Socio-economic impact of HIV at the individual and household level: a study based on survey in 7 provinces Indonesia
G. Pramod Kumar UNDP Regional Centre Bangkok&Wynandin ImawanBPS Statistics Indonesia19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna1Socio-economic impact of HIV at the individual and household levels in Indonesia: a seven province study
JOTHI
Outline19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna2BackgroundMethodologyLimitationsMain findingsKey recommendations
Background19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna3Status of epidemicLow prevalence, concentrated epidemicAbout 314,500 PLHIV (0.22%); projected to rise to 0.37% by 20142010-2014: about 23,000 projected annual deathsObjectiveAssess SE impact in wide range of areas (income and employment; consumption, assets and savings; coping mechanism; stigma; health; education; gender etc)Inform impact mitigation policies and programmesPartnersUNDP, BPS, ILO, UNV, NAC, UNAIDS, JOTHI
Status of epidemicAbout 314,500 PLHIV (.22% national level), projected to .37% HIV prevalence by 2014; 2010-2014: about 23,000 PLHIV are likely to die annuallyObjectiveImpact on income and employment, consumption, assets and savings; coping mechanism, education, genderStigma and discriminationDisclosure, sexual behavior, spousal transmissionSocial protection Partners involvedOrganization of Network of PLHIV [JOTHI]:Developing survey instruments (questionnaires and manual), giving input on the data [variable] to be collected and the way approaching PLHIV List of PLHIV as sampling frameMember of organization as middle man to contact PLHIV
3Methodology 19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna4Quantitative and qualitative: questionnaire survey, FGDs, in-depth interviews, case studies
5 high prevalence provinces (Jakarta, West Java, East Java, Bali & Papua) & 2 low prevalence provinces (NTB, NTT)
Purposive, quota sampling: 1019 PLHIV-households & 1019 control households (non-PLHIV households)
Control households from same socio-economic background in the neighbourhood
Geographic spread7 provinces purposively selected [high prevalence]: Jakarta, West Java [Bandung], East Java [Surabaya and Malang], Bali [Denpasar], Papua [Jayapura and Merauke], [low prevalence]: NTB [Mataram], NTT [Kupang], Sampling methodImpact of HIV to individual and hh can be best described through data collected toTarget household: household with PLHIVControl household: similar socio-economic status [education of household head, income, hhsize, quality of housing] Same sample size for target and control households Quantitative survey and FGD employed
4Limitations19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna5No sampling frame available and accessing PLHIV-households difficultNo equal probability for all PLHIV households to be selectedSelection bias because of access through PLHIV-networkRecall errors, approximation by respondents etcInhibition in disclosing intimate details, money matters
Sample distribution 19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna6PROVINCESNumber of Reported AIDS casesNumber of DeathsSample HouseholdsTargetControlTotal(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)Jakarta2.781419280280560West Java2.888544197197394East Java2.591584211211422Bali1.1772285656112West NT8047252550East NT11023252550Papua2.382351225225450TOTAL1.0191.0192.038Number of samples proportional to the number of reported AIDS casesPLHIV Profile (%)19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna7Age GroupMaleFemale< 202.210.120 - 3058.455.531 - 4033.226.941 - 504.76.351 - 601.01.2> 600.50PLHIV CategoriesMaleFemaleIDU73.420.9Transgender7.00.3CSW5.614.3MSM2.10Spousal transmission4.348.4Mother-to-infant transmission1.36.3Blood transmission0.40Others1.01.5Do not know4.98.419 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna8Main findingsImpact on income, consumption, assets & savings; coping mechanisms19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna9EmploymentFormal employment is considerably lower among HIV-households
More PLHIV-households are self-employed (own business)
Free workers more in PLHIV-households
19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna10
While more HIV-households members earn a living from self-employment (35.03% Vs 29.95%), formal and more stable employment is more common among the non-HIV households. 10Income-lossCaring for the sick cost 55 % more income-loss in PLHIV-households than regular households
Loss of income more pronounced for men19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna11The loss of income by PLHIV households by way of caring for the sick is drastic: they lost 55% more income than the non-PLHIV households in this regard. The loss of days of work as well as the loss of income is more pronounced for men.
