re-engineering process to

improve e-government services to serve citizens

better.

2.6.7 Leadership role

Leadership is one of the main driving forces

of every new and innovative project or

initiative. However, most developing countries

lack dynamic influencial leaders who should

encourage and motivate developers and users of

e-government system.

In order to provide quality websites, it is

necessary to evaluate its usability to satify the

users. The following point will explain the goal

of web usability.

2.7 Web usability

Tom Brinck (2002) defined web usability as

the degree to which people (users) can perform

a set of required tasks. The goals to achieve

quality usable websites such as:

a. Functionally correct: This primary system

correctly performs the functions that the user

needs. Software that does not allow users to

perform their tasks is not usable.

b. Efficient to use: Efficiency can be a

measure of the time or actions required to

perform a task. In general, procedures that

are faster tend to be more efficient.

c. Easy to learn: Ease of learning determines

how quickly new users can learn to

accurately perform a task procedure. In

general, the fewer steps a procedure

contains, the easier it is to learn.

d. Easy to remember: The degree to which a

system taxes human memory determines

how easy it is for users to remember.

Systems that compel users to paste memory

aids on their display screens are not easy to

remember.

e. Error tolerant: Error tolerance is

determined by how well errors are

prevented, how easily they are detected and

identified when they occur, and how easily

they are corrected once they are identified.

Error-tolerant systems can also prevent

catastrophic results if all other measures fail.

f. Subjectively pleasing: usability is often

determined by how users feel about using

the system. Although nonfunctional graphics

and other interface elements can skew a

user’s perception of usability, user

satisfaction is probably a combination of all

these criteria.

8

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Methodology Diagram

The following steps were taken to ensure

this research has achieved its goals. These

includes literature review, selection of e-

government stage model and web usability

method, data collection, analysis and fianally is

conclusion. Figure 5 further shows the

procedures taken to accomplish this research.

First, e-government concept was reviewed

from literature data.

In the second step e-government stage

models are summarized to evaluate government

services while inspection usability method was

used to evaluate web usability.

Third, a review of Cambodian and

Indonesian government websites were carried

out. These are such as, central government of

Cambodia and Indonesia with 25 and 31

websites respectively. Furthermore, local

government of Cambodia with 24 websites,

while 33 websites for Indonesian local

government. (refer to Appendix 4 for

government name and websites)

Next is the discussion and analysis based on

data review, and the final is the conclusion.

3.2 The evaluation of parameters

Parameters were devided into stage model

parameters and inspection usability parameters.

The four-stage model, such as web presence;

interaction; transaction; and participation, was

used to evaluate government services. While

inspection usability method was used to

evaluate usable of government websites which

concentrated with eight components such as

architecture and navigation ; layout and design ;

content ; form and interaction ; graphic ; color ;

typography ; and platform and implementation.

There are 20 parameters/feactures were used in

four stage model evaluation, while 24

parameters were used in the inspection of

usability evaluation. ( For detailed parameters

of inspection usability, we refer to Table 1 of

Appendix 3).

Binary number ( 1 or 0) was used to show

the presence or absence of specific

parameter/feature. For example, number 1

shows features of websites are present

(accessible) and number 0 shows their absence

(inaccessible).

The following parameters of four-stage

model being evaluated such as:

Stage I: Web presence

a. Web launching: the ministrial official

webpages were reviewed by using Internet

server at Bogor Agricultural University (IPB

- Indonesia). The review carried out during

three consecutive weekends.

b. Tab about us: generally it describes

institutional history (optional), function,

vision, mission, and institutional structure.

c. Contact information: information about the

place and person that can be contacted when

needed.

d. Link to other official webpage: link to

other government webpages and other useful

websites (optional).

e. Regular update: webpage always update

(at least once a week). The update was

reviewed three consecutive weekends.

f. English language: available webpage is in

English language. For Indonesian

government websites, primary language is

Bahasa Indonesia while Khmer as primary

language for Cambodian government

websites.

g. General news and activities: provide

internal and/or external news on their

websites.

Figure 5 Research methodology diagram.

Literature Review

Selection of e-government stage

model and web usability method

Data collection

(Government’s websites)

Analysis

Conclusion

9

Stage II: Interaction

a. Downloadable forms: any application

forms are available such as birth record, tax

payment, etc.

b. Publication: research such as agriculture,

economy and others government project.

c. Email and respond: send and get respond

for any questions from citizens.

d. Post comment: all user/citizens can post

any comments to share their ideas or critics.

e. Online forums: forums for discussing any

issues that are happening in the society as

well as government issues.

Stage III: Transactional

a. Fill out and submit forms: fill out any

transaction form and submit to relevance

institutional. The score is one (1) if at least

one online transaction form is available.

Otherwise, the score is zero (0).

b. Payment transaction: all online payment

are available such as tax payment, visa

payment, utilities (electric, phone, water),

etc. At least one transaction can be

processed online, then the score is one (1). If

there is no online transaction provided, then

the score is zero (0).

c. Make new passport: give a convenient way

to all the citizens to make passport through

online (e-passport).

d. Renewal visa: all visa renew process can be

done by online services.

f. Birth and death record: all databases are

integrated to register birth and death record

online.

g. License and permit: license and permit

request form must be accessible through

online services.

Stage IV: Participation

a. Survey: polling system through online by

citizens to help the decision making on

government services. For example, project

development.

b. E-voting: election of President, Prime

Minister, local government can be chosen

by citizens via online.

CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The review of websites was done at three

consecutive weekends during the month of June

2011 such as 11-12, 18-19, and 25-26. From the

three consecutive review, the score from the last

review is taken to be the valid data. These valid

data are then used for analizing e-government

implementation.

4.1 Accessible websites

Table 4 shows Cambodian central

government has 19 (76%) accessible websites,

while other 6 websites are inaccessible even

though they have domains. The table further

shows that the local government has 3 (13%)

accessible websites, while 19 others do not have

domains.

Table 4 Cambodian government’s web sites

reviewed

Type of

Gov

Number of

government

Accessible

websites %

Central 25 19 76

Provincial 24 3 13

Total 49 22 46

Table 5 shows Indonesian central

government has 31 (100%) accessible websites.

Its local government has 31 (94%) accessible

websites, while the other 2 websites are

inaccessible.

Table 5 Indonesian government’s web sites

reviewed

Type of

Gov

Number of

government

Accessible

websites %

Central 31 31 100

Provincial 33 31 94

Total 64 62 97

Based on the above data evaluation, it is

concluded that Indonesian government has

higher (97%) Internet usage compared to

Cambodian government (46%). This is clearly

shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6 Accessible websites of

Cambodian and Indonesian government

10

4.2 Government online services

The main purpose of this research is not

only to know how many websites were

launched, but also to know how and what online

services are provided to citizens of both

countries.

The result in Figure 8 indicates that, in

general, 27% out of 20 of web features are

provided by central government of Cambodia,

while its local government provides only 5%.

Central and local government of Indonesia

provides 39% and 34%, respectively. This

indicates that information and services which

provided by the governments of both countries

are lower than 50%, particularly local

government of Cambodia.

The main challenges for local government of

Cambodia are computer literacy and Internet

access. The population in provinces, particularly

in rural areas, are isolated from technology

services due to high poverty and lack of public

educational service. The majority of population

have none or little skill in computer knowledge.

In addition, there are limited or no Internet

facilities provided by the government. There are

also lack of good strategy and management for

implementation of e-government development.

Besides these, e-government laws and ICTs

policies are not well established in order to

ensure the better e-government services.

As a developing country, Cambodian

government has concentrated to develop and

improve other aspects of economic developemt

instead of e-government services, thus causing

high gap of computer literacy among its

population, particularly in the rural areas.

For e-government to meet its goal and

objectives, it is suggested that Cambodian

government should review and design well

established plan to be able to implement e-

government successfully in the future.

Indonesian government is also in the process

of developing and improving its e-government

services. Although its challenges are almost

similar to any other developing countries, its e-

government development is better than

Cambodian. This is best illustrated in Figure 7.

4.2.1 Stage I web presence

Table 6 shows that there are 65% and 11%

of Cambodian central and local government

respectively already provided online services,

while Indonesian central and local government

provided 91% and 76% respectively.

Table 6 Percentage of each stage of Cambodian and Indonesian government

Central government (ministry)

(%)

Local government (provincial)

(%)

Cambodia

(25 ministries)

Indonesia

(31 Ministries)

Cambodia

(24 Provinces)

Indonesia

(33 Provinces)

Stage I: Web presence 65 91 11 76

Stage II: Interaction 14 26 3 22

Stage III: Transaction 2 0 0 0

Stage IV: Participation 0 6 0 15

Figure 7 The graphic of average score for

Cambodian and Indonesian e-government

Stage

Government

11

The three consecutive reviews indicated that

access to websites are inconsistent. That is,

websites can be accessible only at particular

times. In addition, some websites do not

updated their information. For instance, Table 8

shows regular update for Cambodian central

and local government are 76% and 13%

respectively. While Indonesian central and local

governmnet regular update are 97% and 89%

respectively.

In general, the data indicates that

Cambodian government should implement and

increase web presence in all instancies,

particularly in local government. Web presence

for Indonesian government is reasonable

compare to Cambodian as shown in Table 7.

This indicates that online interaction have

not been fully provided by both government. It

is assumed that the government do not see the

benefit of online communication with their

citizens. On the other hand, citizens still lack

the knowledge of the use of online interaction

services.

4.2.3 Stage III transaction

Table 6 further shows that central and local

governments of both countries have not

implement online transaction except 2% of

Cambodian central government already

provided this service. Table 9 clearly shows that

almost all of online transaction features are not

provided by both governments.

Table 7 Percentage of variable in stage I web presence

Features/variables

Central Government

(%)

Local government

(%)

Cambodia Indonesia Cambodia Indonesia

Web launching 76 100 13 94

Tab about us 68 100 13 94

Contact information 72 100 13 94

Link to others official webpage 28 87 4 64

Regular update 76 97 13 89

English language 68 52 13 9

General news and activities 68 100 13 90

4.2.2 Stage II interaction

Table 6 shows that for Cambodian central

and local government which already provided

the interaction feacture are 14% and 3%

respectively, whereas for Indonesian central and

local government 26% and 22% respectively.

For example, Table 8 indicates that there are

no feature of downloadable form and e-mail and

respond are provided by both governments.

Furthemore, other features might be available

which are provided by some government

institutions. (c.f Table 8)

Difficulties in developing online

transactional system as well its security

measures are creating lack of trust among

citizens and government. Thus, the government

should recruit and increase expertise,

particularly in building online transactional

system. In addition, the government should also

socializ the usage of this system through

seminar, workshop, training, mass media, and

related institutions.

