Future Atmospheric Missions: Adding to the “A Train” Jim Gleason Acknowledgements: Graeme Stephens, Bruce Wielicki, Chip Trepte, Dave Crisp, Charles Miller,

Future Atmospheric Missions:Future Atmospheric Missions:Adding to the “A Train”Adding to the “A Train”

Jim GleasonJim Gleason

Future Atmospheric Missions:Future Atmospheric Missions:Adding to the “A Train”Adding to the “A Train”

Jim GleasonJim Gleason

Acknowledgements: Graeme Stephens, Bruce Wielicki, Chip Trepte, Dave Crisp, Charles Miller, Glory Team

Acknowledgements: Graeme Stephens, Bruce Wielicki, Chip Trepte, Dave Crisp, Charles Miller, Glory Team

NPP

Glory

The Afternoon ConstellationThe Afternoon ConstellationThe Afternoon ConstellationThe Afternoon Constellation

MODIS/ CERES IR Properties of Clouds

AIRS Temperature and H2O Sounding

Aqua

1:30 PM

CloudsatPARASOL

CALIPSO- Aerosol and cloud heightsCloudsat - cloud dropletsPARASOL - aerosol and cloud polarizationOCO - CO2

CALIPSOAura

OMI - Cloud heights

OMI & HIRLDS – Aerosols

MLS& TES - H2O & temp profiles

MLS & HIRDLS – Cirrus clouds

1:38 PM

OCO

1:15 PM1:30 PM

OCO - CO2 column

VIIRS - Clouds & AerosolsCrIS/ATMS- Temperature and H2O SoundingOMPS - Ozone

Glory

NPP

CloudSat

Horiz. Res.

Vert. Res.

104 sec

20 sec

C.O.

C.O.

Cloudsat will “orbit”CALIPSO,both loosely following Aqua

CALIPSO Control Box

AquaCloudsatCALIPSOPARASOL

Aura

NPP is not in a control box

CALIPSOCALIPSO(formerly Picasso-CENA)(formerly Picasso-CENA)

CALIPSOCALIPSO(formerly Picasso-CENA)(formerly Picasso-CENA)

• 2-wavelength (532 and 1064 nm) polarization-sensitive LIDAR that provides 30 m vertical resolution profiles of aerosols and clouds.

• Imaging infrared radiometer (IIR) that provides calibrated infrared radiances at 8.7 µ, 10.5 µ and 12 µ. These wavelengths are optimized for combined IIR/lidar retrievals of cirrus particle size.

• High-resolution wide field camera (WFC) that acquires high spatial resolution imagery for meteorological context (620 to 670 nm).

• 2-wavelength (532 and 1064 nm) polarization-sensitive LIDAR that provides 30 m vertical resolution profiles of aerosols and clouds.

• Imaging infrared radiometer (IIR) that provides calibrated infrared radiances at 8.7 µ, 10.5 µ and 12 µ. These wavelengths are optimized for combined IIR/lidar retrievals of cirrus particle size.

• High-resolution wide field camera (WFC) that acquires high spatial resolution imagery for meteorological context (620 to 670 nm).

IIR

WFCLaser

LITE measurements over convection

DistanceDistance

10

20

0

kmkm

Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation

CloudsatCloudsatCloudsatCloudsat

94 GHz Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) • Nadir-viewing • 500 m vertical resolution • 1.2 km cross-track, 3.5 km along track • Sensitivity: -30 to -36 dBZ

94 GHz Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) • Nadir-viewing • 500 m vertical resolution • 1.2 km cross-track, 3.5 km along track • Sensitivity: -30 to -36 dBZ

•Radar reflectivity •Visible and near-IR radiances •Cloud base and top heights •Optical depth •Atmospheric heating rates •Cloud water content •Cloud ice content •Cloud particle size •Precipitation Occurrence

•Radar reflectivity •Visible and near-IR radiances •Cloud base and top heights •Optical depth •Atmospheric heating rates •Cloud water content •Cloud ice content •Cloud particle size •Precipitation Occurrence