11Income Vs expenses & social support Big gap between income and expenses in PLHIV households
Expenses higher than income
Social support bridges the gap to some level
Without social support , high risk of impoverishment
19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna12However, an encouraging fact that requires focused attention is that social support from various sources such as government, NGOs and others help PLHIV-households make up for the income-gap. With the addition of social support, their incomes are comparable to that of the non-PLHIV households. As much as 11.7% of the income of the PLHIV-households came from social support as against 5.2% for the non-PLHIV households, clearly indicating that social transfers are very effective in protecting the incomes of PLHIV.
12Coping mechanisms74% said HIV has led to additional expenses 63.56% used up savings 60.32% PLHIV borrowed from families and friends
Significant liquidation of assets
Social support great relief19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna13
Roughly 74% of the respondents said HIV has led to additional expenses. About 63.56% of them said they used savings to partly meet these expenses. Similarly 60.32% PLHIV borrowed from families and friends.
13Stigma & discrimination19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna14Time for disclosure 18% still not informed families9% live in isolation 5% took 1-2 years Level of disclosure among female PLHIV is lower: 21.25% still havent informed families 13% live in isolation 41% informed the family immediately after the diagnosis. 19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna15About 18% of the PLHIV-interviewees have still not informed their family and about 9% live in isolation. For those who have disclosed their status, the time taken for disclosure also indicates the difficult environment: while some (roughly 5%) took one or two years to disclose their status to the family, almost an equal number waited for as long as five years.In the case of women, the level of disclosure is worse, indicating higher fear and burden of stigma among them. About 21.25% still havent informed their family about their status and more than 13% are living on their own, figures higher than that for men. However, a redeeming fact in this context is that about 41% informed the family immediately after the diagnosis. Education seems to facilitate higher disclosure among women though no such trend was found among men.
15Discrimination in residential settings 17% households said they experienced discrimination Most common (59%) was avoidance by others. 53% were subjected to verbal abuse 38% reported children were not allowed to play with the children of the neighborhood. 12% experienced physical violence Loss of friends and customers in business, rejection by community & social boycott were common
19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna16More than 17% of the households said they experienced discriminationAmong them, the most common (59%) was avoidance by others. About 53% were subjected to verbal abuse and about 38% reported that children from the PLHIV-households were not allowed to play with the children of the neighborhood. About seven per cent experienced even physical violence. Loss of friends and customers in business, rejection by community and social boycott was also substantial.
16Discrimination in healthcare settings > 50% PLHIV felt discrimination
Worst form (70.23%) was that they were publicly marked as HIV+ in hospitals.
10% PLHIV-households also felt discrimination
19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna17
More than half the respondents said they were discriminated against in hospitals. The worst form of discrimination (70.23%) was that they were publicly marked as HIV positive in hospitals. Isolation, verbal abuse, denial of medical treatment, restriction of movement, refusal to touch/attend and wearing excessive protection while handling them were among the various forms of discrimination that PLHIV faced in the hospitals. They were also discriminated by other patients, the most common being isolation, verbal abuse and avoidance. The households of PLHIV were also subjected to discrimination in hospitals. More than 10% of them said they experienced discriminatory treatment.
17health19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna18Health expenses PLHIV-households spent 5 times more than non-PLHIV households on medical expenses
Average medical expenses of PLHIV alone are 3 times higher than the total medical expenses of non-PLHIV households19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna19The PLHIV-households spend nearly five times than the non-PLHIV households on medical expenses, compromising on the resources that they can spend on other requirements of the household such as education. While the average medical expenditure of the non-PLHIV households is IDR 99200, for the PLHIV households, it is IDR 474,000, about five times higher.
19Medical expenses - provincial variationMedical expenses 17 times higher in Surabaya-Malang
9.5 times higher in Mataram
19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna20In some provinces, average medical expenditure is substantially higher. For instance, in Surabaya-Malang, the household expense on health is 17 times higher for PLHIV households while in Mataram area, it is 9.5 times higher.
20ARV consumption 53.7% of the respondents said they use ARV, mostly supported by the Government
Incidence of opportunistic infections fallen to 35.4%, commensurate with increasing ARV coverage as well as increased access to treatment.
19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna21An encouraging trend, however, is that during the last one year, the incidence of opportunistic infections has come down to 35.4%, commensurate with increasing ARV coverage as well as increased access to treatment. About 53.7% of the respondents said they use ARV, mostly supported by the Government.
