Future Polarization Missions K. Hayashida (Osaka University)

Future Polarization Future Polarization MissionsMissions

K. Hayashida (Osaka University)K. Hayashida (Osaka University)

X-ray PolarimetryX-ray Polarimetry Started in 1960’s. 1Started in 1960’s. 1stst positive detection of X-ray polarizatio positive detection of X-ray polarizatio

n in the Crab nebulae in 1970.n in the Crab nebulae in 1970. Dedicated satellites OSO-8 was launched in 1970’s, but nDedicated satellites OSO-8 was launched in 1970’s, but n

o other significant detections other than the Crab. 19.2±1.o other significant detections other than the Crab. 19.2±1.0%@2.6keV,0%@2.6keV, 　　 19.5±2.8%@5.2keV19.5±2.8%@5.2keV

It is still an unexploited field. It is still an unexploited field. e.g. See SLAC symposium Feb 2004. http://www-conf.slac.stanford.edu/xe.g. See SLAC symposium Feb 2004. http://www-conf.slac.stanford.edu/x

ray_polar/ray_polar/

Recent status of developments of various models of X-ray Recent status of developments of various models of X-ray polarimeters in Japan is introduced.polarimeters in Japan is introduced.

PHENEX balloon experiment to observe hard X-ray polarizPHENEX balloon experiment to observe hard X-ray polarization of the Crab (mission last week!) is reported.ation of the Crab (mission last week!) is reported.

Future small satellite mission Polaris is outlined.Future small satellite mission Polaris is outlined.

Targets of X-ray PolarimetryTargets of X-ray Polarimetry Synchrotron Radiation Synchrotron Radiation

SNRSNR （（ Pulsar Nebulae, Shell TypPulsar Nebulae, Shell Typee ））

Clusters of galaxiesClusters of galaxies BlazarsBlazars 、、 QuasarsQuasars

Scattered RadiationScattered Radiation Accretion disk around black holeAccretion disk around black hole Accretion Torus Seyfert galaxiesAccretion Torus Seyfert galaxies

Magnetic field and scatteringMagnetic field and scattering PulsarsPulsars

Pol

ariz

atio

n D

egre

e

©CXC/NASA

Reflection by Accretion Disk

X-ray Energy (keV)

Kii, 1987, PASJ 39,p.781

ペンシルビームでは、フラックスが弱いときに偏光度が高い。ファンビームモデルではその逆。

Energy dependence of Polarization

Accretion in Binary Accretion in Binary PulsarsPulsars

Pencil Beam Fan Beam

P

Flux

+100%

-100%

Reflection component in AGNsReflection component in AGNsScattered X-rays by Accretion Disk around BHs

Matt MNRAS 260, 1993

Polarization degree depends On the disk inclination

total1%

Inclination

reflected Inclination

Large P at Higher X-ray energy

Anomalous X-ray PulsarStrong Magnetic Field and QED

Swank et al.,2004 SLAC workshop

Polarimeter TypePolarimeter Type

Scattering Type is better in Scattering Type is better in the sensthe sensitivityitivity for hard X-ray polatimetry. for hard X-ray polatimetry.

Photo-electron-track has advantagePhoto-electron-track has advantages in soft X-ray polarimetry. s in soft X-ray polarimetry.

ScatteringScattering Photo-electron-trackPhoto-electron-trackAnistropy 1-sin2cos2 sin2cos2

Photon: travel straightPhoton: travel straight Electron: scatteredElectron: scattered

M >0.9 is possible, 0.5 is easy 0.4-0.5 was obtained

M 0.6 is max, 0.2-0.3 is easy Max ~0.07@20keV

- E>5keV + Imaging capability

Pacciani et al. 2002 SPIE

M: Modulation contrast … modulation observed against 100% polarized beam: Efficiency … the ratio of number of photons employed in the polarimetry to that incident to the polarimeter.

