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G- negative aerobic bacilli: 1) Facultative anaerobic fermenters . Enterobacteriaceae - E.coli, Salmonella, Schigella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Serratia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Morganella, Providencia, Vibrionaceae: Vibrio, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas Campylobacter, Helicobacter 2) Obligately aerobic nonfermenters: Pseudomonadaceae Pseudomonas sp., Stenotrofomonas maltofilia, Acinetobacter 3) Haemophilus and related genera (Actinobacillus, Pasteurella) 4) Unusual bacilli (Bordetella, Franciscella, Brucella, Legionella, Afipia, Bartonella, Calymmatobacterium, Cardiobacterioum, Eikenella, Flavobacterium, Streptobacillus, Spirillum)
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G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

Mar 17, 2020

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Page 1: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

G- negative aerobic bacilli:

1) Facultative anaerobic fermenters . Enterobacteriaceae

- E.coli, Salmonella, Schigella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter,

Serratia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Morganella, Providencia,

Vibrionaceae: Vibrio, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas

Campylobacter, Helicobacter

2) Obligately aerobic nonfermenters: Pseudomonadaceae

– Pseudomonas sp., Stenotrofomonas maltofilia, Acinetobacter

3) Haemophilus and related genera (Actinobacillus, Pasteurella)

4) Unusual bacilli (Bordetella, Franciscella, Brucella, Legionella,

Afipia, Bartonella, Calymmatobacterium, Cardiobacterioum,

Eikenella, Flavobacterium, Streptobacillus, Spirillum)

Page 2: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Hospital enviromnemt – in food, cut flowers, toilets, mops,

respiratory equipement, desinfectant solution

Persistent carriage less than 6% in healthy, 38% in hospitalised,

78% in immunocompromised

Page 3: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

Hospital - nosocomial infections • Hospital infection - infection, that arises in connection to hospitalisation or

to diagnostical, therapeutic or preventive processes. I does not necessary have to present during the hospitalisation and not every infection arising during hospitalisation is nosocomial

• Risk factors - age,accompanying diseases, surgical processes therapy - ATB, imunosupression, irradiation, not vital reservoire - indwelling catheters)

• Microbes • Ways of transmission - in direct (inhalation, ingescion, inoculation) , direct

(contact of infected skin or mucous membrane with healthy) • Prevetion - organisation of health process, construction, food supply, health

process technics, asepsis and antisepsis, nursery approches, isolation, monitoring, surveillance, role of microbiologickal laboratory)

• ATB therapy

Page 4: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

Role of microbes in hospital infections • Staphylococcus aureus - problems of per secundam healing wounds (70 ies).

Virulence, colonisation capacitiy, resistence - MRSA - methicilin resistent staphylococcus aureus (80 ies)

• G-rods (60% of HI) - urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, wound infection, GIT

• Opportunistic pathogens - Ps. aeruginosa (Hospital environmente – food, cut flowers, water, toels, mops, respiration devices, desinfection solutions. Persistent carriage in less than 6% helathy, 38% in hospitalised, 78% imunocompromised) and other non fermenting G- rods - Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Burkholderia cepacia… - present in environmentí (Legionella pneumophila - climatisation)

• PK negative staphylococci - colonisation of plastic material of indwelling catheters

• Viruses - blood borne infection agenses HIV, VHB, VHC, CMV….

Page 5: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

ATB therapy in hospital infections • Overuse of ATBe - resistence and multiresistence (selection pressure of ATB

and transmission in hospital environment), toxic side effects, economic burden, deterioration of physiological microflora

• Racional indication - preventive in spread of HI • Prophylaxis - oriented to anaerobe infectione - perioperative preparation

for GIT and UGT surgery, in instrumental examination of patients with bacteriuria

• ATB surveys - monitoring of ATB susceptibility • Restrictive policy - time restricted contraindication of some ATB • Rotation of atb - periodical changes of used - decreasing of selection

pressure • Combination of atb - agains possible resistent mutnants, broader

antimicrobial spectrum

Page 6: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

Primarily oportunistic

Structura factors and toxins – virulence factors

Nonfermentative – cytochromoxidase – dif.dg.

