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FundamentalsofInformationSystems,SeventhEdition

1FundamentalsofInformationSystems,

SeventhEdition

Chapter 3Database Systems, Data

Centers,and Business Intelligence

PrinciplesandLearningObjectives

• Datamanagementandmodelingarekeyaspectsoforganizingdataandinformation– Definegeneraldatamanagementconceptsandterms,highlightingtheadvantagesofthedatabaseapproachtodatamanagement

– Describelogicalandphysicaldatabasedesignconsiderations,thefunctionofdatacenters,andtherelationaldatabasemodel


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PrinciplesandLearningObjectives(continued)

• Awell-designedandwell-manageddatabaseisanextremelyvaluabletoolinsupportingdecisionmaking– Identifythecommonfunctionsperformedbyalldatabasemanagementsystems,andidentifypopulardatabasemanagementsystems


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PrinciplesandLearningObjectives(continued)

• Thenumberandtypesofdatabaseapplicationswillcontinuetoevolveandyieldrealbusinessbenefits– Identifyandbrieflydiscussbusinessintelligence,datamining,andotherdatabaseapplications


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WhyLearnAboutDatabaseSystemsandBusinessIntelligence?• Database:

– Organizedcollectionofdata• Databasemanagementsystem(DBMS):

– Groupofprogramsthatmanipulatethedatabase– Provideaninterfacebetweenthedatabaseanditsusersandotherapplicationprograms

• Databaseadministrator(DBA):– SkilledISprofessionalwhodirectsallactivitiesrelatedtoanorganization’sdatabase


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DataManagement

• Withoutdataandtheabilitytoprocessit:– Anorganizationcouldnotsuccessfullycompletemostbusinessactivities

• Dataconsistsofrawfacts• Totransformdataintousefulinformation:

– Itmustfirstbeorganizedinameaningfulway


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TheHierarchyofData

• Bit(abinarydigit):– Circuitthatiseitheronoroff

• Byte:– Typicallymadeupofeightbits

• Character:– Basicbuildingblockofinformation

• Field:– Name,number,orcombinationofcharactersthatdescribesanaspectofabusinessobjectoractivity


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TheHierarchyofData(continued)

• Record:– Collectionofrelateddatafields

• File:– Collectionofrelatedrecords

• Database:– Collectionofintegratedandrelatedfiles

• Hierarchyofdata:– Bits,bytes,characters,fields,records,files,anddatabases


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TheHierarchyofData(continued)


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DataEntities,Attributes,andKeys

• Entity:– Aperson,place,orthingforwhichdataiscollected,stored,andmaintained

• Attribute:– Characteristicofanentity

• Dataitem:– Specificvalueofanattribute


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DataEntities,Attributes,andKeys(continued)


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DataEntities,Attributes,andKeys(continued)

• Key:– Fieldorsetoffieldsinarecordthatisusedtoidentifytherecord

• Primarykey:– Fieldorsetoffieldsthatuniquelyidentifiestherecord


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TheDatabaseApproach

• Thedatabaseapproach:– Traditionalapproachtodatamanagement:

• Eachdistinctoperationalsystemuseddatafilesdedicatedtothatsystem

– Databaseapproachtodatamanagement:• Poolofrelateddataissharedbymultipleapplicationprograms


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TheDatabaseApproach(continued)


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DataCenters,DataModelingandDatabaseCharacteristics

• Whenbuildingadatabase,anorganizationmustconsider:– Content:Whatdatashouldbecollectedandatwhatcost?

– Access:Whatdatashouldbeprovidedtowhichusersandwhen?

– Logicalstructure:Howshoulddatabearrangedsothatitmakessensetoagivenuser?

– Physicalorganization:Whereshoulddatabephysicallylocated?