21OIs and places of treatment Most PLHIV access treatment in government hospitals and community health centres - need for health and community systems strengthening. 19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna22Most of the PLHIV access treatment in government hospitals and community health centres indicating the need for health and community systems strengthening.
22Education and gender19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna23Education expenses HIV households spend 36% less on education compared to the non-HIV households.
Non-HIV households spend 3.46% of household income on education, for HIV households, it is only1.78%.
19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna24The disproportionately high spending on health in the PLHIV-households takes a huge toll on education. The HIV households spend 36% less on education compared to the non-HIV households. Additionally, while non-HIV households spend 3.46% of household income on education, for the HIV households, it is a paltry 1.78%.
24School drop out School drop-out among PLHIV-households significantly higher
Drop-out higher among higher classes compromising higher education
Twice as many girls drop out compared to non-PLHIV households
Considerable absenteeism twice compared to non-PLHIV households
19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna25
Even among those attend schools from PLHIV-households, absenteeism is considerably higher twice as much compared to the non-PLHIV households25Household-heads by genderWomen-headed households 10% higher in the HIV-affected families.
19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna26The additional burden of heading the households, mainly because of the sickness or death of the spouse, is quite evident in the PLHIV-households. The women-headed households are 10% higher in the HIV-affected families.
26Chronic OIs by genderHIV-related illnesses and morbidity are higher among women lack of attention and medical care
20.6% women had chronic OIs during last 3 months as against 17.25% men19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna27
HIV-related illnesses and morbidity is higher among women, showing a lack of attention by the rest of the household as well as lack of access to treatment. About 20.6% women had chronic opportunistic infections during the last three months as against 17.25% men,
27Gender disparity in treatment Twice as many women as men reported difficult access to healthcare facilities (20.83% Vs 10.31%) as the major reason for accessing treatment.
Higher number of women (23.6% against 16.03% men) also cited fear of disclosure to the healthcare provider as a reason for not accessing treatment19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna28
Twice as many women as men reported difficult access to healthcare facilities (20.83% Vs 10.31%) as the major reason for accessing treatment. A higher number of women (23.6% women against 16.03% men) also cited fear of disclosure to the healthcare provider as a reason for not accessing treatment (see chart in Health section).
28Decision making roles: women living with HIV19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna29The role of women in decision making, whether it is buying assets, caregiving for herself or to have a child is very poor. In terms of inheritance rights, only 29.31% have ever received any form of inheritance.
In terms of inheritance rights, only 29.31% have ever received any form of inheritance.
29Summary19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna30Significant impact on income, employment, assets and savingsCompounding deficit in family budgets leading to impoverisationBorrowing and liquidation of assets highEducation, particularly in higher classes and of girls badly compromisedSerious impact on women: education-health-care burden-household burden etcHealth expenses crippling; compromises other expensesStigma in residential and healthcare settings high; low self esteemSocial protection considerable reliefIncreasing ARV coverage and reduction of OIsGovernment major source of support
Recommendations (1)19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna31Impact mitigation efforts should be an integral part of the national and provincial AIDS strategies should be budgetedImpact mitigation efforts should be aimed at the household levelsLocal socio-economic variations of the impact may be seriously considered while designing and implementing impact mitigation stepsHIV should be strategically integrated into social protection schemes , and specific social protection schemes may be designed to address PLHIV-householdsSteps are needed to address stigma and discrimination, in both community and public services settings. A combination of legal empowerment and awareness creation may be strategically implemented.