Data ProductsData Products

NPOESS Preparatory Project: NPOESS Preparatory Project: NPPNPP

NPOESS Preparatory Project: NPOESS Preparatory Project: NPPNPP

• Sun - synchronous, polar • Altitude - 824 km nominal • Inclination - 98 degrees • Ascending node - 10:30 a.m. • Launched – April 2008

• Sun - synchronous, polar • Altitude - 824 km nominal • Inclination - 98 degrees • Ascending node - 10:30 a.m. • Launched – April 2008

InstrumentsInstruments

•Cross Track Infrared Sounder (CrIS)•Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS)•Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (VIIRS)•Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS)

•Cross Track Infrared Sounder (CrIS)•Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS)•Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (VIIRS)•Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS)

Ozone Mapping Profiler SuiteOzone Mapping Profiler SuiteOzone Mapping Profiler SuiteOzone Mapping Profiler Suite

Description

• Purpose: Monitors the total column and vertical profile of ozone

• Predecessor Instruments: TOMS, SBUV, GOME, OSIRIS, SCIAMACHY

• Approach: Nadir and limb push broom CCD spectrometers

• Swath width: 2600 km

Status•Brass Board

Main Electronics Box complete

•Flight Unit #1 Assembly underway

Algorithm Status: Using TOMS/SBUV heritage approaches for Nadir InstrumentsLimb profile still in development using new space-based limb observation data

OMPS Scanning TrackOMPS Scanning TrackOMPS Scanning TrackOMPS Scanning Track

(Nadir TC)

(Limb Profiler)

Orbiting Carbon Observatory - OCOOrbiting Carbon Observatory - OCOOrbiting Carbon Observatory - OCOOrbiting Carbon Observatory - OCO

OCO is an ESSP MissionLRD: 2008OCO is an ESSP MissionLRD: 2008

Make global, space-based observations of the column integrated CO2 • Provide independent data validation approaches to ensure high accuracy (1 ppm, 0.3%)• Combine satellite data with ground-based measurements to characterize CO2 sources and sinks on regional scales on monthly to interannual time scales

Make global, space-based observations of the column integrated CO2 • Provide independent data validation approaches to ensure high accuracy (1 ppm, 0.3%)• Combine satellite data with ground-based measurements to characterize CO2 sources and sinks on regional scales on monthly to interannual time scales

Instruments- 3 Grating SpectrometersO2 - A Band at 0.76µCO2 at 1.58, 2.06 µSwath 10 pixels, 1x1.5 km

Instruments- 3 Grating SpectrometersO2 - A Band at 0.76µCO2 at 1.58, 2.06 µSwath 10 pixels, 1x1.5 km

CO2 Simulation MapCO2 Simulation Map

Page 10 10, OCO May 2006

The Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO)

Approach: • Collect spatially resolved, high resolution

spectroscopic observations of CO2 and O2 absorption in reflected sunlight

• Use these data to resolve spatial and temporal variations in the column averaged CO2 dry air mole fraction, XCO2 over the sunlit hemisphere

• Employ independent calibration and validation approaches to produce XCO2 estimates with random errors and biases no larger than 1 - 2 ppm (0.3 - 0.5%) on regional scales at monthly intervals

OCO will acquire the space-based data needed to identify CO2 sources and sinks and quantify their variability over the seasonal cycle


Making Precise CO2 Measurements from Space

Clouds/Aerosols, Surface Pressure Clouds/Aerosols, H2O, TemperatureColumn CO2

O2 A-band CO2 1.61m

CO2 2.06 m

• High resolution spectra of reflected sunlight in near IR CO2 and O2 bands are combined to retrieve the column average CO2 dry air mole fraction, XCO2

– 1.61 m CO2 bands – Column CO2 with maximum sensitivity near the surface

– O2 A-band and 2.06 m CO2 band• Surface pressure, albedo, atmospheric

temperature, water vapor, clouds, aerosols• Why high spectral resolution?

