FUNGI AS BIORESOURCE FUNGI AS BIORESOURCE ARUN KUMAR ARUN KUMAR Former Principal Scientist (Pl. Former Principal Scientist (Pl. Pathology), Pathology), Central Arid Zone Research Institute Central Arid Zone Research Institute Jodhpur Jodhpur Earth Star Earth Star
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FUNGI AS BIORESOURCEFUNGI AS BIORESOURCE
ARUN KUMARARUN KUMARFormer Principal Scientist (Pl. Pathology),Former Principal Scientist (Pl. Pathology),
Central Arid Zone Research InstituteCentral Arid Zone Research InstituteJodhpurJodhpur
Earth StarEarth Star
FUNGIFUNGI Group of simple eucaryotic (True
fungi) organisms lacking chlorophyll. Reproducing asexually and sexually
with formation of spores. Many fungi are microscopic; some
(especially their fruiting bodies) e.g. mushroom, puff-ball, are of fairly large sized.
Live either as saprophytes or as parasites of plants and animals.
SPECTRUM OF FUNGISPECTRUM OF FUNGI Largest biotic community after
insects
Fungi in India exceeds 27000 species
Kingdom Eucaryota has 4 phyla, 103 orders, 484 families and 4979 genera
FOOD FOR MANFOOD FOR MAN Mushrooms grown in pastures and
forests of different geographical regions
No. of species are more than 500 Around 20 spp. are currently
exploited commercially (Agaricus, Lentinula, Tricholoma, Volvariella, Pleurotus etc. )
EDIBLE MUSHROOMS
Podaxis pistillaris
Phellorinia inquinansMorchella sp.
Pleurotus sajor-caju
FERMENTED FOODSTUFFS / DRINKSFERMENTED FOODSTUFFS / DRINKS In Asia many
fermented foodstuffs and drinks are based on fungi
This include species of Aspergillus, Monascus, Mucor and Rhizopus
Role of certain Penicillium spp.
(P. camembertii and P. roquefortii) is important in cheese production
Fusarium-based food materials for human consumption in UK (Fusarium venenatum has a high protein content. One of its strains is used commercially for the production of single cell mycoprotein)
Other genera of potentially useful spp. include Chaetomium, Paecilomyces and Trichoderma
Quorn fillets - fried, defrosted and frozen
Production of single-cell protein (SCP) for use in human foods and feeds
Fusarium-based food materials for human consumption in UK
Other genera of potentially useful spp. include Chaetomium, Paecilomyces and Trichoderma
Strain selection is important as these genera produce harmful mycotoxins
RICH SOURCE OF METABOLITESRICH SOURCE OF METABOLITESOver 3000 spp. have been
characterizedAround 1600 of these have
antibiotic or anti-tumour properties
Cephalosporins and penicillins are antibiotics of vital importance
a).Produces creamish-white conidia alternately on an extending tip of a conidiophore
b).Produces greenish- conidia in chains from phialides
Beauveria bassiana
Metarhizium anisopliae
Sporulation of Beauveria on green cockchafer beetle
Metarhizium spores on locust
Beauveria bassiana on leaf hopper h
Metarhizium anisopliae on bug and beetle beetles
INSECT BIOCONTROLINSECT BIOCONTROL
Beauveria bassiana kills the pest. Fungal spores attach to the insect’s skin (cuticle), germinate sending out hyphae that penetrate the insect’s body and proliferate. It may take 3-5 days for insects to die
High humidity and free water enhance activity of the conidia and the subsequent infection of the insect
Fungal spores infect best in cool to moderate temperatures
Applications should be made during the early growth stages of the insect, speed of kill depends on number of spores contacting the insect, insect age, susceptibility and environmental conditions
MECHANISM
Beauveria spp. are commonly used against thrips, whiteflies, aphids, caterpillars, weevils, grasshoppers, ants, Colorado potato beetle, and mealy bugs
Emulsifiable suspension formulation showed better ability to withstand rain than the comparable wettable powder
Applied only when insect is seen on the plant
Not applied as a preventative spray since the residue may be gone in a few days
Multiple applications may be required to provide adequate control
B. bassiana is more effective on younger stages of the insect than on older stages (e.g. large larvae or adults)
Antibiotic is a chemical, effective at very low concentration, created as part of the life process of one organism, which can kill or stop the growth of a disease-causing microbe i.e. a germ or a pathogen.