Capsule production

Diffusible pigments - pyocianin, pyorubin,

Page 7: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

VIRULENCE FACTORS

Pilli - adherence

Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria

Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

Exotoxin A – most important, block eukaryotic cells proteosyntesis

Exoenzyme S – heat stability, inhibition of proteosynhesis

Elastane – destruction of elastase of blood vessels wall

Alkaline protease – tissu destruction

Phospholipase C – breaks down lipids and lecithin, tissue destruction,

Opportunistic, minimal nutritional requirements, temperature tolerant

4*- 42* C, resistant to ATB and disinfectants

Isolation without evidence of disease does not justify therapeutic

intervention

Page 8: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

Clinical syndroms

Bacteraemia and endocarditis - originate in respiratory, UG tract or

wound infections, i.v. drug abusers, tricuspidal valve, chronic course

Pulmonary infections . Colonisation – necrotising bronchopneumonia,

cystic fibrosis infection, respiratory tract therapy equipement

contamination, invasive bilateral bronchopneumonia with microabscess

formation and tissue necrosis

Ear infections – external otits, swimmer´s ear – local infections

invasive malignant external otitis – life threating, chronic otitis media

Burn wound infections – colonisation, vascular damage, tissue

necrosis, bacteraemia. Moist surface of burns and neutropaenia

Urinary tract infection – indwelling catheters

Oportunistic infections - moist reservoirs, circumvention, absence of

host defenses – cutaneous trauma, elimination of normal flora by ATB,

neutropenia

Gastroenteritis, Eye infections, Musculosceletal infections

Page 9: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

Laboratory diagnosis

Cultivation – simple nutritional requirements, aerobic incubation,

growth in broth air interface – presence of nitrate.

Identification – colonial morphology, rapid biochemical tests – COX,

presence of pigment, characteristic odor

For epidemiological investigation – nucleic acid analysis,

phagotypisation, pyocin typisation, serotyping

Page 10: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

Cultivation • Ps. aeruginosa on blood agar - mucous gray colonies with

methal lood and pigment and characteristic smell Production

of diffusibile pigment - pyocyanin and of capsule

Page 11: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

Biochemical properties of Ps.aeruginosa

• Minimal nutrition requirements, thermotolerant 4*- 42* C, rezistent to ATB and desinection Nonfermenting – cytochromoxidase – dif.dg. (COX test), Hajn tube medium - without change - red - detection of pigment and smell.On transparent media - green pigment

• Oportunistic: factors of virulence: Pilli - adherence Polysacharid capsule – antifagocytosis, attachment, Endotoxin – LPS sepsis Exotoxin A – most important, blocs proteosynthesis of eukaryotic cells Alkalic protease – destruction of tissu Phospholipase C – destruction of lipids and lecithin, destruction of tissue

Page 12: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome
Page 13: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

Other pseudomonas –

Ps. Pseudomallei – asymptomatic, melidiosis, - localised suppurative

infection with lymphadenitis, fever, malaise, pulmonary disease

(bronchitis – necrotising pneumonia) !!highly infectious in lab.

processing

Ps. Cepacia – in immunocompromised respiratory and urinary tract

infections, cystic fibrosis

Insignificant water born contaminant

Page 14: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

1. Ochorenie: oportúnne infekcie a) pľúc (napr. pri cystickej fibróze),

b) kože, c) očí, d) kostí (osteomyelitída), e) srdca (endokarditída), g) močových ciest g) CNS (meningitída), h) uší (otitis externa)

2. Patogenéza: prerušenie primárnych bariér ochrany dovoľuje baktérii kolonizovať tkanivá prichytením prostredníctvom fimbrií., viaceré exoprodukty (napr. elastáza, exotoxín A, exoenzým S), LPS a alginátové puzdro (podľa miesta infekcie) pokračujú v poškodzovaní tkaniva, spôsobujú únik baktérie pred fagocytózou. Schopnosť vytvárať biofilmy môže prispievať k úspešnému uplatneniu patogenity Ps. aeruginosa u kompromitovaného hostiteľa