Recommendations (2)19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna32Time-bound plans required to address discrimination in the hospital settingsSpecial attention on the multiple burden of women, spousal transmission and low access to information and services, including treatment should be prioritisedConsiderable efforts required to increase coverage of treatment, including for OI and ARV. Particular attention should be paid to bring more women into the treatment coverage. Treatment drop-out also should be seriously addressed.Specific efforts should be made to ensure that children from PLHIV-households are not pulled out, particularly in higher classes
19 July 2010International AIDS Conference - Vienna33THANK YOU For PDF copy of advance summary please write to
Percentage of household members by occupationPLHIV Household membersnon-PLHIV household members
StatistikStatistik Kasus HIV/AIDS di IndonesiaCases of HIV/AIDS in IndonesiaLDilapor s/d Desember 2009Reported thru' December 2009Sumber : Ditjen PPM & PL Depkes RISource: Directorate General CDC & EHMinistry of Health, Republic of IndonesiaDalam triwulan Oktober s.d. Desember 2009 dilaporkan tambahan kasus AIDSDuring quarter October thru' December 2009, AIDS cases were reported as follows:QAIDS1531Provinsi melaporkan perubahan kasus AIDS sebagaimana berikut:Provinces reporting changes in number of AIDS cases as follows:NAD/Aceh: +7 Jawa Timur/East Java: +94Sumatera Barat/W. Sumatra: +37 Bali: +109Bengkulu: +6 Nusa Tenggara Barat/W. Nusa Tenggara: +12Riau: +104 Kalimantan Barat/W. Kalimantan: +64DKI Jakarta: +17 Kalimantan Tengah/C. Kalimantan: +6Banten: +43 Sulawesi Selatan/S. Sulawesi: +448Jawa Barat/West Java: +365 Sulawesi Tenggara/SE. Sulawesi: +1DI Yogykarta/Jogjakarta +43 Papua: +127Jawa Tengah/Central Java: +48Jumlah kasus AIDS yang dilaporkan 1 Januari s.d. 31 Desember 2009 adalah:Total AIDS cases reported from 1 January through 31 December 2009 are:YAIDS3863Secara kumulatif kasus AIDS 1 Januari 1987 s.d. 31 Desember 2009, adalah:Cumulative AIDS cases from 1 January 1987 through 31 December 2009:KJumlah AIDSTotal AIDS19973kematian:of whom died:3846Jumlah Kumulatif Kasus AIDS Menurut Jenis KelaminCumulative AIDS Cases by SexJenis Kelamin/SexAIDSAIDS/IDUSLaki-laki/Male147207312Perempuan/Female5163605Tak Diketahui/Unknown9049Jumlah/Total199737966Jumlah Kumulatif Kasus AIDS Menurut Faktor RisikoCumulative AIDS Cases by Mode of TransmissionFaktor Risiko/Mode of TransmissionAIDSFHeteroseksual/Heterosexual10036Homo-Biseksual/Homo-Bisexual659IDU8020Transfusi Darah/Blood Transfusion20Transmisi Perinatal/Perinatal Trans.519Tak Diketahui/Unknown719Jumlah Kumulatif Kasus AIDS Menurut Golongan UmurCumulative AIDS Cases by Age GroupGol Umur/Age GroupAIDSAIDS/IDUA< 118401 - 422805 - 14116815 - 1960913520 - 299801510630 - 396020215940 - 49176227950 - 5949848> 601028Tak Diketahui/Unknown653223Jumlah Kumulatif Kasus AIDS Berdasarkan ProvinsiCumulative AIDS Cases by ProvinceNo.Provinsi/ProvinceAIDSAIDS/IDUMati/DeathsP1Jawa Barat/West Java359826286342Jawa Timur/East Java322710226913DKI Jakarta282820024264Papua280823715Bali16152612836Kalimantan Barat/West Kalimantan7941321077Jawa Tengah/Central Java7171522468Sulawesi Selatan/South Sulawesi591209629Sumatera Utara/North Sumatra4852099310Riau47513513111Kepulauan Riau/Riau Archipelago3333013012Sumatera Barat/West Sumatra3302248113Banten3181995414DI Yogyakarta/Jogjakarta2901328115Sumatera Selatan/South Sumatra2191043816Maluku/Moluccas192797017Sulawesi Utara/North Sulawesi173406218Jambi165965019Lampung1441124220Nusatenggara