Mη

1/2

MinimumDetectablePolarization

Photo-electron TrackingPhoto-electron Tracking

CCD Polarimeter (Osaka Univ. Tsunemi et CCD Polarimeter (Osaka Univ. Tsunemi et al.)al.)

Capillary Plate Gas Counter (Yamagata UCapillary Plate Gas Counter (Yamagata Univ., Sakurai, Tokanai et al.)niv., Sakurai, Tokanai et al.)

GEM (RIKEN, Tamagawa et al.)GEM (RIKEN, Tamagawa et al.)-PIC (Kyoto Univ., Tsuru et al.)-PIC (Kyoto Univ., Tsuru et al.)Gas Imaging Polarimeter (Italy Group)Gas Imaging Polarimeter (Italy Group)AXP (GSFC/NASA, Swank et al.)AXP (GSFC/NASA, Swank et al.)

Gas Imaging Polarimeter(GIP)Gas Imaging Polarimeter(GIP)(Yamagata Univ. CGPC(Yamagata Univ. CGPC ））

Sakurai et al. 2003,2004

Fine Pitch GEFine Pitch GEM + CMOSM + CMOS

by Tamagawa by Tamagawa et al.et al.

φ(deg)E

ven

t C

oun

ts M = 0.3

Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM)Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM)

3 cm 50 μm

5 cm

100μm

CMOS sensor (Fine PixeCMOS sensor (Fine Pixelized electron reader)lized electron reader)

Polarimetry Sensitivity -PIC by Tsuru et al.

Ne Ar

1atm / 293K 　 Gas depth1cmDiffusion150μm

8keV 15keVEnergy(keV)

Pixel Pitch600μm

600μm

400μm

200μm

実線：シミュレーション（現状）破線：シミュレーション（今後）点： コリメート実験値Future

Polarimeter TypePolarimeter Type

Scattering Type is better in Scattering Type is better in the sensthe sensitivityitivity for hard X-ray polatimetry. for hard X-ray polatimetry.

Photo-electron-track has advantagePhoto-electron-track has advantages in soft X-ray polarimetry. s in soft X-ray polarimetry.

ScatteringScattering Photo-electron-trackPhoto-electron-trackAnistropy 1-sin2cos2 sin2cos2

Photon: travel straightPhoton: travel straight Electron: scatteredElectron: scattered

M >0.9 is possible, 0.5 is easy 0.4-0.5 was obtained

M 0.6 is max, 0.2-0.3 is easy Max ~0.07@20keV

- E>5keV + Imaging capability

Pacciani et al. 2002 SPIE

M: Modulation contrast … modulation observed against 100% polarized beam: Efficiency … the ratio of number of photons employed in the polarimetry to that incident to the polarimeter.

Mη

1/2

MinimumDetectablePolarization

Scattering TypeScattering Type PHENEX (Yamagata, Osaka, RIKEN, ISAS)PHENEX (Yamagata, Osaka, RIKEN, ISAS) PoGO (SLAC, TITech, ISAS/JAXA, Hiroshima, YPoGO (SLAC, TITech, ISAS/JAXA, Hiroshima, Y

amagata + International Collaboration)amagata + International Collaboration) Approved by NASA balloon flight (long flight in SwedeApproved by NASA balloon flight (long flight in Swede

n) in 2009.n) in 2009. see Poster by Mizuno et al.see Poster by Mizuno et al.

GaPOM (RIKEN, Mihara et al.)GaPOM (RIKEN, Mihara et al.) Gamma-Ray Burst Polarimeter for Solar-Sail MisGamma-Ray Burst Polarimeter for Solar-Sail Mis

sion (Kanazawa Univ. Yonetoku et al.)sion (Kanazawa Univ. Yonetoku et al.) Si/CdTe Compton Camera(ISAS/JAXA, SLAC, HSi/CdTe Compton Camera(ISAS/JAXA, SLAC, H

iroshima)iroshima) SGD for NeXT (ISAS/JAXA, Hiroshima et al.)SGD for NeXT (ISAS/JAXA, Hiroshima et al.)

