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Slide 1
G ENETIC E NGINEERING Chapter 13
Slide 2
C HANGING THE L IVING W ORLD 13-1
Slide 3
S ELECTIVE B REEDING Selective breeding (artificial selection)
Breeders select individuals with desirable traits to breed.
Offspring inherit desirable traits from parents (hopefully).
Slide 4
S ELECTIVE B REEDING Luther Burbank used selective breeding to
develop Shasta daisies, a popular variety.
Slide 5
S ELECTIVE B REEDING Hybridization Crossing dissimilar
individuals to produce offspring with hybrid vigor.
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H YBRIDIZATION A mule is a cross between a horse and a
donkey.
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S ELECTIVE B REEDING Inbreeding Crossing similar individuals to
maintain desired traits.
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I NBREEDING Inbreeding maintains the desirable traits of
Labradors, but may make the breed more susceptible to disease and
physical abnormalities.
Slide 9
which crosses consists of Selective Breeding for example
Inbreeding Hybridizatio n Similar organisms Dissimilar organisms
for example Organism breed A Organism breed B Retains desired
characteristics Combines desired characteristics whic h which
crosses whic h Section 13-1 Concept Map
Slide 10
I NCREASING V ARIATION Inducing mutations increases variation
in a population. Variation in a population is a good thing.
Radiation and chemicals are used.
Slide 11
I NDUCING M UTATIONS Bacteria have been induced to digest
oil.
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I NDUCED MUTATIONS Strawberries have been induced to be
polyploid making bigger, sweeter strawberries.
Slide 13
M ANIPULATING DNA 13-2
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G ENETIC E NGINEERING Making changes in the genetic code.
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T OOLS OF M OLECULAR B IOLOGY DNA Extraction lyses the cells
(detergent), then separates the DNA from protein histones using a
protease enzyme. Lastly the DNA is precipitated.
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T OOLS OF M OLECULAR B IOLOGY Restriction Enzymes cut DNA into
fragments at certain base sequences. Restriction enzymes only cut
their specific sequence.
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Recognition sequences DNA sequence Restriction Enzymes
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Recognition sequences DNA sequence Restriction enzyme EcoR I
cuts the DNA into fragments. Sticky end Section 13-2 Restriction
Enzymes
Slide 19
T OOLS OF M OLECULAR B IOLOGY Gel Electrophoresis Separates DNA
fragments based on size. An electric current pulls the fragments
across a gel and produces a unique fingerprint. Used in
forensics
Slide 20
DNA plus restriction enzyme Mixture of DNA fragments Gel Power
source Longer fragments Shorter fragments Figure 13-6 Gel
Electrophoresis
Slide 21
U SING THE DNA S EQUENCE In DNA Sequencing DNA polymerase and
fluorescent labeled nucleotides determine the order of bases in a
fragment.
Slide 22
Figure 13-7 DNA Sequencing
Slide 23
U SING THE DNA S EQUENCE In gene splicing DNA is cut into
fragments and pasted together to create recombinant DNA
Slide 24
U SING THE DNA S EQUENCE Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) makes
unlimited copies of a gene.
Slide 25
DNA polymerase adds complementary strand DNA heated to separate
strands DNA fragment to be copied PCR cycles 1 DNA copies 1 2222
3434 4848 5 etc. 16 etc. Figure 13-8 PCR
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C ELL T RANSFORMATION 13-3
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C ELL T RANSFORMATION When a bacterial cell takes in DNA from
outside the cell, the external DNA gets incorporated into the
bacteriums own DNA. Recombinant DNA has been made. The cell has
been transformed. It will make a new protein(s).
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T RANSFORMING BACTERIA Bacterial plasmids (circular DNA) are
used to produce human hormones (HGH, insulin, clotting factor).
Plasmids are useful because they are readily taken in by bacteria
and they easily replicate within a cell. Also genetic markers in
the plasmid help isolate transformed cells from non-transformed
cells. Typically the gene for resistance to antibiotics is used as
a genetic marker. After transformation, the culture is treated with
an antibiotic to kill all non-transformed cells.
Slide 30
Human Cell Gene for human growth hormone Recombinant DNA Gene
for human growth hormone Sticky ends DNA recombination DNA
insertion Bacterial Cell Plasmid Bacterial chromosome Bacterial
cell for containing gene for human growth hormone Section 13-3
Figure 13-9 Making Recombinant DNA
Slide 31
T RANSFORMING PLANT CELLS Plant cells dont readily take in
external DNA. Plant cells are grown in culture with their cells
walls removed. Then plasmids are directly injected into the cells
or carried into the cells with a bacterium.
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Recombinant plasmid Gene to be transferred Agrobacteriu m
tumefaciens Cellular DNA Transformed bacteria introduce plasmids
into plant cells Plant cell colonies Complete plant is generated
from transformed cell Inside plant cell, Agrobacterium inserts part
of its DNA into host cell chromosome Section 13-3 Figure 13-10
Plant Cell Transformation
Slide 33
T RANSFORMING ANIMAL CELLS DNA is injected directly into egg
cells. DNA can be carried into cells with viruses. Once inside the
nucleus, recombinant DNA can replace a host cell gene making it
possible to treat disorders caused by single genes. This therapy is
called gene replacement. Ex: cystic fibrosis
Slide 34
Recombinant DNA Flanking sequences match host Host Cell DNA
Target gene Recombinant DNA replaces target gene Modified Host Cell
DNA Section 13-3 Knockout Genes
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A PPLICATIONS OF G ENETIC E NGINEERING 13-4
Slide 36
T RANSGENIC O RGANISMS Transgenic organisms contain genes from
different species. Transgenic bacteria produce human proteins.
Transgenic animals grow faster and produce leaner meat. Transgenic
plants are more resistant to disease. Foods obtained from
transgenic organisms are labeled genetically modified.
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C LONING A clone is a member of a genetically identical
population. In 1997 the first mammal was cloned, a sheep named
Dolly.
Slide 40
A donor cell is taken from a sheeps udder. Donor Nucleus These
two cells are fused using an electric shock. Fused Cell The fused
cell begins dividing normally. Embryo The embryo is placed in the
uterus of a foster mother. Foster Mother The embryo develops
normally into a lambDolly Cloned Lamb Egg Cell An egg cell is taken
from an adult female sheep. The nucleus of the egg cell is removed.
Section 13-4 Figure 13-13 Cloning of the First Mammal