3. Obranné mechanizmy: v experimente sa ukázalo, že protilátky proti exotoxínu A a fimbriám môžu byť protektívne., očkovanie by mohlo zabrániť kolonizácii zraniteľných skupín (napr. pacienti s rozsiahlymi popáleninami alebo deti s cystickou fibrózou)

4. Proces šírenie nákazy: nachádza sa bežne v pôde a vode, na rastlinách, zvieratách a u niektorých zdravých ako súčasť FMF., je bežnou príčinou nemocničných infekcií., typizácia kmeňa podľa bakteriocínov (pyocíny) a monoklonálnych protilátok proti LPS je možné použiť na stanovenie zdroja infekcie

5. Diagnostický proces: vhodné vzorky pri a) kultivácii na krvnom agare alebo Kingovom médiu sú charakteristické produkciou modrého pigmentu pyocyanínu alebo žltého pyoverdínu.,, b) charakteristické nefermentujúce pohyblivé (polárne bičíky) Gram – paličky schopné rásť pri teplote 42st.C, cytochromoxidáza +

6. Liečba a ochrana: a) dobrá sterilizácia roztokov a nástrojov (napr. ventilátory) v nemocnici., b) ATB terapia je komplikovaná rezistenciou (nepriepustnosť vonkajšej membrány a eflux)., kombinácia aminoglykozidov a antipseudomonádových b - laktámových ATB – výber závisí na stanovení citlivosti kmeňa

G – nefermentujúca palička

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Page 15: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

Treatment,

Frustrating – imunocompromised host defense

typical ATB resistence

induction of ATB inactivating enzymes

transfer of plasmid mediated resistance

Aminoglycosides – ineffective in the site of infection (acidic

encironment in abscess)

Combination of ATB – beta lactam+aminoglycosides, Sulfonamides,

Prevention,

Of contamination of sterile equipement and cross contamination of

patients.

Broad spectrum ATB should be avoided – suppression of normal flora

and overgrowth of resistant pseudomonas

Page 16: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

- second most common isolated G-nonfermenter

- Opportunistic nosocomial pathogen

- Resistant to AMG and betalactams, IMI, fluoroquinolons

(long term ATB therapy is predisposing to the infection with it)

- CMP,CEF,COT

Acinetobacter

-nosocomial respiratory infections

-moist environment (contamination of respiratory therapy equipment

-normal oropharyngeal flora

- AMG, IMI, AMI

Page 17: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

G- negative aerobic bacilli:

1) Facultative anaerobic fermenters . Enterobacteriaceae

- E.coli, Salmonella, Schigella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter,

Serratia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Morganella, Providencia,

Vibrionaceae: Vibrio, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas

Campylobacter, Helicobacter

2) Obligately aerobic nonfermenters: Pseudomonadaceae

– Pseudomonas sp., Stenotrofomonas maltofilia, Acinetobacter

3) Haemophilus and related genera (Actinobacillus, Pasteurella)

4) Unusual bacilli (Bordetella, Franciscella, Brucella, Legionella,

Afipia, Bartonella, Calymmatobacterium, Cardiobacterioum,

Eikenella, Flavobacterium, Streptobacillus, Spirillum)

Page 18: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

Bordetella pertussis – whooping cough, pertussis

Boredetella parapertussis – parapertussis, like pertussis

Bordetella bronchiseptica – respiratory in animals,

occasionally in hum.

Franciscella tularensis – tularemia, zoonosis

Brucella melitensis – brucellosis, zoonosis

Brucella abortus Brucella suis, Brucella canis - brucellosis

Page 19: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

Bordetella

Strictly aerobic, 3 specimens – different growing characteristics and

biochemical reactivities and antigenic properties - very similar

Differing in expression of virulence factors:

Bordetella pertussis – very fastidious, antigenic, virulent.

