G rade L evel C ontent E xpectations 6 Grade Science Teacher Workshops Developed by: Mr. P. A. Klozik & Dr. M. H. Suckley Email: [email protected].

Grade Level Content Expectations6 Grade Science Teacher Workshops

Developed by:

Mr. P. A. Klozik & Dr. M. H. SuckleyEmail: [email protected]

Visit our Website: http://www.ScienceScene.com (The MAPs Co.)

Potential & Kinetic Energy

Matrix for Physical Science

Grade 6

Process

Inquiry Process

Inquiry Analysis and Communication

Reflection and Social Implications

Content

Energy

Kinetic and Potential

Energy Transfer

Changes in Matter

Changes in State

Inquiry ProcessK-7 Standard S.IP: Develop an understanding that scientific inquiry and reasoning involves observing, questioning, investigating, recording, and developing solutions to problems.

S.IP.M.1 Inquiry involves generating questions, conducting investigations, and developing solutions to problems through reasoning and observation.

S.IP.06.11 Generate scientific questions based on observations, investigations, and research

S.IP.06.12 Design and conduct scientific investigations.

S.IP.06.13 Use tools and equipment (spring scales, stop watches, meter sticks and tapes, models, hand lens, thermometer, models, sieves, microscopes) appropriate to scientific investigations.

S.IP.06.14 Use metric measurement devices in an investigation.

S.IP.06.15 Construct charts and graphs from data and observations.

S.IP.06.16 Identify patterns in data. Back

Inquiry Analysis and Communication

K-7 Standard S.IA: Develop an understanding that scientific inquiry and investigations require analysis and communication of findings, using appropriate technology.

S.IA.M.1Inquiry includes an analysis and presentation of findings that lead to future questions, research, and investigations.

S.IA.06.11 Analyze information from data tables and graphs to answer scientific questions.

S.IA.06.12 Evaluate data, claims, and personal knowledge through collaborative science discourse.

S.IA.06.13 Communicate and defend findings of observations and investigations using evidence.

S.IA.06.14 Draw conclusions from sets of data from multiple trials of a scientific investigation.

S.IA.06.15 Use multiple sources of information to evaluate strengths and weaknesses of claims, arguments, or data.

S.IA.06.15 Use multiple sources of information to evaluate strengths and weaknesses of claims, arguments, or data.

Back

Reflection And Social Implications

K-7 Standard S.RS: Develop an understanding that claims and evidence for their scientific merit should be analyzed. Understand how scientists decide what constitutes scientific knowledge. Develop an understanding of the importance of reflection on scientific knowledge and its application to new situations to better understand the role of science in society and technology.

S.RS.M.1

Reflecting on knowledge is the application of scientific knowledge to new and different situations. Reflecting on knowledge requires careful analysis of evidence that guides decision-making and the application of science throughout history and within society.

S.RS.06.11 Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of claims, arguments, and data.

S.RS.06.12 Describe limitations in personal and scientific knowledge.

S.RS.06.13 Identify the need for evidence in making scientific decisions.

S.RS.06.14 Evaluate scientific explanations based on current evidence and scientific principles.

S.RS.06.15 Demonstrate scientific concepts through various illustrations, performances, models, exhibits, and activities.

S.RS.06.16 Design solutions to problems using technology.

S.RS.06.17 Describe the effect humans and other organisms have on the balance of the natural world.

S.RS.06.18 Describe what science and technology can and cannot reasonably contribute to society.

S.RS.06.19 Describe how science and technology have advanced because of the contributions of many people throughout history and across cultures.

Back

P.EN: Energy

Develop an understanding that there are many forms of energy (such as heat, light, sound, and electrical) and that energy is transferable by convection, conduction, or radiation. Understand energy can be in motion, called kinetic; or it can be stored, called potential. Develop an understanding that as temperature increases, more energy is added to a system. Understand nuclear reactions in the sun produce light and heat for the Earth.