Table 8 Percentage of variable in stage II interaction

Features/variables

Central Government

(%)

Local government

(%)


Downloadable forms 0 0 0 0

Publication 56 68 0 42

Email and respond 0 0 0 0

Post comment 12 32 13 48

Online forums 0 26 0 21

12

Table 9 Percentage of variable in stage III transaction

Features/variables

Central Government

(%)

Local government

(%)


Fill out and submit forms 4 0 0 0

Payment transaction 4 0 0 0

Make new passport 0 0 0 0

Renewal visa 4 0 0 0

Birth and death record 0 0 0 0

License and permit 0 0 0 0

4.2.4 Stage IV participation

Participation of citizens in a democratic

society is very important in social and

seconomic development. Thus, e-government

system can accelerate these development by

providing online survey such as project,

polling of government services, and related

surveys.

Table 6 shows, in general, central and

local government of Cambodia are not

providing participartion feature, while 6% and

15% of Indonesian central and local

government respectively provide this feature.

Table 10 further indicates that there are

13% and 30% of central and local government

of Indonesia provide online survey related to

government projects and data access on the

websites. In addition, Yani et all (2009)

starting to think seriously about online

communication to optimize its democracy.

It is assumed that, the major problem

encounted by the government is the cost and

difficulties in implementing e-voting system.

Hence, any developing countries including

Cambodia and Indonesia should undertake

comparative study with other developed

countries of e-government system. This will

enable them to aquire the expertise and

knowledge to develop and optimize their e-

government successfully in the future.

Furthemore, it would be better for Cambodian

and Indonesian government to encourage in

collaboration programme with international

agencies for the funding of e-government

implementation.

Table 10 Percentage of variable in stage IV participation

Features/variables

Central Government

(%)

Local government

(%)


Survey 0 13 0 30

E-voting 0 0 0 0

pointed out that during the general election of

2008, 27 (61%) from 44 national political

parties in Indonesia have launched their

websites with static information. This

illustrated that Indonesian government is

Figure 8 and 9 illustrated that both central

and local governments experience a very low

achievement in implementing e-government

particularly from stage 2 to stage 4.

Figure 8 The graphic of website evaluation of Cambodian and Indonesian government (Central) .

13

From the four stages disccused, it is

clearly indicated that stage I and II are better

compared to stage III and IV. The cause of

this differences maybe due to the simple

system and its implementation compare to the

last two stages. Therefore, the government

should pay more attention to develop quality

e-government services to its citizens in order

to establish a more productive social and

economic development.

The acknowledgement of e-government of

both countries (Cambodia and Indonesia)

should not be unnoticed. Though they have

faced a lot of challenges, it is worth

mentioning several achievements to show that

they are still have opportunity to develop and

improve their respective e-government. For

instance, Indonesian government provides 10

out of 20 features rated as the highest score

among its institutions such as Misnistry of

Finance, Ministry of Industry, government of

Central Kalimantan Province, and East Nusa

Tenggara Province. (c.f Appendix 1). On the

other hand, Cambodian government websites

provide 9 out of 20 features rated as the

highest score among its institutions such as

Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International

cooperation, and Ministry of Rural

Development.

To further evaluate the consistency of

websites accessibility, this paper carried out

another websites review after several months

(October) to compare with the previous

review (June). According to Hidayat, who

reviewed the websites during October, there

are no significant differences as far as

websites features are concerned. However,

there are slight differences in web

accessibility. That is, several of the

inaccessible websites are later found to be

accessible and vice versa. (c.f Table 11 and

12)

Table 11Consistency of web accessibility for Cambodian government websites

Government name Web review in June 2011 Web review in October 2011

Accessible Inaccessible Accessible Inaccessible

Ministry of National Assembly-Senate

Relation and Inspection √ √

Ministry of National Defence √ √

Ministry of Woman Affairs √ √

Battamabng Province √ √

Figure 9 The graphic of website evaluation of Cambodian and Indonesian government (Provincial) .

14

Table 12 Consistency of web accessibility for Indonesian government websites

Government name Web review in June 2011 Web review in October 2011

Accessible Inaccessible Accessible Inaccessible

State Minister for the Empowerment

of State Apparaturs √ √

Lampung Province √ √

South Sulawesi Province √ √

Papua Province √ √

From two different periods of web review,

these seem to be no significant differences in

stage features of websites provided by the two

governments. This is clearly shown in Table

13.

except graphic component with less than 50%

are usable. Table 14 further indicates that

typography (font size and typeface) is a

component which almost government

websites are already provided as a standard

Table 13 New percentage of each stage of Cambodian and Indonesian government


(%)


(%)

Cambodia

(25 ministries)

Indonesia

(31 Ministries)

Cambodia

(24 Provinces)

Indonesia

(33 Provinces)

Stage I: Web presence 74 89 8 71

Stage II: Interactive 15 33 2 25

Stage III: Transaction 2 0 0 0

Stage IV: Participation 2 10 0 15

4.3 Usability of government websites

This refer to components of web usability

such as content, graphic, and related

components as shown in Table 14. It was

noted that more than 50% of government

websites provide properly web components

requirement. See Appendix 3 for detail result

of each components.