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DataCenter

• Climate-controlledbuildingorsetofbuildingsthathousedatabaseserversandthesystemsthatdelivermission-criticalinformationandservices

• Traditionaldatacenters:– Consistofwarehousesfilledwithrowuponrowofserverracksandpowerfulcoolingsystems


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DataCenter(continued)

• Manyorganizationsnowuselargeshippingcontainerspackedwithracksofserversandcooledtoeasilyconnectandsetup

• Businessesandtechnologyvendorsworkingtodevelopgreendatacentersthatrunmoreefficientlyandrequirelessenergyforprocessingandcooling

• Backupandsecurityproceduresfordatacenterscanbeaconcern


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DataCenterinaBox


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GreenDataCenters


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DataModeling

• Datamodel:– Diagramofdataentitiesandtheirrelationships

• Enterprisedatamodeling:– Startsbyinvestigatingthegeneraldataandinformationneedsoftheorganizationatthestrategiclevel

• Entity-relationship(ER)diagrams:– Datamodelsthatusebasicgraphicalsymbolstoshowtheorganizationofandrelationshipsbetweendata FundamentalsofInformationSystems,

SeventhEdition20


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TheRelationalDatabaseModel

• Relationalmodel:– Describesdatausingastandardtabularformat– Eachrowofatablerepresentsadataentity(record)

– Columnsofthetablerepresentattributes(fields)– Thedomainistherangeofallowablevaluesfordataattributes


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TheRelationalDatabaseModel(continued)

• Manipulatingdata:– Selecting:

• Eliminatesrowsaccordingtocertaincriteria

– Projecting:• Eliminatescolumnsinatable

– Joining:• Combinestwoormoretables

– Linking:• Manipulatingtwoormoretablesthatshareatleastonecommondataattribute


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• Datacleanup– Processoflookingforandfixinginconsistenciestoensurethatdataisaccurateandcomplete

– Databasenormalizationisoftenusedtocleanupproblemswithdata


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DatabaseManagementSystems

• Creatingandimplementingtherightdatabasesystemensuresthatthedatabasewillsupportbothbusinessactivitiesandgoals

• Capabilitiesandtypesofdatabasesystemsvaryconsiderably


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OverviewofDatabaseTypes• Flatfile

– Simpledatabaseprogramwhoserecordshavenorelationshiptooneanother

• Singleuser– Onlyonepersoncanusethedatabaseatatime– Examples:Access,FileMakerPro,andInfoPath

• Multipleusers– Allowdozensorhundredsofpeopletoaccessthesamedatabasesystematthesametime

– Examples:Oracle,Microsoft,Sybase,andIBM


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ProvidingaUserView

• Schema:– Usedtodescribetheentiredatabase– Canbepartofthedatabaseoraseparateschemafile

• DBMS:– Canreferenceaschematofindwheretoaccesstherequesteddatainrelationtoanotherpieceofdata


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CreatingandModifyingtheDatabase

• Datadefinitionlanguage(DDL):– Collectionofinstructionsandcommandsusedtodefineanddescribedataandrelationshipsinaspecificdatabase

– Allowsdatabase’screatortodescribedataandrelationshipsthataretobecontainedintheschema

• Datadictionary:– Detaileddescriptionofallthedatausedinthedatabase


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CreatingandModifyingtheDatabase(continued)

FIGURE 3.12Using a data definitionlanguage to define a schema

CreatingandModifyingtheDatabase(continued)


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StoringandRetrievingData

• WhenanapplicationprogramneedsdataitrequeststhedatathroughtheDBMS

• Concurrencycontroldealswiththesituationinwhichtwoormoreusersorapplicationsneedtoaccessthesamerecordatthesametime


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ManipulatingDataandGeneratingReports

• QuerybyExample(QBE)isavisualapproachtodevelopingdatabasequeriesorrequests

• Datamanipulationlanguage(DML):– Commandsthatmanipulatethedatainadatabase


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ManipulatingDataandGeneratingReports(continued)

• Structuredquerylanguage(SQL):– AdoptedbytheAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI)asthestandardquerylanguageforrelationaldatabases