Bordetella parapertusis

Bordetella bronchiseptica

Page 20: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

Bordetella pertussis – very fastidious, antigenic, virulent.

Pathogenesis – exposure to the bacteria and its attachment to the ciliated

epithelial cells of bronchial tree, proliferation of bacteria, production of

tissue damage, systemic toxicity

Pertussis toxin – 2 subunits A(active) multiple biological act., B(binding)

Filamentous hemaglutinin – attachement, hemaglutination -protective Ab

Adenylate cyclase toxin – interference with immune cells (inhibition)

Tracheal cytotoxin – ciliostasis,

Dermonecrotic toxin – vasoconstriction, tissue damage

LPS - endotoxin

Page 21: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

Epidemiology

Person to person

Immunised population – whole cell vaccine

Inadequately immunised children – risk

Clinical syndromes

Inhalation of infected droplets – catarrhal stage (1-2 weeks) – common

cold sy – paroxysmal stage (2-4weeks) - extrusion of ciliated epithelial

cells – whooping cought paroxysms – restricted airways by mucus –

vomiting, lymphocytosis – convalescent stage – diminishing paroxysms

- secondary complications.

Laboratory diagnosis – sensitive to drying, fatty acids in cotton are

toxic, transport media or directly inoculated to Bordet Gengou plate

Fluorescent microscopy,

Humidified chamber - prolonged incubation – 7 days

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Page 23: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome
Page 24: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

B.pertussis - sampling and cultivation • Sample from nasopharynx - on bound wire, humidity. Coughing plates

- overgroth of contaminating flora - (Blood agar + active charcoal +ATB, or Bordette Gengou) Bordetella pertussis – nutritionally very requiring, virulent. Pertussic toxin – 2 subunits: A (active) multiple biological effects, B(binding) Dermonecrotic toxin – vasoconstriction, tissue destructione Filamentous haemaglutinin – attachement, hemagglutination -protective Ab, Adenyl cyclase - toxin – interference with immunity cells (inhibition), Tracheal cytotoxin – cilliostasis, LPS - endotoxin Laboratory diagnosis Sensitiveto drying, fat acid in cotton of sampling devices are toxic, not living in common transport media, direct innoculation on Bordet Gengou plate. Humid chamber - prolonged incubation – 7 days Serology -Agglutination: patient serum + Ag B. pertussis - 2 samples in 14 days interval, 4 fold increase of titer, conversion from negat to pozit

Page 25: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

Treatment

-supportive, nursing supervision, ATB does not ameliorate the state –

intoxication and destruction of epitelium

-ERY – eradication of bacteria, reduction of infectiosity

Prevention

whole cell vaccine ( combine with diphteria, tetanus and Hib or HB)

associated complication

Acellular vaccine – imunogenicity ?

Serological diagnosis

Aglutination : patients serum + commercial Ag of B. pertussis

2 samples in 14 days interval, fourfold increace of titer.

Page 26: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

Legionella • 1976 – sever pneumonia of legionnaires – unknown G-

rod – faibly stainable ( impregnation with silver) , not growing on common media (nutrtiously very fastidious - requiring Fe salts and cystein)

• Everywhere present water saprofyt and human pathogen of respiratory system

• Several taxonomic groups 14 – medically important

• Short coccobacilli, pleiomorfic, motile, catalase +,

• Legionella pneumophila – most important

Page 27: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

Legionnaire´s disease • Inhalation of infektious aerosol,

i.c. parasit – able to grow and multiply in makrophages, inhibition of fusion of fagolysosomes proteolytical ensymes - fosfatase, lipase, nuclease. Cell imunity! ( immunocompromised - transplanted) or lung diseases (smokers)

• - climatisation devices, showerse – prolonged stay in closed contaminated humid environment – summer, autumn,

• Flu like disease Pontiac fever

• sever pneumonia with multiorgan involvement Legionnaires disease

Page 28: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

Legionnaire´s disease - diagnosis .