Table 14 Percentage of each components of usability


(%)


(%)

Cambodia

(25 ministries)

Indonesia

(31 Ministries)

Cambodia

(24 Provinces)

Indonesia

(33 Provinces)

Architecture and

Navigation 38 54 33 57

Layout and Design 60 94 100 77

Content 64 78 67 73

Form and Interaction 23 63 100 72

Stage

Government

Components

Government

15

Graphic 4 10 17 11

Color 64 92 67 84

Typography 76 97 100 94

Platform and

Implementation 48 91 67 90

In general, as far as usability is concerned,

both countries have fairly well demonstrated

their commitment to build usable websites for

e-government development. (c.f Table 15)

Table 15 Average score of usability (total

score is 24)

Country

Government

Cambodia Indonesia

Central 46% 71%

Local 65% 69%

The main problem for web usability are

difficulties in designing user interface and

lack of knowledge about web building and its

function operations. Therefore, the

government should invest in expertise of web

building.

However, from the review, it was noted

that both government have shown progress in

web usability development. For Indonesian

government, the highest score of 22 from 24

(92%) of web components are implemented

by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of

Trade, and government of Banten Province.

Figure 10 shows a screenshot of Ministry of

Foreign Affairs. Furthermore, Cambodian

government also shows progress in its web

usability development. This includes

government of Phnom Penh city with the

highest score of 20 from 24 (88%) of web

components. The screenshot in Figure 11

illustrated this website.

However, despite the highest score of web

components provided by both governments,

these are still lower than other business

websites.

Figure 10 Website of Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia).

16

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION

5.2 Conclusion

In this modern technology transaction era,

e-government is recently taking its toll both in

developed and under developing countries as

far as communication and transfer of

informations are concerned. The government

are starting to change their conventional

operation to e-government to achieve more

economic and efficient government through

the usage of ICTs, particularly Internet

services. E-government implementation is

enable to provides convenient and conducive

interaction among government institutions,

and between citizens and government.

Like any other developing countries,

Cambodian and Indonesian government have

shown progress in implementing e-

government. Cambodian central and local

government implemented online services 27%

and 5% respectively. While Indonesian

central and local government also provide

39% and 34% online services respectively.

More than 50% of web component of both

government websites are usable. This

indicates that these governments have taken

positive initiative toward usable websites.

Both governments may have experienced

many challenges such as lack of expertise and

government management which may have

lead to the slow progress of e-government

implementation. Thus, the goal of e-

government is not yet fully achieved.

However, the implementation of e-

government in Indonesia is a little more

progressive than the implementation in

Cambodia.

5.2 Recommendation

To ensure the progress of e-government

implementation, the government of Cambodia

and Indonesia should consider to:

a. Accelerate implement of government

services of stage II, III, and stage IV

through the increase of technology

expertise. The government should provide

opportunities (training, sponsorship,

collaboration program, etc) to make the

citizens interested in acquire the

knowledge to build e-government system.

b. Provide convenient Internet facility in

order to motivate and encourage public to

have access to online services.

c. Involve in comparative study with other

developed countries which have aheading

implementation of e-government system

successfully.

The future research of e-government

should:

a. Evaluate all central government’s websites

(not only ministry) including local

government (district and/or commune) as

well as the aspect of web usability and

visibility.

b. Choose appropriate parameter to each

stage model to evaluate websites.

c. Evaluate the use of either back office or

front office, including computer design for

e-government.

Figure 11 Website of government of Phnom Penh city (Cambodia).

17

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18

APPENDIX

19

Appendix 1: High score per stage for Cambodian and Indonesian government

Stage Features/variables Cambodia Indonesia

M1* M2* M3* M4* P1* P2*

I

Web launching 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tab about us 0 1 1 1 1 1 Contact information 1 1 1 1 1 1 Link to others official webpage 0 1 1 1 1 1 General news and activities 1 1 1 1 1 1 Regular update 1 1 1 1 0 0 English language 1 1 1 1 1 1

II

Downloadable forms 0 0 0 0 0 0 Publication 1 1 1 1 1 1 Email and respond 0 0 0 0 0 0 Post comment 0 1 1 1 1 1 Online forums 0 0 1 1 1 1

II

Fill out and submit forms 1 0 0 0 0 0 Payment transaction 1 0 0 0 0 0 Make new passport 0 0 0 0 0 0 Renewal visa 1 0 0 0 0 0 Birth and death record 0 0 0 0 0 0 License and permit 0 0 0 0 0 0

IV Survey 0 0 0 0 1 1 E-voting 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total score 9 9 10 10 10 10

*

M1 : Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation

M2 : Ministry of Rural Development

M3 : Ministry of Finance

M4 : Ministry of Industry

P1 : Central Kalimanatan Province

P2 : East Nusa Tenggara Province

20

Appendix 2: Result of websites evaluation per stage

Table 1 The result of evaluation from 25 Cambodian government’s websites (Ministries’s website)

Stage Variable Score

1* 2* 3* 4* 5* 6* 7* 8* 9* 10* 11* 12* 13* 14* 15*

Web

presence

Web launching 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1

Tab about us 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1

Contact information 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

Link to others official webpage 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

Regular update 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1

English language 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0

General news and activities 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1

Interaction

Downloadable forms 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Publication 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1

Email and respond 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Post comment 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Online forums 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Transaction

Fill out and submit forms 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Payment transaction 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Make new passport 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Renewal visa 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Birth and death record 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

License and permit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Participation Survey 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

E-voting 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total score 8 0 9 7 6 9 8 8 7 8 0 7 6 0 7

*See the complete government name in Appendix 4 table 1

21

Number

of

websites

Average

score

Percentag

e per stage

(%) 16* 17* 18* 19* 20* 21* 22* 23* 24* 25*

1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 19 0.76

65

1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 17 0.68

1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 18 0.72

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0.28

1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 19 0.76

0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 17 0.68

1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 17 0.68

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

14

1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0.56

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.12

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.04

2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.04

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.04

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 0 7 7 6 5 6 5 0 0 134 5.36 27