P.EN.M.1

Kinetic and Potential Energy- Objects and substances in motion have kinetic energy. Objects and substances may have potential energy due to their relative positions in a system. Gravitational, elastic, and chemical energy are all forms of potential energy.

P.EN.06.11 Identify kinetic or potential energy in everyday situations (for example: stretched rubber band, objects in motion, ball on a hill, food energy).

P.EN.06.12 Demonstrate the transformation between potential and kinetic energy in simple mechanical systems (for example: roller coasters, pendulums).

P.EN.M.4

Energy Transfer- Energy is transferred from a source to a receiver by radiation, conduction, and convection. When energy is transferred from a source to a receiver, the quantity of energy before the transfer is equal to the quantity of energy after the transfer.

P.EN.06.41 Explain how different forms of energy can be transferred from one place to another by radiation, conduction, or convection.

P.EN.06.42Illustrate how energy can be transferred while no energy is lost or gained in the transfer.

Back

P.CM: Changes in Matter

Develop an understanding of changes in the state of matter in terms of heating and cooling, and in terms of arrangement and relative motion of atoms and molecules. Understand the differences between physical and chemical changes. Develop an understanding of the conservation of mass. Develop an understanding of products and reactants in a chemical change.

P.CM.M.1

Changes in State- Matter changing from state to state can be explained by using models which show that matter is composed of tiny particles in motion. Whenchanges of state occur, the atoms and/or molecules are not changed in structure. When the changes in state occur, mass is conserved because matter is not created or destroyed.

P.CM.06.11 Describe and illustrate changes in state, in terms of the arrangement and relative motion of the atoms or molecules.

P.CM.06.12 Explain how mass is conserved as it changes fromstate to state in a closed system.

Back

Presented By: The MAPs Team

Visit Our Website: http://www.ScienceScene.com

Meaningful Applications of Physical ScienceEmail: [email protected]

Potential & Kinetic

Energy

A. What Is Energy?

B. Seven Forms Of Energy.

C. Two Types Of Energy.

D. Conservation of Energy.

E. Work and Power.


A. What Is Energy?

1. Naive Ideas Concerning Energy.

2. Does Energy (Light) Have Either Weight Or Volume? . . . . 8

3. What Makes It Move? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4. Defining Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5. How Is Energy / Work Measured? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

6. How Is the Strength of Energy Measured? . . . . . . . . . . . . 13


B. Forms Of Energy

1. The Seven Forms Of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2. Energy and the Human Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

3. Transfer Of Chemical To Heat - Food Burning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

4. Can Heat Make Things Move? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

5. Can Chemicals Make Things Move? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

6. Using A Radio Speaker Electrical to Mechanical Energy . . . . . . . 29

7. Changing Mechanical Energy To Heat Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

8. Energy Conversion Smorgasbord (Demonstrating Energy Conversions) .

32

9. Energy Conversion Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

10. Energy Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38


C. There Are Two Types Of Energy.

1. Two types of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

2. Ah-La-Bounce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

3. The weight of A Body and Its Gravitational Potential Energy . . . . . . 44

4. Galilean Cannon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46

5. Storing Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

6. Investigating Potential / Kinetic Energy

a. Does Potential / Kinetic Energy depend on Force? . . . . . . . . . 52

b. Does Potential / Kinetic Energy depend on Mass? . . . . . . . . . 54


D. Conservation of Energy

1. Is Energy Conserved When Converted to Work? a. Is Energy Conserved When Force is Changed? . . . . . . . . . 57

b. Is Energy Conserved When Mass is Changed? . . . . . . . . . 58

2. Energy Transformations And The Pendulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

3. Stop And Go Balls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

4. Coat Hanger Cannon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63


E. Work and Power

1. Determining your Horsepower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

2. Hot Rod Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

3. Comparing Work, Kinetic and Potential Energy

Summary


We Had A Great Time

Naive Ideas - Energy

1. Energy is a "thing". This is kind of a fuzzy notion, probably because of the way we think about newton-meters or joules.