Fluorescence with labeled antibodies, Cultivation - cystein, Fe, pH 6,9, ATB against contaminating bacteria 35*C, 3-5 days, - identification based on the growth on special media Detection of antigen ( sputum or urine – present more than 1 year – sensitive, not specific

• Serological dg – detection of antibodies - titer above 256, longlasting persitence

• Therapy – not tested routinely, ERY, RiF, Fluorochinolon, not betalactmes

Page 29: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome
Page 30: G- negative aerobic bacilli - uniba.skVIRULENCE FACTORS Pilli - adherence Polysaccharide capsule – antifagocytic properties, anchor to bacteria Endotoxin – LPS sepsis syndrome

1. Ochorenie: a) legionárska choroba je život ohrozujúce multifokálna pneumónia., b) pontiacka choroba: samolimitujúce chrípkovité ochorenie s horúčkou, endemické

2. Patogenéza: a) aerosol kontaminovanej vody je inhalovaný alebo instilovaný a organizmus penetruje do alveolov pľúc., fagocytóza je indukovaná v alveolárnych makrofágoch a baktéria je internalizovaná., lyzozomálna fúzia je inhiboavaná a organizmy rastú, množia sa, dôjde k prasknutiu buniek a k šíreniu do ďalších buniek., miestne poškodenie a zápalová odpoveď vedie k vzniku klinických symptómov v priebehu 2 – 10 dní., b) mechanizmus pontiackej horúčky nie je celkom jasný, ochorenie je menej závažné., symptómy sa objavia v priebehu dňa expozície

3. Obranné mechanizmy: bunkami sprostredkovaná imunita je nevyhnutná na zvládnutie infekcie intracelulárnymi baktériami., ADCC tiež zohráva úlohu pri vyliečení

4. Proces šírenia infekcie: živé baktérie sa nachádzajú vo vode - prirodzenej aj spracovanej (chladiace a klimatizačné zariadenia)., organizmy môžu parazitovať na amébach a iných protozoách a preživajú roky v chladenej vode., fajčenie, sprievodné ochorenia a vek nad 50 rokov sú rizikovými faktormi., legionárska choroba sa prejaví u 4% exponovaných, mortalita u neliečených je 15%., nákazlivosť pontiackej horúčky je viac ako 90%, ale je bez mortality

5. Diagnostický proces: a) spútum alebo krv na i) kultiváciu na BCYE agare (pufrovaný kvasničný extrakt s aktívnym uhlím), kolónie majú vzhľad brúseného skla ii) Gram – paličky, iii) PCR alebo priama fluorescenčná analýza., b) ELISA na dôkaz LPS antigénu v moči (aj niekoľko mesiacov po infekcii)

6. Liečba a ochrana: a) eliminácia zdroja infekcie (dezinfekcia chladiacich a klimatizačných jednotiek)., b) liečba makrolidmi alebo ATB pôsobiacimi na intracelulárne mikroorganizmy (chinolóny)

G – palička, Legionella pneumophila

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Franciscella tularensis – tularemia,glandular fever, rabbit fever

Microbiology: Nonmotile, nonpilliated, lipid capsule, fastidious growth,

prolonged cultivation (2-3 days) enriched media

Immunity:Intracellular parasite surviving in macrophages of RES

antiphagocytic capsule in pathogenic strains

endotoxin activities

Epidemiology: Worldwide distribution – wild annimals, domestic

annimals, birds, fish, arthropods contaminated water. (rabbit, thicks)

Bite of infected arthropod (present in feces not saliva – prolonged

feeding time)

contact with infected annimals consumption of infected meat or water,

inhalation of aerosol ( less than 10 organisms when bite, 50 organisms

when inhaled and 106 when ingested)

Endemic – when the rabbit is so slow as to be shot or caught it is likely

to be inficted.