Polarimetry using scattering target : Polarimetry using scattering target : employed in beam polarization calibrationemployed in beam polarization calibration

Ｅ

0

200

400

600

0 90 180 270 360

Ex=10keV

cou

nts

rotation angle

KEK-PF 10keV beam by Hayashida et al.

Spring8 20keV beam by Tokanai et al.

Segmented/Active Scatter PolarimeterSegmented/Active Scatter PolarimeterScatter=Plastic Scintillator(e.g. 2mmx2mmx40mm x 54)

Absrber=CdTe (e.g.2mmx0.5mmx40mmx32)(or CSI)

Multi-Anode Position sensitive PMT

18mm

Whole detector is actrively Whole detector is actrively Shielded by BGO or CsIShielded by BGO or CsI

X-ray

Plastic CdTe or CSI

Efficiencyηfor three kinds of eventsEfficiencyηfor three kinds of events

Double eventAbsorped eventSingle event

Compton recoil not detected 　 Compton recoil

detected 　 　

Photo Absorption

PHENEX 2006PHENEX 2006Polarimeters for High ENErgy X-raysPolarimeters for High ENErgy X-rays

Yamagata Univ. :Yamagata Univ. : 　　 Polarimeter, Monitor Counter, Polarimeter, Monitor Counter, Detector Chamber + Rotation, Batteries Detector Chamber + Rotation, Batteries

Osaka Univ. : DAQ & HK System, Sun CCD Osaka Univ. : DAQ & HK System, Sun CCD RIKEN: Sun PSD, HV Unit, Command SystemRIKEN: Sun PSD, HV Unit, Command System ISAS/JAXA: ACS System, Balloon I/FISAS/JAXA: ACS System, Balloon I/F

Polarimeter Unit

ＭＡＰＭＴH8500

ＨＶＤＡＴＡ＆ＣＯＭ

ＴｒｉｇＩＮ

ＴｒｉｇＯＵＴ

CollimatorＭｏ 1mm 、 FWHM 5°

Shield Ｐｂ２mm 、

Ｓｎ１ mm

Shrink Tube

ScintillatorsＣｓＩ x ２８、Ｐｌａｓ

ｔｉｃ x ３６

ＦＯＰ１ｍｍ

•Plastic Scintillators act as scattering target for incident hard X-rays.

•Scattering position is known from a signal by a recoiled electron produced in the Plastic Scintillator. Scattering direction is measured if the scattered X-ray is absorbed in a CsI.

•All the CsI triggered events are recorded, and will be filtered by coincidence with Plastic, to suppress most of the background.

•Low optical crosstalk CsI and Plastic.

•Compact 64ch read-out module.

Top View

ＣｓＩPlastic

Polarimeter for High ENErgy X-ray PHENEX

64ch Read Out Modulewith VA-TA chip

by CLEAR-PULSE

KEK-PF (Synchrotron) Experiment 2006Feb

Count rate modulation for each CsI ch

Overlay with adjusting the phase angle

Modulation Factor ６１．７％(KEK-PF Beam Pola=90% ＠ 80keV is taken i

nto account ）

Weighted Modulation （① × ４＋② × ８＋③ × ８＋④ × ４＋⑤ × ８＋⑥ × ４）

÷ ３６

For Uniform Irradiation over FOV

M=53%@80keV 　　　　 eff=20%

Polarimeter for High ENErgy X-ray PHENEX

８０ｋｅＶ

Beam incident to ① to , modulation is ⑥measured.