– Enhances sensitivity, minimizes biases


OCO Observing Strategy

• Nadir Observations: tracks local nadir– + Small footprint (< 3 km2) isolates

cloud-free scenes and reduces biases from spatial inhomogeneities over land

- Low Signal/Noise over dark ocean

• Glint Observations: views “glint” spot• + Improves Signal/Noise over oceans

- More interference from clouds

• Target Observations– Tracks a stationary surface calibration

site to collect large numbers of soundings

• Data acquisition schedule:• alternate between Nadir and Glint on

16-day intervals

• Acquire ~1 Target observation each day

Local Nadir

Glint Spot

Ground Track


Calibration

• Pre Launch– Instrument Subsystem– Observatory-level

• On-Orbit– Routine (Solar, Limb, Dark, Lamp)– Special (Stellar, Solar Doppler)– Vicarious

Validation

• Laboratory spectroscopy– Spectral line databases for CO2, O2

• Ground-based in-situ measurements– NOAA ESRL Flask/Tower Network– Wofsy (Harvard), Ciais (CNRS Aerocarb)

• Solar-looking FTS measurements of XCO2

– Measure same bands as flight instrument

Calibration/Validation ProgramAssures Measurement Accuracy

WLEF FTIRWLEF Tower

Routine CalibrationHeliostat

Shutter

T/VAC Chamber

Solar Diffuser

Inst

rum

ent

Heliostat

Shutter

T/VAC Chamber

Solar Diffuser

Inst

rum

ent


The Glory Mission Objectives are to:

Quantify the role of aerosols as natural and anthropogenic agents of climate change by flying APS

Continue measuring the total solar irradiance to determine its direct and indirect effects on climate by flying TIM

Glory mission provides timely key data for climate change research


),(

),(

),(

),(

V

U

Q

IClassification of passive remote sensing techniques by

1. Spectral range2. Scattering geometry range3. Number of Stokes parameters

Hierarchy of existing/planned instruments:AVHRR MODIS, MISR, VIIRS Glory APS

Glory APS will be a bridge to NPOESS era measurements.

Glory APS strategy: fully exploit the information content of the reflected sunlight

Existing aerosol retrievals from space are inadequate

The measurement approach developed for the Glory mission is to use

multi-angle multi-spectral polarimetric measurements because:• Polarization is a relative measurement that can be made extremely accurately. • Polarimetric measurements can be accurately and stably calibrated on orbit.• The variation of polarization with scattering angle and wavelength allows aerosol particle size,

refractive index and shape to be determined.• Appropriate analysis tools are available.


Type: Passive multi-angle photopolarimeterFore-optic: Rotating polarization-compensated mirror assembly scanning along orbit-track +50.5° to –63° (fore-to-aft) from nadir Aft-optic: 6 bore-sighted optical assemblies, each with a Wollaston prism providing polarization separation, beamsplitters & bandpass filters producing spectral separation, and paired detectors sensing orthogonal polarizationsDirectionality: ~250 views of a sceneApprox. dimensions: 60 x 58 x 47 cmMass/power/data rate: 53 kg / 36 W / 120 kbpsSpectral range: 412–2250 nmMeasurement specifics: 3 visible (412, 443, 555 nm), 3 near-IR (672, 865, 910 nm), and 3 short-wave IR (1378, 1610, 2250 nm) bands; three Stokes parameters (I, Q, and U) Ground resolution at nadir: 6 kmSNR requirements: 235 (channels 1 – 5, 8, and 9), 94 (channel 6), and 141 (channel 7)Polarization accuracy: 0.0015 at P = 0.2, 0.002 at P = 0.5Repeat cycle: 16 days

Glory APS summary

APS angular scanning

APS spectral channels

Summary of the “A” TrainSummary of the “A” TrainSummary of the “A” TrainSummary of the “A” Train• The Formation

– Aqua (1:30 PM )and Aura (1:38 PM)) must maintain ground track on the WRS (±20 km) using frequent burns (once every 3 months)

– Cloudsat and CALIPSO ~20 seconds (~140 km) behind Aqua within a control box 40 seconds wide. Near end of mission, CALIPSO drifts (left) across MODIS swath.