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Clinical syndromes 3-5 days incubation, fever, chills, malaise, fatigues,

clinical classification according to the site of infection, skin ulcers,

lymfadenopathy:

- ulcerogladular, glandular,typhoid, oculogladular, oropharyngeal,

pneumonia

Laboratory diagnosis – extremely hasardous (can penetrate cross the

skin and mucus)

Microscopy – from ulcers:small, stains faintly, fluorescein-labelled Ab

Cultivation – chocolate lbood agar with cystein. Lab should be notified.

Identification – aerobic, catalase positive, oxidase negative, agglutination

Serology – 1 serotype only. Titer above 160 is suspected. (Cross

reactivity with Brucella)

Treatement Prevention and control

STM, GEN, attenuated and inactivated v.-ineffective

TTC, CMP – relapses, avoid the reservoirs

beta lactamase production

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1. Ochorenie: tularémia – infekcia RES podobná moru, ktorá môže byť fatálna

2. Patogenéza: zajace sú obvyklým hostiteľom F. tularensis., mikroorganizmy môžu byť prenesené na človeka pohryzením, zvieraťom alebo kliešťom, ktorý cical krv na chorom zvierati inokuláciou., kontaktom s infikovaným tkanivom (obvykle pri sťahovaní z kože)., inhaláciou, ingesciou alebo infekciou spojovky., baktérie fagocytované leukocytmi PMNL a makrofágmi sú transportované do regionálnych LU, rozmnožujú sa v makrofágoch, spôsobia opuchnutie (bubo) a bakterémiu.,

3. Obranné mechanizmy: vrodená imunita poskytuje len minimálnu ocoranu., opúzdrená F.tularensis (lipidové puzdro) odoláva inaktivácii neimúnnym sérom a špecifické protilátky sú len slabo účinné., je potrebná bunkami sprostredkovaná imunita (CMI) na elimináciu intracelulárne lokalizovaných baktérií., živá oslabená vakcína je účinná., celobunková inaktivovaná vakcína nebola účinná napriek tomu, že indukovala protilátky., prekonanie ochorenia poskytuje celoživotnú imunitu

4. Proces šírenia infekcie: tularémia sa vyskytuje na celom svete predovšetkým na severnej pologuli., obvykle sa v endemických oblastiach vyskytuje s dvomi vrcholmi v máji a septembri (prenesené hmyzom) alebo v decembri (pri poľovačkách)., komáre sú častými prenášačmi v Škandinávii a Rusku., pri tularémii neexistuje pneumonická forma ochorenia – šírenie vzdušnou cestou interhumánne.

5. Diagnostický proces: a) pri endemických ochoreniach je nevyhnutná anamnéza, opatrnosť vo vzťahu k zvieraťám., b) biopsia LU alebo krv na i) kultiváciu na agare obohatenom cysteínom a ii) detekcia aeróbnych kokbacilov, kataláza +, gram –, s bipolárnym farbením (ako zatvárací špendlík)., c) ELISA na detekciu protilátok

6. Liečba a ochrana a) vyhnite sa expozícii infikovaným zvieratám alebo vektorom., b) streptomycin alebo gentamycin alebo doxycyklin., c) Žžvá atenuovaná vakcína pre profesionálne exponovaných

G – palička, Fracisella tularensis

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Brucella

• 6 species - 4 involved to human disease- brucelosis -

B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis, B. canis.

• Brucellosis – many names acc. to the place of discovery or the person –

Bangdisease nemoc, Mediteranean fever Undulating fever.

Nonmotile nonencapsulated G- kokobacilli, slowly growing, very fastidious,

Intracelular pathogen, in RES cell

Most virulent - B. mellitensis

World wide, annimal source

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• B. mellitnesis – goat, sheep - sever acute disease with complication , very common

• B. abortus - cattle – mild infection with pyogenic complications, not common

• B.suis - pig – pyogenic destructive chronic

• B.canis - dog – mild pyogenic complication

• Brucella – predilection place - tissue with erythriol (in annimnals uterus, placenta, epididymis, mammalian gland) - sterility, abortus in annimals. Not in human

