Fungi are extremely diverse, second only to the insects in
number of species.
Based on ratio of fungi:plant of 5-6:1 in a few well-studied
places. Species of fungi estimated to be 1.5 million.
Only 10% are known, thus 90% have yet to be discovered.
Do you believe this?
Newly described species of Tilletia confused with Karnat bunt. Stopped US wheat export worth $5.5 billion.
1.5 million species
Fungal Diversity
Worldwide plant-fungus
database with 600,000+ records
Fungi on Plants and Plant
Products in the United States13,000 species of plant-associated fungi
Number of fungal species doesn’t include fungi
associated with insects.
Beauveria
bassiana
attacks
many kinds
of insects
Entomophthora muscae
Insect fungi
mostly undiscovered
Ascomycetes, Hypocreales –
Cordyceps, Beauveria, Metarhizium
Entomophthorales –
Entomophaga maimagi on gypsy
moth
Laboulbeniomycetes -
outside, specific to body parts
e.g. cockroach antennae
Trichomycetes -
in guts, host specific
Yeasts inside beetles –
hundreds of new species
Fungi are essential for
the growth of most living
plants through
mycorrhizae – fungi
intimately associated
with plant roots.
Many
mushrooms are
the fruiting
bodies of
mycorrhizal
fungi.
Ectomycorrhizae
Another very
common kind of
mycorrhizae are
associated with
herbaceous
plants as for
most crop plants
(if not heavily
fertilized) and in
nature.
Glomalin holds soil together
Arbuscular mycorrhizae with vesicles and arbuscules
Earliest fungi known
from the early Devonian
Rhynie chert.
Associated with the root-
like structures of the first
land plants.
These look like modern
day Glomeromycetes
with parasitic chytrids
(Spizellomyces).
Fossil fungi associated with primitive land plants
in the Rhynie Chert – ca. 400 million years old
Vesicles and arbuscles of extant arbuscular mycorrhizae
Many, many
undescribed species of
arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungi in one deciduous
forest in Japan.
Yamoto, M. & K. Iwase.
2005. Mycoscience 46:
334-342.
Fungi have a very poor fossil
record.
Using molecular clock approach,
estimated to have originated from
600 million to 1.2 billion years ago.
Based on Paleopyrenomycites but
not much else to go on.
Of more recent origin is a
mushroom Coprinites in amber –
only 90 million years old.
From no single place on Earth are ALL the fungi known.
All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory (ATBI) initiative planned
in Costa Rica to observe and isolate from all substrata
over time.
SAVE IT,
KNOW IT
USE IT!
Dr. Dan Janzen
Many kinds of substrata to be sampled
Fungi associated with living plants and
fungicolous fungi
Direct observation fungi on living plants and fungicolous fungi
fungi on living tree bark
myxomycetes from bark
Indirect observation necrotrophic fungi on living plants
saprotrophic fungi on dead leaf parts and
bark of living plants
lichenized fungi on living plants
isolation of endophytic fungi from living
leaves
isolation of endophytic fungi from living
wood
isolation of fungi associated with roots (non-
mycorrhizal)
isolated of ectomycorrhizal fungi
isolation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
isolation of fungi from roots of ericacaeous
plants
ETC.