22

Table 2 The result of evaluation from 31 Indonesian government’s websites (Ministries’s website)


1* 2* 3* 4* 5* 6* 7* 8* 9* 10* 11* 12* 13* 14* 15*

Web

presence

Web launching 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Tab about us 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1



Regular update 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1



Interaction


Publication 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1


Post comment 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

Online forums 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0

Transaction




Renewal visa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0




E-voting 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total score 7 8 8 8 6 8 8 10 7 10 9 9 8 6 7


23

Number of

websites

Average

score

Percentage

per stage

(%) 16* 17* 18* 19* 20* 21* 22* 23* 24* 25* 26* 27* 28* 29* 30* 31*

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31 1

91

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31 1

0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 27 0.87

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 30 0.97

0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 16 0.52

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

26

0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 21 0.68

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 10 0.32

0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 8 0.26

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0.13 6

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 7 8 6 8 9 9 8 8 8 7 8 7 8 8 7 240 7.74 39


24

Table 3 The result of evaluation from 24 Cambodian government’s websites (Provincial)


26* 27* 28* 29* 30* 31* 32* 33* 34* 35* 36* 37* 38* 39* 40*

Web

presence

Web launching 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tab about us 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



Regular update 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



Interaction


Publication 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


Post comment 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Online forums 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Transaction




Renewal visa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0




E-voting 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total score 8 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


25

Number

of

websites

Average

score

Percentag

e per stage

(%) 41* 42* 43* 44* 45* 46* 47* 48* 49*

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.125

11

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.125

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.125

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.041

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.125

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.125

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.125

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.125

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0.92 5


26

Table 4 The result of evaluation from 33 Indonesian government’s websites (Provincial)


32* 33* 34* 35* 36* 37* 38* 39* 40* 41* 42* 43* 44* 45* 46*

Web

presence

Web launching 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Tab about us 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1



Regular update 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1



Interaction


Publication 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0


Post comment 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

Online forums 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Transaction




Renewal visa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0




E-voting 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total score 8 7 9 5 7 7 8 4 8 9 6 7 8 6 5


27

Number

of

websites

Average

score

Percentag

e per stage

(%) 47* 48* 49* 50* 51* 52* 53* 54* 55* 56* 57* 58* 59* 60* 61* 62* 63* 64*

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 31 0.94

76

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 31 0.94

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 31 0.94

1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 21 0.64

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 29 0.89

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.09

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 30 0.90

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

22

1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 14 0.42

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 16 0.48

0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 7 0.21

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 10 0.30 15

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 8 9 10 7 6 7 9 5 6 7 7 7 10 7 7 0 0 223 6.76 34


28

Appendix 3: Table of web usability evaluation

Table 1 Table of questionnaire for web usability

Check components result Note

Architecture and Navigation

1 Are links clearly marked?

2 Is there a clearly marked link back to the home page?

3 Is there an option to search for information?

4 Is there a site map?

5 Does every page make it clear which web site you’re in?

Layout and Design

1 Does page size fit window size?

2 Is layout consistent between pages?

Content

1 Is the text clear and concise?

2 Do pages include introductory text?

3 Do multimedia components support the task?

4 Is there date and time?

5 Is there phone numbers?

6 Are there address and postal codes?

Forms and Interaction

1 Do forms support the task?

2 Are form elements used properly?

3 Are there clear Submit buttons?

Graphics

1 Do the images include alternate text?

2 Is mouse-over feedback provided?

Color

1 Are not too many color use? (max 3 colors)

2 Are colors used consistently?

Typography

1 Is the font size large enough?

2 Are typefaces used properly and consistently? Arial family (Indonesia)

KhmerOS (Cambodia)

Platform and Implementation

1 Do all the links work? Link for news, tab/menu

2 Does the site work with user’s browser? Firefox, Internet Explorer,

Safari

Total

29

Table 2 The result of web usability evaluation for Cambodian Central government

* Web condition can be changed all time, last reviewed on Sunday June 26, 2011

Components Score

1* 2* 3* 4* 5* 6* 7* 8* 9* 10*

Architecture and Navigation Are links clearly marked? 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0

Is there a clearly marked link back to the home page? 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

Is there an option to search for information? 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

Is there a site map? 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

Does every page make it clear which web site you’re in? 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Layout and Design Does page size fit window size? 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Is layout consistent between pages? 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0

Content Is the text clear and concise? 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Do pages include introductory text? 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Do multimedia components support the task? 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Is there date and time? 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

Is there phone numbers? 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Are there address and postal codes? 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Forms and Interaction Do forms support the task? 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0

Are form elements used properly? 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0

Are there clear Submit buttons? 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0

Graphics Do the images include alternate text? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Is mouse-over feedback provided? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Color Are not too many color use? (max 3 colors) 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0

Are colors used consistently? 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Typography Is the font size large enough? 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Are typefaces used properly and consistently? 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Platform and

Implementation Do all the links work? 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0

Does the site work with user’s browser? 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Total score 15 0 16 17 17 18 20 16 17 12


30

Total Score

Average

Score

Percentage per

Component(%) 11* 12* 13* 14* 15* 16* 17* 18* 19* 20* 21* 22* 23* 24* 25*

0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 13 0.52

37.6

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0.08

0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0.4

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.12

0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 19 0.76

0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 19 0.76 60

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 11 0.44

0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 19 0.76

64

0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 19 0.76

0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 19 0.76

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 0.16

0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 17 0.68

0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 18 0.72

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0.2

22.67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0.2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 7 0.28