① ② ③④ ⑤

⑥

６０ｋｅＶ、４０ｋｅＶ Modulation （Ｐｒｅｌｉｍｉｎａｒｙ）

４０ｋｅＶをＰｌａ３７ｃｈ (center ch) incident

６０ｋｅＶ Ｐｌａ３７ｃｈ (center ch) incident

M-factor for center incidence

６０％M-factor for center incidence

５７％

Polarimeter for High ENErgy X-ray PHENEX

Monitor Counter

CsI 34x34mm

PMT used for PoGO

Anti Counter

Polarimeter Unit x 4

Detector Drum Rotate 360º

Elevation Control

DAQ Chamber

SunCCDSunPSD

GA-sensor

Rotation Wheel is used to controlthe azimuth of the gondola

DAQ SystemDAQ System

VME system

Arm-CPU+PC/104

Gondola 311kg

Flight 2006/06/13 AM5:30

B150 Flight B150 Flight 2006/06/132006/06/13

Level FlightLevel Flight

37-38km ~6.5hr 37-38km ~6.5hr

Safely Captured and Returned to SBCSafely Captured and Returned to SBC

USB memories are OK!

-200

-100

0

100

200

10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000

Rotation (Opt-Encoder)

sec from 2006/ 6/ 13 0:0:00 J ST

-200

-100

0

100

200

40000 42000 44000 46000 48000 50000

Rotation (Opt-Encoder)

sec from 2006/ 6/ 13 0:0:00 J ST

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000

Scalor

CsI c/s Monitor c/s

sec from 2006/06/13 0:0:00

In future, if 9 units are available

50 〜 several100mCrab

1Crab

PHENEX2006:4unit(44cm2) ,6hours, Crab … MDP(3)=14%

Cygnus X-1Crab Nebula

Crab Pulsar 、 Sco X-1Vela X-1 、 1700-377GX 301-2 、 1657-415GX1+4 、 GX5-1NGC4151 、 Cen-ACygnus X-3 、 Her X-1

>40keV range

1day 1week

Polaris OutlinePolaris Outline Cover various classes of X-ray objects (>Cover various classes of X-ray objects (>10mCrab10mCrab) )

As Uhuru studied spectra & variabilities of representative class oAs Uhuru studied spectra & variabilities of representative class of X-ray objects 35 years ago, Polaris will establish polarization prf X-ray objects 35 years ago, Polaris will establish polarization properties of those classes of objects. operties of those classes of objects.

Hybrid polarimeters to cover wide energy band(0.25 or 4Hybrid polarimeters to cover wide energy band(0.25 or 4-80keV)-80keV) Energy dependence of polarization is important. Energy dependence of polarization is important.

Scattering type polarimeters (e.g. PHENEX) are used for Scattering type polarimeters (e.g. PHENEX) are used for hard X-ray range. Gas imaging polarimeters and/or Multihard X-ray range. Gas imaging polarimeters and/or Multi-layer reflection polarimeter are added to cover <10keV. -layer reflection polarimeter are added to cover <10keV.

To gain S/N and to enable imaging polarimetry, Multi-LayTo gain S/N and to enable imaging polarimetry, Multi-Layer Super mirrors are used. Polarimeters are set at the foer Super mirrors are used. Polarimeters are set at the focal planes of those mirrors.cal planes of those mirrors.

Polarization sensitivity below 10keVPolarization sensitivity below 10keV

Add on Li target on SAdd on Li target on Scattering Imaging Polcattering Imaging Polarimeterarimeter

Transparent type Gas Transparent type Gas Imaging Polarimeter Imaging Polarimeter (GIP) on SIP.(GIP) on SIP.

Possible with Possible with -PIC-PIC Not easy to make >20Not easy to make >20

00ch readout layout.00ch readout layout.Ti 50mFilter

Li-Target

(１ ) (2)

Multi-Layer Super Mirror & EOBMulti-Layer Super Mirror & EOB

Heritage of InFOCus,SUMIT,NeXHeritage of InFOCus,SUMIT,NeXT will be available. T will be available.