– PARASOL is roughly lined up Aqua about 3 minutes behind – Aura is 15 minutes behind Aqua (crossing time is 1:38

PM)– OCO is 15 minutes ahead of Aqua (1:15)– NPP same crossing time, higher orbit

• The Science– Unprecedented cloud science– Unprecedented climate/aerosol/chemistry science– Correlative measurements

• Challenges – Variety of vertical and horizontal resolutions which

will be challenging to match– Community is not used to using multi-instrument systems

• The Formation– Aqua (1:30 PM )and Aura (1:38 PM)) must maintain ground

track on the WRS (±20 km) using frequent burns (once every 3 months)

– Cloudsat and CALIPSO ~20 seconds (~140 km) behind Aqua within a control box 40 seconds wide. Near end of mission, CALIPSO drifts (left) across MODIS swath.

– PARASOL is roughly lined up Aqua about 3 minutes behind – Aura is 15 minutes behind Aqua (crossing time is 1:38

PM)– OCO is 15 minutes ahead of Aqua (1:15)– NPP same crossing time, higher orbit

• The Science– Unprecedented cloud science– Unprecedented climate/aerosol/chemistry science– Correlative measurements

• Challenges – Variety of vertical and horizontal resolutions which

will be challenging to match– Community is not used to using multi-instrument systems

New Mission PlanningNew Mission PlanningNew Mission PlanningNew Mission PlanningAir Quality Mission WorkshopBoulder, CO February 2006

Satellite observations as crucial for the future of AQ management:

1. Air quality characterization for retrospective assessments and

forecasting to support air program management and public health advisories;

2. Quantification of emissions of ozone and aerosol precursors;

3. Long-range transport of pollutants extending from regional to global scales;

4. Large puff releases from environmental disasters.

Air Quality Mission WorkshopBoulder, CO February 2006

Satellite observations as crucial for the future of AQ management:

1. Air quality characterization for retrospective assessments and

forecasting to support air program management and public health advisories;

2. Quantification of emissions of ozone and aerosol precursors;

3. Long-range transport of pollutants extending from regional to global scales;

4. Large puff releases from environmental disasters.

http://www.acd.ucar.edu/Events/Meetings/Air_Quality_Remote_Sensing/index.shtml

Air Quality Mission WorkshopAir Quality Mission Workshop Report to National Research Council Decadal SurveyReport to National Research Council Decadal Survey


Measurement Requirements:

Species measured; Tropospheric ozone, CO, NO2, HCHO, SO2, and aerosols

Horizontal resolution and coverage; better than 10 km (preferably 2-5 km), coverage must be at least on a continental scale for observation of regional pollution episodes, and must further extend on a global scale for observation of intercontinental transport and large puff releases.

Temporal resolution and coverage: Hourly resolution or better

Enables characterization of

(1) the synoptic-scale development of pollution episodes,

(2) the diurnal variation of emissions,

(3) the state of atmospheric composition for purposes of inverse modeling and data assimilation (forecasting), and

(4) large puff releases.

Measurement Requirements:

Species measured; Tropospheric ozone, CO, NO2, HCHO, SO2, and aerosols

Horizontal resolution and coverage; better than 10 km (preferably 2-5 km), coverage must be at least on a continental scale for observation of regional pollution episodes, and must further extend on a global scale for observation of intercontinental transport and large puff releases.