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0.08 4

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 13 0.52 64

0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 19 0.76

0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 19 0.76 76

0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 19 0.76

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0.2 48

0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 19 0.76

0 13 13 0 12 13 0 18 15 14 14 14 12 0 0 286 11.44 45.76


31

Table 3 The result of web usability evaluation for Indonesian Central government


Components Score

1* 2* 3* 4* 5* 6* 7* 8* 9* 10* 11* 12* 13* 14*

Architecture and Navigation Are links clearly marked? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Is there a clearly marked link back to the home page? 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Is there an option to search for information? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

Is there a site map? 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0

Does every page make it clear which web site you’re in? 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0

Layout and Design Does page size fit window size? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Is layout consistent between pages? 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

Content Is the text clear and concise? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Do pages include introductory text? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Do multimedia components support the task? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Is there date and time? 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

Is there phone numbers? 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0

Are there address and postal codes? 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

Forms and Interaction Do forms support the task? 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

Are form elements used properly? 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

Are there clear Submit buttons? 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

Graphics Do the images include alternate text? 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Is mouse-over feedback provided? 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Color Are not too many color use? (max 3 colors) 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

Are colors used consistently? 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Typography Is the font size large enough? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

Are typefaces used properly and consistently? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Platform and

Implementation Do all the links work? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Does the site work with user’s browser? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Total score 18 15 11 22 17 19 14 16 17 18 18 18 21 14


32

Total Score

Average

Score

Percentage per

Component(%) 15* 16* 17* 18* 19* 20* 21* 22* 23* 24* 25* 26* 27* 28* 29* 30* 31*

1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 30 0.97

54.19

0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 6 0.19

1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 27 0.87

0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 11 0.35

0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 10 0.32

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31 1 93.55

1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 27 0.87

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31 1

77.96

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31 1

0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 16 0.52

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 14 0.45

1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 22 0.71

1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 19 0.61

63.44 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 19 0.61

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 21 0.68

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.10 9.68

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.10

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 27 0.87 91.94

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 30 0.97

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 29 0.94 96.77

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31 1

1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 26 0.84 91.94

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31 1

18 15 17 20 14 22 14 16 18 20 16 15 18 17 20 13 15 526 16.97 70.70


33

Table 4 The result of web usability evaluation for Cambodian Local government


Components Score

26* 27* 28* 29* 30* 31* 32* 33* 34* 35*

Architecture and Navigation Are links clearly marked? 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Is there a clearly marked link back to the home page? 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Is there an option to search for information? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Is there a site map? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Does every page make it clear which web site you’re in? 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Layout and Design Does page size fit window size? 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Is layout consistent between pages? 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Content Is the text clear and concise? 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Do pages include introductory text? 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Do multimedia components support the task? 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Is there date and time? 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Is there phone numbers? 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Are there address and postal codes? 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Forms and Interaction Do forms support the task? 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Are form elements used properly? 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Are there clear Submit buttons? 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Graphics Do the images include alternate text? 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Is mouse-over feedback provided? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Color Are not too many color use? (max 3 colors) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Are colors used consistently? 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Typography Is the font size large enough? 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Are typefaces used properly and consistently? 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Platform and

Implementation Do all the links work? 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Does the site work with user’s browser? 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total score 21 13 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


34

Total Score

Average

Score

Percentage per

Component(%) 36* 37* 38* 39* 40* 41* 42* 43* 44* 45* 46* 47* 48* 49*

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.33

33.33

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.33

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 100

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1

66.67

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.33

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.33

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.33

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1

100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.33 16.67

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.33 66.67

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 100

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.33 66.67

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 15.67 65.28


35

Table 5 The result of web usability evaluation for Indonesian Local government


Components Score

32* 33* 34* 35* 36* 37* 38* 39* 40* 41* 42* 43* 44* 45*

Architecture and

Navigation Are links clearly marked? 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

Is there a clearly marked link back to the home page? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

Is there an option to search for information? 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

Is there a site map? 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Does every page make it clear which web site you’re in? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Layout and Design Does page size fit window size? 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

Is layout consistent between pages? 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1

Content Is the text clear and concise? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Do pages include introductory text? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Do multimedia components support the task? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Is there date and time? 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

Is there phone numbers? 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1

Are there address and postal codes? 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1

Forms and Interaction Do forms support the task? 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0

Are form elements used properly? 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0

Are there clear Submit buttons? 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0

Graphics Do the images include alternate text? 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

Is mouse-over feedback provided? 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

Color Are not too many color use? (max 3 colors) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1

Are colors used consistently? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Typography Is the font size large enough? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Are typefaces used properly and consistently? 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Platform and

Implementation Do all the links work? 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1

Does the site work with user’s browser? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Total score 16 19 16 15 13 15 19 16 14 21 21 13 15 17


36

Total

Score

Average

Score

Percentage per

Component(%) 46* 47* 48* 49* 50* 51* 52* 53* 54* 55* 56* 57* 58* 59* 60* 61* 62* 63* 64*

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 22 0.71

56.77

0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 6 0.19

1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 24 0.77

0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0.16

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 31 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 28 0.90 77.42

0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 20 0.65

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 31 1

73.12

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 31 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 31 1