• Onceadatabasehasbeensetupandloadedwithdata,itcanproducereports,documents,andotheroutputs


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DatabaseAdministration

• DBA:– Workswithuserstodecidethecontentofthedatabase

– Workswithprogrammersastheybuildapplicationstoensurethattheirprogramscomplywithdatabasemanagementsystemstandardsandconventions

• Dataadministrator:– Responsiblefordefiningandimplementingconsistentprinciplesforavarietyofdataissues


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PopularDatabaseManagementSystems

• PopularDBMSsforendusers:– Microsoft’sAccessandFileMakerPro– NumberofopensourceDBMSincludingPostgreSQL,MySQL,andCouchDB


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PopularDatabaseManagementSystems(continued)

• DatabaseasaService(DaaS):– Emergingdatabasesystem– Databaseadministrationisprovidedbytheserviceprovider

– Thedatabaseisstoredonaserviceprovider’sserversandaccessedbytheclientoveranetwork


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DatabaseVirtualization

• Usesvirtualserversandoperatingsystemstoallowtwoormoredatabasesystems,includingserversandDBMSstoactlikeasingle,unifieddatabasesystem

• Allowsmoreefficientuseofcomputingresources,reducecosts,andprovidebetteraccesstocriticalinformation


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Special-PurposeDatabaseSystems

• NoSQLDBMSscanhandledatathatdoesnotfitintotablesrequiredbytraditionalrelationaldatabases

• Apple’siTunessoftwareusesspecial-purposedatatoallowuserstofindsongs


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UsingDatabaseswithOtherSoftware

• DBMSscanactasfront-endorback-endapplications:– Front-endapplicationsinteractdirectlywithpeople

– Back-endapplicationsinteractwithotherprogramsorapplications


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DatabaseApplications

• Today’sdatabaseapplicationsmanipulatethecontentofadatabasetoproduceusefulinformation

• Commonmanipulations:– Searching,filtering,synthesizing,andassimilatingdatacontainedinadatabaseusinganumberofdatabaseapplications


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BigDataApplications

• DealswithlargeamountsofunstructureddatafromtheInternet,photos,video,audio,socialnetworks,andsensors

• SpecialbigdatahardwareandsoftwarecanbemoreeffectivethantraditionalrelationalDBMSs

• Somepeoplehaveconcernsorganizationsareharvestinghugeamountsofpersonaldata


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LinkingtheCompanyDatabasetotheInternetandMobileDevices

• SecurityalwaysaconcernwhenlinkingadatabasetotheInternet

• SemanticWeb:– DevelopingaseamlessintegrationoftraditionaldatabaseswiththeInternet

– ProvidesmetadatawithallWebcontentusingtechnologycalledtheResourceDescriptionFramework(RDF)


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LinkingtheCompanyDatabasetotheInternetandMobileDevices

• Increasinguseofsmartphonesandtabletcomputerstoconnecttocorporatedatabases


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DataWarehouses,DataMarts,andDataMining

• Datawarehouse– Databasethatholdsbusinessinformationfrommanysourcesintheenterprise

• Datamart– Subsetofadatawarehouse

• Datamining– Information-analysistoolthatinvolvestheautomateddiscoveryofpatternsandrelationshipsinadatawarehouse


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DataWarehouses,DataMarts,andDataMining(continued)

• Predictiveanalysis:– Formofdataminingthatcombineshistoricaldatawithassumptionsaboutfutureconditionstopredictoutcomesofevents

– Usedbyretailerstoupgradeoccasionalcustomersintofrequentpurchasers

– Usedtopredictfuturesalesuptoayearinthefuture


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BusinessIntelligence

• Involvesgatheringenoughoftherightinformation:– Inatimelymannerandusableformandanalyzingittohaveapositiveimpactonbusinessstrategy,tactics,oroperations

• Competitiveintelligence:– Limitedtoinformationaboutcompetitorsandthewaysthatknowledgeaffectsstrategy,tactics,andoperations


