Future and energy Future and energy BIOENERGY BIOENERGY What about me 40 years later ? Dr. Bajnóczy Gábor Tonkó Csilla BUDAPEST UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESS ENGINEERING FACULTY OF CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Future and energy BIOENERGY. What about me 40 years later ?. BUDAPEST UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESS ENGINEERING. FACULTY OF CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING. Dr. Bajnóczy Gábor Tonkó Csilla. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Future and energyFuture and energyBIOENERGYBIOENERGY
What about me 40 years later ?
Dr. Bajnóczy GáborTonkó Csilla
BUDAPEST UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESS ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING
The pictures and drawings of The pictures and drawings of this presentation are used this presentation are used and can be used only for and can be used only for
education !education !
Any commercial use is Any commercial use is prohibited !prohibited !
Perhaps this will be my car ?Perhaps this will be my car ?
Or these vehicles ?Or these vehicles ?
Fuel shortage !Fuel shortage !Is it me at home in winter ?Is it me at home in winter ?
Or she is my wife waiting for me at Or she is my wife waiting for me at homehome
Energy from bio-energy plantEnergy from bio-energy plant
Adequate technology is applied to convert the biomass to
- energy (direct conversion)
● combustion
- fuel (indirect conversion)
● thermal gasification
● bio-oil by pyrolysis
● gasification by biomethods
● bioethanol production
● biodiesel production
The most important questions are theThe most important questions are the
-- ENERGY CONTENT OF THE BIOMASSENERGY CONTENT OF THE BIOMASS
- Availability of Biomass- Availability of Biomass
- Costs- Costs
REACTANTS
fuel + oxygen
T=298 K
P= 1 bar
PRODUCTSCO2, SO2, H2O
T= 298 KP= 1 bar
+ HEAT (LHV)
PRODUCTSCO2, SO2,H2O
T= 298 KP= 1 bar
+ HEAT (HHV)liquidcomplete
combustion
completecombustion
ENERGY CONTENT OF BIOMASSENERGY CONTENT OF BIOMASS Unit:
solid, liquid fuels kJ/kg, MJ/kg gas fuels: kJ/Ndm3, MJ/ Nm3
N refers to normal state (0°C ≈ 273,15 K and 1 atm = 101325 MPa)
Low heat value (LHV) and high heat value (HHV)
LHV and HHV of fuelsLHV and HHV of fuels Measuring by calorimeter Calculation by
☻ hemi cellulose (20-40%): easy to hydrolyze but the
five ring sugars can not be fermented
☻lignin: it is not sugar (10-24%)
BIOPLANTS FOR LIQUID BIOFUELSBIOETHANOL
TECHNOLOGY
1. Hydrolysis in case of starch containing row materials
2. Fermentation of glucose- significant water claim, strict pH and temperature control, - additives for the yeast wellness
3. Ethanol separation by distillation- significant energy claim
4. Dewatering of ethanol, by molecular sieves
5. Biofuel mixing- E100 pure ethanol- E90 90v% ethanol 10 v% petrol
BIOPLANTS FOR LIQUID BIOFUELSBIOETHANOL
Which is the best row material ?
1. Sugar beet 7140 dm3/ hectare
2. Sugar-cane 6620 dm3/ hectare
3. Cassava 4100 dm3 / hectare
4. Maize corn 3540 dm3/ hectare
5. Wheat 2770 dm3/ hectare
Sugar beet
Sugar cane
cassava
Maize corn
wheat1 hectare = 10 000 m2
No contribution to the greenhouse effect. The carbon dioxide
balance is neutral.
No sulfur dioxide emission
Decrease in carbon monoxide CO, hydrocarbon (CH)x, soot
emission due to the oxygen content of bioethanol.
No need to change the distribution system.
Octane numbers: RON: 121 MON: 97
real RON : 106 - 108
Well known technology can be applied
Miscibility with petrol
BIOPLANTS FOR LIQUID BIOFUELSBIOETHANOL
ADVANTAGES
Lower energy content petrol: 43,5 MJ/kg ethanol: 26,8 MJ/kg
Starting problems in winter (max: E75)
Danger of corrosion
Week electrolyte itself
Water and acetic acid formation during storage (electrochemical corrosion)
Peroxy acetic acid formation inside the chamber (chemical corrosion of metal
alloy)
Immiscibility with lubricating oil.
New environmental pollutants (aldehyde and acetic acid)
The row material might be food. (rival in food supply)
The energy balance is not outspokenly positive (debates)
BIOPLANTS FOR LIQUID BIOFUELSBIOETHANOL
DRAWBACKS
Energy from biomassEnergy from biomass
rape rape from rape seed
Biodiesel from rape → motor fuel
Rape-straw, rape-cake: burning → by-products: energy sources
BIOPLANTS FOR LIQUID BIOFUELSBIODIESEL
BIOPLANTS FOR LIQUID BIOFUELSBIODIESEL
Row material:
- plant product containing any vegetable oil
- animal fat (ONLY IN WASTE FORM !)
- waste vegetable oil
TECHNOLOGY
1. Pretreatment of oil seeds
2. Oil gain by pressing → oil and oilcake
3. Rest oil extraction by organic solvents
4. Transesterification
5. Separation of methylester
6. Purification
BIOPLANTS FOR LIQUID BIOFUELSBIODIESEL
Which is the best row material ?
palm oil tree : 5000 - 7000 dm3/hectare
coco palm: 2300 dm3/hectare
yathropa : 1900 dm3/hectare
soya : 760-1610 dm3/hectare
rape seed: 1000 dm3/hectare
hazelnut: 900 dm3/hectare
sunflower: 820 dm3/hectare
algae: 2700 dm3/hectare
Row materials for biodiesel
Oil palm
Oil palm
yathropha algae farm
No contribution to the greenhouse effect. The carbon dioxide
balance is neutral. The energy content is 9 % less than that of biodiesel. Higher cetane number. Due to the oxygen content less CO and (CH)x. Debates on soot
emission. Sulfur content is low. biodiesel : < 0,01mass% diesel : 0,2 mass% Biodegradable Miscibility with diesel oil Excellent lubricating effect. Smaller power loss on roads at higher altitudes from see level (the
fuel contains oxygen)
BIOPLANTS FOR LIQUID BIOFUELSBIODIESEL
ADVANTAGES
The row material might be food. (rival in food supply)
The energy balance is not outspokenly positive (debates) The exhaust gas has a definite oily smell. Bacterial attack.
BIOPLANTS FOR LIQUID BIOFUELSBIODIESEL
DRAWBACKS
IS THE BIOMASS A REAL ENERGY SOURCE ?
Let see Hungary !
93 000 km2
Let’s substitute the petrol consumption by bioethanol !