FL 6m needs to change inner mirFL 6m needs to change inner mirror radius to be 60mmror radius to be 60mm

10

100

1000

1 10 100

12m/1WXT6m/4WXT

X-ray energy(keV)

FL12m

FL6mx4units

GIP-on-SIP

LI-on-SIP

Polaris ComponentsPolaris Components 　　 6m-Design6m-DesignWXT(Mirror)

F.L. 6m

In/Out/xNo.of Unit 60mm/200mm x4Unit

Scale on FP 1’/1.7mm

SIP（ Scattering Imaging Polarimeters ）

Scintillator 2.8mmx2.8mmx40mm/Pillar

No. of Scintillator Plastic 36 /CsI 28

Signal / Unit 64ch

GIP（ Gas Imaging Polarimeters ）

Size/Pixel pitch 10mmx10mm/0.2mm

Signalch 数 2000ch

Gas Ne/1atm/1cm

Li for SIP+LI Size 5-10mmdiameter x30mmheight

No. of Units GIP-on-SIP ｘ１ + LI-on-SIPx3

Polarimeters MPolarimeters M1/21/2

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.1 1 10 100

Multi Layer GIP (Ne Gas Pixel) LI_on_SIP (Li)SIP (Plastic double-hit)SIP (Plastic single-hit)

Ex(keV)

Weight and Power ConsumptionWeight and Power ConsumptionPI WeightPI Weight ：：

FL 12mFL 12m 　　 120kg 120kg 　　 [Mirror 40kg[Mirror 40kg 　　　　 EOB 60kg EOB 60kg GIP-on-SIP 15kg DE5kg] GIP-on-SIP 15kg DE5kg]

FL 6m FL 6m 　　 121kg 121kg 　　 [Mirror40kg[Mirror40kg 　　　　 EOB40kg EOB40kg GIP-on-SIP 15kg LI-on-SIPx3=21kg DE5kg]GIP-on-SIP 15kg LI-on-SIPx3=21kg DE5kg] 　 　

Power ConsumptionPower Consumption ：：FL 12m 78WFL 12m 78W 　　　　 [Mirror15W [Mirror15W 　　 　　 GIP-on-SIP GIP-on-SIP

58W DE 5W]58W DE 5W]FL 6m FL 6m 　 　 67W67W 　　　　 [Mirror15W [Mirror15W 　　　　　　 GIP-on-GIP-on-

SIP 32W LI-on-SIPx3=15W DE 5W]SIP 32W LI-on-SIPx3=15W DE 5W]+20%+20% のの margin margin 、、 PI Weight=145kg,PI Weight=145kg, 　　 PI PI

Power=94WPower=94W

Expected SensitivityExpected Sensitivity

0.1

1

10

100

0.001 0.01 0.1 1

MDP 4-10keV

GIP (Ne Gas Pixel) 4-10keV 100ks GIP (Ne gas Pixel) 4-10keV 1Ms SIP+Li Scatt 4-10keV 100ks SIP+Li Scatt 4-10keV 1Ms

Flux (in Crab)

0.1

1

10

100

0.001 0.01 0.1 1

MDP 10-20keVSIPL+Li Scatt 10-20keV 100ksSIP+Li Scatt 10-20keV 1Ms

Flux (in Crab)

0.1

1

10

100

0.001 0.01 0.1 1

MDP 20-40keVSIP single Hit 20-40keV 100ksSIP Single Hit 20-40keV 1Ms

Flux (in Crab)

0.1

1

10

100

0.001 0.01 0.1 1

MDP 40-80keVSIP Double Hit 40-80keV 100ks

SIP Double Hit 40-80keV 1Ms

Flux (in Crab)

SummarySummary

Recent activities for X-ray Polarimetry in JRecent activities for X-ray Polarimetry in Japan are introduced.apan are introduced.

PHENEX balloon experiment performed laPHENEX balloon experiment performed last week is reported.st week is reported.

Future Small Satellite Mission Polaris is ouFuture Small Satellite Mission Polaris is outlined.tlined.

Within a few years, X-ray polarimetry obseWithin a few years, X-ray polarimetry observations will restart, no doubt. rvations will restart, no doubt.