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Clinical sy, dg and therapy • Transmission from annimal (vet doctors) or food (not pasteurised

milk) or lab.infection ( direct contact or inhalation)

localised abscess - bacteremia – localised in RES (spleen, liver, bone marrow, lymfocytes, kidney) - granulomea

Subclinical

subacute, chronic – general symptomes not specific . Undulant fever

Several sampling of material for serology or hemocultivation

Cultivation on enriched media, for 4 weeks

Th – TTC+ GEN, prolonged application of COT

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Brucelosis

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1) Ochorenie: brucelóza je zoonóza postihujúca RES a prejavujúca sa mnohými nešpecifickými symptómami

2) Patogenéza: mikroorganizmus z infikovaného zvieraťa (napr. prasa) vstupuje do ľudského organizmu prostredníctvom rany, spojovky, inhalačne alebo ingesciou (napr. nepasterizované mliečne produkty)., baktérie sa šíria v mieste vstupu, sú opsonizované protilátkami a fagocytované PMNL., intracelulárny rast je umožnený bakteriálnymi produktami, ktoré suprimunjú oxidatívne zabíjanie., diseminácia sa uskutočňuje prostredníctvom lymfatických a krvných ciev a baktérie sú schopné prežívať v makrofágoch RES v mnohých orgánoch., to má za následok tvorbu granulómov., lipopolysacharid je dôležítým nástrojom virulencie., zvýšená teplota, potenie, únavnosť sa objavujú 2-4 týždne po počiatočnej infekcii

3) Obranné mechanizmy: Th1 bunková odpoveď a bunkami sprostredkovaná imunita sú potrebné na eliminovanie mikroorganizmov prostredníctvom aktivovaných makrofágov., TNF alfa, TNF gama, IL 1 a IL 12 sú dôležitými mediátormi imunity

4) Proces šírenia nákazy: rôzne biovary B. suis môžu spôsobiť infekciu prasiat, dobytka, bizonov, sobov, kôz, psov atď. podľa geografickej lokalizácie., človek sa nakazí náhodne a infekcia je obvykle profesionálna (pracovníci bitúnkov, spracovatelia mäsa)., brucelózu môžu spôsobiť aj Brucella abortus a B. melitensis

5) Diagnostický proces: a) anamnéza kontaktu so zvieratami., b) vzorka krvi a/alebo bioptický materiál na i) kultiváciu, ktorá trvá viac ako 4 týždne., používa sa selektívna pôda., ii) baktéria je kataláza +, anaeróbna, gram – krátka palička., c) sérologicky je možné dokázať špecifické protilátky vyšetrením akútneho séra (titer 160 je suspektný) a rekonvalescentného séra

6) Liečba a ochrana: a) zníženie expozície infikovaným zviertám., b) eliminácia infikovaného dobytka., c) liečba ľudských infekcií p.o. tetracyklínom až 6 týždňov v kombinácii s i.m. podávaným streptomycínom alebo p.o rifampicínom., d) existuje živá atenuovaná vakcína používaná v niektorých krajinách pri profesionálnom riziku expozície

G- palička

Brucella suis

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Yersinia • 7 species - Y.pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, Y. enterocolitica, +

oportunistic Yersíniae

• Y. pestis - plague - urban and forest type, not GIT disease. Adapted to i.c. parasitismus, not surviving in nature. Virulence factors - i.c. surviving, , polysaccharide capsule, endotoxin, . Urban plague - circulating between rats, transmitted by insect to man during rodent bacteraemia. Replication in colon of insect and transmission to other rodent or man is on by chance. Forest plague - Not controlled.