2. The terms "energy" and "force" are interchangeable.

3. From the non-scientific point of view, "work" is synonymous with "labor."

4. An object at rest has no energy.

5. Doubling the speed of a moving object doubles the kinetic energy.

6. Energy can be changed from one form to another with no energy losses.

7. Things "use up" energy.

8. Energy is confined to some particular origin, such as what we get from food,

or what the electric company sells.

9. There is no relationship between matter and energy.

10. If energy is conserved, why are we running out of it?

10

Does Light Have Either Weight Or Volume?

1. Place a box on a scale.

2. Tare (zero) the scale.

3. Add light energy to the box.

4. Observe any increase in mass.

1.

2.

3.

4.

6.

7. 8

.

9.

5.

What Makes It Move?

9

How Is Energy / Work Measured?

1. Obtain a toy truck a ramp and something to change the height of the ramp.

2. Using a newton scale measure the force needed to move the truck with the ramp flat and the distance the truck moved.

3. Using a newton scale measure the force needed to move the truck with the ramp on an incline and the distance the truck moved.

4. Using a newton scale measure the force needed to move the truck with the ramp perpendicular and the distance the truck moved.

Position Force Distance Work/Energy

Flat

Inclined

Perpendicular

Measuring The Strength Of EnergyThe Inverse Square Law

One Distance Unit Two Distance Units Three Distance Units

Object Strength = 1 Strength = 1/4 Strength = 1/9

1. Hold the laser 1 meter as indicated in the table and shine on a flat surface. You will notice squares reflecting on the surface. Select one of the squares and draw it on the surface.

2. Hold the laser 2 meters from the surface. Align the same square with one side and bottom. Determine the number of original squares it would take to fill the larger square.

3. Hold the laser 3 meters from the surface. Align the same square with one side and bottom. Determine the number of original squares it would take to fill the larger square.

1/91/411/D2 ∞ intensity

941Distance Squared (D)

941Number of Squares

3-Meters2-Meters1-MeterDistance

12

1. Heat

2. Light

3. Sound

4. Mechanical

5. Electrical

6. Chemical

7. Nuclear

Magnetic

Chemical, food

7

¼ tablet ½ tablet ¾ tablet

1. (1) Mass (g)

2. (2,4) Temperature (°C)

3. (5) Distance: (m)

1

2

3

Av.

5. (6)Time to explode (sec.)

1

2

3

Av.

6. (7)Number of explosions

Alka - Poppers

Energy Smorgasbord

1

Converted Energy

heat19. Thermocouple and Galvanometer

chemical18. Nerf Ball Cannon

mechanical17. Toy car

chemical16. Nerf Ball Cannon

mechanical15. Clap on clap off

mechanical14. Piezoelectric crystal and Neon bulb

chemical13. Picture

chemical12. Matches

Light11. Photo cell

mechanical10. Talking strip

mechanical 9. Coat hanger, test tube, water

mechanical 8. Superball and thermometer

mechanical 7. Rubber bands and Balloons

mechanical 6. Motor and Bulb

chemical 5. Battery and motor

chemical 4. Battery and Bulb

chemical 3. Battery

chemical 2. Wintergreen Mint and pliers

atomic 1. Festaware and Geiger counter

Starting EnergyDevice

38

Energy Conversions

BatteryExplosionFireFirecrackerCandleChemical

PlatingSpeakerIronMotorLight BulbElectrical

Baby’s CryMicrophoneMovementResonanceSono-

LuminescenceSound

Cooking Food

ThermocoupleTeapotExpansionFireHeat

Churning Butter

GeneratorClapping

HandsRubbing Hands

Steel & FlintMechanical

PhotosynthesisPhotocell AbsorptionRadiometerLight

ChemicalElectricalSoundHeatMechanicalLight

28

How a Monkey uses Energy Chains to Move

Energy Chain:Sun → Photosynthesis → Banana → Monkey → Chemical Energy → Mechanical

Energy (Monkey Moves)

1

Where Does The Energy Come From That is Needed For A Fisherman To Fish?