Timur/East Nusa Tenggara138122521Nusatenggara Barat/West Nusa Tenggara119466322Bangka Belitung117401823Bengkulu91472124Papua Barat/West Papua5851925NAD/Aceh43171126Kalimantan Selatan/South Kalimantan279527Sulawesi Tenggara/SE Sulawesi211528Kalimantan Tengah/Central Kalimantan217229Sulawesi Tengah/Central Sulawesi126630Kalimantan Timur/East Kalimantan1141031Maluku Utara/North Moluccas102832Gorontalo32133Sulawesi Barat/West Sulawesi000P0Jumlah/Total1997379663846Prevalensi Kasus AIDS per 100.000 Penduduk Berdasarkan PropinsiPrevalence of AIDS Cases per 100,000 population by ProvinceNo.Propinsi/ProvincePrevalensi/PrevalenceV1Papua133.072Bali45.453DKI Jakarta31.674Kepulauan Riau/Riau Archipelago22.235Kalimantan Barat/West Kalimantan16.916Maluku/Moluccas14.217Bangka Belitung11.368Papua Barat/West Papua8.939Jawa Timur/East Java8.9310Jawa Barat/West Java8.6011DI Yogyakarta/Jogjakarta8.5112Riau8.3613Sulawesi Utara/North Sulawesi7.6914Sumatera Barat/West Sumatra7.3215Sulawesi Selatan/South Sulawesi6.6516Jambi5.7717Bengkulu5.2018Sumatera Utara/North Sumatra3.7119Nusatenggara Timur/East Nusa Tenggara3.1720Banten3.0621Sumatera Selatan/South Sumatra3.0422Nusatenggara Barat/West Nusa Tenggara2.5723Jawa Tengah/Central Java2.2224Lampung1.8625NAD/Aceh1.0526Maluku Utara/North Moluccas1.0427Sulawesi Tenggara/SE Sulawesi0.9128Kalimantan Selatan/South Kalimantan0.7829Kalimantan Tengah/Central Kalimantan0.8830Sulawesi Tengah/Central Sulawesi0.4631Kalimantan Timur/East Kalimantan0.3532Gorontalo0.3333Sulawesi Barat/West Sulawesi0.00V0Nasional/National8.66Jumlah Kasus Baru AIDS/HIV Berdasarkan Tahun PelaporanNumber of New HIV/AIDS Cases by Year ReportedTahun/YearAIDSAIDS/IDUT1987501988201989501990501991150199213019932411994200199523119964211997440199860019999410200025565200121962200234597200331612220041195822200526381420200628731517200729471437200849691255200938631156DSumber: Ditjen PP & PL Depkes RI1 Februari 2010Source: DirGen. Communicable Diseases & Environmental Health, Dept. of Health, RI1 February 2010Update terakhir:6 Februari 2010
&LStatistik Kasus HIV/AIDS di IndonesiaDilapor s/d Desember 2009&RCases of HIV/AIDS in IndonesiaReported thru' December 2009&LHalaman &P&RPage &P
Sheet1No.ProvinsiAIDSAIDS/IDUMati1Jawa Barat288821925442DKI Jakarta278119784193Jawa Timur25918785844Papua238213515Bali11772342286Kalimantan Barat7301241037Jawa Tengah5301262218Sumatera Utara487213959Riau3649711610Kepulauan Riau2772211511DI Yogyakarta2461197012Sumatera Barat2041476513Maluku187796914Sulawesi Utara161395315Sumatera Selatan153833116Sulawesi Selatan143916217Lampung1431114218Nusatenggara Timur110112319Jambi106673020Bangka Belitung95361321Nusatenggara Barat80394722Banten74551223Papua Barat5851924Bengkulu46281325NAD267726Kalimantan Selatan229527Kalimantan Timur1141028Sulawesi Tenggara111129Kalimantan Tengah95230Sulawesi Tengah85431Maluku Utara72732Gorontalo32133Sulawesi Barat000Jumlah16110681033621611012009
Sheet2PLHIV Household membersnon-PLHIV household membersOwn business26.7723.22Business assisted by non-permanent/unpaid workers4.443.95Business assisted by permanent/paid workers3.822.78Worker/staff/employees54.8462.94Unpaid workers2.843.23Free workers7.283.88PLHIV Household membersnon-PLHIV household membersBusiness (self-employed)35.0329.95Employed54.8462.94Unpaid workers2.843.23Free workers7.283.88Field of Business of the Main JobsPLHIVNon-PLHIV householdsAgriculture2.042.07Mining0.310.58Manufacture6.117.89Electricity, Gas, and Water0.250.65Construction2.163.3Trading & Accommodation29.0633.18Transportation & Communication9.937.96Financial, Real Estate & Company Services3.76.08Services46.4538.29Total100.01100N16211546