0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 9 0.29

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 15 0.48

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 19 0.61

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 22 0.71

72.04 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 22 0.71

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 23 0.74

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0.13 11.29

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.10

0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 22 0.71 83.87

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 30 0.97

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 29 0.94 93.55

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 29 0.94

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 25 0.81 90.32

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 31 1

17 22 19 18 19 18 18 18 16 15 11 15 11 16 13 16 20 0 0 512 16.52 68.82


37

Appendix 4: List of Cambodian and Indoensian government


1. List the name of Cambodian Government

No Name of government Website

1 Ministry of Interior http://www.interior.gov.kh/

2 Ministry of National Defense http://www.mod.gov.kh/

3 Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International

Cooperation http://www.mfaic.gov.kh/

4 Ministry of Economy and Finance http://www.mef.gov.kh/

5 Ministry of Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and

Fisheries http://www.maff.gov.kh/

6 Ministry of Rural Development http://www.mrd.gov.kh/

7 Ministry of Commerce http://www.moc.gov.kh/

8 Ministry of Industry Mines and Energy http://www.mime.gov.kh/

9 Ministry of Planning http://www.mop.gov.kh/

10 Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports http://www.moeys.gov.kh/

11 Ministry of Social Affairs Veteran and Youth

Rehabilitation http://www.mosalvy.gov.kh/

12 Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and

Construction http://www.mlmupc.gov.kh/

13 Ministry of Environment http://www.moe.gov.kh/

14 Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology http://www.mowram.gov.kh/

15 Ministry of Information http://www.information.gov.kh/

16 Ministry of Justice http://www.moj.gov.kh/

17 Ministry of National Assembly-Senate Relations and

Inspection http://www.monasri.gov.kh/

18 Ministry of Post and Telecommunication http://www.mptc.gov.kh/

19 Ministry of Health http://www.moh.gov.kh/

20 Ministry of Public Works and Transport http://www.mpwt.gov.kh/

21 Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts http://www.mcfa.gov.kh/

22 Ministry of Tourism http://www.mot.gov.kh/

23 Ministry of Religions and Cults http://www.mocar.gov.kh/

24 Ministry of Women Affairs http://www.mwa.gov.kh/

25 Ministry of Labor and Vocational Training http://www.mlv.gov.kh/

26 Phnom Penh http://www.phnompenh.gov.kh/

27 Siem Reap province http://www.siemreap-town.gov.kh/

28 Battambang Province http://www.battambang-town.gov.kh/

29 Banteay Meanchey Province No domain

30 Oudor Meanchey Province No domain

31 Preah Vihear Province No domain

32 Steng Streng Province No domain

33 Rattanakkiri Province No domain

34 Mondulkiri Province No domain

35 Kompong Thom Province No domain

36 Kompong Cham Province No domain

37 Kompong Chhnang Province No domain

38 Po Sat Province No domain

39 Kompong Speu Province No domain

40 Kandal Province No domain

41 Kampot Province No domain

42 Kratie Province No domain

43 Takeo Province No domain

44 Koh Kong Province No domain

38

45 Prey Veng Province No domain

46 Prey Veng Province No domain

47 Keb Province No domain

48 Pailin Province No domain

49 Sihanouk Province No domain

2. List the name of Indoensian government

No Name of government Website

1 Ministry of the State Secretariat http://www.setneg.go.id

2 Ministry of Religious Affairs http://www.kemenag.go.id

3 Ministry of Energy and Natural Resource http://www.esdm.go.id

4 Ministry of Foreign Affairs http://www.kemlu.go.id

5 Ministry of Law and Human Right http://www.depkumham.go.id

6 Ministry of Forestry http://www.dephut.go.id

7 Ministry of Health http://www.depkes.go.id

8 Ministry of Finance http://www.depkeu.go.id

9 Ministry of Defence http://www.dephan.go.id

10 Ministry of Industry http://www.kemenperin.go.id

11 Ministry of Social Services http://www.depsos.go.id

12 Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration http://www.depnakertrans.go.id/

13 Ministry of Home Affairs http://www.depdagri.go.id

14 Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries http://www.kkp.go.id/

15 Ministry of Culture and Tourism http://www.budpar.go.id

16 Ministry of Cammunication and Information http://www.kominfo.go.id

17 Ministry of Public Works http://www.pu.go.id/

18 Ministry of Transportation http://www.dephub.go.id

19 Ministry of National Education http://www.kemdiknas.go.id

20 Ministry of Trade http://www.kemendag.go.id/

21 Ministry of Agriculture http://www.deptan.go.id

22 State Minister for Research and Technology http://www.ristek.go.id

23 State Minister for Cooperatives Small Medium

Enterprises

http://www.depkop.go.id

24 State Minister for Environment http://www.menlh.go.id

25 State Minister for Women Empowerment http://www.menegpp.go.id

26 State Minister for The Empowerment of State

Apparaturs

http://www.menpan.go.id/

27 State Minister for Acceleration Development

Backward Regions

http://www.kemenegpdt.go.id

28 State Minister for Chairperson of The National

Development Planning Agency

http://www.bappenas.go.id

29 State Minister for State Owned Enterprises http://www.bumn.go.id

30 State Minister for Public Housing http://www.kemenpera.go.id

31 State Minister for Youth and Sports Affairs http://www.kemenpora.go.id

32 Nanggroe Aceh Darulsalam Province http://www.acehprov.go.id/

33 North Sumatra Province http://www.sumutprov.go.id/

34 West Sumatra Province http://www.sumbarprov.go.id/

35 South Sumatra Province http://www.sumselprov.go.id/

36 Riau Province http://www.riau.go.id/

37 Jambi Province http://www.jambiprov.go.id/

38 Bengkulu Province http://bengkuluprov.go.id/

39 Lampung Province http://www.lampungprov.go.id/

40 Bangka Belitung Province http://www.babelprov.go.id/

41 Riau Mainland Province http://www.kepriprov.go.id/

42 Jakarta Province http://www.jakarta.go.id/

43 Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Province http://www.jogjaprov.go.id/