Where does the energy needed for a fisherman to fish come from?0

Energy and the Human Body

What is a Calorie?A calorie is a unit of energy. Calories apply to anything containing energy. For example, a gallon (about 4 liters) of gasoline contains about 31,000,000 calories.

Specifically, a calorie is the amount of energy, or heat, it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius. One calorie is equal to 4.184 joules, a common unit of energy used in the physical sciences.

In regards to food and fitness the reference to calories actually are kilocalories.

Using the log sheets supplied, keep track of everything you eat in a 24 hour period. Beside each type of food list the number of Calories it contained by referring to the chart "Calorie content in common foods."

Using A Radio Speaker to Convert Electrical to Mechanical Energy

A speaker takes the electrical signal and translates it into physical vibrations to create sound waves. Speakers do this by rapidly vibrating a flexible diaphragm or cone. One end of the cone is connected to the voice coil and the other end to the cone. The coil is attached to the basket by the spider which allows it to move freely back and forth. When electricity passes through the coil a magnetic field is produced which interacts with the magnetic field of the magnetic which causes the coil and cone to move producing sound.

Can Heat Make Things Move?

Chewing gum wrapper and a source of heat such as an incandescent light bulb and socket

Mechanical To Heat With Elastic Bands

Obtain a rubber band

While holding the rubber band in both hands stretch it across your lips. You will notice that while the rubber band is being stretched it will feel warmer.

When you “un-stretch” the rubber band it will feel cooler to your lips.

The heat is caused by the rubber molecules rubbing against one another.

2

Superball Heat Energy

Drill a hole into a super ball large enough to fit a thermometer.

Insert thermometer, record the temperature and remove thermometer.

Bounce the ball for about 5-minutes.

Insert thermometer, record the temperature and remove thermometer.

1

Hammer, Nail and Block of Wood

When hammering a nail into wood, the hammer is raised ready to fall and hit the nail. The mass of the hammer is acted upon by gravity and the hammer contains potential energy. When the hammer is moving towards the nail the potential energy changes to kinetic energy. More energy can be added to the hammer by muscle power, the hammer accelerates and its velocity increases. The nail has zero velocity. On impact with the nail, the velocity of the hammer retards to zero and the energy contained within the hammer transfers to the nail.

1. Hold a nail to sense its temperature.2. Pound the nail 4 to 5-cm into the wood. Identify the work needed to do this.3. Using the claw part of the hammer pull out the nail. Immediately touch the part

of the nail that was in the wood. Describe the sensation.4. Identify the energy transformations that took place.

0

•

Cork

Pin

Peanut

25 ml. water

Transformation Of Chemical Energy To Heat Energy

Data Sample A-Peanut Sample B -

1. Mass of material (g)

2. Mass of cold Water (Mwater)

3. Temp. cold Water (T1)

4. Temp. of heated water (T2)

5. Temp. change of water (ΔT)

6. calories (H)

7. Calories

2. Kinetic or moving energy

KE = ½m x v2

1. Potential or stored energy

PE = F x h

2

Pull Back Car

1

PotentialKinetic

Mass of super ball ___________Kg Mass of tennis ball _____________Kg

% of energy absorbed

Potential Energym x g x h

Average

3

2

1

h2 (meters)h1 (meters)h2 (meters)h1 (meters)

Tennis BallSuper BallTrials

Ah-la-bounce

The weight of A Body and Its Gravitational Potential Energy

Ball bearings dropped into sand

Relative Mass 1-meter 2-meter 3-meter

Light

Medium

Heavy

Galilean Cannon

Number of Rebound Balls Speed

1 . . . . . . . . . . 1v 2 . . . . . . . . . . 3v 3 . . . . . . . . . . 7v 4 . . . . . . . . . . 15v 5 . . . . . . . . . . 31v 6 . . . . . . . . . . 63v 7 . . . . . . . . . . 127v 8 . . . . . . . . . . 255v