Sheet2
PLHIV Household membersnon-PLHIV household members
PLHIVNon-PLHIV households
Chart111.918.581.2314.711.933.8519.6113.846.1311.0318.3970.2346.583.85
Percentage of the types of discriminatory treatment experienced by PLHIV households in health facilities
Sheet1Isolated11.91Verbal violence8.58Physical violence1.23Rejected when asking for medical treatment14.71Not allowed to use public toilet1.93Not allowed to use hospital eating equipment3.85Provider exaggerating in using protection19.61Provider do not want to touch13.84Limited access to public area6.13Being told to wait for emergency treatment, until the last patient11.03Incorrect information of HIV and AIDS18.39Coded70.23Applying extra requirements for ARV46.58Others3.85
Chart11
Sheet1PLHIVnon-PLHIVDescriptionAge groupsMale Female TotalMale Female Total< 202.210.154.612.210.154.6120-3058.3755.5257.558.3755.5257.531-4033.226.8731.2833.226.8731.2841-504.676.275.154.676.275.1551-601.041.191.081.041.191.08> 600.5200.360.5200.36Total100100100100100100
Type of HouseholdsPLHIVnon-PLHIVSingle17.1714.86Nuclear50.964.96Extended31.9320.18Total100100
PLHIV in PLHIV HHAge GroupsMaleFemaleTotalN%N%N%< 20172.2%3410.1%514.6%20-3045058.4%18655.5%63657.5%31-4025633.2%9026.9%34631.3%41-50364.7%216.3%575.2%51-6081.0%41.2%121.1%> 6040.5%00.0%40.4%Total771100.0%335100.0%1106100.0%
Educational Attainment of Household Members Over 10 Years of Age Highest EducationPLHIV HouseholdsNon PLHIV HouseholdsPLHIVNon PLHIVTotal-1N%N%N%N%Not finished Elementary school444.1%20110.7%2458.3%2348.1%Elementary school11210.4%37519.9%48716.4%51617.9%Junior high school19618.1%32817.4%52417.7%55019.1%Senior high school57653.3%75139.9%132744.8%117640.8%Diploma DI/DII282.6%170.9%451.5%692.4%Academy/DIII595.5%834.4%1424.8%1274.4%DIV/S1 (Bachelor)645.9%1186.3%1826.1%2027.0%S2/S3 (Master/Doctor)20.2%110.6%130.4%90.3%N1081100.00%1884100.0%2965100.0%2883100.0%
18842883
Percentage of Households by Classifications, Types of Households, and Research Provinces P r o v i n c e sPLHIV HouseholdsNon-PLHIV HouseholdsSingleNuclearExtendedTotalSingleNuclearExtendedTotalType of households17,1750,9031,9310014,8664,9620,18100
Educational Attainment of Household Members Over 10 Years of Age PLHIV HouseholdsNon-PLHIV HouseholdsEducational Attainment of Household Members Over 10 Years of Age Non-PLHIV HouseholdsPLHIVNon PLHIVTotalPLHIVNon PLHIVTotalN%N%N%N%%%%N%Not finished Elementary school444.1%20110.7%2458.3%2348.1%Not finished Elementary school4.07%10.67%8.26%2340.0811654527Elementary school11210.4%37519.9%48716.4%51617.9%Elementary school10.36%19.90%16.42%5160.1789802289Junior high school19618.1%32817.4%52417.7%55019.1%Junior high school18.13%17.41%17.67%5500.1907734998Senior high school57653.3%75139.9%132744.8%117640.8%Senior high school53.28%39.86%44.76%11760.4079084287Diploma DI/DII282.6%170.9%451.5%692.4%Diploma DI/DII2.59%0.90%1.52%690.0239334027Academy/DIII595.5%834.4%1424.8%1274.4%Academy/DIII5.46%4.41%4.79%1270.0440513354DIV/S1 (Bachelor)645.9%1186.3%1826.1%2027.0%DIV/S1 (Bachelor)5.92%6.26%6.14%2020.0700659036S2/S3 (Master/Doctor)20.2%110.6%130.4%90.3%S2/S3 (Master/Doctor)0.19%0.58%0.44%90.0031217482N1081100.00%1884100.0%2965100.0%2883100.0%N100.00%100.00%100.00%28831
PLHIV in PLHIV HouseholdsAge GroupsMaleFemaleTotalAge GroupsMaleFemaleTotalN%N%N%< 202%10%5%< 20172.2%3410.1%514.6%20-3058%56%58%20-3045058.4%18655.5%63657.5%31-4033%27%31%31-4025633.2%9026.9%34631.3%41-505%6%5%41-50364.7%216.3%575.2%51-601%1%1%51-6081.0%41.2%121.1%> 601%0%0%> 6040.5%00.0%40.4%Total111Total771100.0%335100.0%1106100.0%