ANTIBIOTICSANTIBIOTICS
Penicillin: the first miracle drug
In 1928 discovered penicillin noticing a mold inhibiting
bacterial growth. Got Nobel Prize in 1945 with Dr(s)
The disease is transmitted by insect vectors such as
whitefly and thrips
• Curling of upper leaves with shortened internodes
• Severely infected plants produce clusters of reduced sized leaves with fewer flowers and fruits
• Small sized fruits are produced with deformed seeds Small sized fruits
TREATMENT (T 1)Treated chilli seeds with RCM (1:1)
for 24 hrs
Dried in shade
Treated these seeds with Trichoderma viride ( @ 6g-kg seed)
Nursery soil treated with T. viride
(@ 10g2) after mixing with FYM
Seed sowing in nursery
45 DAS roots of plant saplings were dipped in RCM (15% or 1:6) for 20 min. before transplanting
20 DAS
RCM (15%) sprayed on the transplanted plants
FARMER’S PRACTICE(Control)
Most of these practices are chemical sprays with or without chemical seed treatment
Treatment* Incidence (%) Protection over FP (control)
T-1 19.4 48.4
FP (Control) 37.6 ---
On-farm Management of LCD (Pooled data of 2000-’04)
*T-1: Seed treatment with RCM (1:1) for 24 hrs and T. viride (0.6%). Root dip for 10 min. in RCM (15%). Application of T. viride (10 g-m2) with FYM, and RCM (15%) spray 20 days after transplantation in field.FP: Variety of practices that vary from farmer to farmer. Most of these are non-organic, without any seed treatment.
Average Yield Parameters of ChilliAverage Yield Parameters of ChilliTreatment*
Plant height (cm)
Root length(cm)
No. of fruits plant-1
(g)
Fruit size(cm)
Fruit wt. plant-1
(g)
Yieldplot-1
Kg-1
LengthLength WidthWidth
T 1T 1 66.3 20.2 66.4 10.4 4.5 306.2 3.32#
T 2T 2 57.5 13.9 40.1 9.2 3.9 219.4 2.72
*T1. *T1. Seed treatment with RCM (50% dilution with water for 24 h) and Trichoderma viride (0.6%) with soil treatment with T. viride (10g m-2 ) mixed with FYM T2. Farmer’s Practice # more than 0.5 kg ha-1 increase
TC
ON-FARM LCD MANAGEMENT IN CHILLION-FARM LCD MANAGEMENT IN CHILLI
VESICULAR ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA (VAM Fungi)150 species in Zygomycotina
Obligate symbiotic association with agricultural,medicinal,shrubs and treesImprove plant growth and nutrient uptake(phosphorus), reduce water stressProduce growth promoters and induce resistance to plants against pathogens
Role in organic farming and hardening in plant tissue culture
• Contribute towards biodegradation and recycling of organic matter and industrial production (antibiotics and biocontrol agents)
• Causing plant diseases, mycoses and allergies
Speiropsis pedatospora
Alternaria alternata
Trichurus spiralis
Paecilomyces elegans
Curvularia eragrostidis
Helicosporium sp.
Kombucha tea or “Chamatkari Roti”Kombucha tea or “Chamatkari Roti”
An ancient health drink from China. Symbiotic yeast and bacteria (Bacterium spp., Saccharomyces spp., Schizosaccaromyces pombe, Acetobacter ketogenum, Torula sp. andPichia fermantans yeasts).
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
The variety of fungi and their natural beauty occupy prime place in biological world
A fraction of total fungal wealth is revealed
Unfortunately, only 5-10% fungi can be cultured
Fungal biotechnology has become integral part of human welfare