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BusinessIntelligence(continued)

• Counterintelligence:– Stepsorganizationtakestoprotectinformationsoughtby“hostile”intelligencegatherers

• Onlineanalyticalprocessing(OLAP)allowsuserstoexploredatafromanumberofperspectives– Providestop-down,query-drivendataanalysis


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BusinessIntelligence(continued)

• Datalossprevention(DLP):– Referstosystemsdesignedtolockdowndatawithinanorganization

– Powerfultoolforcounterintelligence– Anecessityincomplyingwithgovernmentregulationsthatrequirecompaniestosafeguardprivatecustomerdata


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DistributedDatabases

• Distributeddatabase:– Databaseinwhichthedatamaybespreadacrossseveralsmallerdatabasesconnectedviatelecommunicationsdevices

– Givescorporationsmoreflexibilityinhowdatabasesareorganizedandused

• Replicateddatabase:– Holdsaduplicatesetoffrequentlyuseddata


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OnlineAnalyticalProcessing(OLAP)(continued)

Object-RelationalDatabaseManagementSystems

• Object-orienteddatabase:– Storesbothdataanditsprocessinginstructions– Usesanobject-orienteddatabasemanagementsystem(OODBMS)toprovideauserinterfaceandconnectionstootherprograms

• Object-relationaldatabasemanagementsystem(ORDBMS)– Providestheabilityforthirdpartiestoaddnewdatatypesandoperationstothedatabase


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Visual,Audio,andOtherDatabaseSystems

• Visualdatabases:– Usedtostoreimagesofchargeslips,X-rays,vitalrecords

– Canbestoredinsomeobject-relationaldatabasesorspecial-purposedatabasesystems

• Spatialdatatechnology:– Usingdatabasetostoreandaccessdataaccordingtothelocationsitdescribes


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Summary

• Dataisoneofthemostvaluableresourcesthatafirmpossesses

• Anentityisanobjectforwhichdataiscollected,stored,andmaintained

• Traditionalfile-orientedapplicationsareoftencharacterizedbyprogram-datadependence

• Therelationalmodelplacesdataintwo-dimensionaltables


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Summary(continued)

• ADBMSisagroupofprogramsusedasaninterfacebetweenadatabaseanditsusersandotherapplicationprograms

• DBMSbasicfunctionsinclude:– Providinguserviews– Creatingandmodifyingthedatabase– Storingandretrievingdata– Manipulatingdataandgeneratingreports


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Summary(continued)

• Databasevirtualizationallowsorganizationstousecomputingresourcesmoreefficiently,reducecosts,andprovidebetterdataaccess

• Databaseadministratorplans,designs,operates,secures,monitors,andmaintainsdatabases


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Summary(continued)

• Datawarehousesarerelationaldatabasemanagementsystemsspecificallydesignedtosupportmanagementdecisionmaking

• Dataminingallowstheautomateddiscoveryofpatternsandrelationshipsinadatawarehouse

• Predictiveanalysiscombineshistoricaldatawithassumptionsaboutfutureconditionstoforecastfutureevents


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Summary(continued)

• Businessintelligenceistheprocessofgettingenoughoftherightinformationinatimelymannerandusableform

• Competitiveintelligenceinvolvesinformationaboutcompetitorsandtheirstrategy,tactics,andoperations

• Counterintelligenceisthestepsanorganizationtakestoprotectinformationfromhostileintelligencegathers


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Summary(continued)

• Multidimensionaldatabasesandonlineanalyticalprocessingprogramsstoredataandallowuserstoexploredatafromanumberofdifferentperspectives

• Anumberofspecial-purposedatabasesystemsarebeingusedtostorelargeamountsofunstructureddatasuchasvisualandaudiodata


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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Editionhome.ku.edu.tr/~mehmetgonen/indr481_fall2015/indr481_fall2015... · Fundamentals of Information Systems, Seventh Edition 1 ...

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