PLHIV HHnon- PLHIV HHMale238,436164,030Female113,553101,500
Percentage of income for the last 1 month by source of income
Source of incomePLHIV HouseholdNon-PLHIV Household
Wage/salary50.6459.29Income from business24.6823.73Income not from business4.95.42Pension4.413.41Royalty/interest/dividend0.240.24Sales of used goods0.570.35Receipt of transfer11.175.2Other income3.392.36
Total100100
Income & expenses per capita (last 1 month)
DescriptionPLHIV HouseholdNon-PLHIV HouseholdIncome: Transfer in (social support) not included666.203682.987Income: Transfer in included749.984720.432Expenses per capita785.418682.568
DescriptionPLHIV HouseholdNon-PLHIV HouseholdTransfer not included666.203682.987Transfer included749.984720.432Expenses per capita785.418682.568Spent savingsNo changesdid not spend savingsEast471255270Use saving63.56Use government health insurance 36.84Selling assets/durable goods/cattle33.74Borrowing money from family or friends60.32Borrowing from land leach 10.8Borrowing money from micro economic system9.45Asking for support from NGOs 57.09Wife required to work19.7Telling children to work 2.83Take additional job 29.01Reduce expenses for food26.18Children quit schools 1.35Ask other family to take care of their children4.05Other6.07Table 6.1.2.Comparison of Average Monthly Health Expenses in PLHIV Households, Non-PLHIV Households and PLHIV (Rp 000) UnitsResearch AreasNumber of AreasDKI JakartaBandungSurabaya, MalangDenpasarMataramKupangJaya Pura, MeraukePLHIV households611.4546.2642.4521.340112576.5474Non-PLHIV households155.3109.137.5151.342.239.376.399.2PLHIV348.4370.9373299.4213.560.540.7280.2Comparison of PLHIV households and Non-PLHIV households3.945.0117.143.459.513.1814.78% PLHIV to PLHIV households56.9967.958.0657.4353.2348.4553.1559.11
3.93689632975.00641613217.13066666673.44547257119.50236966823.18066157761.002621232
UnitsNumber of Areas
PLHIV households474Non-PLHIV households99.2PLHIV280.2Comparison of PLHIV households and Non-PLHIV households4.78% PLHIV to PLHIV households59.11
Prolonged Coughchronic diarrheaweightlossInflamation from fungi in mouth and throatother symptoms experienced less than 1 monthHospitals177111182166153Community Health Centre (PUSKESMAS)5829363938Doctors3012302248paramedic43222Traditional practice21623Others66858
ARV CONSUMPTION STATUSMaleFemaleConsuming53.753.1353.53Ever consumes4.88.665.97Never40.9937.6139.96Dont know0.520.60.54T o t a l100100100
Non-food consumptionPLHIV HouseholdNon-PLHIV HouseholdHousing31.743.2Goods & services13.3516.98Education3.88.39Health34.4510.12Clothes5.556.64Durable goods7.779.62Taxes and insurances1.762.94Ceremony (wedding, funeral, etc)1.622.12PLHIV household474,034Non-PLHIV household99,184PLHIV Household16.12Non-PLHIV household4.17PLHIV household52,251Non-PLHIV household82,253PLHIV Household1.78Non-PLHIV household3.46PLHIV HouseholdsNon-PLHIV HouseholdsMale1317Female25143831PLHIV HouseholdsNon-PLHIV HouseholdsMale34.210526315854.8387096774Female65.789473684245.1612903226
Sheet2
Sheet3
Chart117.2520.6
Percentage of PLHIV suffering from chronic opportunistic infections in last 3 months
Sheet1Male17.25Female20.6
Percentage of PLHIV with opportunistic infections not taking treatment by reasons
ReasonsMaleFemaleTotal
(1)(2)(3)(4)
Cannot afford medical cost48,4737,5047,68
Health facility difficult to reach 10,3120,8313,00
Afraid of being known his/her HIV status by health provider 16,0323,6118,27
Afraid of discrimination 10,318,3310,22
Other14,899,7214,24
Total100,00100,00103,41
