Future of Pennsylvania’s Migrant and Seasonal Farm Worker Youth Jill L. Findeis Anastasia Snyder Leif Jensen Janelle Larson Luis Sevilla Bitia Salas May 9, 2008 Presentation at The Conference on Immigration Reform: Implications for Farmers, Farm Workers, and Communities
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Future of Pennsylvania’s
Migrant and Seasonal Farm Worker Youth
Jill L. Findeis
Anastasia Snyder
Leif Jensen
Janelle Larson
Luis Sevilla
Bitia Salas
May 9, 2008
Presentation at The Conference on Immigration Reform: Implications
for Farmers, Farm Workers, and Communities
Description of work:
1. Part of NIH project initiated in 2005
R03 pilot project
2. Understand aspirations, constraints to upward
mobility, access to health care, community ties
3. How to reach hard-to-reach populations
4. Migrant and seasonal farm worker family youth –
Migrant Education Program
5. Family context, with one or both parents employed in
agriculture
Approach:
• Qualitative surveys focus groups among farm
worker parents, youth; key informants)
• Quantitative written survey among youth in farm
worker families (preliminary results)
• Analysis of Migrant Education Program
administrative data
• Rural Opportunities Inc (ROI) survey data
Insights into four questions:
1. To what extent do the youth in migrant and seasonal
farm worker families in PA aspire to hold jobs in
agriculture as adults?
2. To what extent are the youth in these families now
engaged in agriculture?
3. What expectations do youth – and their parents --
have for their educations?
4. What are the characteristics of their ties within their
local communities?
Grade
8th and 9th grades: 33%
10th – 12th grades: 48%
Drop-outs: 6%
Graduates: 13%
Country of birth:
Born in US: 35%
Of remaining 65%:
78% born in Mexico
Profile:
Age of arrival in US:
0 – 5 years: 16%
6 – 12 years: 37%
13+ years: 42%
Missing: 5%
Born in:
Urban: 50%
Rural nonfarm: 17%
Rural farm: 19%
Suburban: 14%
Language (speak primarily Spanish):
At home? 56%
Neighbors? 33%
Friends? 25%
With teachers? 8%
At work? 18%
2325Other industry
(nonag)
6.95.3Other restaurant
103.3Fast food
6.315Landscaping,
gardening
3517Food processing
9.4%29%Farming
Mother/mother
figure (80% worked
in past year)
Father/father figure
(87% worked in past
year)
Industry of
employment
Parent Paid Work Profile
HOW WELL DOES YOUR FATHER/FATHER FIGURE …
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
speak
Spanish?
read Spanish? write Spanish? speak
English?
read English? write English?
%
Very well Well Not well Not at all
HOW WELL DOES YOUR MOTHER/MOTHER FIGURE
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
speak
Spanish?
read Spanish? write
Spanish?
speak
English?
read English? write English?
%
Very well Well Not well Not at all
Question 1. To what extent do the youth
in migrant and seasonal farm worker
families in PA aspire to hold jobs in
agriculture as adults?
Question 1. To what extent do the youth
in migrant and seasonal farm worker
families in PA aspire to hold jobs in
agriculture as adults? Not much.
Question 1. To what extent do the youth
in migrant and seasonal farm worker
families in PA aspire to hold jobs in
agriculture as adults?
• Future job preferences:
1 landscaping / landscape design
4 veterinarians / 1 work with animals
• Future job expectations:
1 landscaping / landscape design
2 veterinarians
• Decline in the numbers of youth answering high-wage
professional jobs – compare preferences to expectations
Question 2: To what extent are the
youth in these families already
engaged in agriculture?
Question 2: To what extent are the
youth in these families already
engaged in agriculture?
Paid summer job: 28% with job
School year job: 23% with job
Friends:
39242611Stopped going
to school to take
job?
43222114Work nights –
and school next
day?
15%25%33%28%Work after
school?
NoneOnly 1 - 2SomeMany
Question: What is their work experience?
2019Other
4.32.3Construction
1722Babysitting
1011Housecleaning
2616Restaurant
1916Fast food
5.77.0Landscaping
8.611Food processing
8.6%9.3%Farm
After schoolSummer
Type of paid job held by youth (check all
that apply):
6.33954Learn skills to help in the future?
8.94151Enjoy your job?
76195.1Hurt yourself?
58339.0Received less pay than expected?
681715Do work that seemed unsafe?
344918Work longer than expected?
12%44%43%Take regular breaks?
NeverSometimesOften
In last summer job (ag or nonag), how
often did you:
• Result in not enough time for homework? 44% yes
• Tired in school due to having a job? 50% yes
• Dropped out of school or dropped back
a year in school due to work? 3.3% yes
Questions asked of those working after
school:
Question 3. What expectations do
youth – and their parents -- have for
their educations?
Question 3. Expectations do youth –
and their parents -- have for their
educations?
How far do you want to go in school?
I plan to drop out 6.2%
Graduate from high school 25
Graduate from a two-year college 13
Graduate from a 4-year college 41
Graduate from professional program 14
How far do your parents want you to go?
Not complete high school 9.3%
Finish high school 28
Attend trade or technical school 11
Finish 4-year college or more 52
Question 3. What expectations do
youth – and their parents -- have for
their educations?
What are most of your friends planning on doing after finishing
high school?
Work directly 37%
Technical or vocational school 13
Two-year college 18
4-year college 26
Start a family 6
Question 4. What are the characteristics
of their ties within their local
communities?
• Moved to community with a community tie: 73%
• Awareness of their family providing assistance to a recent
immigrant: 59%
How many of friends are Hispanic:
• All or most 43%
• Some are and some aren’t 49%
62.1%
7.9%
30.0%
All or most are Hispanic
Some are Hispanic, some are not Hispanic
All or most are not Hispanic
Pa
Parents’ Friends
What are the characteristics of their ties
within their local communities?
2617261814 At work
1222272117 At school
Hispanics more
generally
1326262114 In community
3332198.28.2 In community
5119167.26.8 At work
30%32%16%12%9.9% At school
You
NeverRarelyOccasionallyOftenVery
often
Discrimination
against
Participants in school and local activities?
Participate in extracurricular school activity:
43% (28% sports, 7.2% music/arts)
Participate in local activity: 27% (sports 21%)
Ethnic composition of participants in local activities are:
Mostly Hispanics 56%
Some are and some aren’t 32%
What are the characteristics of their ties
within their school communities?
Discussion
• Youth not preferring nor expecting to stay in agriculture
• Parents settled and in ‘broader’ agriculture
• Barriers to upward mobility/assimilation
• Youth that we found through organizations engaging youth