.380-m

Finish – t2 Start - t1

Equipment Set-up

INVESTIGATING POTENTIAL AND KINETIC ENERGY

1

Time Trials

0.04090.06451.18 0.340.340.350.33 0.145 0.1120.093

0.02820.04670.98 0.410.410.400.430.0470.0950.062

0.01130.0294 0.62 0.650.650.650.660.025 0.0510.031

KineticK.E.= ½ mv2

(Joules)

PotentialP.E.= mgh

(Joules)

V=d/t(m / sec)

Average Time

(seconds)

Trial3

(seconds)

Trial2

(seconds)

Trial1

(seconds)

Force on Truck

(Newton)

Height ofTruck (h)(meters)

BlockHeight

(meters)Experiment

EnergySpeed

Position from Start: 0.38 -m Height (h): Measured Gravity (g): 9.8 m/sec2

Mass of truck (m) 0.0588-Kg Timed Distance (d): 0.40 -m Block Height: Given

Does Energy Depend On Force?

015

Does Energy Depend On Mass?

Position from Start: 0.38-m Height (h): Measured Gravity (g): 9.8 m/sec2

Force on truck (f): Measured

Mass of truck (m): 0.0588-Kg

Timed Distance (d): 0.40 -m

Block Height 0.03-m

0.0522 0.1197 0.66 0.610.620.630.590.2300.051.23944

0.0403 0.0897 0.67 0.600.600.590.620.1520.051.17943

0.0258 0.0597 0.65 0.620.620.630.650.0920.051.11942

0.0109 0.0294 0.61 0.660.650.670.660.0250.051.05881

Kinetic

K.E.= ½ mv2

(joules)

Potential

P.E.= mgh

(joules)

V=d/t

(m / sec)

Average

Time(seconds)

Trial

3

(sec.)

Trial

2

(sec.)

Trial

1

(sec.)

Force on

Truck

(Newton)

Height of

Truck (h)

(meters)

Mass

(Truck+)

(Kg)

Experiment

EnergySpeedTime Trials

20

IS ENERGY CONSERVED WHEN CONVERTED TO WORK?

Finish – t2Start - t1

Work = force (newtons) x distance (meters)

Equipment Set-up

1

Is Energy Conserved When Force is Changed?

Distance (d) Block moves: Measured

Mass of truck (m): 0.0588-Kg Force to move block (f): Measured

Gravity (g): 9.8 m/sec2Block Height: 0.03-mPosition from Start: 0.38-m

0.0409

0.145 0.1123

0.0282 0.0470.0952

0.0113 0.025 0.0511

Average(meters)

Trial3

(meters)

Trial 2

(meters)

Trial1

(meters)

Kinetic Energy

Calculated in B-1

(joules)

WorkW = f x

d(joules)

Distance Block MovesForce to MoveWood Barrier

(Newton)

Force onTruck

(Newton)

BlockHeight

(m)

Experiment

03

Is Energy Conserved When Mass is Changed?

0.0522 .23944

0.0403 .17943

0.0258 .11942

0.0109 .05881

Average(meters)

Trial3

(meters)

Trial2

(meters)

Trial1

(meters)

Kinetic Energy

Calculated in B-2

(joules)

WorkW = f x d(joules)

Distance Block MovesForce to MoveWood Barrier

(Newton)

Mass

(Kg)Experiment

Position from Start: 0.38-m Block Height: _______-m Gravity (g): 9.8 m/sec2

Force to move block (f): Measured Mass of truck (m): Variable Distance (d) Block moves: Measured-chart

2

First Law - Energy input always equals energy output.

Energy is neither created nor destroyed.

Second Law - When energy is converted from one form to another, the result is to move from higher level energy (gasoline) to lower level energy (heat).

2

Energy Laws

Energy Transformations And The Pendulum

1

Trust‘em or Duck you Sucker!