39

44 West Java Province http://www.jabarprov.go.id/

45 Central Java Province http://www.jatengprov.go.id/

46 East Java Province http://www.jatimprov.go.id/

47 Banten Province http://www.bantenprov.go.id/

48 Bali Province http://www.baliprov.go.id/

49 West Kalimantan Province http://www.kalbarprov.go.id/

50 Central Kalimantan Province http://www.kalteng.go.id/

51 South Kalimantan Province http://www.kalselprov.go.id/

52 East Kalimanatan Province http://www.kaltimprov.go.id/

53 North Sulawesi Province http://www.sulut.go.id/

54 South East Sulawesi Province http://www.sulawesitenggaraprov.go.id/

55 Central Sulawesi Province http://www.sultengprov.go.id/

56 South Sulawesi Province http://www.sulsel.go.id/

57 West Sulawesi Province http://www.sulbarprov.go.id/

58 Papua Province http://www.papua.go.id/

59 West Papua Province http://www.papuabaratprov.go.id/

60 East Nusa Tenggara Province http://www.nttprov.go.id/

61 West Nusa Tenggara Province http://www.ntbprov.go.id/

62 Maluku Province http://www.malukuprov.go.id/

63 North Maluku Province http://www.malutprov.go.id/

64 Gorontalo Province http://www.gorontaloprov.go.id/

40

Appendix 5: Internet user

1. Table Internet User by World Region, 31 March 2011

World Regions Population

(2011 Est. ) Internet User % Population User % total

Africa 1,037,524,058 118,609,620 11.4 % 5.7 %

Asia 3,879,740,877 922,329,554 23.8 % 44.0 %

Europe 816,426,346 476,213,935 58.3 % 22.7 %

Middle East 216,258,843 68,553,666 31.7 % 3.3 %

North America 347,394,870 272,066,000 78.3 % 13.0 %

Latin America 597,283,165 215,939,400 36.2 % 10.3 %

Australia 35,426,995 21,293,830 60.1 % 1.0 %

World Total 6,930,055,154 2,095,006,005 30.2 % 100.0 %

Source : Internet World Stats

2. Table Internet User by countries in Asia, 31 March 2011

Asia Population

(2011 Est. ) Internet user % Population User % Asia

Afganistan 29,835,392 1,000,000 3.4 % 0.1 %

Armenia 2,967,975 1,396,550 47.1 % 0.1 %

Azerbaijan 8,372,373 3,689,000 44.1 % 0.4 %

Bangladesh 158,570,535 1,735,020 1.1 % 0.2 %

Bhutan 708,427 53,280 7.5 % 0.0 %

Brunei Darussalem 401,890 318,900 79.4 % 0.0 %

Cambodia 14,701,717 329,680 2.2 % 0.0 %

China 1,336,718,015 485,000,000 36.3 % 52.0 %

Georgia 4,585,874 1,300,000 28.3 % 0.1 %

Hong Kong 7,122,508 4,878,713 68.5 % 0.5 %

India 1,189,172,906 100,000,000 8.4 % 10.7 %

Indonesia 245,613,043 39,600,000 16.1 % 4.2 %

Japan 126,475,664 99,182,000 78.4 % 10.6 %

Kazakhstan 15,522,373 5,300,000 34.1 % 0.6 %

Korea, North 24,457,492 -- -- --

Korea, South 48,754,657 39,440,000 80.9 % 4.2 %

Kyrgystan 5,587,443 2,194,400 39.3 % 0.2 %

Laos 6,477,211 527,400 8.1 % 0.1 %

Macao 573,003 280,900 49.0 % 0.0 %

Malaysia 28,728,607 16,902,600 58.8 % 1.8 %

Maldives 394,999 107,460 27.2 % 0.0 %

Mongolia 3,133,318 350,000 11.2 % 0.0 %

Myanmar 53,999,804 110,000 0.2 % 0.0 %

Nepal 29,391,883 1,072,900 3.7 % 0.1 %

Pakistan 187,342,721 20,431,000 10.9 % 2.2 %

Philippines 101,833,938 29,700,000 29.2 % 3.2 %

Singapore 4,740,737 3,658,400 77.2 % 0.4 %

Sri Lanka 21,283,913 1,776,900 8.3 % 0.2 %

Taiwan 23,071,779 16,147,000 70.0 % 1.7 %

Tajikistan 7,627,200 700,000 9.2 % 0.1 %

Thailand 66,720,153 18,310,000 27.4 % 2.0 %

Timor-Leste 1,177,834 2,100 0.2 % 0.0 %

Turkmenistan 4,997,503 80,400 1.6 % 0.0 %

Uzbekistan 28,128,600 7,550,000 26.8 % 0.8 %

Vietnam 90,549,390 29,268,606 32.3 % 3.1 %

Total Asia 3,879,740,877 932,393,209 24.0 % 100.0 %

Source : Internet World Stats

http://www.internetworldstats.com/asia.htm#vn

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