Fundamentals of nutritional biochemistry: nutrient functions and requirements Overview of metabolism and energetic strategies in human cells A key cycle for multiple roles: the tricarboxylic acid cycle sian National Research Medical Univers Maxim A. Abakumov Moscow, 2014
57
Embed
Fundamentals of nutritional biochemistry: nutrient functions and requirements Overview of metabolism and energetic strategies in human cells A key cycle.
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Fundamentals of nutritional biochemistry: nutrient functions and requirements
Overview of metabolism and energetic strategies in
human cellsA key cycle for multiple roles: the
tricarboxylic acid cycle
Russian National Research Medical University
Maxim A. Abakumov
Moscow, 2014
Main paradigm of life
• Live organisms need to spent energy to stop
entropy processes
• Energy can by obtained directly from
surrounding area (autotrophes) or from other
organisms (heterotrophes)
Main paradigm of life
• Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical
transformations within the cells of living organisms
• Metabolism is divided onto anabolism and
catabolism
• Catabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that
breaks down molecules into smaller units to
release energy
• Anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that
construct molecules from smaller units
Catabolic and anabolic pathways
BioenergeticsEnergy containing
nutrients Carbohydrates Proteins Fats
Energy depleted end products
CO2
H2O NH3
Precursor molecules
Aminoacids Sugars Fatty acids Nitrogen bases
Cell macromolecules
Proteins Lipids Polysaccharides Nucleic acids
Catabolism
Anabolism
ADP+Pi
NAD+
FAD
ATPNADH2
FADH2
Ingestion
Nutrients
• Carbohydrates• Proteins• Lipids• Inorganic
Digestion, transport
Metabolic reaction
Molecular and cellular action
Main nutrients
Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids
Digestion DigestionDigestion
Sugars Aminoacids Fatty acids + glycerol
Carbohydrates metabolic pathway
Digestion
AbsorbtionGlucose
Liver
Glycolysis +TCA
Glycogenesis
Triglycerids
Energy
Storage
VLDL
Adipose tissueSystem circulation
Protein metabolic pathway
Digestion
Absorbtion
Aminoacids
Liver
Peripheraltissue (muscle)
Protein synthesis
Energy
Energy
Oxidation
Oxidation
Lipid methabolic pathway
Digestion
Absorbtion
TriacylgliceridsIn chylomicrons
Glycerol
Fatty acid
Lipase
Liver
MuscleEnergy
Adipose tissue
Glucose
Fat (storage)
Nutrients, Organs, and Circulation
Matthews et al 2003 Fig 23.1
Two condition of organism
Fed state Fasting state
• Overnight fasting• Prolonged fasting• Long term physical• activity
Distihguish them
Fed state Fasting state
•Blood glucose level is low
•Liver glycogen is used
•Overall energy supply is
unsufficient
• Action is required
• Mostly catabolic pathways
are activated
•Blood glucose level is high
•Liver glycogen is restored
•Energy supply is effecient
•Storage processes are activated
•Mostly anabolic pathways are
activated
Hormonal control• Insulin and glucagon are two main hormones
controlling glucose methabolism
• Insulin – fed state hormone
• Insuline provides glycolysis, glicogen and fatty
acid synthesis
• Glucagon – fasting state hormone
• Glucagon provides gluconeogenesis, glicogen
and fatty acids decomposition
Major Events: Storage, Retrieval, & Use of “Fuels”