DESCRIPTION Demonstrate your confidence in energy conservation by standing with your back against the wall, releasing the bowling ball from just in front of your nose (with no initial velocity), and allowing it to swing out and back. Standing with the back of your head against a wall makes it easier to keep your head in one place. Hang pendulum from eyelet on ductwork above front of lecture room with inelastic cord

0

Stop And Go Balls

Tie about 1-meter of string between two supports. Suspend two balls from the string using pieces of string approximately 0.5-meter long.

Start one of the ball swinging. Note that the other ball begins to respond to this motion, and its amplitude of swing increases. The ball that was initially moving loses some of its energy and begins to slow down. This continues until the ball that was originally at rest is swinging with full amplitude, and the other ball comes to a stop. This cycle continues with the balls transferring energy from one ball to the other.

Coat Hanger Cannon

Heighth

Massm

Accelerationa

Forcem x a

PEF x h

Ranged

Timet

Velocityd / t

KE½ m x v2

Trial meter Kg 9.8-m/sec2 newton joule meter seconds m / s joule

1

2

3

Stair height

Height

Determining Your Horsepower

ForceWork

W = f x dPower

Power = work / timeHorsepower

Hp = Power / 746

TrialF

(Newton)d

(meters)w

(joules)t

(seconds)p

(watts)Hp

1

2

3

Average

Determining A Car’s Horsepower

Table

mass

pulley

ramp

ForceF = m x g

WorkW = f x d

PowerPower = work / time

HorsepowerHp= watts/746

Trialm.

(Kg.)g

(m/s2)F

(Newton)d

(meters)W

(joules)t

(seconds)

P(watts) Hp

1 9.8

2 9.8

3 9.8

Average 9.8

Force (newton) ÷ Distance (meters)

1

Work (joules) ÷ Time (seconds)

0

Relationship Between Work, Kinetic and Potential Energy

(Let's look at the Units)

Work = ∆ Kinetic Energy = ∆ Potential Energy

f x d = ∆ 1/2 M x v2 = ∆ f x d

N x d = Kg x (m/s)2 = N x d

Kg x m

s2 x m = Kg x m2

s2 = Kg x m

s2 x m

Kg x m2

s2 = Kg x m2

s2 = Kg x m2

s2

Joules Joules Joules

Units are really road signs which tell us where we are!!




f x d = ∆ 1/2 M x v2 = ∆ f x d


Kg x m

s2 x m = Kg x m2

s2 = Kg x m

s2 x m

Kg x m2

s2 = Kg x m2

s2 = Kg x m2

s2






f x d = ∆ 1/2 M x v2 = ∆ f x d


Kg x m

s2 x m = Kg x m2

s2 = Kg x m

s2 x m

Kg x m2

s2 = Kg x m2

s2 = Kg x m2

s2






f x d = ∆ 1/2 M x v2 = ∆ f x d


Kg x m

s2 x m = Kg x m2

s2 = Kg x m

s2 x m

Kg x m2

s2 = Kg x m2

s2 = Kg x m2

s2






f x d = ∆ 1/2 M x v2 = ∆ f x d


Kg x m

s2 x m = Kg x m2

s2 = Kg x m

s2 x m

Kg x m2

s2 = Kg x m2

s2 = Kg x m2

s2






f x d = ∆ 1/2 M x v2 = ∆ f x d


Kg x m

s2 x m = Kg x m2

s2 = Kg x m

s2 x m

Kg x m2

s2 = Kg x m2

s2 = Kg x m2

s2


Units are really road signs which tell us where we are!! 4

FORCEPush or a pull that produces an acceleration

F = m x a Force = Mass x acceleration

F = Kg x m

s2

We Had A Great Time

G rade L evel C ontent E xpectations 6 Grade Science Teacher Workshops Developed by: Mr. P. A. Klozik & Dr. M. H. Suckley Email: [email protected].

Documents

scientific inquiry

scientific investigations

standard s

scientific questions

research s

scientific decisions

scientific merit

personal knowledge