• 2 clinical formes - bubonic - 7 days after biting by insect - painful lymphadenopathy75% lethality - pneumonic - 2 days after inhalation - fever, pneumonia, inhalation spread by droptets, epidemia letality 90%

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flea

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1. Ochorenie: mor a) bubonická forma: potenciálne fatálna infekcia

lymfatických uzlín., b) pneumonická forma: letálna vysoko nákazlivá infekcia pľúc

2. Patogenéza: a) infikovaná blcha prenesie baktériu počas sania krvi do organizmu hostiteľa. baktérie sú fagocytované a transportované do regionálnych lymfatických uzlín, kde začnú vytvárať kapsulárny antigén F1 s antifagocytárnym účinkom., lymfatické uzliny zdúria (bubo) a mikroorganizmy unikajú do krvného riečiska, sú zanesené do ďalších orgánov predovšetkým do b) pľúc, odkiaľ môžu byť prenášané interhumánne aerosolom

3. Obranné mechanizmy: existuje len minimálna účinnosť prirodzenej imunity voči moru, čo vedie k tomu, že je mimoriadne smrteľný., protilátky proti F1 a krV (časť sekrečného systému) sú protektívne v rekonvalescentných sérach a v experimente, tým, že bránia šíreniu baktérií a umožňujú účinné zabíjanie baktérie pri fagocytóze

4. Proces šírenia nákazy: mor bol príčinou toho, že štvrtina populácie Európy zomrela v období Čiernej smrti v stredoveku., dnes sa Y. pestis nachádza celosvetovo, ale výskyt ochorenia je zaznamenaný len v Ázii a Afrike., endemický je u hlodavcov., vyskytuje sa ako mestský (krysy) a lesný alebo poľný (veveričky, prériové psy)., blchy (Xenopsylla cheopsis) prenáša baktériu medzi zvieratami., človek je náhodným hostiteľom, keď sa nakazí od infikovaného hlodavca alebo blchy

5. Diagnostika: a) klinické príznaky a epidemiologická anamnéza v endemických oblastiach., b) aspirát z bubo i) izolácia na krvnom agare a ii) pozorovanie bipolárne sa farbiacich krátkych paličiek pri farbení aa) podľa Wrighta alebo bb) Gramovým farbením, iii) priama flourescencia na dôkaz baktérií, c) dôkaz sérových protilátok proti F1 antigénu

6. Liečba a ochrana: a) eliminácia hlodavcov a bĺch., b) vyhnúť sa kontaktu s infikovanými zvieratami (deratizácia)., c) liečba streptomycínom 10 dni., d) profylaxia (doxycyklín) pre cestovateľov, ktorí sa nemôžu vyhnúť riziku expozície., d) usmrtená celobunková vakcína sa prestala používať., nové vakcíny chrániace proti pľúcnemu moru sú vo vývoji

G-palička

Yersinia pestis

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Other G- rods

• Eikenella

• Calmnobacterium

• .......

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1. Ochorenie: infekcia začína po poranení kože typicky v

súvislosti s pohryzením mačkou alebo psom

2. Patogenéza: mikroorganizmy v slinách zvierat sú inokulované do kože pohryzením., polysacharidové puzdro umožňuje baktérii proliferovať a uniknúť fagocytóze polymorfonukleármi., ochorením je celulitída alebo septikémia

3. Obranné mechanizmy: protilátky sa tvoria proti púzdrovým a somatickým antigénom., antikapsulárne protilátky opsonizujú mikroorganizmu a umožňujú fagocytózu a deštrukciu

4. Proces šírenia nákazy: celosvetovo rozšírená kolonizácia rôznych zvierat, ale u mačiek je častejšia., ostré mačacie zuby umožňujú lepšiu penetráciu baktérie do dermis pri pohryzení., P. multocida je najbežnejším mikroorganizmom izolovaným pri pohryzení mačkou.,

5. Diagnostický proces: vzorka z miesta pohryzenia a) kultivácia na krvnom agare (typické hladké vodnaté kolónie) a b) Gram – kokobacily

6. Liečba a ochrana: liečba infekcie penicilínom alebo

amoxicilínom pokiaľ kmeň neprodukuje b - laktamázu., v takom prípade chránené ATB kys.klavulánovou alebo liečba tetracyklínom, fluorochinolónom (ten aj v prípade PNC alergie)

G – palička,

Pasteurella multocida