Temporal resolution and coverage: Hourly resolution or better

Enables characterization of

(1) the synoptic-scale development of pollution episodes,

(2) the diurnal variation of emissions,

(3) the state of atmospheric composition for purposes of inverse modeling and data assimilation (forecasting), and

(4) large puff releases. http://www.acd.ucar.edu/Events/Meetings/Air_Quality_Remote_Sensing/index.shtml



Measurement Requirements:Vertical resolution: The ability to observe the boundary

layer from space is a major priority for air quality applications. For trace gases, multispectral methods involving a combination of nadir-sounding UV/Vis, near and thermal IR, and limb microwave can be used to infer boundary layer information on ozone, CO and others, as well as providing some vertically-resolved measurements for the middle and upper troposphere.

Vertical resolution in the free troposphere is important for observing long-range transport, as this transport often involves layers of ~1 km thickness that may retain their integrity over intercontinental scales.

Orbital Requirements: Considered LEO, MEO, GEO, and L-1Orbits have different advantages and disadvantages for air

quality observations. There are important trade-offs among quantitative (and achievable) requirements on

(1)horizontal resolution and coverage, (2)temporal resolution, (3)vertical resolution.

Measurement Requirements:Vertical resolution: The ability to observe the boundary

layer from space is a major priority for air quality applications. For trace gases, multispectral methods involving a combination of nadir-sounding UV/Vis, near and thermal IR, and limb microwave can be used to infer boundary layer information on ozone, CO and others, as well as providing some vertically-resolved measurements for the middle and upper troposphere.

Vertical resolution in the free troposphere is important for observing long-range transport, as this transport often involves layers of ~1 km thickness that may retain their integrity over intercontinental scales.

Orbital Requirements: Considered LEO, MEO, GEO, and L-1Orbits have different advantages and disadvantages for air

quality observations. There are important trade-offs among quantitative (and achievable) requirements on

(1)horizontal resolution and coverage, (2)temporal resolution, (3)vertical resolution. http://www.acd.ucar.edu/Events/Meetings/Air_Quality_Remote_Sensing/index.shtml

Air Quality Mission Air Quality Mission WorkshopWorkshop

Report to National Research Council Decadal Report to National Research Council Decadal SurveySurvey

Air Quality Mission Air Quality Mission WorkshopWorkshop

Report to National Research Council Decadal Report to National Research Council Decadal SurveySurveyWorkshop participants reached a consensus that

multi-spectral sentinel missions (GEO or Lagrangian (L-1) orbit) that

have high spatial and temporal resolution, and

provide some species concentrations within the boundary layer, would be most beneficial to the AQ community.

At the present time, GEO meets this measurement capability with the least

amount of risk

The greatest societal benefit from a U.S. perspective would be derived from placing such a satellite in an orbit capable of observing North America. The NOAA GOES-R operational suite of measurements from GEO will have some AQ relevant capability for ozone, carbon monoxide and aerosol.

New generation of dedicated AQ satellite missions that will also be part of an integrated observing system including air monitoring networks, in situ research campaigns, and 3-D chemical transport models.

Workshop participants reached a consensus that

multi-spectral sentinel missions (GEO or Lagrangian (L-1) orbit) that

have high spatial and temporal resolution, and

provide some species concentrations within the boundary layer, would be most beneficial to the AQ community.

At the present time, GEO meets this measurement capability with the least

amount of risk

The greatest societal benefit from a U.S. perspective would be derived from placing such a satellite in an orbit capable of observing North America. The NOAA GOES-R operational suite of measurements from GEO will have some AQ relevant capability for ozone, carbon monoxide and aerosol.

New generation of dedicated AQ satellite missions that will also be part of an integrated observing system including air monitoring networks, in situ research campaigns, and 3-D chemical transport models.http://www.acd.ucar.edu/Events/Meetings/Air_Quality_Remote_Sensing/index.shtml

Future Atmospheric Missions: Adding to the “A Train” Jim Gleason Acknowledgements: Graeme Stephens, Bruce Wielicki, Chip Trepte, Dave Crisp, Charles Miller,

Documents

cloudaerosol lidar

cloud polarization oco

ir radiances cloud base

calibrated infrared

track sensitivity

pm oco

glory team npp glory

control box slide